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MANGESH BHAMARE
Passage 1

A question that is often asked by people is, why in we have not

changed from numberical all these years marking to grading ? The
answer to that would seem to be : when a discipline originates it starts
with a rudimentary knowledge which gradually traverses towards
precision and improvement. Another answer could be ignorance,
inertia and lack of will.
When we resorted to the use of numerical marking system,
our understanding of the subject was nominal. The only consideration
at that point of time was to quantity students performance for the
purpose of arriving at a variety of decisions. This gave rise to the
development of a internal scale with a minimum of zero on the side
and a maximum of hundred on the other side of the scale with the
assumption that the entire scale is divided into hundred units of equal
size. This found favour and over the years it was so institutionalized
that people found if difficult to accept that students achievement can
be expressed in any other form than the numerical marks.
This was the time when there was little understanding of the
significance of a balanced question paper, intra and inter-examiner
variability, factors countributing to error in measurement, content
validity, reliability criterion-referenced measurement, self-referenced
measurement, norm referenced measurement, in adequacies and
imperfection of interval scale etc. with the passage of time, new ideas
emerged. Attempts were initiated to perfect evaluation procedures.
Measurement and evaluation emerged as a separate discipline. It
attached the best of the minds and of them, some had very solid the
background.

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Passage 2

Educational administration in a democracy is a cooperative

endeavour and administrators must realise that authority in a
democracy is not vested in one individual or a group of individuals.
Democracy demands that each person should have an opportunity to
participate in the decisions that stand to affect him. The implications
of this statement are very many and we shall discuss them in details at
proper places in this volume. Suffice is to mention here that
democracy in education means an application of democrative
traditions and deals to the various phases or educational
administration which means that educational planning, execution and
appropriate sale of educational policies, instructional procedures and
techniques institutional administration-all these and other areas of
administration must be democratically operated.
No single person or a group of persons should give orders which
others should blindly follow. On the contrary, all people who are
associated with education would be involved
In planning and executing educational policies and programmes.
We shall discuss at later stages in the book how all these can take
place. It may however be started at this stage that so far as this point
is concerned we are far behind the accepted ideal. Our educational
system is still very rigid, centralised, and bureaucratic. Even when it
has the semblance of democracy, authority is not shared by the
persons involved.
It does not have sufficient scope for individual initiative,
experimentation and research. The whole system is controlled by
government that may not be able to regulate it successfully, causes
need no further clarifications.

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Passage 3
It was a cold day and Valentine Hauy walked briskly down the
cobbled street. It was getting dark and he was in a neighbourhood he
was not very familiar with. He was on his way home and was thinking
about the warm room and the glowing fire that would greet him on his
arrival. A carriage pulled by hourses rattled past as valentine reached
the corner of the street. To avoid being trampled by the horses he
stepped back on to the pavement.
Before valentine could cross the road he heard a rustling sound
behind him. He turned and saw in the shadown of a wide doorway a
man standing with his hat in his hand.
Please Sir, said the man Spare some money for a poor blind
beggar. Valentine was a kind man and had thought a lot about the
problems of blind people. He had often wondered how he could be of
help to the blind. Seeing the blind beggar he at once removed one of
his gloves, and putting his hand into his pocket pulled from it a coin
which he put in the blind beggars hat.
The blind beggar thanked him and Valentine walked away. He
was half way across the road when he heard the beggar call out sir
please just a moment. Valentine turned once again and returned to
face the blind man. The words of the beggar astonished Valentine. He
was not surprised by the mans honesty but by the fact that he could
tell so quickly the difference between a France and a Sou.
Valentine allowed the beggar to keep the frane although it was a
great deal of money in those days. As he continued his walk he thought
to himself, if the blind can distinguish at the least touch a piece of
money, why should they not distinguish.

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Passage 4

The Planning Commission has reportedly set up a twelve member

national committee on tourism. The task entrusted to it is to tell the
commission whether tourism ought to be encouraged and if so, how
to go about it. Had this been Nineteen Fifty Six instead of Nineteen
Eighty Six, one might have felt enthused by the idea of such a
committee. Thirty years ago, tourism was scarcely recongnised as an
industry worth promoting. There is also no longer any mystery about
how to promote tourism, and there are examples galore of country
which have achieved singular success in attracting the foreign holiday
maker. It is, therefore, difficult to see just what the national committee
is going to say that has not been said already time and again.
Basically, tourism grew when it become possible for the mass
of people in the west to take cheap holidays in foreign countries. Three
factors made this possible, transportation, cheap, easy and safe, and
the necessary permission to international hotel chains and airlines to
operate freely. The national committee will no doubt talk of incentives
and infrastructure. It will reiterate the well known that India should
open up the tourism sector, allowing more cheap fares, encourage the
growing flow of middle income tourists in search of inexpensive
holidays and develop destinations that are infrequently visited. It will
spend time, no doubt in discussing industry concessions and
initiatives, and review the procedures and red tape make for
cumbersome travel and sight seeing in this country. But in the end it
will probably recognise that its best efforts will come up against its
preview.

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Passage 5

Once upon a time there lived two thieves who earned their
money by stealing things from other people. The village that they lived
in was small and everyone knew how the two thieves earned their
living. Whenever anything in the village was stolen the blame was put
on the thieves whether they had committed the theft or not. They got
quite fed up with this state of affairs and one day they decided to leave
the village to earn their livelihood in an honest way.
They travelled for some days and at last both were employed by
a farmer. One was given the job of looking after the farmer’s cow. The
other was given the job of watering a champak plant in the farmers
garden.
The elder thief whose job it was to water the champak plant,
started work early in the morning. He was instructed by the farmer to
go on pouring water till some of it collected round the foot of the plant.
He poured bucket after bucket on the plant but the water disappeared
into the ground as soon as it was poured. When the afternoon came
the thief was very tired of drawing water from the well, so he laid
himself down on the ground, and fell asleep.
Meanwhile, the younger thief was also having a hard time. The
cow which he had to tend was the most vicious in the whole country.
He discovered this as soon as he got to the meadow on the far side of
the village.
The cow got loose and ran straight into a paddy field. It then
disappeared into a sugar cane field and destroyed much of the crop.
While it was on its journey of destruction the thief chased it here and
there. The farmers whose crops had been destroyed, heaped upon the
thief.

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Passage 6

I had seen her at a road crossing for years. Wherever I had

stopped at the red light she came bearing one child in her arms
another following her, tugging at her dirty and torn-at-places dhoti.
She always had a bundle of news papers in her arm and would tap at
the closed windows of air-conditioned cars and ask the occupants to
buy one. If she found an open window she would drop a copy and wait
a while, then, without uttering an word go to another open window
and repeat the trick. Most often it worked and some called her and
gave her a coin or two, much higher than the price of the paper, and
some, in their hurry as the traffic lights would give the go signal, would
throw the coins or notes towards her and speed away. But there were
some who would close their windows at her approach and other sit
quietly or turn their faces the other way.
She seemed a very satisfied women and even if people rebuked
her on occasions she would ignore it and continue to sell her papers
without a second thought to the scolding.
Often I saw this woman sitting on the grass or dust of the road
eating a meal and feeding her son with home-made bread. Sometimes
with lentil or otherwise just plain chapaties.
I used to wonder why this woman, who must be earning quite
well, was so indifferent towards her food. One day it so happened that
my car stopped all of a sudden and I lot it run along the side to avoid
getting in the way of traffic.
I opened the hood of the car to see if it was something very
minor which I could deal with. I tinkered with the battery terminals,
checked the pipe going to the carburettor, meddled with the cut-outs
start.

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Passage 7

We find everyone everywhere talking about pollution of air,

water, food and everything. When we try to study this problem of
pollution we find that we ourselves are responsible for causing this
pollution. People, in general, do not take care to keep their
surroundings clear and this leads to general pollution. And this
pollution causes illhealth and give rise to so many health problems.
Recently there has been a drive to convert the buses and the
three-wheelers running in Delhi from diesel driven to CNG. Why was
this largo sale change found necessary ? The reason was that with the
rise in the population, the number of buses and three-wheelers in
creased. The diesel-driven buses and three wheelers emit smoke
which goes into the atmosphere and the air. This smoke contains very
unhealthy gases. People breathe this air. The result is that their lungs
inhale these polluted gases within which causes so many lung diseases
even leading to bronchitis, asthma and tuberculosis. The rise in these
diseases led the government to think and this led to this policy of
converting these vehicles into CHG. Ever since this has been done the
proportion of air pollution has largely decreased.
Then there is water pollution. The water we drink is lifted from
the rivers, stored and then sent to us through pipe lines. What is
happening to those rivers ? Those river rivers which used to be called
our ‘holy’ rivers Ganga and Yamuna receive all the sewage from the
city drains and so large a quantity of this sewage is that the river is not
able to carry it away. The river water gets all polluted with all the filth
that falls into it.

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Passage 8
The most powerful mother known to human beings is the rocket.
It is the only one that can propel space craft to other planets and put
satellites into orbit around the earth. Yet it is one of the easiest to
understand, for even the giant space shuttle works on the same
principles as the rockets you see at firework displays.
The toy firework was probably invented in China over 700 years
ago. It has changed little since then. It is simply a tube filled with
gunpowder packed very tightly. When the flame from the rocket’s
burning fuse reaches the gunpowder, there is a violent chemical
reaction. Different substances in the gunpowder combine and turn
into hot gases at high pressure.
They try to expand, and if the tube were closed at both ends, the
gases would tear it a part. But there is an opening at the lower end of
the tube, and the gases rush out, forming a bright glowing trail, called
the exhaust.
It is the force generated by chemical reaction that pushes out the
exhaust gases. But wherever a force is exerted on something, there is
a reaction an equally strong force in the opposite direction. For
example, when you fire a refile, you feel it kick against your shoulder.
The gun is pushed back by the reaction to the force that drives the
bullet forward. If you were standing on roller skates while carrying a
heavy bag, and you were unwise enough to throw the bag away from
you, you would find yourself rolling away in the opposite direction. The
reaction to your throwing the bag would have given you an equal and
opposite push. In the same way, the explosion of the gunpowder in the
rocket tube not only pushes out the exhaust gases.

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Passage 9

Education does not only mean what is taught in a classroom. It is

a process of learning and lessons can be learnt from all aspects of life.
Enlightenment of the mind is the purpose of total education. Building
up of the personality and character of a young boy or girl is what is
intended by education. A classroom education enlightens the mind
with new thoughts and fresh perceptions given in the books and
explained and elucidated by the teacher.
The play field has many other lessons to give and to learnt. The
performance of a team game depends upon the be cooperation and
the joint, concerted effort of all the players. If any of the links is weak
or in not performing as well as it should the links is weak or is not
performing as sell as it should the total effort fails. In the game of
football, hockey, rugby or basketball the central forward of the team
can only score a goal if the left and right wings give him the right
support a proper and timely pass. If the one on the defence position
fails to check the advancing forward player of the opposite team the
chances of scoring of a goal brighten up. Many goals are saved by the
alerthness, agility and fore sight of the goal keeper. Similarly, in the
game of cricket, the bowler, the fielders each one has a very crucial
part to play and it is on his performance that the result of the match
would depend. The batsman needs to have the due concentration and
the ability to strike or deflect the ball in the right proper manner and
direction. This is all about the team games.
In such games as tennis or badminton or squash or chess in a
singles match, the total concentration of the players is must.

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Passage 10

As we have seen, national income of India is low but what is

even more distressing is that the National Income is unevenly
distributed. Inequalities of income are a common feature of all
economics. But the degree of inequality of incomes to be found in
India is expecially falling.
A very small section of a society possesses and enjoys a
relatively larger share of national income and wealth compared to
others in the nation it shows inequality in the distribution of income
and wealth in the country. This inequality in the personal distribution
is important to study the problem of poverty in India. It also indicate
how different sections of the society share the national income and
wealth and how distribution pattern of income has changed over the
period.
It seems that the large number of people claimed minimum
income and small number of people received maximum income.
Many studies revealed that there existed a high degree of
inequality in the distribution of income, assets and concentration of
economic power in few hands. Inequalities of income and wealth lead
to some various serious economic, social and political consequences.
Hence the government has to undertake remedial measures to
eradicate poverty and to reduce inequalities in income and wealth.
The Government of India has adopted economic planning since
1951 to achieve certain aims and objectives and thereby to achieve
rapid economic development. Basically there are two important
objectives of planning in India namely improving standard of living of
the masses and establishment of socialistic pattern of society. In 1975,
the problem of poverty was heavily focussed.

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Passage 11

In modern times the press is called upon to perform a variety of

functions. Its main function is to serve news of all descriptions with a
view to making us familiar with what is happening in the world.
Besides that, it expresses views on various matters - political, social,
economic, educational and even religious. It thus creates guides and
gives shape to public opinion. By raising its powerful voice against any
attempted invasion of people’s rights and liberties, it serves as the
even powerful guardian of the people. It voices public demands. It
ventilates public grievances. It is the champion of all good and noble
causes. It exposes the social evils and suggests remedies. It plays also
the role of an educator by bringing various branches of knowledge
within the reach of its readers and making them conversant with the
thought-currents of the world.
Such being the function of the press, it is obvious that it should
be allowed a large measure of freedom. But this fundamental right has
often been denied to the press. Usually restrictions are imposed on
the press by governments.
Even the elected representatives of the people prefer curbing
the freedom of press to have a free play in certain matters. Indian
constitution guarantees a full freedom of Press and Indian papers have
been enjoying freedom since independence. The first Indian news
paper, Hicky’s Bengal Gazette of 1781 was banned by Warren Hastings,
and government censorships of Indian papers continued to be quite
strict till 1835 when Lord Metcalfe liberated the Indian Press. State
interference with the press did not disappear, however altogether.

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Passage 12

Collection of evidence in evaluation is followed by its analysis

and interpretation which make matters still worse. This may be
attributed to the blinkered approach chiefly followed by its users.
While analyzing evidence, its context is often ignored. Not only that,
even the richness of the inputs is ignored and often background of a
learner is disregarded. Similarly, while interpreting evidence we ten to
forget the basic assumptions of the scale that is employed for
assessing students on a hundred and one point scale. That is, on this
scale zero is not an absolute zero, nor is hundred the absolute
hundred; that zero does not represent nothingness of an attribute and
that hundred does not represent the acquisition of the subject to the
level of mastery; that the entire scale from zero to hundred is divided
into hundred units of unequal sizes, that the difference between any
tow consecutive units does not remain the same as we move from the
left to the right side of the scale. To top it all what is even worse
Is that an individual’s performance is always viewed vis-a-vis the
performance or his or her peer group. Other equally significant aspects
like student’s performance with reference to his or her own self and
also with reference to the criteria laid down in terms of expected levels
of attainments are not taken into consideration.
In preceding paragraphs we have also talked about two vital
variables which too have far-reaching consequences in testing of
human potential. They are; the quality of instruments and the
efficiency of observers. Let us take them one by one. The quality of
test papers is invariable questioned because of their varying difficulty
values.

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Passage 13

In discussing the modern Indian Woman, it should be clear that the life
and philosophy of a very small, though important, section of the society, viz,
urban middle class educated women, is characterised leaving out an
overwhelming number of their counterparts who live in the villages. There are
some typical features of modern Indian history which effect the life of women in
the cities. The most striking among them is the conflict caused by the rather
difficult transition from tradition to modernity. It starts from the time a child is
born. In many Indian home the desire fro a male child is so obsessive and the
preference for and care bestowed on him so pronounced, that depending on the
totality of circumstances a girl either becomes timid, subdued and resigned or
she turns into a recalcitrant of a rebellious person.
The brief interregnum during which she is in college or university is
sometimes a turning point in her life. She can continue living a rather shrivelled
life, weak of resolution and anaemic in will, prior to being despatched in
marriage arranged by others and amounting to a virtual sellout. Alternatively,
she can burgeon into an independent and relaxed and sometimes even angry
young woman prepared to carve out a career and a destiny for herself even at
the risk of displeasing her family and community. This latter type also has to face
the gamble of marriage, the outcome of which can make all the difference to her
future growth. It is not uncommon to come across cases where the sheer weight
of custom and convention smothers all ambition and all the youthful resolution
of college days into despair. It is a traditional institution.

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Passage 14
Books are out true friends. They are our constant companions
who stand by us through thick and thin. We happy in their company,
they never desert us. We never lonely if we like to read. They give us
courage to face life’s struggles, fill our hearts with hope, and cheer us
when we are in despair. Light fiction and mystery novels help us to pass
our leisure time in a pleasant manner. At the same time, they improve
our language and sharpen our intellect and logical thinking. Books
written by great personalities like Nehru, and biographies and
autobiographies of great men, inspire us to strive for greatness. Many
of us have been influenced by books written by great philosophers like
Swami Vivekananda and Sri Arbindo, and as a result our lives have
changed for the better.
Travel books take us to countries we may, perhaps never be able
to actually visit in our lives. They reveal to us the lifestyles and habits
of people we have never seen. Historical books tell us about past tales
and of great wars fought in the past. All of us like to read stories of the
Rani of Jhansi and Shivaji. We read great epics like the Ramayana and
the Mahabharata and learn a lot about our culture. A good book is a
friend, philosopher and guide to all those who read it. Books are the
best medium to pass on our knowledge and ideas to the future
generations. Books are the windows to the world. A glimpse into books
gives us a glimpse of the world.
Just as it is necessary to choose our friends, it is also necessary
to choose books carefully. The choice depends on our tastes and
interest. Like our friends, our books should help us in our studies.

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Passage 15

Hostel life is a free and sacred life. It is very conducive to living.

The atmosphere is quite congenial for studies and suitable for the
qualities of domestic life like co-operation, fellow-feeling and self-
managing affairs. It a student takes it seriously, he can develop all
qualities of a good citizen.
A student who lives in a hostel is free from ordinary anxieties
and cares. He can concentrate his mind fully on his studies. Besides,
he can take part in social activities and can learn many virtues from his
senior students.
He can also increase his knowledge and remove his
weaknesses. Thus, becomes mannerly, polished and cultured. His
shyness fades away. He learns to speak fluently and express his ideas.
It is because he mixed up with different types of students. He learns
how to behave in society. He acquires good manners and in future
becomes a disciplined man and good citizen.
Life in a hostel is full of responsibilities. You are free from the
sharp eye of your parents and elders but here you are to use your own
intellect. You can fall an easy prey to evil ways, bad company, drugs,
smoking, wastage of time and what not. This is the real test of your
true self. You can make or mar your career. A hostel accommodates
both the good and bad students. It gives an opportunity to a good
student to take the benefit of everything, all facilities at hand, good
teachers, good library, laboratory. You have not to worry about
anything except your studies. If you are able to make a good image of
yourself, the evil ill itself fly from you. You can shine like a diamond.
Hostel life is a memorable period of ones whole life.

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Passage 16

Ever since man first walked on the earth, he has suffered from
disease. People have tried to fight disease in many ways, by taking
special herbs, by avoiding certain foods and even the practicing magic.
Yet all the time that they were doing these things, they did not know
how disease was caused. Today, we know that it is caused by very small
living things which we cell germs. These germs harm us when they
enter into our bodies. They do this in different ways. For example, the
germ which causes malaria in us lives in the blood. When a mosquite
bites someone who has malaria, it sucks in some of those germs. Later
when it bites someone who is healthy, it passes the germs on to him.
Flies too, carry the germs from an infected person to a healthy man.
Fortunately, we have good natural defense against many germs.
Our bodies are made up of millions of very small cells just as a building
is made up of many tones or bricks. Some of these cells move about,
eat away germs to stop them from harming us. We also make special
substance on our bodies which attack germs for us. Some of these
substances are always present in our bodies. For example, our tears
contain some to protect our eyes and or saliva contains some to
protect our mouths. Other substances are made inside our bodies
when certain kinds of germ attack us. These substances are called and
bodies and each protect us against only one kind of germ.
As it happens, we cannot produce anti-bodies against every kind
of germs. Another way of protecting ourselves against sickness it to
stop the germs from ever reaching us. For this we have to hygienic in
the way we live.

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Passage 17

India is a big country with vast population. The population of the

country has been increasing by leaps and bounds. With the fast
increasing population of the country, there are several problems in the
country, some of these problems are the problems of heavy
population, unemployment, language, beggars, etc. One of the most
serious problems is that of dowry. Though there is a loud hue and cry
against the prevailing system of dowry in our society, yet nothing
concrete is being done to root out the evil from our society. In the
ancient days, marriage was a holy union but at present it is guided by
a financial transaction.
Dowry has assumed the form of a serious social evil. We hear of
tragic end of several newly married girls who do not carry adequate or
demanded dowry with them. We daily read in newspapers that a large
number of newly married girls are harassed, beaten badly and even
burnt to death because they have not brought a handsome amount of
money and settled dowry with them. There are a large number of
cases in the country where many young and innocent girls commit
suicide. Such a sad state of affairs has become a serious social evil and
a burning national problem.
In the present day word, the marriage of a girm has become a
business affair. The more qualified a boy is, the greater is the demand
for his marriage from the side of his parents. Under such serious
circumstances, it has become a serious state of affairs to find a suitable
match for a girl. The poor and middle class parents face the problems
of marrying their daughter. A father who has 3 or 4 girls finds his life a
real curse.

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Passage 18

There is good deal of talk about ceiling and one naturally has to
agree with it because one wants to remove disparities. But one has
always to remember that the primary function of growing society is to
produce more wealth otherwise it will not grow.
There are many wrong statements made and much
misunderstanding concerning the such and effects of introducing
computers for commercial practice. It is wrongly supposed by many
that computers are the answer to all difficulties, that their use will
correct bad business practices and be the fairly god mother, converting
losses into profits. It is believed that all that is necessary is to feed facts
and figures into a computer and you will get a magic answer to any
problem. This is not so, feed rubbish into a computer and you will get
rubbish. After all, computers are only electronic machines relying on
human skills to construct them, operate them, feed them with
information from which an answer is required.
The commercial use of these electronic magicians is for data
processing, the organizing of data detailed information for which
certain definite uses are planned, for example many large business
organizations compile their payrolls by this means. Information is
organized and fed into the machine and the result is a complete and
detailed pay roll. The organization of the material is operated
programming.
The programme is the most important factor in computer work
and those who undertake this work are specialists. Information is fed
into the machine by means of punch cards, paper tape, or magnetic
tape effectively over the page. People can thus have great help using
computers.

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Passage 19

Entertainment is an integral part of human life. Every person

including the young, old, children, women, businessmen, etc. look
forward to a way of recreation. Mass media provide this recreation in
the form of entertainment programmes comprising news, sport
events, award shows, travel expedition historical and scientific
knowledge etc.

Mass media plays a major role in sensitising people about the

various social, economical, political, educational, scientific and
environmental issues. The contribution of mass media in spreading
awareness about diseases like police AIDS, Tuberculosis, etc. has been
remarkable. Similarly, it has also helped in dealing with social issues
like eradication of superstition, women’s health, environmental issues
etc.
The mass media play important role in preservation of religious
and cultural heritage by transmitting real and useful information
through religious and cultural programmes. Depiction of the various
cultures, festivals, tradition is made through the mass media.
Mass media provides as individual with comprehensive
knowledge and information from all spheres of life. The different forms
of mass media bring the latest news to the doorstep within minutes.
This enables the individual to have enriched experiences in turn
leading to all round development of his personality.
Mass media plays an essential role developing a sense of national
integration in the citizens. It works towards earadication of
discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, race, region, gender, etc.
and instills a feeling of being a democratic citizen of the country. Mass
media also advocates the concept of universal brotherhood.

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Passage 20
Desert Vegetation : These climatic conditions are reflected in the
landscape by a characteristic type of vegetation cover. Contrary to
popular impression, very few parts of the deserts are entirely barren.
Such bare places do occur, but they are rare. Even the grate sandy
deserts have a scattering of drought-resistant shrubs in the hollows
between the dunes, and where water seepage brings moisture near
the surface the result is a profusion of plants. The typical desert scene
includes a cover of low shrubs and grasses, which at least after a rain,
gives the landscape a distinctly greenish tinge.
The vegetation that can exist under these extreme conditions of
drought and high evaporation must be especially adapted to them.
This accomplished in various ways. The annuals evade the drought by
lying dormant during the long dry period, springing into blom and
rapidly completing the life cycle during the rare intervals when water
is available. Then there are the perennials which endure the drought,
quickly sending forth leaves and stems during the periods of rain, but
remaining brown and apparently dead as long as no moisture reaches
them. There are also the succulent plants, such as the cacti, these
resist the drought by storing water inside their roots and stems,
protecting themselves from evaporation by thick bark, by narrow
hairy, or waxy leaves, or by a complete absence of leaves. Such plants
are protected also from the attacks of thirsty animals by an armament
of thorns.
Desert plants usually grow some distance apart and have a
remarkable development of the root system-both laterally to catch the
infrequent rains.

20
Passage 21

Some years ago a film called ‘Jaws’ was made in the USA. The film
was based on a book by Peter Benchiey, and it was about a dangerous
shart. The jaws are indeed the most frightening part of a shark.
The shark has thousands of teeth which are usually in five rows
along the jaws. When a shark loses a front tooth another tooth from
the back moves forward to take its place. A shark can also about 2000
teeth in the space of a few years. When a shark is hungry it may attack
anything that comes in its way. It can easily crush a small boat, a life-
raft or even a person.
The shark has streamlined body. This means that the shape of its
body enables it to swim easily through the water. It has two tail fins
which are very powerful. They push it along through the water, its
strong dorsal fin (the one on the back) steadies it while it swims. The
two large ventral fins (on the stomach) help the shark to balance.
These fins are held spread out like wings. Shakes usually swim at a
speed of 4 to 8 km per hour. The make Shark can swim at a speed of
64 km per hour.
Surprisingly, the shark does not have a single bone in tis body.
The whole skeleton is made of cartilage - the hard substance that
human have in their ears. The shark’s body is not covered in scales like
other fish. It has a very rough skin like sandpaper. The shark never
oversteps moving through the water. Even when it is dozing it keeps
on moving. This is because the shark cannot breathe if it stays still. The
shark does not breathe like other fish-it keeps its mouth open and as
it moves the water travels over its gills through which it breathes. A
strange thing about the shark is not seem to feel pain.

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Passage 22

Discipline is the great binding force of a nation. It is the backone

of a nation. It is not something that is talent in person, something that
has to be cultivated. It is a long process that starts from the family to
society, from the society to the nation. It is necessary in a society and
nation for the world to function smoothly and effectively. It is a
valuable asset at all levels of society. Imagine a family or a school
where indiscipline prevails. Children from such environments grow up
being aggressive and ill mannered.
Discipline involves people in doing their duty judiciously,
diligently and sincerely. It is the essence of life, whose absence results
in a nation be set with enarchy and restlessness. It is necessary in every
walk of life and in every activity. If there is discipline in school, a child
will learn to behave and follow the rules that are set by schools. It is a
teacher’s task in school the parents role at home a managers need in
a company to inculcate the importance and sense of discipline in the
citizens.
For most adults, discipline is a natural quality that comes
naturally. They should set good examples for youngsters to emulate
them. Children and teenagers are swayed by popular trends and styles
which distract them from their path of higher progress. So they have
to disciplined to move on the right path. They therefore need guidance
from elders, teachers and parents.
Discipline is born of a sense of responsibility among people. That
is why European nations, and some Asian countries like Japan and
Singapore, where you see a lot of discipline among their people, are
so prosperous and powerful.

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Passage 23

Storage enhance the time utility of the agricultural products

because of the seasonal character of the farm produces are seasonal
but they are used throughout the year hence storage is required the
carry the products off the season. In old times when the facilities for
storage where meagre and the technology had not advanced as it is
now, the perishable commodities were not processed into a
nonperishanle form the consumption of those produces were
seasonal and quick. For example, potato was only available at the time
of harvesting as the cold storage facilities were not available. The
farmers were wise enough not to put more than the required areas
under these crops. In addition to potato there were fruits and
vegetables there was no scope for preservation except in few cases
where indigenous and age old methods were used for preservation like
mango pickles, capsicum pickles, ammawat, and Khatai. Now, the
scenerio has changed with the development of technology and as a
result the storage with preservation of quality and quantity has
become highly commercialized.
The prime purpose of storage of the farm products is to make
them available the year round to balance the period of abundance
with the period of scarcity and sometimes to make them more to be
used than could be without preservation. Each farm product has its
own particular conditions under which it can be stored without much,
if any, loss of quality. The requirement ranges from one extreme to no
structural facility to large cold storage houses with elaborate
equipments. It is a fact a that all products and technically in storage
during ` and consumption.

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Passage 24

Student unrest has become a common feature of education all

over the world. The good old days of strick obedience and difference
shown to teachers and lecturers are things of the past. This is a sorry
state of affairs when the present generation of youth are relied upon
to be the future leaders of a nation. A student is not an exclusive entity
in himself. He lives in a society where he interacts constantly with his
own kith and kin, his friends and others, like teachers, peons,
neighbours, vendors and so on. He is influenced by them to a certain
degree and imbibes both virtuous and negative aspects from them.
In today’s society, we see many students spending or wasting
their time on strikes and agitation when they should be in class
pursuing better interests. They are a misguided lot and a different
attitude on the part of teachers and principals is partly responsible for
such a state of affairs. Students are also politically motivated and are
seen joining demonstrations, slogan shouting, taking our processions
against the Government, damaging and looting public property. This is
compound by their resorting to addiction of drugs, alcohol and
smoking. Such types of behaviour indicate a disturbed and restless
mind.
Our educational system needs to be revamped. Students are
compulsorily made to learn subjects that have no bearing on the
course that they want to pursue, or to their practical life. This leads
them to frustration. The home atmosphere is also a cause for unrest
among students because they are neglected by their parents who have
hardly any time for them due to social engagements.

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Passage 25

The farm is endowed with natural resources and the

environment is an integal part of the natural resources. Environment
is a combination of physical and institutional conditions. The physical
conditions involve all the natural resources - land water, sun’s energy,
air, minerals, fauna and flora that grow on land and sea. The
institutional part of the environment is created by people that include
the psychological and value oriented decisions of how the physical
environment is to be used. Environmental management has become a
social and technological problem. In the present day context when the
modern techniques used in agriculture has posed a threat to human
existence the role of environ-management plays a paramount role and
is a significant problem in the world. In India,
there is land constraint the land-man ratio is not a happy one.
Farms have become diminutive as the time marches. The number of
small and marginal farms are on increase. This is mainly due to the law
of inheritance. Under the circumstances the intensive use of land has
become the order of the day. The technological development mostly
with the evolution of short duration varieties of crop the multiple
cropping or farming is being practised. The excessive use of chemical
fertilizers and plant protection chemicals have posed a very critical
problem to the world at large particularly in connection with the
environmental degradation. There is a strong thinking in the direction
of organic farming or environment friendly farming approach.
Although we cannot give up the use of chemical fertilizers but it should
be combined with organic sources of plant nutrients.

Thank You……

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