Essential Maths

Book 7 Higher

Elmwood Education
First published 2019 by

Elmwood Education Ltd

Unit 5, Mallow Park
Watchmead
Welwyn Garden City
Herts.
AL7 1GX
Tel. 01707 333232

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Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be
liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

© David Rayner, Michael White

The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.
Database right Elmwood Education (maker).

ISBN 9781 906 622 725

Typeset and illustrated by Tech-Set Ltd., Gateshead, Tyne and Wear.

iii

PREFACE
Essential Maths Book 7 Higher has been written for pupils who are working at
the higher end of the ability range.
There is no set path through the book. The book has, however, been split into
6 units. Each unit of work can be used during one half-term with appropriate
revision material at the end of the unit. Many topics are reviewed later in the
book which is essential for consolidation.
Puzzles activities and mental arithmetic tasks can be found between the units,
to be used whenever appropriate. Investigations appear regularly throughout
the book. Ideas for discussing and exploring themes from the ‘history of
mathematics’ are included between each pair of units.
No textbook will have the ‘right’ amount of material for every class.
The authors believe that it is preferable to have too much material rather than
too little. There are many opportunities for reasoning and for pupils to start to
develop the skills to explain and to justify. Twelve ‘Spot the mistakes’ sections
are included to encourage these aspects.
Very occasionally an exercise is labelled with an ‘E’. This suggests that
these questions may be particularly demanding. Each topic finishes with
consolidation and extension questions to be used as appropriate.
Pupil self-assessment is very important. Regular ‘check yourself ’ sections
appear throughout the book. Answers to these parts only are provided at the
back of the book for immediate feedback.
The authors are indebted to Sam Hartburn for her invaluable contribution to
this book.

Michael White and David Rayner

iv

CONTENTS
Unit 1 Page
1.1 Whole number arithmetic review 1
1.2 Decimals11
1.3 Using a calculator 24
Spot the mistakes 1 33
1.4 Rules of algebra 34
1.5 Negative numbers 55
Spot the mistakes 2 61
1.6 Applying mathematics 1 61
Unit 1 Mixed Review 63
Puzzles and Problems 1 67
Mental Arithmetic 1 70
A long time ago! 1 Napier’s rods 72
Unit 2
2.1 Fractions74
2.2 Fractions, decimals, percentages 84
2.3 Coordinates93
2.4 Straight line graphs 97
Spot the mistakes 3 110
2.5 Area111
2.6 Angles122
Spot the mistakes 4 132
2.7 Applying mathematics 2 136
Unit 2 Mixed Review 138
Puzzles and Problems 2 142
Mental Arithmetic 2 144
A long time ago! 2 The Four Colour Theorem 146
Unit 3
3.1 Properties of numbers 147
3.2 Further arithmetic 161
Spot the mistakes 5 166
3.3 Averages and range 168
3.4 Displaying and interpreting data 180
3.5 Probability 1 196
Spot the mistakes 6 207
3.6 Applying mathematics 3 210
Unit 3 Mixed Review 212
Puzzles and Problems 3 216
Mental Arithmetic 3 218
A long time ago! 3 Pounds, shillings and pence 219
v

Unit 4
4.1 Percentages221
4.2 Proportion and ratio 231
Spot the mistakes 7 240
4.3 Constructing triangles 243
4.4 Two dimensional shapes 248
4.5 Translation255
4.6 Reflection 257
4.7 Rotation265
Spot the mistakes 8 273
4.8 Applying mathematics 4 277
Unit 4 Mixed Review 279
Puzzles and Problems 4 281
Mental Arithmetic 4 284
A long time ago! 4 The Königsberg Problem 286

Unit 5
5.1 More algebra 287
5.2 Interpreting graphs 301
Spot the mistakes 9 307
5.3 Number review 310
5.4 Rounding numbers 320
5.5 Probability 2 328
Spot the mistakes 10 337
5.6 Applying mathematics 5 339
Unit 5 Mixed Review 341
Puzzles and Problems 5 345
Mental Arithmetic 5 347
A long time ago! 5 Roman numerals 348

Unit 6
6.1 Metric and imperial units 350
6.2 Angles and constructions 359
6.3 Circles 368
6.4 Three dimensional objects 376
Spot the mistakes 11 382
6.5 More equations 385
6.6 Sequences 391
Spot the mistakes 12 404
6.7 Applying mathematics 6 406
Unit 6 Mixed Review 408
3

Exercise 3M
1 Copy and complete the multiplication squares. The numbers outside the square are always
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
(a) 8 2 7 (b) 4 7 3 8 (c) 5 8 2 (d) 4 3
5 35 5
32 28 56 45 72
3 27 42 6 30
6 2 9 7 35

(e) 7 9 (f ) 5 7 (g) (h) 8

24 32 35 40 15 27
18 40 32 56
3 18 40 30
42 6 12 18 27 36

(i) 3 ( j) (k) (l)

7 42 18 14 10 16
45 20 24 48 40
24 54 48 63 72 18
45 72 18 30 42

2 In the next three squares you may have the same number at the top and along the side of the
square and some numbers are not used.
(a) 4 (b) (c)
56 18 48 42 28
15 49 48 64
36 9 15 40
14 49 45 40 81
30 25 16 28 24

Exercise 4M
Work out the following division calculations.
_____ _____ _____ _____
1 8​​)2056 ​​ 2 5​​)1025 ​​ 3 6​​)7776 ​​ 4 7​​)5082 ​​
5 3050 4 10 6 1387 4 1 7 38 199 4 7 8 14 032 4 8
9 31 386 4 6 10 3490 4 5 11 28 926 4 9 12 15 638 4 7
4

13 Eight tins of pears weigh 3480 g. How much does each tin weigh?
14 336 children are divided into eight equal teams. How many children are in each team?
15 Books are sold in boxes of 8. How many boxes are needed
for 184 books?
16 Cinema tickets cost £6.
How many tickets can be bought for £162?
17 Six crocodiles each laid the same number of eggs.
Altogether there are 138 eggs.
How many eggs did each crocodile lay?
5 20 32
18 Here is a number chain 34 112 48 4
Find the missing numbers in these chains.
6 ? ? ? ?
(a) 318 49 320 43
8 120 ? ? 500
(b) 3? 46 311 1?
? ? ? ? 17
(c) 33 199 45 27

Rounding remainders up or down

(a) How many teams of 5 can you make from 113 people?
Work out 113 4 5. 2 2 remainder 3
_____
5​​)1 113 ​​
Here we round down. You can make 22 teams and there will be 3 people left over.
(b) An egg box holds 6 eggs. How many boxes do you need for 231 eggs?
Work out 231 4 6. 3 8 remainder 3
_____
6​​)2 351 ​​
Here we round up because you must use complete boxes. You need 39 boxes altogether.

Exercise 5M
1 Train tickets cost £5. How many tickets can be
bought for £88?
2 A car can carry 3 children as passengers.
How many cars are needed to carry 40 children?
3 There are 23 children in a class.
How many teams of 4 can be made?
5

4 Eggs are packed six in a box. How many boxes do I need for 200 eggs?

5 Tickets cost £6 each and I have £80. How many tickets can I buy?

6 I have 204 plants and one tray takes 8 plants. How many trays do I need?

7 There are 51 children in the dining room and a table seats 6. How many tables are needed to
seat all the children?
8 A prize consists of 10 000 one pound coins.
The prize is shared between 7 people.
How many pound coins will each person receive?

9 How many 9p stamps can I buy with a £5 note?

10 Find the missing numbers

(a) ______714 r (b) ______
5 6 r4 (c) _______
81 2 r 7
8​​)5 7 1 4 ​​ 7​​)3 9  ​​ 9​​)7 3 1  ​​

11 In the number pyramids below, each number is found by multiplying the two numbers below
it. Copy and complete each number pyramid.
(a) (b)
600

30 40

6 2 8

12 The numbers outside the multiplication square are      ? ? ? ?

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Copy and complete the square. ? 14 21
? 30
? 12
? 16 48

13 Tins of spaghetti are packed 8 to a box. How many boxes are needed for 913 tins?

14 Find the missing numbers in these calculations

(a) 8 4 (b) 8 (c) 6
3 3 3
7 0 5 6 2 6 4 6 3 6 4 8

(d)    5 3 7
__________ (e)    5 6 4
__________
) ​​ 3  ​​ )
 ​​ 4  ​​
7

15 An aircraft holds 174 people. The aircraft was full on every Day Number of trips
trip for three days. Look at the table opposite and work Fri 16
out how many people the aircraft carried in total over the
Sat 22
three days.
Sun 18
16 In a car park there are 25 rows of 42 cars.
How many cars are in the car park?

17 How many hours are there in eleven weeks?

18 Fill in the boxes with the digits 2, 3, 4, 5     

to make the answer correct. 3
8 4 0

19 Raima buys 48 chairs for £26 each and 22 tables for £89 each. She then sells 42 of the chairs
for £41 each and 16 of the tables for £136 each. How much profit does Raima make?

Long division
With ordinary short division, you divide and find remainders. The method for ‘long’ division is
really the same but you set it out so that the remainders are easier to find.
Work out 864 4 36
  2 _____4
36​​)8 6 4 ​​ 36 into 86 goes 2 times
27 2 ↓ 2 3 36 5 72
  1 4 4 86 2 72 5 14
21 4 4 bring down 4
   0 36 into 144 goes 4 times

Exercise 7M
Work out. There are no remainders in these questions.

1 888 4 24 2 992 4 32 3 810 4 18 4 644 4 46

5 1224 4 51 6 1035 4 45 7 612 4 36 8 1769 4 29

9 Copy and complete (a) 3 17 5 408   (b) 11 3 5 3531

10 A box of 15 golf balls costs 975 pence. How much does each ball cost?

11 There are 23 rooms in a school and each room has 33 chairs. How many chairs are there
altogether?
8

12 Copy and complete this multiplication square.     ? 11 25

? ? 187 ?
? 208 ? 400
? 286 ? ?

Exercise 8M
There are remainders in some of the divisions.

1 450 4 14 2 515 4 15 3 851 4 23 4 580 4 13

5 775 4 31 6 1128 4 24 7 830 4 36 8 945 4 41

9 A hammer costs £14. How many hammers can be bought with £355?

10 A rugby team has 15 players. How many teams can be made from 187 players?

11 How many 32 cm lengths of string can be cut from 60 metres?

12 A school hall can fit 28 chairs into one row. How many rows are needed to seat 1000 people?

13 Each pack of wooden cubes contains 64 cubes.

How many packs can be filled from 7845 cubes?

14 On average a shop sells 32 chess sets a week.

How many sets are sold in a year?

15 Jars of peaches are packed 18 to a box.

How many boxes do you need for 625 jars?

16 In this multiplication the missing digits are 3, 4, 5, 6.    

Find the missing numbers 3
2 2 1 0

17 The stairs on an escalator move up at a rate of 14 cm per second. How far will the stairs go up
in three quarters of a minute?

18 There are 35 offices in a building and each office has 14 phones. The phones are delivered in
boxes of 15. How many boxes are needed?
9

Need more practice with whole number arithmetic?

1 Copy and complete.

(a) 77 4 57 (b) 4856 (c) 42 4 57
(d) 54 4 56 (e) 24 4 5 12 (f ) 500 4 5 50
(g) 4959 (h) 4757 (i) 4758
( j) 40 4 55 (k) 4859 (l) 30 4 5 15
(m) 4756 (n) 200 4 55 (o) 80 4 5 10

2 Here are five number cards:    4 2 7 5 8

(a) Use all the cards to make the smallest number divisible by five.
(b) Use two of the cards to make a prime number .
(c) Use three of the cards to make a number which is 426 less than 1000.
(d) Use three of the cards to make a number which is divisible by three.

Work out
3 53 3 26 4 29 3 37 5 412 3 63 6 294 3 38
____ ____ _____ _____
7 8​​)128 ​​ 8 9​​)729 ​​ 9 4​​)1028 ​​ 10 8​​)1856 ​​

11 Answer true or false:

(a) 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 5 5 3 5 (b) 77 1 78 1 79 5 3 3 78

12 A frog drinks 420 ml of water in 7 days.

How many days will a 24 litre tank of water last?

13 What number, when divided by 8

and then multiplied by 7, gives an answer of 56?
Work out
14 286 4 13 15 360 4 15 16 672 4 21 17 621 4 23

18 There are 332 children in a school. One coach holds 53 children. How many coaches are
needed for a whole school trip?

19 On one day a farmer delivers 42 trays of eggs

as shown opposite. How many eggs does he
deliver in total?

20 A football team contains 11 players. 283 players

turn up for a competition. How many complete
teams can be made up?
13

7 Jack spent £5.15 in the supermarket and £10.99 in the music shop.
How much change did he get from £20.

8 Winston was 1.52 m tall and a year later he had grown 9 cm.
How tall was he then?

9 Olive has £322.15 in her bank account. skirt £42.59

On Monday she goes shopping and buys the items
shown in the box opposite. She is also paid £135 which blouse £23.60
her friend, Alice, owes her. socks £14.35
How much money does she have in her bank account at
the end of Monday? food £32.47

In questions 10 to 15 find the missing digits.

10 5. 7 11 6. 9 5 12 . 8
1 . 5 1 . 2 1 2. 7
8. 9 1 9. 1 9. 0 3

13 . 5 14 4. 7 15 3. 1 7
2 4. 3 1 . 9 2 . 4 8
3. 7 3 9. 0 3 0. 4 8

16 I started with 6.658 and then subtracted a number. The answer was 6.648.
What number did I subtract?

17 The twelfth term in the sequence 0.3, 1, 1.7… is 8.

What is (a) the thirteenth term (b) the tenth term?

18 Find the missing numbers.

1.45 ? ? 11
(a) 10.05 310 29.7 1? 20.2

0.63 ? ? ? 5.2
(b) 20.04 10.11 20.07 17 2?

19 Pieces of timber are used for building houses.

The table opposite shows how much timber is used Week 1 212.65 m
each week during February.
Week 2 169.83 m
The total length of timber used in February is 782.5 m.
Week 3 ?
How much timber was used in week 3?
Week 4 275.19 m
20 Explain clearly why 1.2 added to 7 is not 1.9.
16

(a) 0.3 3 0.4 (b) 0.7 3 0.05

(3 3 4 5 12) (7 3 5 5 35)
So 0.3 3 0.4 5 0.12 So 0.7 3 0.05 5 0.035

Exercise 4M
1 0.4 3 0.2 2 0.6 3 0.3 3 0.8 3 0.2 4 0.4 3 0.03

5 0.7 3 3 6 0.7 3 0.02 7 0.9 3 0.5 8 6 3 0.04

9 0.04 3 0.05 10 0.7 3 0.7 11 8 3 0.1 12 14 3 0.3

13 15 3 0.03 14 0.4 3 0.04 15 0.001 3 0.6 16 33 3 0.02

17 1.2 3 0.3 18 3.2 3 0.2 19 1.4 3 0.4 20 2.1 3 0.5

21 If £15 €1.14, how many euros    

do Ava and Jack get for £80
when on holiday?

22 Copy and complete

(a) 6 3 0.2 5 (b) 0.4 3 5 0.04 (c) 1.5 3 5 150
(d) 0.3 3 5 0.06 (e) 0.1 3 5 0.08 (f ) 3 0.013 5 1.3

23 Work out the area of each shape

(a) (b) (c)
0.6 m 0.7 cm 0.6 cm

1.4 m 1.8 cm
0.7 cm

Exercise 4E
1 If 319 3 7 5 2233, what is the value of 3.19 3 0.7?

2 If 24 3 38 5 912, what is the value of 2.4 3 3.8?

Work out the following

3 0.33 3 0.2 4 3.24 3 0.1 5 8.11 3 0.7 6 16.2 3 0.8

7 5.06 3 0.05 8 30.9 3 0.3 9 0.22 10 0.42

18

Exercise 5M
1 49.92 4 8 2 487.26 4 9 3 6.7 4 5
4 0.82 4 4 5 17 4 5 6 22 4 8

7 A father shares £4.56 between his three children.

How much does each receive?
8 The total bill for a meal for four people
is £33.88. How much does each person
pay if they each paid the same?
9 If 5 bricks weigh 4.64 kg, find the
weight of one brick.
10 How many times will a 9 litre bucket
have to be filled and emptied to completely empty a water drum containing 139.5 litres?
11 If 9 cups of coffee cost £8.55, find the cost of 7 cups.

12 Find the answer to the calculation in each box.

Arrange the answers in order of size, smallest first. What word do you get?

E U R
0.022 3 1000 0.006 3 1000 4000 4 100 M
N
60 4 100 S 63 4 9
5.5 3 10
B
880 4 100

13 Copy and complete

(a) 57.8 4 17 5 (b) 108 4 25 5 (c) 3 21 5 75.6
(d) 3 46 5 143.52 (e) 244.8 4 34 5

14 Copy and complete the cross number puzzle. There are decimal points on some lines.
Clues across Clues down
1 2 3 4 5 1. 4 3 1.9   1. 36.4 1 35.6
6 7 8 3. 6.2 4 5   2. 542 1 5 1 54
6. 83.2 4 4   4. 7.2 4 3
9 10 8. 0.42 3 2 3 50   5. (85 3 5) 4 10
11 12 13 9. 348 4 3   7. 0.081 3 1000
12. 0.95 3 40 10. 31.5 4 5
14 15 16 17 14. 928 1 45 11. 200 2 (0.9 3 10)
18 19 16. 31.8 4 6 13. 0.85 3 1000
18. 2004 2 1989 15. 60 4 8
19. 5.1 4 5 17. 0.0032 3 100 3 100
21

23 The perimeter of the rectangle shown is 35.2 cm.

Work out the area of the rectangle.

10.2 cm

24 A chocolate cake weighing 1.4 kg

is cut into eight equal pieces.
What is the mass of each piece?

25 Sad news of the sparrow that was killed a   It takes an experienced domino technician
year ago in Leeuwarden in the Netherlands, 5.2 seconds to place each piece in position for the
in dramatic circumstances. The sparrow record attempt.
flew onto a set on which an attempt
How long will it take to repair the damage caused
at creating a world record of toppled
dominoes was being made. The bird by the unfortunate sparrow? Give your answer in
knocked over 23 000 dominoes before it hours, correct to one decimal place.
was cornered and shot to prevent it causing
further mayhem.

Extension questions with decimals

1 Answer true or false

(a) 0.1 3 0.1 5 0.1 (b) 0.1 2 0.01 5 0.09 (c) 0.1 4 100 5 0.01
(d) 0.1 . 0.02 (e) 3.3 2 0.6 5 0.6 2 3.3 (f ) 0.71 5 710 4 1000
2 Draw a copy of the cross number puzzle and then fill it in using the clues given.
Clues across Clues down
1 2 3 4
1. (0.352 3 10) 3 100 1. 77 4 2
3. 47.6 4 7 2. 17 3 0.3 5 6
5. (0.9)2 3 100 3. 27 3 5
7
6. 2 2 0.56 4. 588 4 7
7. 7 1 21
2 2
6. 100 3 0.19 8 9
8. 45 3 0.4 7. 7 3 7 2 (19 3 0.01)
10 11
10. 1.62 1 4.72 8. 600 4 5
11. 4.7 3 20 9. 8.82 3 5 12
12. (1 1 0.01 1 0.002) 3 1000 10. 8 3 9 2 (4 3 0.25)
3 The weights of five players in a basketball team are 60.4 kg, 47.8 kg, 71.6 kg,
55 kg and 68.6 kg. Calculate the mean weight of the players.
4 Work out
(a) 0.098 4 0.002 (b) 18.92 4 0.11 (c) 1.848 4 0.028
22

5 Find the missing numbers

(a) 18 1 (4.27 4 ) 5 18.61 (b) 8 2 ( 3 0.2) 5 7.16

6 A pile of ten 10p coins is 18 mm high. When Izrie emptied her piggy bank
she had enough 10p coins to make three towers of height 1.53 m.
Work out the value in pounds of the coins which Izrie had saved.

Each empty square contains either a number or an operation (1, 2, 3, 4).

Copy each square and fill in the missing details. The arrows are equals signs.
7 57 4 3 8 18 3 90 9 25 3 10
1 3 3 1 3 1
53 200 0.1 1 3

204 2 1 16.8 150 2 149

10 35 3 3500 11 48 3 9 12 5 2 4.8
2 4 4 3 4 1
3 3 2 98

34.8 1 0.1 1 117 120 0.05 1

13 10 3 2 14 19.6 4 7 15 8.42 2 8.22

4 3 3 2 3 3
4 0.1 3 0.03 15 3 1200

2.5 2 1.6 1 1

16 20 4 100 17 1.22 3 7 18 1 90.2

3 4 1 2 4 2
3 200 1 9 3 52

440 3 5 4 1.25 3 5.8

28

16 (5 2 4)3 17 4 3 (3 1 1)2 18 (9 2 5)4 4 4

19 2 3 (32 2 1) 20 (52 1 52) 4 5 21 2 3 (6 2 3)2

22 5 3 (2 3 1)3 23 3 3 23 24 20 2 42

Exercise 4M
1 Theo puts some brackets into a
calculation as shown below:
36 2 (9 4 3)
He wants the answer to be 9.
Explain clearly what mistake he has made.

Copy each question and write brackets so that each calculation gives the correct answer.
2 3 1 4 3 5 5 35 3 6 1 9 3 7 5 69 4 7 3 2 1 3 5 17

5 9 1 12 3 5 5 105 6 6 3 8 2 2 5 36 7 3 3 8 2 6 5 18

8 19 2 6 3 3 5 39 9 27 2 9 4 3 5 24 10 51 4 3 1 4 5 21

11 7 3 24 2 5 5 133 12 6 1 14 4 2 5 10 13 11 1 6 3 4 5 68

14 12 3 8 2 9 3 7 5 33 15 8 3 9 2 4 3 7 5 44

16 Which calculations below have the brackets in the correct place? For those that do not, write
out the sum with the brackets in the correct position.
(a) 5 3 (6 2 4 4 2) 5 13 (b) (81 4 9) 3 (12 2 4) 5 72
(c) (3 1 5) 3 (9 2 7) 5 16 (d) (16 2 10) 4 (18 4 6) 5 2
(e) 6 1 (7 2 1) 4 2 5 6 (f ) (5 1 7) 4 3 3 0 5 0

Jumble the numbers

Exercise 4E
Using each number once, find the calculation which gives
the correct answer.
For example:
Numbers Answer Calculation
5, 3, 6 3 (6 2 5) 3 3 5 3
30

8.448
_____ 6.039 1.5 3 1.5
11 ​​   ​​ 12 2.9 1 _____
​​   ​​ ________
13 ​​   ​​
1.32 1.83 25
814
14 Emma types _____
​​   ​​into her calculator which gives 3 as the answer. The correct answer to the
4
sum is 9. Describe what mistake Emma might have made when typing in this sum?

15 Use a calculator to work out

9.408 1.9 1 2.953 8.7 2 5.622
(a) ​​ _____ ​​ 2 0.28 (b) ​​ __________
 ​​ (c) ​​ __________
 ​​ 1 2.3
6.72 2.3 1.14

16 Explain which fraction buttons could be used on a calculator for the sum
(6.6 1 3.4) 4 2.5 1 15 4 1.5

Using brackets
For the calculation 14 2 (8 4 2) you press
1 4 2 ( 8 4 2 ) 5

The calculation inside the brackets will be done first by the calculator.

Exercise 6M
1 Work out what answer you would get when the buttons are pressed.

(a) ( 8 1 7 ) 4 3 5 (b) 1 8 2 ( 5 3 2 ) 5

(c) 1 2 4 ( 6 2 3 ) 5 (d) 9 4 ( 6 4 2 ) 5

2 Write down the sequence of buttons you would press to work out the following calculations.
28
(a) 17 2 (4.2 3 3) (b) ​​ __________ ​​
2.41 1 4.59
Work out
3 18.41 2 (7.2 3 1.3) 4 11.01 1 (2.45 4 7) 5 (2.38 1 5.6) 4 1.4

6 9.6 1 (11.2 4 4) 7 (8.73 4 3) 2 1.4 8 11.7 2 (2.6 3 2.7)

7.41 2 (​​ ____

1.4 ) (​  1.7 )
6.44 11.39
______ 28.65
___________
9 ​   ​ ​​ 10 ​  ​​ 2 2.63 11 ​​   ​​
(1.7 1 0.21)

12 (1.56 1 4.32) 4 2.45 13 3.2 3 (1.9 2 0.74) 14 4.956 4 (1.3 2 0.71)

15 (7.77 4 1.4) 3 1.49 16 (2.67 1 1.2 1 5) 3 1.1 17 23 2 (9.2 3 1.85)

(8.41 1 0.704)
_____________ 132.43
_________ 43.87 2 8.17
___________
18 ​​   
 ​​ 19 ​​   ​​ 20 ​​   
 ​​
1.47 8.2 3 0.95 17
31

21 Find three pairs of equivalent expressions.

24 24 2 2
A 22 B C 24 2 2 4 3 D (24 2 2) 4 3
3 3

2 24
E 24 2 F G 24 4 (3 2 2)
3 322

22 Write down the sequence of buttons you would press to evaluate the following.
923 30
(a) ​​ _____ ​​ (b) ​​ _____ ​​ 1 4 3 7
418 823

In questions 23 to 44 use the x2 button where needed and write down all the numbers on your
calculator display.
23 2.62 2 1.4 24 8.32 3 1.17 25 7.22 4 6.67

26 (1.4 1 2.67)2 27 (8.41 2 5.7)2 28 (2.7 3 1.31)2

4.12 2 ​​(___
​   ​)​​
2.6
___________
2
8.7
29 8.22 2 (1.4 1 1.73) 30 ​​   ​​ 31
(1.3 1 2.99) 3.2

34 ​​​(​   ​)​​ ​​
(2.7 1 6.04)
___________ (8.71 2 1.6)
___________ 2.3
___
2
32 ​​   ​​ 33 ​​   ​​
(1.4 1 2.11) (2.4 1 9.73) 1.4

35 9.722 2 (2.9 3 2.7) 36 (3.3 1 1.32) 3 9 37 (2.72 2 2.1) 4 5

40 ​​(​ 
1.5 ) ( 8.9 )
38 ​​(​ 
7 ) ( 11.2 )
2.84
____ 7 (2.7 3 8.1) 2.3 6.3
 ​​​ 1 ​​ ____
​   ​ ​​ __________
39 ​​   ​​ ___
 ​ ​​ 2 ​​ ___
​   ​ ​​
(12 2 8.51)

(8.5 3 1.952)
____________
41 (1.31 1 2.705) 2 1.32 42 (2.71 2 0.951) 3 5.62 43 ​​   
   ​​
(7.2 2 5.96)

44 ​​(​ 
30.3 ) ( 10.2 )
80.7
____ 11.7
 ​ ​​ 2 ​​ ____
​   ​ ​​

Need more practice with using a calculator?

Work out and write down all the numbers in your calculator display.
5.63 11.5 8.27
1 ​​ _________ ​​ 2 ​​ __________ ​​ 3 ​​ _________ ​​
2.8 2 1.71 5.24 1 1.57 2.9 3 1.35
3.7 2 2.41 8.5 1 9.3 0.97 3 3.85
4 ​​ _________ ​​ 5 ​​ __________ ​​ 6 ​​ __________ ​​
1.9 1 0.72 12.9 2 8.72 1.24 1 4.63
39

Exercise 3M
Simplify the following expressions where possible.
1 3a 1 5a 2 6y 2 5y 3 4x 1 6 4 20t 2 8t

5 6a 2 5 6 14h 1 16h 7 12y 2 12 8 12y 2 y

9 Kosh says that 8n 1 3 2 n 1 6 simplifies to 8n 1 9.

Explain clearly the mistake that Kosh has made.

10 Write down an expression for the perimeter of each shape below. Collect like terms where
possible.
(a) (b) 3m 1 n (c) 2a 1 3
2x 1 6 4x
6 5n 3a 1 5b

4x 1 3

4n 1 m 5m 7b 1 4

3m 1 n 4a 1 2b 1 6

11 Which expressions below are equivalent to 5m 1 3n 2 n 2 2 2 3m?

A 2m 1 2n 2 2    B 8m 1 2n 2 2    C 2m 1 3n 2 2

Simplify the following expressions as far as possible by collecting like terms.

12 5x 1 9 2 2x 2 7 13 7p 1 9q 1 2p 2 4q 14 7x 1 8 1 x 2 6

15 a 1 14b 1 5a 2 4b 16 6m 1 8 1 6m 2 7 17 3h 1 20 2 h 1 5

18 5m 1 2n 1 4n 1 7m 19 8p 1 6q 2 3q 2 2p 20 6x 1 10 2 6 1 3x

21 7x 1 3y 1 x 1 6 22 8a 1 3b 2 4a 1 4c 23 5w 1 8 2 3w 1 w

24 8 1 4a 1 7 2 2a 25 4y 1 8 2 5 2 3y 26 5c 2 c 1 6a 1 8c

27 5p 1 6q 1 4p 2 4q 28 7m 1 9n 2 7n 1 4 29 6x 1 8 2 x 1 9x

30 Which two expressions below are equivalent (this means they give the same answer when the
like terms are collected).
(a) 5x 1 3 2 2x 1 6y 1 x (b) 3y 1 4x 1 3y 1 6 2 2 (c) 7 1 4y 1 4x 1 2y 2 3
40

31 (a) Draw a rectangle and write on the side lengths so that

n22 each side is 5 cm greater than the sides of the rectangle
shown opposite.
(b) Write down and simplify an expression for the perimeter
3n 1 1
of the new rectangle.
(lengths are in cm)

32 n2 does not equal n (try using n 5 3 to show this!). n2 and n are unlike terms – they cannot be
added together.
3n2 1 5n cannot be simplified further.
Simplify the following expressions.
(a) 5n2 1 3n2 (b) 4n2 1 8n 2 2n2 (c) 8n 1 3n2 1 n2
(d) 3 1 6n2 2 1 (e) 5n 1 7n2 2 2n 2 3n2 (f ) 4n2 1 2 1 3n2 1 4n
(g) 9n 2 4 1 2n2 2 3n (h) 7n2 1 4n 2 2n 1 n2 (i) 5n2 1 6n 2 2n2 2 n

More rules
a1b5b1a
a 3 b 5 b 3 a    (a 3 b is written as ab so ab 5 ba)
a 3 a 5 a2
a
__
​​   ​​ 5 a 4 b
b

Exercise 4M
1 (a) Write down any pairs of expressions from below that are equal to each other.
y
xy x x2y

x y2x x1y
y

yx y1x

(b) For each chosen pair from part (a), write down a pair of values for x and y which show that
you are correct.

2 Which expression below is the odd one out?

n1n1n n3n3n 3n 5n 2 n 2 n
41

3 (a) Write down any pairs of expressions from below that are equal to each other.
n1n 23n

42n n n2
4

n3n n24 4
n

(b) For each chosen pair from part (a), write down a value for n which shows that you are
correct.

In questions 4 to 15 write down each statement and say whether it is ‘true’ or ‘false’ for all
values of the symbols used.   If you are not sure, try different values for the letters

4 x 1 x 1 x 5 3x 5 xw 5 wx 6 m 3 m 5 2m

7 m1n5n1m 8 5y 2 y 5 5 9 a 3 5 5 5a
x
__ 2
__
10 ​​   ​​ 5 ​​   ​​ 11 a 3 a 3 a 5 3a 12 a2 5 2a
2 x
1
__ b
__
13 a43534a 14 ​​   ​​ of b 5 ​​   ​​ 15 3n2 5 (3n)2
2 2
16 Simplify the following expressions.
m 4a n2 6x
(a) ​​ __ ​​ (b) ​​ ___ ​​ (c) ​​ __ ​​ (d) ​​ ___ ​​
m 4 n x

Multiplying terms
(a) Simplify 3b 3 6a (b) Simplify xy 1 3x 1 5yx 2 2
3b 3 6a 5 3 3 b 3 6 3 a 5yx 5 5xy
53363b3a so xy and 5yx are like terms
5 18ba xy 1 5yx 5 xy 1 5xy 5 6xy
write in alphabetical order
     5 l8ab Answer: xy 1 3x 1 5yx 2 2
   5 6xy 1 3x 2 2

Exercise 5M
Simplify
1 4a 3 2b 2 5c 3 3d 3 6m 3 7n

4 3p 3 8q 5 9b 3 2a 6 2m 3 n 3 5p
44

Substituting into a formula

(a) The perimeter p of this shape is given by the formula   a
p 5 3a 1 2b
b b
Find p when a 5 5 and b 5 4.
p 5 3a 1 2b
p 5 (3 3 5) 1 (2 3 4) 2a
p 5 15 1 8
p 5 23

(b) h 5 4(x 1 3) Find h when x 5 7.

(Remember: always work out brackets first)
h 5 4(x 1 3)
h 5 4(7 1 3) do brackets first
h 5 4 3 10
h 5 40

Exercise 6M
1 The perimeter p of this triangle is given by the formula p 5 3x.
Find p when x 5 6.
x x

2 The perimeter p of a four-sided shape (quadrilateral) is given by the formula p 5 4w 1 17.

Find p when w 5 5.

3 The cost in pounds, C, for hiring a car is given by the formula C 5 2n 1 25 where n is the
number of miles travelled.
Find C when n 5 150.

4 a a A formula for the perimeter p of this kite is given by

p 5 2a 1 36
Find p when (a) a 5 7  (b) a 5 43  (c) a 5 3.5

18 18

5 A formula to work out the speed v of an object is v 5 u 1 at.

Find v when u 5 5, a 5 10 and t 5 7.
45

6 The cost in pounds, C, for hiring a bike is

given by the formula C 5 8d 1 12
where d is the number of days of hire.
Find C when d 5 6.

7 The perimeter p of a rectangle with sides x and y is given by the formula p 5 2(x 1 y).
Find p when x 5 8 and y 5 6.

8 The area A of a shape is given by the formula A 5 bh 1 16.

Find A when b 5 7 and h 5 6.

In questions 9 to 18 a formula is given. Find the value of the letter required in each case.

9 h 5 18 2 2g 10 w 5 4(p 1 5)
Find h, when g 5 6. Find w, when p 5 3.

b d
11 a 5 __
​​   ​​ 1 16 12 c 5 __
​​   ​​ 1 7
3 8
Find a, when b 5 21. Find c, when d 5 56.

13 y 5 ab 2 8 14 x 5 m(9 2 n)
Find y, when a 5 8, b 5 3. Find x, when m 5 10, n 5 4.

x 5s
15 n 5 __
​​  y ​​ 1 x 16 r 5 __
​​  t ​​

Find n, when x 5 12, y 5 4. Find r, when s 5 8, t 5 10.

x2 2 x
17 w 5 ______
​​   ​​ 18 y 5 mn 1 m2
2
Find w, when x 5 5. Find y, when m 5 9, n 5 3.

19 Milena runs a dog walking and dog sitting business.

She charges £9 for a one hour walk and £12 for a
dog sitting session.
(a) Write down a formula for the amount, A,
which Milena receives for doing w walks
and n sitting sessions.
(b) Find the amount, A, if w 5 12 and n 5 7.
46

20 (a) Write down a formula for the area, A,      

of the rectangle shown opposite.
m
(b) Use the formula to work out the value
of A when m 5 15 and n 5 6.
(n 1 3)

Multiply out single brackets

6(4 1 3) 5 6(7) 5 6 3 7 5 42
We also get the correct answer if the number outside the brackets multiplies each number inside
the brackets.
6(4 1 3) 5 6 3 4 1 6 3 3 5 24 1 18 5 42

(a) Multiply out 3(a 1 b) (b) Multiply out 6(n 2 3)

3(a 1 b) 5 3 3 a 1 3 3 b 6(n 2 3) 5 6 3 n 2 6 3 3
5 3a 1 3b 5 6n 2 18

Exercise 7M
1 Multiply out the brackets and match up with the correct answer.
Question Answer
(a) 5(n 1 2) A 6n 1 18
(b) 3(4 2 2n) B 5n 1 2
(c) 6(n 1 3) C 10n 1 15
(d) 2(4n 2 1) D 6n 1 3
(e) 5(2n 1 3) E 5n 1 10
F 8n 2 2
G 8n 2 1
H 12 2 6n

2 Helina says that 4(3x 2 1) equals 12x 2 1.

Aaron says that 4(3x 2 1) equals 12x 2 4.
Explain clearly who is correct and why.

Multiply out the brackets in questions 3 to 23 .

3 2(x 1 3) 4 6(x 1 4) 5 3(x 1 9)
47

6 5(x 1 8) 7 4(x 2 7) 8 2(x 2 8)

9 9(x 2 4) 10 6(x 2 8) 11 4(x 1 y)

12 7(a 1 b) 13 3(m 2 n) 14 5(2x 1 3)

15 6(4x 2 7) 16 4(2a 1 b) 17 9(m 1 2n)

18 4(x 1 3y) 19 2(4m 1 n) 20 7(5x 2 3)

21 8(3 2 x) 22 6(4 2 2x) 23 5(3a 1 5b)

24 Josh says that an expression for the area of the     

rectangle opposite is (21m 2 14) cm2. 7 cm
Rachel says he is not correct.
Explain clearly who is correct.
(3m 2 2) cm

‘Expand’ means ‘multiply out’.

(a) Expand m(n 1 y) (b) Expand w(w 2 3)
m(n 1 y) 5 m 3 n 1 m 3 y w(w 2 3) 5 w 3 w 2 3 3 w
5 mn 1 my 5 w2 2 3w

Exercise 8M
1 n(5 2 3n) 5 5n 2 3n 5 2n
Explain clearly why this is not correct.

Expand
2 p(q 1 r) 3 m(n 2 p) 4 a(b 1 c)

5 a(b 2 e) 6 x(y 1 3) 7 m(n 2 6)

8 x(y 2 9) 9 p(q 2 5) 10 a(c 1 7)

11 m(m 2 6) 12 p(p 2 2) 13 a(7 2 a)

14 5(2a 1 3) 15 9(3m 2 2) 16 6(4x 2 1)

17 4(8n 1 7) 18 b(4 2 b) 19 2m(m 1 3)

20 4n(3n 1 4) 21 5m(2m 2 7) 22 3x(2 2 5x)

23 8m(1 2 4m) 24 2x(3x 2 2y) 25 4m(2n 1 6m)

48

26 Ian earns £m each week and a weekly bonus of £25.

(a) Write down an expression for how much
money Ian receives in n weeks.
(b) Simplify your answer to part (a).
(c) How much money does Ian receive if
m 5 230 and n 5 6?
27 The area of triangle P is 2n(3n 1 1).
The area of triangle Q is 3n(n 1 2).
The area of rectangle R is 4n(2n 2 3).
(a) Write down the area of each shape with no brackets.
(b) Which shape has the largest area when n 5 4?
Explain your answer clearly.

Remove the brackets and simplify 4(2x 1 1) 1 6(3x 1 5)

Expand the brackets separately: 4(2x 1 1) 5 8x 1 4 and 16(3x 1 5) 5 118x 1 30
Finally, collect the like terms: 8x 1 4 1 18x 1 30 5 26x 1 34

Exercise 8E
Remove the brackets and simplify
1 3(x 1 2) 1 2(x 1 4) 2 5(x 1 3) 1 2(x 1 3) 3 5(x 1 2) 1 2(x 1 1)
4 7(x 1 2) 1 4(x 1 5) 5 3(2x 1 3) 1 4(x 1 6) 6 2(5x 1 2) 1 3(x 1 4)
7 4(3x 1 5) 1 5(2 1 5x) 8 6(x 1 2) 1 4(x 2 3) 9 6(3 1 x) 1 2(4x 1 1)
10 5(2x 1 3) 1 (3x 2 7) 11 8(2 1 3x) 1 5x 12 3x 1 4(2x 1 6)
13 3(5x 1 2) 2 9x 14 8 1 7(3x 2 1) 15 10x1 4(3x 1 2)
16 4(7x 1 4) 1 2(3x 2 5) 17 6(1 1 3x) 2 4 18 8(2x 2 1) 1 5(3x 1 2)
19 7(5x 1 3) 1 x 20 4(9x 2 6) 1 3(4x 1 10)

21        
5 A
6 C
7 B
x16
2x 1 3
x14
Find an expression for the total area of the rectangles stated below. Simplify each answer.
(a) A and B (b) A and C (c) all three rectangles
49

22 Write down an expression for the      4(2x 1 9)

perimeter of this quadrilateral and
simplify your answer fully.
14 5(3x 1 1)

3(x 2 2)

Balance Puzzles
On the balance and represent weights.
5? (5)
Find if 5 5 for this balance puzzle. (5)
(5)
Clearly for these scales to balance exactly, then 5 10. (5)

Exercise 9M
Copy each diagram and find the value of the required symbol.
1 Find if 5 4. 2 Find if 5 10. 3 Find if 5 4.

4 Find if 5 12. 5 Find if 5 2. 6 Find if 5 6.

7 Find if 5 8. 8 Find if 5 15. 9 Find if 5 14.

50

10 Find if 5 8. 11 Find if 5 6. 12 Find if 5 5.

Exercise 9E
Copy each diagram and find the value of the unknown symbols.
1 5 10, find and . 2 5 8, find and .

3 5 8, find and . 4 5 4, find and .

5 5 4, find and . 6 5 10, find and .

7 5 5, find and . 8 5 3, find and .

51

9 5 6, find and . 10 5 5, find and .

11 5 4, find and . 12 5 8, find and .

13 5 4, find and . 14 5 3, find .

Need more practice with the rules of algebra?

1 2m Write down an algebraic expression for the

perimeter of this pentagon.
3n 1 1 3n 1 1

4 4

2 Pair off expressions below which are equivalent:

A 2m 1 3n 1 m 1 3 B m 1 4n 1 5 2 2 C 3m 1 3n 1 3 D 6m 1 3 1 2m 1 3n

E m 1 4n 1 3 F 4m 1 3n 1 3 G 8m 1 3n 1 3 H 4m 1 5n 1 3 2 2n

m
3 p 5 7(q 2 4) 4 y 5 __
​​   ​​
4
Find p when q 5 8. Find y when m 5 36.
59

3 (a) 240 4 20 (b) 8 3 (26) (c) 24 3 (27) (d) 4 3 (28)

(e) 250 4 (225) (f ) 24 4 (28) (g) 10 3 (29) (h) 263 4 (27)

4 Write down two negative numbers which multiply together to make 8. Are there any other
pairs of negative numbers which will multiply together to make 8? Write them down.

5 What is the missing number for each box below?

(a) 24 3 5 228 (b) 26 3 5 42 (c) 32 4 5 216
(d) 245 4 55 (e) 4 (210) 5 5 (f ) 4 (29) 5 28
(g) 3 (29) 5 108 (h) 6 3 5 290 (i) 4 7 5 23

6 Copy and complete the squares below

(a) (b)
3 24 27 2 0 28 5 3 7 26

3 22 6

29 4 40

6 25

24 248

26 230 12

21

7 Work out
(a) (22) 3 (24) 3 (21) (b) 3 3 (25) 3 (22) (c) (23)2 (d) (26)2
(e) 4 3 (22) 3 4 (f ) (25) 3 (22) 3 (24) (g) (21)2 (h) (22)3

Need more practice with negative numbers?

1 Which gives the greater answer? 27 1 4 or 27 2 4

2 Work out
(a) 8 1 (24) (b) 29 2 2 (c) 27 2 (23) (d) 5 1 (29)
(e) 4 2 (22) (f ) 26 2 3 (g) 21 2 7 (h) 24 2 (23)

3 The acceleration a of a small vehicle is given by the formula a 5 5t 1 3 where t is the

time taken.
Find the value of a when   (a) t 5 22   (b) t 5 26   (c) t 5 210
65

Part two
1 Copy and complete by writing the missing digits in the boxes.

(a) 5 9 (b) 6 1 (c) 4 4

1 9 2 7 2 2
8 5 3 4 1 3 3 4 5

(d) 9 (e) 3 (f )   ______

9 4
6​​
3 6 3 4 )5 4 ​​
1 4 3 2 1 3

(g)   ______
6 5 (h)    63
_______ (i)   ______
5 4
7​​)4 5  ​​ 7​​) 4 1 ​​ 9​​)4 6 ​​

2 In one million seconds which of these would you be able to do?

(a) Take a term off school.
(b) Go without sleep for the whole month of July.
(c) Spend ten days on the beach in France.
(d) Go to Africa for a year.
Explain your working.

3 Copy and complete the multiplication squares.

8      
15 18
5 35 40
63 28
8 18
54 48 10

63 40 20
72 48

4 Seventeen people pay a total of £7871 for a holiday.

They each pay the same amount. Eight of these
people pay a total of £1088 to go diving when
on holiday. They each pay the same amount.
Jenny is one of the people who goes diving.
She spends a further £230 whilst on holiday.
How much money does Jenny spend in total
on everything.
67

Puzzles and Problems 1

1 The totals for the rows and columns are given. Unfortunately some of the
totals are hidden by ink blots. Find the values of the letters.
(a) A A A A 28 (b) A B A B B 18
A B C A 27 B B E C D 21
A C D B 30 A B B A B 18
D B B B C B C B C 19
25 30 24 E B D E D 26
27 10 25 23 17

This one is more difficult.

(c) A A A A 24 (d) A B B A 22
C A C D 13 A A B B 22
A B B A 18 A B A B 22
B B D C 12 B B A B 17
18 15 18 27 17 22 17

Find the missing digits

2 (a) 3 1 4 (b) 3 5 (c) 5 8
1 6 3 1 2 4 1 1 4
7 9 8 5 2

3 (a) 5 3 6 (b) 2 6 (c) 6 3 4

1 2 4 1 3 5 7 1 8
5 0 3 9 8

4 (a) 3 (b) 4 (c)

4
3 5 3 9 3 8
1 8 5 4 2 3 2 9 9 2

5 (a) 4 7 5 33 (b) 3 11 5 143

(c) 12 3 5 108 (d) 4 6 5 153
70

TASK B Is there a test for divisibility by 7?

Test 18228.
Find the difference between the last 3 digits and the digits at the front: 228 2 18 5 210.
This difference is divisible by 7. Does this mean that the original number is divisible by 7?
Using a calculator gives 18228 4 7 5 2604 so the original number is divisible by 7.
Try the same test on these numbers:
37177, 8498, 431781, 42329, 39579, 910987.
Now choose some numbers of your own (4, 5 or 6 digit numbers). Check with a calculator.
Does the test always work?

TASK C Investigate to find out whether or not a similar test works for ‘divisibility by 11’.

Mental Arithmetic Practice 1

There are two sets of mental arithmetic questions in this section. Ideally a teacher will read out
each question twice, with pupils’ books closed. Each test of 25 questions should take about 15–20
minutes.
Test 1
1 What is forty-two divided by seven? 11 What is eight thousand five hundred
divided by ten?
2 What is six hundred and forty seven to
the nearest hundred? 12 Write down any multiple of eight.

3 Write 0.25 as a fraction. 13 What is the remainder when 50 is divided

by 8?
4 Add together seven, nine and fifteen.

5 14 What is the difference between 2.6 and

Change five and a half metres into
6.9?
centimetres.

6 How many thirds make up three whole 15 Write down the number that is halfway
ones? between twelve and eighteen?

7 What is four squared? 16 At midnight the temperature is minus

four degrees celsius. By midday the
8 If seventy-three per cent of the children temperature rises eighteen degrees. What
in a class are girls, what percentage of the is the temperature at midday?
class are boys?
17 How much change from five pounds
9 The side of a square is six metres. What would you get after spending three
is the area of the square? pounds and forty-two pence?

10 Write down a factor of 16 which is 18 How many fourteens are there in two
greater than 5. hundred and eighty?
71

19 Ten per cent of a number is twenty-eight. 11 Oranges cost 87p for three. What is the
What is the number? cost of one orange?

20 What is the obtuse angle between clock 12 What number is halfway between four
hands showing four o’clock? and eleven?
21 Add together 11, 12 and 13.
13 Write 5:30 p.m. in 24 hour clock time.
22 True or false: ‘All prime numbers are odd
14 Two angles in a triangle are seventy-four
numbers’.
degrees and sixty degrees. How large is
the third angle?
23 Write down the square root of 64.
15 The area of a square is 49 cm2. How long
24 Work out _​​  14 ​​ plus _​​  18 ​​.
is each side?
25 Find 20% of the sum of 11 and 29.
16 Ali buys a pen for £1.25 and a drink for
Test 2 53p. How much change will Ali receive
from a twenty pound note?
1 Divide 7 into 63.
17 Peaches cost 34p each. What is the cost
2 Write the number that is sixteen less than of 6 peaches?
two hundred.
18 A film starts at twenty minutes to six and
3 Write three-quarters as a decimal. lasts for two hours forty-five minutes.
At what time does the film finish?
4 Work out 24 divided by 10 as a decimal.
19 What is three-fifths of one hundred?
5 What four coins make 67p?
20 How many millimetres are there in
6 What is the cost of 3 calculators at £5.99 4 metres?
each?
21 Add together three and minus seven.
7 Change fifteen centimetres into
millimetres. 22 What is half of 2.5?

8 What is the product of 40 and 6? 23 Take away 50 from 5000.

Which is larger: _​​ 25 ​​ or _​​  6 ​​?

9 One fifth of a number is 6. What is the 3
24
number?
25 Find the sum of all the coins from 1p to
10 Subtract the sum of 5 and 9 from 70. 20p.
73

6 7 8
1 0 0 0
6 7 8
2 1 1 1
2 4 6
3 1 2 2
8 1 4
4 2 2 3
4 8 2
3 3 4 We are multiplying by 7 so look at row 7.
5 0 5 0 Add the numbers diagonally moving from
6 3 4 4 right to left.
6 2 8
7 4 4 5 4 4 5
2 9 6 2 9 6
8 4 5 6
8 6 4
9 5 6 7 4 7 4 6
4 3 2 1
10 6 7 8
0 0 0 5 1 9 5 14 so we must carry the
1 to the left

678 3 7 5 4746

Exercise
1 Draw and cut out a set of Napier’s rods. Your teacher will tell you how long to make the
rectangles.

2 Use your Napier’s rods to work out the following.

(a) 368 3 4 (b) 427 3 6 (c) 592 3 7
(d) 4276 3 9 (e) 56 392 3 4 (f ) 684 539 3 7
(g) A builder uses 4965 bricks for each of 8 houses. How many bricks does he use in total?
(h) The Army has to pay 3 shillings each to 27 483 soldiers. How many shillings in total is
this?

3 RESEARCH: Find out

(a) When were Napier’s rods most widely used?
(b) In which kinds of jobs were they used?
(c) How can Napier’s rods be used to multiply by 2 digit numbers?
(d) Can Napier’s rods be used for division?
75

3 ​​(_​  59 ​, clothing)​​ 4 ​​(_​  34 ​, fruit)​​

T M S R K C E H O I B O P A E I H C R T
100 21 20 35 18 40 24 45 140 15 6 12 33 6 6 30 18 15 36 9
180 70 36 63 21 70 45 81 160 27 7 16 44 8 9 40 25 20 48 12

5 Ask your teacher for card. Cut out 24 cards as shown.

On each pair of cards write down two equivalent fractions.
Now play a game with 2, 3 or 4 players using these equivalent 1
fraction cards. 2
How to play:
• Shuffle the cards, place them face down in a pattern of 6 rows
by 4 columns.
• Decide who will go first.
• Each turn requires a player to turn over a pair of cards. 4
_1 __ 2 8
• If the pair of cards are equivalent such as ​​ 5 ​​ and ​​  10 ​​ the player
keeps the pair. If the cards are not equivalent turn the cards
face down again.
• Try to remember which cards are where!
• If you find a pair you get another go. The player with the most
pairs when no cards are left is the winner.

Adding and subtracting fractions

If fractions do not have the same denominator, change them into equivalent fractions which do
have the same denominator before adding or subtracting.
1 1 7 3 2 3
(a) ​​ __ ​​ 1 __
​​   ​​ (b) ​​ __ ​​ 2 __
​​   ​​ (c) ​​ __ ​​ 1 __
​​   ​​
6 3 8 4 5 7
1 2 7 6 14 15
5 __
​​   ​​ 1 __ 5 __
​​   ​​ ​​   ​​ 2 __ 5 ​​ ___ ​​ 1 ___
​​   ​​ ​​   ​​
6 6 8 8 35 35
3 1 1 29
↷
5 __
​​   ​​ 5 __
6 2
​​   ​​ 5 ​​ __ ​​
8
5 ​​ ___ ​​
35

cancel final answer if you can

Exercise 2M
2 3 5 2 1 1 5 1
Work out 1 ​​ __ ​​ 1 __
​​   ​​ 2 ​​ __ ​​ 2 __
​​   ​​ 3 ​​ __ ​​ 2 __
​​   ​​ 4 ​​ __ ​​ 2 __
​​   ​​
8 8 7 7 4 8 8 2
4 1 7 1 5 7 5 1 19 3
5 ​​ __ ​​ 1 ___
​​   ​​ 6 ​​ ___ ​​ 2 ___
​​   ​​ 7 ​​ __ ​​ 2 ___
​​   ​​ 8 ​​ ___ ​​ 1 __
​​   ​​ 9 ​​ ___ ​​ 2 __
​​   ​​
5 10 20 10 9 18 12 3 40 8
78

17 What is one sixth less than seven tenths?

_1
18 ​​  5 ​​of the dogs in a full kennels leave on a     
Friday and _​​  16 ​​leave on a Saturday.
What fraction of the dogs remain if no
new dogs arrive?

19 A baker sells chocolate cakes in slices on a market stall one day. In the morning 5​​ _14 ​​ cakes
are sold and in the afternoon 7​​ _6 ​​cakes are sold.
5

The baker started with 15 cakes. How many cakes are left over?

20 The fraction sum _​​ 13 ​​ 1 _​​  46 ​​is made from four different digits and the sum is 1.
Find other fraction sums using four different digits so that the sum is 1.

Multiplying fractions
The red shaded strip is _​​ 14 ​​of The black section is _​​ 13 ​​ of _​​  14 ​​ of
the rectangle. the rectangle.

​​ _13 ​​ of _​​  14 ​​ 5 __ 1
​​  12 ​​

​​ _13 ​​ 3 _​​  14 ​​ 5 __ 1
​​  12 ​​

3 4 ___ 12
(a) ​​ __ ​​ 3 __
​​   ​​ 5 ​​   ​​   multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators
7 5 35

3 1 ___ 3l 1 3 l 1 ___ 1
(b) ​​ __ ​​ 3 __
​​   ​​ 5 ​​   ​​ 5 ___
​​   ​​  or ​​ __ ​​ 3 __
​​   ​​ 5 ​​   ​​   multiply then cancel or cancel then multiply
4 9 36l2 12 4 9 3 12

Exercise 4M
1 Draw a rectangle and use it to show that _​​ 14 ​​ 3 _​​  15 ​​ 5 __ 1
​​  20 ​​

2 Work out
__3 __ 4 5 __ 1 1 __ 1 1 1
​  ​​ 3 ​​  ​​
(a) ​ (b) ​__
​  ​​ 3 ​​  ​​
__
(c) ​
​  ​​ of ​​  ​​ (d) ​___ __
​  ​​ of ​​  ​​
5 7 8 9 4 9 10 4
__3 __ 2 1 ___ 10 4 __ 1 2 __ 3
(e) ​
​  ​​ 3 ​​  ​​ (f ) ​__
​  ​​ 3 ​​  ​​ (g) ​__
​  ​​ of ​​  ​​ (h) ​__
​  ​​ 3 ​​  ​​
4 9 5 11 9 8 3 4
7
___ 2
___ 7 ___ 12 5 ___ 6 5 __ 4
(i) ​
​  ​​ of ​​  ​​ ( j) ​__
​  ​​ 3 ​​  ​​ (k) ​__
​  ​​ 3 ​​  ​​
__
(l) ​
​  ​​ 3 ​​  ​​
10 21 8 15 9 15 6 5
79

3 Work out the area of:

5 cm P

6 (a) P  (b) Q  (c) P and Q 3
cm
Q 5

1 cm
2
1
3 cm

4 One day a grocer sells _​ ​45 ​​ of the strawberries on sale. Mr Jenkins buys ​_​  78 ​​ of the strawberries sold.
What fraction overall of the strawberries on sale did Mr Jenkins buy?

5 Work out
__ 4 ___ 10 2 __ 6 5 3
​  ​​ 3 ​ ​ ​​
(a) ​ (b) ​__
​  ​​ 3 ​​  ​​ (c) ​__
​  ​​ 3 18 (d) ​__
​  ​​ 3 16
5 1 3 1 6 8
9
___ 3 7 3
(e) ​ ​  ​​ 3 5 (f ) ​__​  ​​ 3 2 (g) ​__​  ​​ 3 4 (h) ​___
​  ​​ 3 15
10 4 8 20

1 __ 2 __ 3
6 Work out __
​ ​ ​​ 3 ​​  ​​ 3 ​​  ​​
3 5 4

Exercise 4E
1 Change mixed numbers to improper fraction before multiplying. Work out
_1 _2
(a) 2​
​  2 ​​ 3 ​​  3 ​​ (b) 1​_​  13 ​​ 3 __ 9
​​  10 ​​
_1
(c) 2​ _1
​  4 ​​ 3 ​​  3 ​​ (d) 3​_​  23 ​​ 3 _​​  34 ​​
_1 _3
(e) 1​
​  4 ​​ 3 1​​  5 ​​ (f ) 2​_​  13 ​​ 3 1​_​  37 ​​ (g) 1​_​  78 ​​ 3 2​_​  35 ​​ (h) 3​_​  12 ​​ 3 2​_​  17 ​​

2 At 8.30 one morning _​ ​58 ​​ of the cars on a bridge

are heading West. __ 3
​ ​10 ​​ of these cars are stuck in a
traffic jam. What fraction of all the cars on the
bridge are stuck in this traffic jam?

3 Work out
_1 _2 _3
(a) 1​
​  2 ​​ 3 2​​  3 ​​ 3 1​​  4 ​​ (b) 2​_​  14 ​​ 3 3​_​  13 ​​ 3 1​_​  45 ​​
_3 _8 __
3
(c) 2​
​  4 ​​ 3 ​​  9 ​​ 3 2​​  11 ​​

4 There are 50 Christmas presents under a Christmas tree.

​_​  35 ​​ of these presents are for Mr and Mrs Williams.
Mr Williams opens _​ ​45 ​​ of these presents.
How many presents does Mr Williams open?
81

3 Find the missing fraction for each empty box.

2 14 5 45 3 3
(a) ​​ __ ​​ 3 5 ___
​​   ​​ (b) ​​ __ ​​ 4 5 ___
​​   ​​ (c) ​​ __ ​​ 3 5 ___
​​   ​​
3 27 8 56 4 14

A large bottle contains __

9
4 ​​ 10 ​​litre of water. A small bottle
_3
contains ​​  8 ​​litre of water when full. How many small
bottles can be filled completely with the water from
the large bottle? Give your reasons in detail.
2 5 ___ 10
5 Work out __
​​   ​​ 3 __
​​   ​​ 4 ​​   ​​
3 7 11
6 A dog has _​​ 18 ​​kg of meat added to each meal.
Exactly how many meals are covered by _​​ 23 ​​kg of meat?

The area of this rectangle is __

7
7 ​​ 16 ​​ cm2.
?
What is its width if its length is __
7
​​ 10 ​​ cm?
7
10 cm

8 Use a diagram to explain why _​ ​15 ​​ 4 6 5 __ 1

​​  30 ​​

Work out the value of (​​​ __

​   ​)​​ ​​ 4 (​​​ __
​   ​)​​ ​​
3 2 3 2
9
4 2

1​​ _14 ​​ 4 2​​ _23 ​​ 5 _​​  4 ​​ 4 _​​  3 ​​ 5 _​​  4 ​​ 3 _​​  8 ​​ 5 __

5 8 5 3 15
​​  32 ​​

Exercise 5E
1 Copy and complete
(a) 2​​ _12 ​​ 4 4​​ _15 ​​ (b) 2​​ _4 ​​ 4 1​​ _8 ​​ (c) 3​​ _23 ​​ 4 1​​ _12 ​​
3 7

5 11 11
5 ​​ __ ​​ 4 ___
​​   ​​ 5 ​​ ___ ​​ 4 ___
​​   ​​ 5 ​​ ___ ​​ 4 ___
​​   ​​
2 5 4 3
5 5 11 11
5 ​​ __ ​​ 3 ___
​​   ​​ 5 ​​ ___ ​​ 3 ___
​​   ​​ 5 ​​ ___ ​​ 3 ​​ ___ ​​
2 4 3
25 88
5 ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ​​ ___ ​​

22
5 ​​ ___ ​​ 5 2 ​​ ___ ​​

7
5 1 ​​ ___ ​​
85

Changing fractions to decimals

Convert denominator to 10, 100, etc.
1 2 1 4 9 45
​​   ​​ 5 ___
__
​​   ​​ 5 0.2 ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 0.04 ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 0.45
5 10 25 100 20 100
Cancelling fractions can help.
12
___ 3 60 1
​​   ​​ 5 __
​​   ​​ 5 0.75 ​​ ____ ​​ 5 __
​​   ​​ 5 0.25
16 4 240 4

Exercise 1M
Copy and complete the boxes.
7 35 3 4
1 ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 0 . 2 ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 0 . 3 ​​ __ ​​ 5 ___
​​   ​​ 5 0 .
20 100 20 100 5 10

3 3 4
4 ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ___
​​   ​​ 5 0 . 5 ​​ __ ​​ 5 ___
​​   ​​ 5 0 . 6 ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 0 .
12 4 5 10 25 100

Convert these fractions into decimals.

___ 11 __ 2 ___ 7 27
___ 17
___
7 ​
​   ​​ 8 ​
​   ​​ 9 ​
​   ​​ 10 ​
​   ​​ 11 ​
​   ​​
20 5 25 36 20

23
___ 19
___ 150
____ 120
____ 18
___
12 ​
​   ​​ 13 ​
​   ​​ 14 ​
​   ​​ 15 ​
​   ​​ 16 ​
​   ​​
25 25 200 200 72

17 By how much is area P

P greater than area Q? Q
area 5 21 cm2
25
area 5 0.85 cm2

18 Convert the fractions to decimals and then write the numbers in order of size, smallest first.
8
___ 9
___ 3 __
__ 3 12
___ 4
__ 1
__ 1
___
(a) ​​   ​​, 0.3, ​​   ​​ (b) ​​   ​​, ​​   ​​, 0.7 (c) ​​   ​​, 0.7, ​​   ​​ (d) ​​   ​​, 0.15, ​​   ​​
20 25 4 5 16 5 5 20

19 On a calculator _​​ 19 ​​ 5 0.1111111

Without using a calculator, write down ___ 1
​​ 900 ​​as a decimal.
87

Changing fractions and percentages

(a) Percentage to fraction (b) Fraction to percentage
(‘per cent’ means ‘out of 100’) (make the denominator equal to 100)
60 3 4 80
60% 5 ​​ ____ ​​ 5 __
​​   ​​ ​​ __ ​​ 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 80%
100 5 5 100
24 6 3 15
24% 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 ___
​​   ​​ ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 15%
100 25 20 100
2 1 350
2% 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 ___
​​   ​​ 3​​ _12 ​​ 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 350%
100 50 100
• Learn the following:
__ 1 1
__ 1 2
​​   ​​ 5 25%   ​​   ​​ 5 12​​ _12 ​​%   ​​ __ ​​ 5 33​​ _13 ​​%   ​​ __ ​​ 5 66​​ _23 ​​%
4 8 3 3

Exercise 3M
1 Change these percentages into fractions. Cancel down answers where possible.
(a) 40% (b) 7% (c) 22% (d) 80% (e) 5%
(f ) 89% (g) 10% (h) 28% (i) 4% ( j) 35%

2 Copy and complete the following.

9 45 3 19
(a) ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 % (b) ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 % (c) ​​ ___ ​​ 5 ____
​​   ​​ 5 %
20 100 25 100 50 100
3 Here are some test marks. Change them to percentages.
17 13 46
(a) ​​ ___ ​​ (b) ​​ ___ ​​ (c) ​​ ___ ​​
20 25 50

4   During one season, José won 85% of his

races. What fraction of his races did he not
win?

5 Megan spent 36% of her money on the first day of her holiday.
What fraction of her money did she have left?

6 Rosa was absent from school for __ 1

​​ 25 ​​of the Autumn term.
What percentage of the Autumn term was she absent for?
90

4 Convert these fractions into decimals.

3 180 45 48 190
(a) ​ ____ ​ (b) ​ _____ ​ (c) ​ ____ ​ (d) ​ ___ ​ (e) ​ ____ ​
125 2000 500 64 250

5 Write down true or false for each statement below.

13 17
(a) 0.3 5 3% (b) 0.55 . ___ ​   ​ (c) ​ ___ ​ . 0.32
20 50
9 48
(d) ​ ___ ​ 5 0.225 (e) ​ ____ ​< 14% (f ) 0.04 , 40%
40 400

8 32
6 ​ ___ ​ 5 ____
​   ​ 5 0.032  Is this statement correct?
25 100
If not, identify the mistake.

7 Test A     Test B     Test C     Test D

___13 ___ 14 ___ 32 13
​​   ​​ ​​   ​​ ​​   ​​ ​​ ___ ​​
25 20 50 20
During one term Gina has four maths tests. Work out the difference between her highest test
percentage and her lowest test percentage.

Extension questions with fractions, decimals, percentages

1 Write these fractions as percentages.

73 23 87 59 119
(a) ​ ____ ​ (b) ​ ____ ​ (c) ​ ____ ​ (d) ​ _____ ​ (e) ​ ____ ​
250 500 125 2000 125

2 Write these numbers in order of size, starting with the smallest.

139
____ 11 21 412
​   ​, ​​ ___ ​, ​56%, ​ ___ ​, ​​ ____ ​
250 20 40 800

3 Player Wins Games Four people play squash. The table shows the number of
Alexis 12 20 wins and games for each player.
Hunter 5 8 (a) Which two players won the same percentage of
Arnav 23 40 games?
Shun 15 25 (b) Who won the greatest percentage of games and by
how much more than the next best percentage of
wins?

4 300 students out of 450 in total are girls.

Explain clearly why 33​​ _13 ​​% of the students are boys.

Explain clearly how to show that _​​ 9 ​​ 5 0.​5̇ ​

5
5
94

Exercise 2M
Draw some axes on squared paper.        y
Label the x axis from 210 to 8. 18
Label the y axis from 210 to 18.
Plot the points below and join them
up with a ruler in the order given.
210 8 x
(0, 18) (6, 18) (8, 16) (8, 14) (6, 12)
(4​​ _12 ​​, 10) (4, 8) (4, 22) (2, 24) (2, 29) 210

On the same diagram, plot the points below and join them up with a ruler in the order given.
(Do not join the last point in the box above with the first point in the new box)

(25, 29) (23, 27) (23, 25) (24, 24) (25, 24) (26, 23) (24, 23) (22, 23) (0, 22)

On the same diagram, plot the points below and join them up with a ruler in the order given.

(26, 23) (27, 22) (26, 21) (24, 21)

On the same diagram, plot the points below and join them up with a ruler in the order given.

(26, 21) (26, 0) (25, 0)

On the same diagram, plot the points below and join them up with a ruler in the order given.

(23, 2) (24, 3) (25, 3) (26, 2) (26, 1) (25, 0) (24, 0)

(23, 1) (23, 2) (22, 3) (21, 3) (0, 2) (0, 1) (21, 0) (22, 0) (23, 1)

On the same diagram, plot the points below and join them up with a ruler in the order given.

(0, 18) (22, 16) (23, 14) ​(23​ _12 ​, 12)​(24, 10) ​(24​ _12 ​, 8)​
(25, 6) (25, 3) ​(25, 3​ _12 ​)​(23, 4) (21, 4) (2, 3) (2, 24)

Draw a around the points below, making the

circles touch like this

(23, 26) (22, 26) (21, 26) (0, 26) (1, 26) (2, 26)

Draw a • at (24, 1) and a • at (21, 1)

Who am I? Colour me in.

96

3 Copy the graph shown. y

A B
7
(a) A, B and F are three corners of a square. C
6
Write down the coordinates of the other
5
corner. D
4
(b) B, C and D are three corners of another square. E
3
Write down the coordinates of the other corner.
2
(c) D, E and F are three corners of a rectangle. 1
F
Write down the coordinates of the other corner.
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

4 You are given the vertices but not y

the sides of two parallelograms 12
P and Q. 11
For each parallelogram find three 10
possible positions for the fourth vertex. 9
8
Q
7
6
5
4
P
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x

5 Copy the graph shown. y

F
(a) A, B and C are three corners of a square. 4
G
Write down the coordinates of the other corner. 3
(b) C, A and D are three corners of another square. 2
C
Write down the coordinates of the other corner. 1
(c) B, D and E are three corners of a rectangle. 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
Write down the coordinates of the other corner. B21 E
(d) C, F and G are three vertices of a parallelogram. A 22
Write down the coordinates of the other vertex. 23 D
99

5 On squared paper, draw suitable axes.

(a) Draw the lines y 5 2 and x 5 3. At what point do they meet?
(b) Draw the lines y 5 5 and x 5 1. At what point do they meet?
(c) Draw the lines x 5 7 and y 5 3. At what point do they meet?

6 In the diagram, E and N lie on the line with y

equation y 5 1. B and K lie on the line x 5 5. 8
In parts (a) to (h) find the equation of the line 7
A B I
passing through the given points. 6
J
(a) A and D (b) A, B and I 5
C M L H
4
(c) M and P (d) I and H 3
D K G
(e) L and E (f ) D, K and G 2
1
(g) C, M, L and H (h) P and F P E F N
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

Relating x and y
• The sloping line passes through the following points: y
(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), ( 4, 4), (5, 5).
5
For each point, the y coordinate is equal to the 4
x coordinate. 3
2
The equation of the line is y 5 x (or x 5 y).
1
0
This is the rule for any point on the line. 0 1 2 3 4 5 x

• This line passes through:

(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5). y
5
For each point the y coordinate is one more than 4
the x coordinate. 3
2
The equation of the line is y 5 x 1 1.
1
We could also say that the x coordinate is always one less 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
than the y coordinate. The equation of the line could then
be written as x 5 y 2 1.
[Most mathematicians use the equation beginning ‘y 5 ’.]
100

• This line slopes the other way and passes through: y

(0, 5), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, l), (5, 0). 5
4
The sum of the x coordinate and the y coordinate is
always 5. 3
2
The equation of the line is x 1 y 5 5 (or y 5 5 2 x) 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
Exercise 1E
For each question write down the coordinates of the points marked.
Find the equation of the line through the points.

1 y 2 y 3 y
8 8 8
7 7 7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

4 y 5 y 6 y
7 5 6
6 4 5
5 3 4
4 2 3
3 1 2
2 1
21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
1 0
0 1 2 3 4 x
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

7 Polly says that the equation of the line though y

the points opposite is y 5 3 2 x. 6
5
Explain clearly the mistake that Polly has made.
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
101

8 Look at the graph. Find the equation for y

12
(a) line A C
11
(b) line B 10
(c) line C G E
9
(d) line D B
8
7
6
9 This is the table of the points on line G. 5
4 D
x 0 2  4  6 A
3
y 8 9 10 11 F
2
Find the equation for line G. 1
[Hint: It starts y 5 ​​ _12 ​​x 1 …] 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x

10 This is the table for the points on line E.

x 9 10 11 12
y 0  3  6  9

Find the equation of line E.

11 Make a table for the points on line F.

x 0 1 2 3
y 7

Find the equation of line F.

12 y     y     y
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
P Q R

Which line above has the equation y 5 _​​  12 ​​x 1 1?

Give reasons for your answer.
102

Drawing graphs
• The equation of a line is y 5 x 1 2. Here is a list of five y
points on the line: (0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6) 6
y5x12
5
The points are plotted on a graph and the line y 5 x 1 2 is drawn.
4
Notice that the line extends beyond (0, 2) and (4, 6).
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 x

Exercise 2M
1 (a) The equation of a line is y 5 x 1 3. Copy and complete a list of points on the line:
(0, 3) (1, 4) (2, ) (3, ) (4, )
(b) Draw x and y axes.
(c) Plot the points above and draw a line through them. This is the graph of y 5 x 1 3.

2 The equation of a line is y 5 x 1 5. Copy and complete a list of points on the line:
(0, 5) (1, 6) (2, ) (3, ) (4, ).
Draw the graph of y 5 x 1 5.

In questions 3 to 6 you are given the equation of a line and a list of points on the line.
Fill in the missing numbers and then draw the graph.

3 y 5 x 2 4; (0, 24) (1, 23), (2, ), (3, ), (4, )

4 y 5 2x 2 2; (0, ), (2, ), (4, )

5 y 5 6 2 x; (1, ), (3, ), (5, ), (6, )

6 y 5 3x 1 2; (0, ), (1, ), (2, )

7 (a) Draw axes with values of x from 0 to 5 and with values of y from 21 to 7.
(b) Draw the lines y 5 5 2 x and y 5 2x 2 l on the same graph.
(c) Write down the coordinates of the point where the lines meet.

8 (a) Draw axes with values of x from 0 to 10 and values of y from 0 to 12.
(b) On the same graph draw the lines y5x13
y 5 _​​  12 ​​x 1 3
y 5 15 2 x
(c) Write down the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed by the three lines.
104

4 y 5 y 6 y
4 5 5
3 4 4
2 3 3
1 2 2
0 1 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

7 Find the gradient of each line below.

y A B
8
7
6
5
4
3 C
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x

8 A line has a gradient of _​​ 12 ​​. How much does the line go up for every 4 units across?

A line has a gradient of _​​ 5 ​​. How much does the line go up for every 15 units across?
3
9

Find the gradient of each line.

10 y 11 y 12 y
4 4 6
3 down 3 3 5
2 2 4
1 1 3
0 0 2
0 1 2 3 4 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
1 across 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

13 Explain clearly why each gradient in questions 10 to 12 is negative.

Line A has a gradient of _​​ 6 ​​and line B has a gradient of 2 ​​ _7 ​​. Which line is steeper?
5 6
14
Justify your answer.
105

15 Find the gradient of each line below.

y
8 C
B
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
A D E
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x

16 Draw axes on squared paper. Draw a line with gradient 24.

Ask a friend to check the gradient.

17 Draw axes on squared paper. Draw a line with gradient _​​ 25 ​​.
Ask a friend to check the gradient.

Need more practice with coordinates and straight line graphs?

1 Draw axes with both x and y from 25 to 6. Plot the points below and join them up in order.
(a) (2, 24) (22, 24) (24, 5) (23, 6) (22, 5) (21, 6) (0, 5) (1, 6) (2, 5) (3, 1) (3, 0)
(4, 2 ​​ _12 ​​) (4, 21) (3, 21) (4, 22) (0, 22) (0, 23) (2, 24)
(b) (0, 0) (21, 1) (0, 2) (1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 1) (2, 0) (1, 1) (0, 0)
(c) (0, 23) (1, 23) (1, 23 _​​ 12 ​​)
(d) (2, 0) (3, 0)
(e) (2, 21) (3, 21)
(f ) (22, 2) (23, 1 ​​ _12 ​​)(22, 1)
(g) Put dots at (0, 1) and (2, 1)

2 Calvin says that the equation of the red line      y

shown opposite is x 5 3. 4
Explain clearly whether Calvin is correct 3
or not. 2
1

23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21
106

3 Draw x and y axes from 0 to 8.

The equation of a line is y 5 7 2 x.
Copy and complete the list of points below which lie on the line:
(0, 7) (1, 6) (2, ) (3, ) (4, )
Plot these points then draw a line through them.

4 Draw x and y axes then draw the line y 5 2x 1 3.

5 Write down the equations of lines A B

y D
A to D opposite. (Remember to 6
look at the coordinates of the C
5
points on each line to find the
4
rule connecting x and y)
3
2
1

26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
21
22
23
24

6 Line P has a gradient of 2 _​​ 12 ​​and line Q has a gradient of 2 ​​ _13 ​​.
Which line is steeper? Explain your answer fully.

7 y B   Work out the gradient of lines

A
9 A to D opposite.
8
C
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
D 21
22
23
24
107

Extension questions with coordinates and straight line graphs

1 (a) Write down the equations of y P

lines P and Q. 9
(b) Write down the gradients of 8
lines P and Q. 7
(c) Look at the equation of each 6
line. Does there appear to be 5
any connection with the 4
Q
gradient? 3
2
1

25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
21
22
23
24
25
26
2 Draw x and y axes then any line 27
with a gradient equal to zero.
Write down the equation of the
line you have drawn.
Line A has a gradient of 62%. Line B has a gradient of 2 ​​ _5 ​​and line C has a gradient of __
3 16
3 ​​ 25 ​​.
Which line is steeper? Explain your answer fully.

4 y (a) Write down the equations and gradients

9
of each line shown opposite.
8 C
(b) Look at your answers to part (a) then
7
write down the gradient of the line
6
y 5 5x 2 3.
5
4
3
2
1

25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
21
22
A 23
B
24
25
109

3 Lines parallel to the axes

ABCD is a rectangle.
y
(a) Write down the coordinates M
of A. A B (5,4)
(b) Write down the equation of
line AD.
N
(c) Write down the equation of
line DC.
(d) N is in the middle of the
D C (5,2)
rectangle. What are the
coordinates of N? (1,2)

4 Finding the equation of a line and drawing graphs

(a) Which is the equation of line C? y B

8 A
y 5 2x, y 5 x, y5x22
7
(b) Write down the equation of (i) line A (ii) line B 6
(c) Which of the points below lie on the line y 5 x 1 1? 5
P(4, 5) Q(6, 5) R(0, 1) 4 C
3
(d) Fill in the missing numbers for the line y 5 2x 2 1 2
(0, 21),  (1, ),  (2, ),  (3, ) 1
0
(e) Draw the graph of y 5 2x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

5 Finding gradients of lines

Find the gradient of the line joining:     y

B
6
(a) A and B
5
(b) A and D
4
(c) C and D 3 C
(d) B and C 2
1
A D
22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
21
22
141

7 Which line is steeper on the graph y

Q
P 7
opposite: P or Q? Give the values of
their gradients to support your answer. y 5 22x 2 5 6
5
4
3
y 5 32 x 1 1
2
1

25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21
22
23
24
25
26

8 How many panes of glass 30 cm by 20 cm can be cut from a sheet which is 1 metre square?

Grass seed should be sown at the rate of _​​ 4 ​​of an ounce per square yard.
3
9
One packet of seed contains 3 lb of seed. How many packets of seed are needed
for a rectangular garden measuring 60 feet by 36 feet? [3 feet 5 1 yard, 16 ounces 5 1 lb]

10 Chen invests £7800 in a business.

Two years later he checks the value
of his investment and finds that it has
increased to 3​​ _6 ​​ of its original value.
5

Chen is pleasantly surprised.

How much money is his investment
now worth?

11 y    Grayson says the gradient of the line

5 opposite is 1. Sophia does not agree.
y 5 2x 2 1
4 Who is correct and why?
3
2
1

22 21 0 1 2 3 x
21
22
23
143

In parts B, C and D a calculator may be used [where absolutely necessary!]. Write any decimal
points on the lines between squares.

Part B
Across Down
5363738
1. 9 3 10 3 11 1. ​​ _____________
    ​​ 2 11 3 68
2
3. Ninety less than ten thousand 2. 26% as a decimal

5. ​​(7 ​ _12 ​)​​​  ​to the nearest whole number

2
4. 0.12

6. 140.52 4 0.03 7. Next in the sequence 102​​ _12 ​​, 205, 410

8. Last two digits of 992 8. 1 2 0.97
9. 32 1 42 1 52 1 62 9. 52% of £158.50
10. Angle between the hands of a clock at 2.00 pm 11. 0.0854 4 (7 2 6.99)
11. Eight pounds and eight pence 12. 103 1 113
13. Next prime number after 89 14. 3 3 5 3 72
15. 11% of 213 16. Half of a third of 222
17. 3.1 m plus 43 cm, in cm
18. Area of a square of side 15 cm.

Part C
Across Down
1. Next square number after 144 1. 1​​ _45 ​​ as a decimal
342 1 319.2
3. 5.2 m written in mm 2. ​​ __________  ​​
1.4 1 0.2
5. Total of the numbers on a dice 4. 66% as a decimal
6. 0.1234 4 0.012 7. Days in a year minus 3
8. Ounces in a pound 8. Number of minutes between 13.22 and 15.12
9. Inches in a yard 9. Seconds in an hour
10. 34 1 56.78 3 0 11. Double 225 plus treble 101
11. Next in the sequence 1, 2, 6, 24, 120 12. A quarter to midnight on the 24 h clock
13. One foot four inches, in inches 14. 23 3 3 3 52
16. ​​(5 ​ _13 ​)​​​  ​to the nearest whole number
2
15. 234 m written in km
17. ​​ __
1
25 ​​as a decimal

18. [Number of letters in ‘ridiculous’]2

144

Part D
Across Down
1. 20% of 15% of £276 1. Next in the sequence 25, 36, 49, 64

2. 900 2 ​(_______
3 )
17 3 12
3. 81.23 3 9.79 3 11.2, to the nearest thousand ​   ​ ​

5. Three dozen 4. 0.2 3 0.2

6. 1.21 m in mm 7. Solve x3 5 1 million
8. Solve 2x 2 96 5 72 8. 9 2 0.36
9. Inches in two feet 9. 83 1 93 1 103
10. 6.6 4 0.1 11. 99% as a decimal
11. ​​ _14 ​​ 2 _​​  15 ​​ as a decimal 12. 20% of 2222
13. Volume of a cube of side 4 units 14. 0.2055 4 0.0005
15. 555 1 666 1 777 16. 4 score plus ten
17. A gross
18. ​​(19 ​ _14 ​)​​​  ​to the nearest whole number
2

Mental Arithmetic Practice 2

There are two sets of mental arithmetic questions in this section. Ideally a teacher will read out each
question twice, with pupils’ books closed. Each test should take about 20 minutes.
Test 1
1 Share a cost of £72 between 8 people. 10 Work out ten per cent of £42.
2 Write three fifths as a percentage. 11 A plane flies at 140 km/h for three hours.
How far does it fly?
3 How many angles has a pentagon?
12 What five coins make 62p?
4 I have five 20p, six 10p and three 2p
coins. How much do I have? 13 The product of two numbers is forty-five.
What are the two numbers? Give two
5 Write the number seventeen thousand and possible answers.
twelve in figures.
14 How many 5p coins do I need for 65p?
6 Change two and a quarter metres into
centimetres. 15 How many centimetres are there in a
kilometre?
7 A train leaves at 7.40 and arrives at 9.30.
How long is the journey in minutes? 16 What is the cost of three DVDs at £2.99
each?
8 Write three hundredths as a decimal.
17 A shirt costs £40. How much do I pay if
9 Take away 18 from 300. there is a ten per cent discount?
145

18 A drink costs £1.65. What is the change 10 Add together £2.75 and £2.50.
from £5?
11 Write one twentieth as a percentage.
19 What number is half way between 5 and
5.3? 12 In a room sixteen out of fifty children are
boys. What percentage is that?
20 What is the perimeter of a square which
has an area of 36 cm2? 13 How many 5p coins are needed to make
21 I have three mice and two snakes. What £4?
percentage of my pets are mice?
14 Two angles of an isosceles triangle are
22 Oranges cost 75 pence for five. How each 65˚. What is the third angle?
much does one cost?
15 A lottery prize of eight million pounds is
23 Greg saves 25 pence a day. How long shared equally between 100 people. How
will it take to save four pounds? much does each person receive?
24 How many lengths of 8 cm can be cut 16 Add together 11, 27 and 9.
from 60 cm?
25 Increase eighty pounds by 25 per cent. 17 What is two thirds of thirty-nine?

Test 2
18 Find the sum of the first four prime
numbers.
1 What four coins make 42p? Give two
possible answers. 19 A square has sides of length one metre.
Find the area of the square in square
2 I buy two pens at 99 pence each. What centimetres.
change do I get from £5?
3 What is 20 per cent of sixty kilograms? 20 If May 11th is a Monday, what day of the
week is May 20th?
4 What number is three times as big as
eighteen? 21 True or false: ‘There are six inches in a
foot’.
5 I have ninety-four 2 pence coins. How
much is that in pounds and pence? 22 How many minutes are there between
eleven a.m. and two p.m. on the same
6 What is the smaller angle between the day?
hands of a clock at two o’clock?
7 23 What is three point nought three
One pound is the same as 1.5 euros. How
multiplied by one thousand?
many euros do I get for twenty pounds?
8 A football costs £8.95. Find the change 24 Write down any square number greater
from £20. than seventy.

9 A book is six millimetres thick. How tall 25 A coach starts at four fifty. It takes
is a pile of fifty books? Give your answer twenty-five minutes. At what time does it
in metres. arrive?
148

2 Selmin looked at her circled prime numbers and she thought she noticed a pattern.
She thought that all the prime numbers in columns A and B could be written as the
sum of two square numbers.
For example 1 7 5 12 1 42
41 5 42 1 52
Was Selmin right? Can all the prime numbers in columns A and B be written like this?

3 Extend the table up to 200 and draw in more lines to cross out multiples of 2, 3 and 7.
You will also have to cross out any multiples of 11 and 13 which would otherwise be missed.
(Can you see why?)
Does the pattern Selmin noticed still work?

4 Write down the two numbers in each line which are prime.
(a) 14, 17, 21, 27, 29, 39
(b) 41, 45, 49, 51, 63, 67
(c) 2, 57, 71, 81, 91, 93

5 Alicia writes down all the prime numbers that are even.
What does she write down?

6 Write down two prime numbers which add up to another prime number.
Do this in three ways.

Exercise 2M
1 How many of the prime numbers between 1 and 100 are odd?

2 Find three pairs of prime numbers with a difference of 4 between the numbers.

3 When two prime numbers are added the answer is 22.

What could the two numbers be?

4 (a) List the prime numbers ending in 1 which are smaller than 100.
(b) List the prime numbers ending in 7 which are smaller than 100.
(c) Apart from 5 why do no prime numbers end in 5?
152

5 (a) Write each of 26, 22, 312, 104 and 78 as a product of its prime factors.
(b) Use the above answers to decide which of the above numbers will divide exactly into 312.
Justify your answer.

L.C.M. and H.C.F.

The first few multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 , 24, 28…

The first few multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20 , 25, 30, 35 …
The Least Common Multiple (L.C.M) of 4 and 5 is 20.
It is the lowest number which is in both lists.

Exercise 5M
1 Find the L.C.M. of
(a) 6 and 9 (b) 8 and 12 (c) 14 and 35
(d) 2, 4 and 6 (e) 3, 5 and 10 (f ) 4, 7 and 9

The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4 , 6, 12

The factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4 , 5, 10, 20
The Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) of 12 and 20 is 4.
It is the highest number which is in both lists.

2 The table shows the factors and common factors of 24 and 36

number factors common factors

24
36
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36 } 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Write down the H.C.F. of 24 and 36.

3 Find the H.C.F. of

(a) 12 and 18 (b) 22 and 55 (c) 45 and 72
(d) 12, 18 and 30 (e) 36, 60 and 72 (f ) 20, 40 and 50

4 Don’t confuse your L.C.M. s with your H.C.F. s!

(a) Find the H.C.F. of 12 and 30.
(b) Find the L.C.M. of 8 and 20.
(c) Write down two numbers whose H.C.F. is 11.
(d) Write down two numbers whose L.C.M. is 10.
155

5 (a) Write down this sequence and fill in the missing numbers
1 51 5 12
113 54 5 22
2
11315 5 5
2
1131517 5 5
(b) Write down the next five lines of the sequence.

6 Liam says that if you multiply two square numbers together, you will always get another
square number. Is Liam correct?

7 What number when multiplied by itself gives

(a) 49 (b) 121 (c) 169

8 Look at the numbers in the pentagon.

Write down the numbers which are
(a) factors of 16 (b) prime numbers 16 7 2
(c) multiples of 3 (d) square numbers 1000 15
9
3 8
21 64
4

9 Find a pair of square numbers with a difference of

(a) 7 (b) 80 (c) 84 (d) 300
(e) 45 (f ) 32 (g) 39 (h) 105

10 (a) Does (2 1 3)2 equal 22 1 32?

(b) Does (5 1 6)2 equal 52 1 62?
(c) Explain why (a 1 b)2 is not equal to a2 1 b2 for all values of a and b.

11 Does (a 3 b)2 equal a2 3 b2 for all values of a and b? Justify your answer.

Cube numbers
1 3 1 3 1 5 13 5 1 (we say ‘1 cubed’) The numbers 1, 8, 27 are the first
2 3 2 3 2 5 23 5 8 (we say ‘2 cubed’) three cube numbers.
3 3 3 3 3 5 33 5 27 (we say ‘3 cubed’)
156

Exercise 7M
1 Work out values of the first ten cube numbers.

2 The odd numbers can be added in groups to give an interesting sequence:

1 51 5 13
315 58 5 23
7 1 9 1 11 5 27 5 33
Write down the next three rows of the sequence to see if the sum of each row always gives a
cube number.

3 Work out the values of

(a) (-2)3 (b) (-3)3 (c) (-4)3 (d) (-5)3
(e) Comment on your answers.

4 The difference between two cube numbers is 61.

Write down the two cube numbers.

5 The square root of a number is the number which is multiplied by itself to give that number.
The symbol for square root is √.
So √9 5 3,   √16 5 4,   √100 5 10
Work out
(a) √25 (b) √81 (c) √49 (d) √1

6 Copy the following and fill in the spaces.

(a) 72 5 49, √49 5 (b) 142 5 196, √196 5
(c) 212 5 441, √    5 21 (d) 3.32 5 10.89, √    5 3.3

7 (a) What number multiplied by itself three times gives 125?

This number is called the cube root of 125.
3
The symbol for cube root is √ .
3
So √64 5 4 because 4 3 4 3 4 5 64.
3
(b) Work out the value of √ 216

8 Work out
3 3 3 3 3 3
(a) √729 (b) √343 2 √8 (c) √1 1 √8 1 √27

9 Work out
3 3 3
(a) √512 2 √49 (b) 32 1 √125 2 √64 (c) √(116 1 100) 2 √25
157

10 Work out
3 3 3
(a) √(28) (b) √(2125) (c) √(21000)
Comment on your answers.

Satisfied numbers
The number 4 is an even number and a square number. It satisfies both categories.

1 Copy the grid below and use a pencil for your answers (so that you can rub out mistakes).
Write the numbers from 1 to 9, one in each box, so that all the numbers satisfy the conditions
for both the row and the column.

Number between Square Prime

5 and 9 number number
Factor of 6 6 ? ?
Even number ? ? ?
Odd number ? ? ?

2 Copy the grid and write the numbers from 1 to 9, one in each box.

Prime Multiple Factor

number of 3 of 16
Number greater than 5
Odd number
Even number

3 This one is more difficult. Write the numbers from 1 to 16, one in each box.
There are several correct solutions. Ask a friend to check yours.

Prime Odd Factor Even

number number of 16 number
Numbers less than 7
Factor of 36
Numbers less than 12
Numbers between 11 and 17

4 Design a grid with categories of your own and ask a friend to solve it.
159

Need more practice with properties of numbers?

1 Which numbers below are not square numbers?

1   4   8   25   49   84

2 The table shows the factors and common factors of 18 and 24

number factors common factors

18
24
1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 } 1, 2, 3, 6
Write down the H.C.F. of 18 and 24.

3 Write each number below as a product of its prime factors by first drawing a factor tree.
(a) 60 (b) 210 (c) 390 (d) 112

4 Write down two prime numbers between 30 and 40.

5 The digit sum of 16 is 7 [l 1 6]. How many factors has 16?

6 (a) Find the digit sum and the number of factors of

(i) 24   (ii) 84
(b) Can you find any other 2 digit numbers whose digit sum is equal to the number of its
factors?

7 The number 345 has 3 and 5 as factors.

Write another 3 digit number which has 3 and 5 as factors.

8 Rory can swim a length in 40 seconds

and Arlo can swim a length in 70 seconds.
They both start swimming from one end
of the pool at the same time.
How many more lengths will Rory have
completed than Arlo when they are both
back for the first time at that end of the pool
at the same time?

9 The factor tree for the number n is shown opposite.    n

p is a prime number. Explain what this tells you
about the number n?
2 p
162

Reminder
327 3 45 1161 4 27
327 43
_
3 45 ​​  27)1161 ​​
2 108↓ (27 3 4)
1635 (327 3 5)
13080 (327 3 40) 81
14715 281 (27 3 3)
0

Exercise 1M
1 Work out
(a) 36 3 29 (b) 54 3 21 (c) 312 3 24
(d) 207 3 32 (e) 27 3 27 (f ) 241 3 32
(g) 480 4 15 (h) 714 4 21 (i) 962 4 26

2 Copy and complete

(a) 32 3 17 5 (b) 11 3 5 3575
(c) 3 17 5 408 (d) 22 3 55 5

3 56 people decide to go to an Amusement Park.

A ticket for the day is £48 per person.
42 of the people travel by coach which
costs £16 per person.
The rest of the people travel in 4 cars.
The petrol for each car is £28.
All the 56 people agree to pay an equal
amount for the Park ticket and the travel.
How much does each person pay?

4 Eggs are packed twelve to a box. How many boxes are needed for 444 eggs?

5 In this multiplication the missing digits are 2, 3, 4, 5.   

Find the missing numbers 3
1 2 4 2

6 How many 23-seater coaches will be needed for a school trip for a party of 278?

7 Joe wants to buy as many 34p stamps as possible. He has £5

to spend. How many can he buy and how much change is left?
163

8 Angelina pays a £1500 deposit for a holiday

to Italy followed by 12 monthly instalments
of £367.
How much does she pay in total for her
holiday?

9 Each class of a school has 31 pupils plus one

teacher and there are 15 classes in the school.
The school hall can take 26 rows of chairs with
18 chairs in a row. Is that enough chairs for all the pupils and teachers?

10 When Philip was digging a hole in his garden he

struck oil! The oil came out at a rate of £17 for
every minute of the day and night.
How much does Philip receive in a 24-hour day?

Reminder
Adding and subtracting decimals – line up the decimal points.
0.7 70
2.1 3 0.0  3 5 0.0  6  3  ​ ____ ​ 5 ___
​   ​ 5 35
0.02 2

Exercise 2M
1 Work out
(a) 0.8 3 0.004 (b) 6 2 1.37 (c) 7.32 4 3
(d) 1.2 4 0.04 (e) 1.54 3 0.9 (f ) 0.372
(g) 0.32 4 0.8 (h) (2.41 1 0.29)2 (i) 0.93
2 Gavin spends £4.90 on two items in a shop. One item cost 40p more than the other.
How much did each item cost?
3 Eight ice-creams can be bought for £13.60.       
How many ice-creams can be bought for £22.10?

4 Two books cost £18.90 in total.

One book is two-and-a-half times the price of the other.
How much does each book cost?
164

5 Given that 26 4 8 5 3.25, write down the values of:

(a) 26 4 0.8 (b) 2.6 4 0.8 (c) 0.26 4 0.8
6 Read the newspaper cutting from ‘The Times’.       According to the can it is a “gentle
The spray costs £3.99 for 125 ml. facial spritz specially formulated to
Work out the cost per litre of ‘Expert Sensitive refresh and hydrate. Hypoallergenic
and fragrance-free it instantly cools
Refreshing Facial Spritz’. and refreshens skin. Lanolin free.
(Remember: 1 litre 5 1000 ml) Dermatologically tested”. Just one
small word gives the game away
7 Explain clearly why 3 4 0.01 5 300. that this is a triumph of marketing
over common sense: the only listed
ingredient is “Aqua”.
8 Which is greater and by how much: Boots confirmed yesterday that it is
0.482 or 46.16 4 200? selling water at £3.99 for little more
than a cupful. Its Expert Sensitive
9 Answer true or false: Refreshing Facial Spritz is exactly
what it says on the can: water.
40 3 4.5 3 52 5 (0.314 1 0.17 1 0.016) 3 32 3 1000

10 The perimeter of a square room is 20.8 m. Calculate the area of the room.

Hidden words
(a) Start in the top left box.
(b) Work out the answer to the calculation in the box.
(c) Find the answer in the top corner of another box.
(d) Write down the letter in that box.
(e) Repeat steps (b), (c) and (d) until you arrive back at the top left box.
What is the message.

1 6.4 66 274 985 12

L N E S

5 3 15 2 3 1 33 20% of 50 15 3 100 756 4 9

422 75 1.68 10 2.4
N S R C I

103 150 2 67 8 3 22 8.7 4 10 37 1 385

3.85 176 0.87 1000 83
U E H F O

0.16 3 10 421 2 147 5 1 1.4 8.4 4 5 385 4 7

55 1500 1.6 35 84
L I N I S
2
1000 2 15 3 of 99 0.4 3 6 25% of 48 5.32 2 1.47
170

7 The temperatures in seven towns across the UK were

recorded at 03:00.
Grantham 21°C Taunton 0°C
Aberdare 1°C Burnley 25°C
Loughborough 22°C Portrush 24°C
Perth 27°C
What was the median temperature?

8 Colin has five cards. The mean of the five cards is 7.     7 7 7
The range of the five cards is 8.
What numbers are on the two other cards?

9 There were five people living in a house.

The median age of the people was 21 and the range of their ages was 3.
Write each sentence below and write next to it whether it is True, Possible or False.
(a) Every person was either 20 or 21 years old.
(b) The oldest person in the house was 24 years old.
(c) The mean age of the people was less than 21 years.

10 Meg has four cards. The mean of the four cards is 5.       3 6 8
What number is on the final card?

11 (a) Sid has three cards. Find the mean.     5 2 11

(b) Sid takes another card and the mean goes up by 2.      5 2 11
What number is on the new card?

12 Cath has five cards. There are two modes which are 11 and 16. The total on all five cards is 69.
(a) Write down the number on each card.
(b) Write down the median.

13 Will has four cards. The mean for three of the cards is 7.
When the fourth card is included, the mean for all four cards is 6.
Write down the number on the fourth card.
172

2 Helen and Nadia record their best ten times for a

swimming race. The times (in seconds) are shown
below:

Helen: 75, 70, 69, 70, 74, 69, 73, 69, 67, 74
Nadia: 78, 81, 80, 76, 80, 79, 69, 79, 80, 78

(a) Find the mean time for Helen.

(b) Find the range for Helen.
(c) Find the mean time for Nadia.
(d) Find the range for Nadia.
(e) Who is generally quicker? Give reasons for your answers.

3 The yearly salaries of people working in Carwells Bakery is shown below.

£14 000   £12 000   £12 000   £13 000   £14 000   £12 000
£13 000   £12 000   £75 000   £13 000   £12 000   £14 000

(a) Work out the mean, median and mode for these salaries.
(b) Some workers want a pay rise. Which average should they use to support their argument?
(c) The bakery want to attract more workers. Which average should they use to advertise the
pay?

4 12 pupils in Year 7 and 12 pupils in Year 11 were asked how many hours of T.V. they watched
each day. The results are recorded below:
Year 7    6   7   4   4   2   6   4   5   7   1   3   3
Year 11   2   1   1   5   3   5   6   8   4   3   1   2
(a) Work out the median and range for each of Year 7 and Year 11.
(b) Write a sentence to compare the number of hours of T.V. watched each day by pupils in
Year 7 and Year 11.

5 The amount (in pounds) that three sales people have sold in each of the last five months is
shown below.
Olga 7500 6300 6100 8900 8300
Austin 7200 6600 6000 6100 6500
Mia 6700 7900 7300 6900 7200

(a) Find the mean, median and range for each person.
(b) The manager is thinking of promoting Olga or Mia.
Who do you think deserves to be promoted and why?
174

Averages from frequency tables

Twenty children were asked how many computer games they had bought during one year.
The results are below.
5   4   4   0   1   2   2   6   1   2
3   5   2   5   1   0   3   3   5   2
This data can be recorded in a frequency table.
Number of computer games 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency (number of children) 2 3 5 3 2 4 1
Use the table to work out the mean number of computer games.
(2 3 0) 1 (3 3 1) 1 (5 3 2) 1 (3 3 3) 1 (2 3 4) 1 (4 3 5) 1 (1 3 6)
___________________________________________________________
mean 5       
​​     ​​
20
↗
total number of children
56
mean 5 ___
​​   ​ 5 2.8​
20

Exercise 2E
1 The table below shows the number of children in each of 100 families.
Number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency 4 24 22 19 15 7 7 2

(4 3 0) 1 (24 3 1) 1 (...) ____

______________________
Copy and complete: mean number of children 5 ​​         ​​ 5 ​​   ​​ 5
100 100

2 The table below shows the number of cars for each house on Carter Road in Romford.
Number of cars 0 1 2 3
Frequency 7 12 11 10

Copy and complete:

mean number of cars

(7 3 0) 1 (12 3 1) 1 (...) 1 (...)
___________________________
​ 
5         ​
40

5 ___
​​   ​​ 5
40
178

2 Mei and Brody both work out at the gym.

The number of trips to the gym for each
person during one year is shown in the
table below.
Gym trips per
0 1 2 3 4 5
week
Mei number
2 5 11 12 14 8
of weeks
Brody number
3 9 17 11 10 2
of weeks

Who makes more trips to the gym during this year and by how many?

3 The tables below show maths test marks out of 10 for class A and class B.
Mark 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Class A
Number of pupils 0 0 1 1 1 3 2 12 7 2 1

Mark 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Class B
Number of pupils 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 9 0 6 0

(a) Work out the mean, median, mode and range for each class (give answers to 1 decimal
place if necessary).
(b) Which class as a whole do you think did better in this test? Give reasons for your answer.

4 The 09.38 train to Denby often arrives late at Holton. The data below shows how late the train
is on twenty occasions. The times are given in minutes.
2    5   11   31    0   12   11    2   33   11
25   25   23    0   11    8   27   25    2    8
(a) Display this data in a frequency table like that shown in question 3 .
(b) A passenger survey states that on average the train is 11 minutes late. Is this correct?
Explain your answer fully.

5 n ? ? ? ?

The number n is the lowest whole number on the five cards above.
The median is 4 more than this lowest number.
The range is 9.
The highest number is the mode.
The mean average is (n 1 5).
Write down an expression for each number on the five cards above.
181

(a) How many people stayed in the ‘Belmont’ in July?

(b) How many people stayed in the ‘Belair’ in July?
(c) What was the total number of people staying in
the two hotels in April?
(d) One hotel is in a ski resort and the other is by
the seaside. Which is in the ski resort?

3 Some people were asked to state which was their

favourite T.V. programme from the list below.

Eastenders E
MTV M
Football Highlights F
Neighbours N
The Simpsons S

The replies were: S N S M N E M F N M E M M E N

F S N M M E S E N S E N N E N
N M E N N E M F N S E M N F N

(a) Make a tally chart and then draw a bar chart to show the results.

Tally Total
Eastenders E
MTV M
Football Highlights F
Neighbours N
The Simpsons S
Frequency

E M

(b) Which programme was the most popular?

(c) How many more people liked Eastenders compared to the Simpsons?
183

The complete diagram is below … and then with the leaves in numerical order:

Stem Leaf Stem Leaf A key is needed.

2 8 6 2 6 8 Key
3 3 7 9 3 3 7 9 4|7 means 47 in the test
4 7 0 5 8 4 0 5 7 8
5 3 5 7 9 5 3 5 7 9 The diagram shows the
6 2 4 1 8 6 1 2 4 8 shape of the distribution.
7 1 3 5 7 1 3 5
‘unordered’ stem and leaf ‘ordered’ stem and leaf

Exercise 2M
1 The marks of 24 children in a test are shown
Stem Leaf
41 23 35 15 40 39 47 29 1
52 54 45 27 28 36 48 51 2 3
59 65 42 32 46 53 66 38 3 5 Key
4 1 3|5 means 35 marks
(a) Draw an ordered stem and leaf 5
diagram. The first three entries 6
are shown.
(b) Write down the range for these marks.

2 Here is the stem and leaf diagram showing Stem Leaf

the masses, in kg, of some people on a bus. (tens) (units)
(a) Write down the range of the masses. 3 3 7
(b) How many people were on the bus? 4 1 2 7 7 8 Key
(c) What is the median mass? 5 1 6 8 9 7|4 means 74 kg
(d) Is the median mass greater or less 6 0 3 7
than the mean mass? 7 4 5
Give reasons for your answer. 8 2

3 The ages of the people in a small company are shown Stem Leaf
opposite in the stem and leaf diagram.
2 1 3 7 8
The median age is 40 and the modal age is 42. 3 4 4 5 6 9 9
(a) Write down the values of A and B. 4 A 2 2 B 7
(b) Work out the mean age of these people. 5 0 1 7
6 2 5

Key: 3|6 means 36 years old

192

Need more practice with displaying and interpreting data?

1 This table shows the number of different sorts of Mon Tu Wed Th Fri
snacks sold by a shop. Mars 3 1 0 0 3
Snickers 0 4 1 2 2
(a) How many snacks were sold on Thursday?
Twix 2 2 1 3 4
(b) Each Aero costs 45p. How much was spent Aero 5 0 0 1 4
on Aeros in the whole week? Crunchie 2 3 4 1 1
(c) Draw a bar chart to show the number of Kit Kat 5 0 2 1 1
each kind of snack sold in a week.

10
Number sold
in one week

8
6
4
2
0
Mars Snickers Twix...

2 Shruti started with one frog but it laid eggs and now she has lots!
One day she measures all her little pets. Here are the lengths in mm.
82 63 91 78 27 93 87 48 22 15
42 28 84 65 87 55 79 66 85 38
(a) Make a tally chart and then draw the frequency diagram.

Length (mm) (L) Tally Frequency

0 , L < 20
20 , L < 40
40 , L < 60
60 , L < 80
80 , L < 100

(b) Draw a stem and leaf diagram for this data.

(c) Write down the modal interval.
(d) Write down the median length.
(e) Which diagram is most useful for finding the median? Justify your answer.
197

In probability we ask questions like …

‘How likely is it?’
‘What are the chances of …?’
‘Will it rain tomorrow?’
‘With global warming will my grandchildren
go to school on a camel?’
Some events are certain. Some events are impossible.
Some events are in between certain and impossible.

The probability of an event is a measure of the chance of it happening.

The probability (or chance) of an event occurring is measured on a scale like this …

Impossible Unlikely Evens Likely Certain

Exercise 1M
Draw a probability scale like this …
Impossible Unlikely Evens Likely Certain

1
Draw an arrow to show the chance of the events below happening.
[The arrow for question 1 has been done for you.]

1 When a card is selected from a pack it will be an ‘ace’.

2 When a coin is tossed it will show a ‘head’.

3 You will discover a tarantula in your bed tonight.

4 When a drawing pin is dropped it will land ‘point up’.

5 It will rain in Manchester on at least one day in

April next year.

6 You get a total of one when two dice are thrown together.

7 The day after Monday will be Tuesday.

8 There will be a burst pipe in the school heating system next week
and the school will have to close for three days.
198

9 You will blink your eyes in the next minute.

10 You will be asked to tidy your room this week.

11 It is 24th December. Rob says that he is very likely to be given a present the following day.
Comment on what he has said.

12 Octavia is on holiday in Spain in the Summer. On the Tuesday it is very sunny. Octavia says ‘it
will probably rain tomorrow because it was so sunny today.’ Comment on what she has said.

Probability as a number
Different countries have different words for saying how likely or unlikely any particular event is.
All over the world people use probability as a way of doing this, using numbers on a scale instead
of words.
The scale looks like this

Impossible Unlikely Evens Likely Certain

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Probability is measured on a scale from zero to one.

Exercise 2M
A Look at the events in questions 1 to 10 in the last exercise and for each one estimate the
probability of it occurring using a probability from 0 to 1.

As an example in question 1 you might write ‘about 0.1.’ Copy each question and write
your estimate of its probability at the end.

B Now write each of the above answers as a percentage, eg. 0.1 can be written as 10%.

Experimental probability
The chance of certain events occurring can easily be predicted. For example the chance of tossing a
head with an ordinary coin. Many events, however, cannot be so easily predicted.
Experiment: To find the experimental probability that the third word in the third line on any page
in this book contains the letter ‘a’. (You could use a non-mathematical book if you
prefer.)
201

4 A pencil case contains pencils of the following colours: 6 red, 3 black, 1 green and 1 blue.
One pencil is selected without looking. Find the probability that the pencil is
(a) red (b) black (c) green (d) not blue

5 One number is selected at random from these numbers opposite.

Find the probability that it is
(a) an ‘8’ (b) a ‘2’ or ‘3’ (c) a prime number

6 I roll an ordinary dice. Find the probability that I score

(a) 3
(b) 1
(c) less than 5

7 Ten people are trying to hit the bullseye on a dartboard.

Julian says he has an equal probability to Chloe of hitting the bullseye.
Is he correct? Give a reason for your answer.

8 Eight identical discs numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 are put into a bag.

One disc is selected at random. Find the probability of selecting
(a) a ‘5’ (b) an odd number (c) a number less than 6

9 Nine identical discs numbered 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15 are put into a bag.
One disc is selected at random. Find the probability of selecting
(a) a ‘10’ (b) an even number (c) a number more than 6

10 I buy a fish at random from a pond containing 3 piranhas, 2 baby sharks

and 7 goldfish. Find the probability that the fish I chose is
(a) a goldfish (b) a baby shark
(c) dangerous (d) glad I rescued it!
(e) able to play the piano

11 Sienna has a bag containing 8 blue balls, 6 yellow balls and

18 red balls.
Reuben has a box containing 9 yellow balls, 27 red balls and
12 blue balls.
They each take out one ball at random.
Who is more likely to take out a red ball? Give a reason for your answer.

12 One card is selected at random from the cards shown.

Find the probability of selecting
(a) the king of hearts (b) a joker
(c) a 2 (d) an ace
203

• Two dice
When a red dice is thrown with a white dice, the outcomes are (red dice first):
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3) … (6, 6).
The 36 equally likely outcomes can be
shown on a grid. Point A shows a 4 on 6
the red dice and a 5 on the white dice. A
5

White dice
Point B shows a 2 on the red dice and B
4
a 4 on the white dice. 3
The probability of getting a total of 10 on two dice 2
can be found: 1
(number of ways of getting a total of 10) 1 2 3 4 5 6
p(total is 10) 5 ______________________________
​     
​    ​​
(number of possible outcomes) Red dice
3
5 ​__
​  ​​
36

Exercise 5M
1 A bag contains a lp coin, a 10p coin and a 20p coin. Two coins are selected at random.
(a) List all the possible combinations of two coins which can be selected from the bag.
(b) Find the probability that the total value of the two coins selected is
(i) 11p
(ii) 30p

2 Two dice are rolled together and the difference is found.

6
X In the grid the point X has a difference of 3 obtained by
5
rolling a 2 and a 5.
White dice

4
3 Find the expected probability of obtaining a difference of
2 (a) 3
1 (b) 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Red dice

3 The four cards shown are

shuffled and placed face
down on a table.
Two cards are selected at
random.
(a) List all the possible pairs
of cards which could be selected.
(b) Find the probability that the total of the two cards is
(i) 5    (ii) 9
215

8 The line graph below shows the fuel gauge reading of a car at different times throughout
a day.

Full
3
Fuel gauge

4
1
2
1
4
Empty
Midnight 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000
Time of day
(a) Was the car moving or stationary between midnight and 8.00 am?
(b) What happened to the car at 10.00 am?
(c) How much petrol was used between 10.00 am and 2.00 pm?
(d) At what time in the evening was the car put in the garage?

9 Kelly has five cards.

The mean of the five cards is 8.
The range of the five cards is 6.

8 8 8

What numbers are on the other two cards?

10 The stem and leaf diagram shows the heights     Stem Leaf
of some people. Calculate the difference
16 4 6 6
between the median and the mean height.
17 3 4 5 5 5 8
18 2 2 4 5 6 6 9
19 0 2 5 6

Key: 17|5 means 1.75 m

11 Write the numbers in order of size, smallest first.

(a) 0.71, 0.605, 0.65, 0.7, 0.702
(b) 0.99, 0.08, 0.079, 0.1
(c) 23, 32, 13, (2 3 3), 0.007 3 102

12 A spinner has the numbers 1 to 4 on it. The spinner is spun and one dice is thrown.
The numbers on the spinner and dice are multiplied together.
What is the probability of getting a product of more than 16?
218

Mental Arithmetic Practice 3

There are two sets of mental arithmetic questions in this section. Ideally a teacher will read out each
question twice, with pupils’ books closed. Each test of 25 questions should take about 15220 minutes.
Test 1
1 How many 20p coins do I need to make 16 From eight times seven take away nine.
£300?
17 Find two ways of making 66p using five
2 How much more than £128 is £400? coins.

3 Work out 10% of £6000. 18 Roughly how many litres are there in
10 gallons?
4 Two angles in a triangle are thirty-five
19 A plane was due to arrive at noon
and seventy-five degrees. What is the
on Tuesday but arrived at 7 a.m. on
third angle?
Wednesday. How many hours late was
5 A 50p coin is 2 mm thick. What is the the plane?
value of a pile of 50p coins 2 cm high?
20 How many square centimetres are there
6 How many minutes are there in three and in one square metre?
a half hours?
21 Add together 18, 20 and 42.
7 What is the perimeter of a square whose
area is four centimetres squared? 22 Next in the sequence 10, 7, 4, 1.
8 A man died in 2003 aged 58. In what year 23 One per cent of a billion pounds.
was he born?
24 Eleven squared plus ten squared.
9 By how much is half a metre longer than
5 millimetres? (answer in mm) 25 What is one twentieth as a percentage?
10 A string of length 590 cm is cut in half.
Test 2
How long is each piece?
1 I want to buy 4 DVDs, each costing
11 My watch reads twenty past seven. It is £6.49. To the nearest pound, how much
25 minutes fast. What is the correct time? will the 4 DVDs cost in total?
12 By how much is four kilograms more 2 What is the total of 67 and 953?
than 700 grams?
3 A triangle has a base of 6 cm and a height
13 What is a quarter of four hundred and of 8 cm. What is its area?
ten?
4 Work out three squared plus four squared.
14 A train travels at an average speed of
45 mph. How far does it travel in 5 What number is exactly mid-way
3 hours? between 2.8 and 2.9?
15 A half is a third of a certain number. 6 How many magazines costing 85p can I
What is the number? buy with £10?
220

   
Mary wants to buy a car for £27 16s. 4d.    
and a bike for 5s. 10d.
How much does she spend in total?

£ s. d.
Add the pennies first. Every 12 pennies are carried over as 1 shilling.
27 16 4 Next add the shillings. Every 20 shillings are carried over as 1 pound.
5 10
28 2 2
1 1 Mary spends a total of £28 2s. 2d.

Exercise
Try these questions from a 1927 arithmetic test.
1 £ s. d. 2 £ s. d. 3 £ s. d.
5 3 7 3 14 8 8 13 4
1 2 5 9 1 6 12 3 1 4 17 10

4 £ s. d. 5 £ s. d. 6 £ s. d.
from 8 19 3 from 16 4 8 from 17 3 2
take 4 13 9 take 7 10 4 take 10 14 8

7 How many _​​  12 ​​d. stamps could I buy with a ‘two bob’coin?

8 How many oranges can I get for 3s. at the cost of seven oranges for 6d.?

9 How much must be added to 15s. 6d. to make a guinea?

10 I have bought a cake for 1s. 3d. and some jam for 5d.      
How much change should I have out of 2 shillings?

11 I have been for a week’s holiday and spent 6d. a day

while I was away. How much should I have left out of 4s.?

12 RESEARCH: There were many units used in the nineteenth century for length, weight and
capacity. Examples are ‘barleycorns’ and ‘kilderkins’.
(a) How many different units can you find?
(b) Can you discover where any of the names come from?
224

Exercise 3M
You may use a calculator. Give all answers to the nearest percentage.
1 There are 31 children in a class. 17 of them are girls. What percentage of the class are girls?

2 A football team scores 91 goals during one season. Crespo scores 28 of the goals.
What percentage of his team’s goals did he score?

3 Boris drank one third of his drink. What percentage of his drink did he have left?

4 D O W E N What percentage of the letters in this grid are

(a) the letter N
E E D S O (b) the letter E
M A N Y T

E S T S ?

5 Some bronze is made with 163 g copper, 23 g tin and 4 g aluminium.

What percentage of the bronze is
(a) copper (b) tin?

6 1     This triangle is known as Pascal’s triangle.

1 1 What percentage of the numbers are prime numbers?
1 2 1
(Remember: 1 is not prime.)

1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1

7 Some children were asked what their      Type of pet Number of children
favourite pet was.
cat 87
The results are shown in this table.
What percentage of all the children dog 136
chose hamster 49
(a) dog rabbit 63
(b) gerbil gerbil 24
(c) rabbit

8 The table below shows how many fish have been caught by five people on a fishing trip.
Name Aaron Lillian Emma Deven Nadya
Number of fish 11 9 12 8 10
Who caught 16% of all the fish?
226

5 There are 220 children in a school. 60% of the children have school meals.
How many children have school meals?

6 Find the odd one out

(a) 75% of £200 (b) 70% of £210 (c) 30% of £500

7 A train company increases its prices by 15%. If a ticket costs £40 now,
how much will it cost after the price increase?

8 On 6th July 350 people go to the cinema. 40% more people go to the cinema on 13th July.
20% more people go to the cinema on 20th July compared to 13th July.
How many people go to the cinema on 20th July?

9 A marathon runner weighs 60 kg at the start of a race.

During the race his weight is reduced by 5%.
How much does he weigh at the end of the race?

10 Find the sale price of each item below. The normal prices are shown in boxes.
(a) £60   (b) £20 (c) £700
30% off       25% off! 20% off
marked price normal price

(d) £16 (e) £36 (f ) £62 000

_1
     75% off 33 ​​ 3 ​​% 5% off
discount normal
off the shown price
price

11 Mr. Jenkins invests £2000 in a bank. Each year he receives 5% interest (extra money) on the
money in the bank at the start of the year.
How much money does he have in the bank after
(a) 1 year (b) 2 years (c) 3 years?

12 People often have to pay Value Added Tax (VAT) when they buy things.
The usual rate of VAT is 20%.
A computer costing £800 1 VAT will cost £800 1 £160 (20% of 800) 5 £960.
How much will each item below cost if VAT is added?
(a) T.V. £520 (b) fridge £240 (c) sofa £1400 (d) bed £650

13 Jack and Maddy take delivery of 2200 poppies to sell for charity.
Jack takes 65% of the poppies.
He then sells 80% of these poppies.
How many poppies does Jack end up with unsold?
227

Harder percentages of a number

1% 5 _ 1
​​  100  ​ .​To find 1% of a number, divide the number by 100.
Find 16% of a number.
Divide the number by 100 to find 1% then multiply by 16 to find 16% of the number.

Increase £18 by 29%

1% of 18 5 18 4 100
29% of 18 5 (18 4 100) 3 29 5 5.22 5 £5.22
‘increase’ so answer 5 18 1 5.22 5 £23.22
Note: When using a calculator, use the % button.

Exercise 5M
Use a calculator when needed.
1 Which is larger? 8% of £23 or 9% of £21

2 Work out the following, giving the correct units in your answers.
(a) 73% of 3000 kg (b) 14% of 530 km (c) 3% of $235
(d) 86% of 17 km (e) 47% of 600 m (f ) 98% of 7100 g

3 Find 3.2% of £7000.

4 A ticket to New York City costs £230.     

The price of the ticket is increased by 4%.
What is the new price of the ticket?

5 John weighs 80 kg. Over the next year his weight increases by 6%. What is his new weight?

6 (a) Increase £70 by 16%. (b) Decrease £190 by 2%.

(c) Decrease £280 by 28%. (d) Increase £4100 by 9%.

7 During the day a person might shrink in height by between 0.5% and 1%. Donald is 1.8 m
when he wakes up. If he shrinks by 0.7% during the day, how tall is he at the end of the day?
228

8 Murphy works at a market. He buys fleeces at £16 each and tries to sell them at £20 each.
He finds that he is not selling many so reduces the selling price by 12%.
Will he still make money if he sells the fleeces at this new price? Explain your answer fully.

9 At the Chapel School there are 150 boys and 125 girls in Year 7. During the summer the
number of boys decreases by 4% and the number of girls increases by 4%.
Tami says that the total number of children in Year 7 remains the same.
Is she correct? Explain your answer fully.

10 In 2018 the entrance fee to an exhibition of famous

jewellery was £5 and 37 840 visitors came.
In 2019 the entrance fee was reduced by 5% and
the number of visitors increased by 12.5%.
How much was paid in entrance fees in 2019?

11 The population of a city is 420 000 people at the end of 2017.

By the end of 2018 it has increased by 6% of this value.
The population then starts to go down.
By the end of 2019 it has decreased by 6% of its value at the end of 2018.
(a) What is the difference between the population at the end of 2017 and the end of 2019?
(b) Does this answer surprise you, given that the population went up by 6% then down by 6%?
Give a reason for your answer.

12 Harry works too hard. At the end of

week 1, he has worked for 50 hours
during that week. In each following
week, the number of hours he works
increases by 14% of the hours
worked in the previous week.
In which week does he first work for
more than half the hours in a week?
Show all your working out.

Need more practice with percentages?

1 Tom has 20 pieces of fruit. 7 pieces of fruit are apples.

What percentage of the fruit are the apples?
236

7 For each pair of ratios below, write down the value of n that makes the ratios equivalent to
each other.
(a) 8:2 5 n:1 (b) 4:12 5 1:n (c) 70:40 5 n:4
(d) 24:30 5 12:n (e) 22:33 5 2:n (f ) 48:32 5 6:n

8 Pablo needs to mix blue, red and green paint

in the ratio 3:4:6. He uses 12 tubes of blue,
16 tubes of red and 28 tubes of green.
Does he create the correct ratio of paint?
Give clear reasons for your answer.

9 Brooke has £60 and Wyatt has £80. They both earn £10 an hour for their jobs.
What is the least number of hours more that they must each work for so that the ratio of
Brooke’s money to Wyatt’s money is 6:5?

10 Carl says that the ratio of his mother’s age to his sister’s age can never be 1:1. Is he correct?
Justify your answer.

11 The lengths of the sides of the small triangle    

compared to the lengths of the sides of the
larger triangle are in the ratio 1:4. 6 cm
Work out the ratios of the areas of the
two triangles.
4 cm

16 cm

Share £35 in the ratio 5:2

The ratio 5:2 means we are dividing into ‘5 1 2’ 5 7 parts
£35 is split into 7 parts so 1 part 5 £5
5 parts 5 5 3 £5 5 £25 and 2 parts 5 2 3 £5 5 £10

Exercise 3M
1 Share £36 in the ratio (a) 3:1 (b) 1:5 (c) 2:1

2 Share £75 in the ratio (a) 2:3 (b) 11:14 (c) 8:7
237

3 There are 28 children in a class. The ratio of boys to girls is 4:3.

(a) How many boys are in the class?
(b) How many girls are in the class?

4 The ratio of dark chocolates to milk chocolates in a box is 2:3.

If there are 18 dark chocolates, how many milk chocolates are in the box?

5 Natasha and Ning are given some money

in the ratio 5:3. If Ning receives £24,
how much does Natasha get?

6 In a hall, the ratio of chairs to tables is 9:2.

If there is a total of 99 chairs and tables,
how many chairs are there?

7 Mark and Amy share some sweets in the

ratio 4:5. If Mark gets 28 sweets,
how many sweets do they share out in total?

8 Neil, Pippa and Mel have newspaper rounds.

Each week they earn a total of £28 in the ratio 3:5:6.
How much money does Pippa earn?

9 In a kitchen drawer, there is a total of 36 knives, forks and spoons in the ratio 4:3:5.
How many knives are there?

10 Chun Kit mixes some blue paint and some yellow paint in the ratio 7:4 to make up
33 litres of paint.
(a) How much yellow paint did she use?
(b) What is the ratio of blue paint to yellow paint if 3 more litres of yellow paint are added to
the total mixture?

11 Baldeep, Millie and Mike work for a number of hours in the ratio 7:3:2. Baldeep worked for
42 hours, which was the most. How many hours did Millie and Mike work for in total?

12 On a bus, the ratio of children to adults is 4:1.

What proportion of the people are adults?

13 Rob, Louise, Steve and Gemma win £40 000 and divide it in the ratio 23:34:13:10.
How much does each person get?

14 Three people are standing in a lift. Their combined weight is 232 kg split in the ratio 8:11:10.
The lightest person gets out of the lift and a heavier person gets in so that the ratio of the
weights of the people now in the lift is 11:10:12. What is the combined weight of the three
people in the lift now?
245

Triangles with three sides given

​ ​Ẑ ​Y.​
Draw triangle XYZ and measure X Z

8 cm 5 cm

X 7 cm Y

(a) Draw a base line longer than 7 cm and centre X

mark X and Y exactly 7 cm apart. radius 8 cm Z
(b) Put the point of a pair of compasses on centre Y
X and draw an arc of radius 8 cm. radius 5 cm

(c) Put the point of the pair of compasses on

Y and draw an arc of radius 5 cm.
(d) The arcs cross at the point Z so the triangle
is formed.
Measure ​X​Ẑ ​Y​ 5 60° X 7 cm Y

Exercise 2M
Use a ruler and a pair of compasses to construct the triangles in questions 1 to 4 .
For each triangle, measure the angle x.

1 x 2
6 cm
7 cm 4 cm
5 cm
x
8 cm
6 cm

3 7.5 cm 4

9.5 cm
6 cm 5 cm
5.2 cm
x
x
7 cm

5 Construct triangle XYZ where XY 5 6.7 cm, YZ 5 8.2 cm and ZX 5 7.9 cm.
Measure ​X​Ẑ ​Y.​
246

6 Construct the shape opposite then measure     5 cm

x
angle x.
7 cm
6 cm
80°
8 cm

7 Construct a quadrilateral ABCD where AB 5 6.1 cm, BC 5 5.3 cm, CD 5 6.2 cm,
AD 5 6.8 cm and AC 5 8 cm (you may find it useful to sketch the shape first).
Measure and then write down the sum of angles ​A​B̂ ​C​ and ​A​D̂ ​C.​

8 Construct the shape opposite then measure     9 cm

angle x. 72°
5 cm
9 cm

x 7.5 cm

Need more practice with constructing triangles?

1 Construct triangle ABC where AC 5 7.2 cm, ​B​Â ​C​ 5 34° and ​A​Ĉ ​B​ 5 103°.
Measure the length of AB.
2 Construct each triangle below. Measure the lengths of the sides marked x.
(a) (b) (c) 9 cm
x 77° 52°
x
75°
30°
x
7 cm 66° 66°
6 cm

3 Construct each triangle below. For each triangle, measure the angle x.
(a) (b)
9.5 cm 8 cm
5.5 cm
6.2 cm
x x
6 cm 8.2 cm

4 Marie and Leo both construct triangle ABC with sides 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm.
Marie measures ​A​B̂ ​C​and says the answer is 37°. Leo measures ​A​B̂ ​C​and says the
answer is 53°. Explain why this might have happened?
251

Exercise 2M
1    The diagram shows one line of symmetry for a kite.
How many more lines of symmetry does a kite have?

2 Draw a rectangle and show all its lines of symmetry.

3 Which common quadrilaterals have two lines of symmetry only?

4     What is the order of rotational symmetry of this rhombus?

5 Which quadrilateral has rotational symmetry of order 4.

6 Draw a quadrilateral which has one line of symmetry only and one pair of
parallel sides only.

7 What is the order of rotational symmetry of an equilateral triangle?

8 What is the order of rotational symmetry of this hexagon?

9 How many of the quadrilaterals below have rotational symmetry of order 2?

kite square parallelogram rectangle trapezium rhombus

10 Which of the quadrilaterals in question 9 have rotational symmetry of order 1

(ie. no rotational symmetry).

Need more practice with two dimensional shapes?

1 Is a parallelogram a type of rectangle?

2 Is a rectangle a type of parallelogram?

256

Exercise 1M
1 Use translation vectors to describe the
following translations.
P S
R (a) P → Q
(b) Q → S
Q (c) R → P
(d) S → P

2 (a) Draw shape A as shown.    

(b) Translate shape A by ​​(​ ​​ )​​. Label the new shape B.

5
0

(c) Translate shape B by (​​ ​ ​)​​. Label the new shape C.

0
23

(d) Translate shape C by (​​ ​ ​)​​. Label the new shape D.

23
21
(e) Use a translation vector to describe the single translation which would move
shape A onto shape D.

3 y Use translation vectors to describe the

5 following translations.
4
R (a) P to R
3
P (b) P to S
2
T (c) S to Q
1
(d) T to Q
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21 (e) Q to T
S 22 Q (f ) R to U
U 23 (g) U to S
24

4 A computer controls a pen which starts    

at A opposite. Use translation vectors
to describe the 8 translations required
to draw the shape given. A
259

In questions 17 to 22 copy each diagram and complete it so that the final design has
rotational symmetry of the order stated.

17 18 19

Order 4

Order 4 Order 4

20 21 22

Order 2

Order 4 Order 2
Symmetry review
Exercise 2M
1 (a) Does this shape have rotational symmetry?
(b) Does this shape have line symmetry?

2 Draw a 4 3 4 grid like the one above. Shade four squares to make a pattern with rotational
symmetry but no line symmetry.
3 Draw a 3 3 3 grid. Shade three squares to make a pattern with line symmetry but not
rotational symmetry.
4 Draw a 4 3 4 grid and shade four squares to make a pattern with no line symmetry and no
rotational symmetry.
5 In the diagram three vertices of a rectangle are given. y
Find the coordinates of the fourth vertex and write 6
down the equations of any lines of symmetry.
The answers are shown on the next page. 4 (1, 3) (5, 3)

2 (1, 1)

0
0 2 4 6 x
261

4 5 6

7 8

9 You have 3 square pink tiles and 2 square white tiles, which can be joined together along
whole sides.

So this is allowed but this is not allowed.

Draw as many diagrams as possible with the 5 tiles joined together so that the diagram has
line symmetry.
For example Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 have line symmetry but Fig. 3 does not have line symmetry so
Fig. 3 is not acceptable.

Fig. 1

Fig. 3

Fig. 2
263

Exercise 4M
1 y Copy the diagram.
4
3
(a) Reflect the shape in the y axis.
2
Label the image A.
1 (b) Reflect the shape in the x axis.
Label the image B.
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21
22
23
24

2 y
Copy the diagram onto squared paper.
6
(a) Reflect shape A in the line x 5 3. 5
Label the image B. 4
(b) Reflect shape A in the line y 5 1. 3 A
Label the image C. 2
y51
(c) Reflect shape A in the y axis. 1
Label the image D.
26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
21
22
23
24

x53
25
26

3 y Copy the diagram onto squared paper.

7
6 (a) Reflect shape P in the line y 5 22.
x

Label the image Q.

y5

5
4 (b) Reflect shape P in the line x 5 1.
3 Label the image R.
2
P
(c) Reflect shape P in the line y 5 x.
1 Label the image S.

26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
21
22
y 5 22
23
24
x51

25
26
27
264

4 (a) Draw an x axis from 28 to 7 and a y axis from 25 to 6.

(b) Draw a triangle with vertices (corners) at (2, 2), (2, 5) and (4, 5).
Label this triangle A.
(c) Reflect triangle A in the line x 5 4. Label the image B.
(d) Reflect triangle B in the line y 5 1. Label the image C.
(e) Reflect triangle C in the line x 5 21. Label the image D.

5 Write down the equation of the y

mirror line for the following 7

x
reflections. 6

y5
5
(a) A to B G
4
(b) B to C 3
C F
(c) B to D 2
1
(d) D to E
(e) G to F 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
21
(f ) F to C B
22
D
23
Note: The x axis has equation
24
y 5 0.
The y axis has equation x 5 0. A 25 E
26
27

6 (a) Draw x and y axes from 24 to 4.

(b) Draw a rectangle with vertices at (22, 1), (22, 4), (23, 4) and (23, 1).
Label this rectangle P.
(c) Reflect rectangle P in the line x 5 21. Label the image Q.
(d) Reflect rectangle Q in the line x 5 21. What do you notice?
Explain clearly why this has happened.

7 (a) Draw an x axis from 0 to 12 and a y axis from 0 to 4.

(b) Draw a triangle with vertices at (1, 1), (2, 1) and (2, 3). Label this triangle A.
(c) Reflect △A in the line x 5 3 then reflect the new △ in the line x 5 6 then reflect
this new shape in the line x 5 9. Label the final triangle B.
(d) If △A is reflected directly to ΔB, write down the equation of the mirror line.
268

2 (a) Draw x and y axes from 25 to 5.

(b) Draw a rectangle with vertices at (1, 22), (1, 24), (5, 24) and (5, 22).
Label this rectangle P.
(c) Rotate P 90° anticlockwise about (1, 21). Label the image Q.
(d) Rotate Q 180° about (0, −1). Label the image R.

3 A shape is rotated 90° clockwise about the origin (0, 0) then the new shape is rotated 180°
about the origin. This new shape is then rotated 90° anticlockwise about the origin.
Describe what has happened to the original shape to give the final image.

4 For each rotation below, give the angle of rotation, y

direction and centre of rotation. 5
Use tracing paper to help you. 4
(a) A to B 3
A B
2
(b) B to C
1
(c) D to C
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21 C
D
22
23

5 Copy the diagram opposite. y

7
(a) Rotate 90° anticlockwise
6
about (6, 21).
5
(b) Rotate 90° anticlockwise
4
about (11, 1).
3
(c) Rotate 180° about (8, 1).
2
1

21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 x
21
22
23
24
25

6 A triangle A is rotated 90° anticlockwise about (1, 2).

The new triangle is labelled B.
Triangle B is now rotated 180° about (1, 2) and the new triangle is labelled C.
Describe fully the angle of rotation, direction and centre of rotation which moves
A to C in one single rotation.
269

7 (a) Draw x and y axes from 26 to 6.

(b) Draw a triangle with vertices at (22, 22), (22, 23) and (25, 22). Label this triangle P.
(c) Rotate P 90° clockwise about (21, 21). Label the image Q.
(d) Rotate Q 180° about the origin (0, 0). Label the image R.
(e) Rotate R 90° clockwise about (4, 1). Label the image S.
(f ) Rotate S 180° about (3, 21). Label the image T.
(g) T can be rotated to Q in one single rotation.
Give the angle of rotation, direction and centre of rotation.

Need more practice with translation, reflection and rotation?

1 Copy this diagram and shade in as many squares

as necessary so that the final pattern has mirror lines
shown by the broken lines. Write down how many
new squares were shaded in.

2 Copy the shape shown opposite on    

squared paper. Rotate the shape
90° clockwise about the point C.

3 y Use translation vectors to describe the

4 following translations.
3
A (a) A to B (b) B to C
2
B D (c) C to E (d) E to A
1
(e) D to C (f ) D to A
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21
22
E C
23

4 Do any of these letters have both line symmetry and rotational symmetry?

N Z E H T
270

5 y
Copy the diagram opposite.
4
(a) Reflect the triangle in the line y 5 1. 3
(b) Reflect the triangle in the line x 5 −3. 2
(c) Reflect the triangle in the line x​ 5 ​ _12 ​​. 1

24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21
22
23
24

6 (a) Draw x and y axes from 25 to 5.

(b) Draw a rectangle with vertices at (2, 1), (2, 4), (4, 4) and (4, 1).
Label this rectangle A.

(c) Translate A by ​​(​ ​)​​. Label the image B.

25
1

(d) Translate B by (​​ ​ ​)​​. Label the image C.

4
27

(e) Translate C by (​​ ​ ​)​​. Label the image D.

26
1
(f ) Write down the translation vector which translates D to B.

7 (a) If this umbrella was viewed from above would it have    
rotational symmetry?
(b) If so what is the order of rotational symmetry?

8 y Copy the diagram opposite.

4
(a) Rotate the shape 90°
3
anticlockwise about (0, 0).
2
(b) Rotate the shape 180°
1
about (0, 0).
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21
22
23
24
272

5 (a) Draw x and y axes from 26 to 6.

(b) Draw a rectangle with vertices at (1, 22), (2, 22), (2, 25) and (1, 25). Label the
rectangle A.
(c) Rotate A 180° about (0, 0). Label the image B.

(d) Translate B by ​​(​ ​)​​. Label the image C.

23
21
(e) Reflect C in the line x 5 21. Label the image D.

(f ) Translate D by (​​ ​ ​)​​. Label the image E.

2
26
(g) Rectangle E is reflected onto rectangle A.
Write down the equation of the mirror line.

6 Describe fully each y

transformation below – 9
either a translation, 8
I
reflection or rotation. 7
A
(a) A to B 6
5
(b) B to C
4
(c) C to D H G B
3
(d) D to E 2
(e) F to C 1
(f ) G to A
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
(g) G to H 21
(h) E to H 22
F
(i) G to D E
23
( j) H to I 24
25
D C
26
27
28
29

7 y   Describe three consecutive transformations

3 that will move the shape opposite into
2 two new positions then finally back to
1 this starting position.

21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
21
275

6 What is the order of rotational symmetry of a kite?

Answer: 2

7 (a) Rotate shape A 90° clockwise about (0, 0). y

Label the image B. 4
3
(b) Reflect B in the x axis. Label the image C.
2
(c) Rotate C 90° anticlockwise about (0, 0). C
1
Label the image D.
(d) D is reflected back to A. What is the mirror line? 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
B 21
The solution is shown opposite and the answer to 22
D A
part (d) is ‘the y axis’. 23
24

8 Shape P is to be rotated 90°       y

clockwise about (0, 1). 4
The solution is shown opposite. 3
Q
2
P
1

24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21
22
23
24

9 Describe a trapezium.
Solution: A trapezium has one pair of
parallel sides and two pairs of equal
angles as shown.

(a) Translate triangle P by ​​(​ ​)​​.

5 y
10
25 4
Label the image Q.
3
(b) Rotate Q 90° clockwise about (0, 0). 2
P
Label the image R. 1
The solution is shown opposite.
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21
R
22
23
Q
24
278

5 Amy plots three points on a graph. Each unit on the axes is 1 cm.
She plots A (1, 2), B (4, 2) and C (4, 6). She measures the length AC as 5 cm.
Is she correct? Explain fully how you decide on your answer.

6 R Triangle PQS is equilateral and triangle

QRS is isosceles.
Q Work out the size of Q​​R̂ ​​S.
Give full reasons for your answer.

7 A small boat travels 350 km on 125 litres of fuel.

How much fuel is needed for a journey of 630 km?

8 A golfer has a mean average of 22 for     

six rounds of golf.
For his first five rounds of golf he has
scores of:
23  21  12  25  21
What did he score on his sixth round of golf ?

44 1 4
9 Four 4s can be used to make 12:  ​​ ______
 ​​
4
(a) Use three 6 s to make 2
(b) Use three 7 s to make 7
(c) Use three 9 s to make 11
(d) Use four 4 s to make 9
(e) Use four 4 s to make 3

10 Write down the ratio of area A to area B 6 cm 4 cm

in the trapezium shown opposite.
Give the ratio in its simplest form.
A 8 cm B

5 cm 2 cm
281

8 Work out the total cost of:

15 kg of sand at 67p per kg
3 tape measures at £4.80 each
3000 screws at 80p per hundred
Add VAT at 20%.

9 Draw a quadrilateral which has two lines of symmetry only.

10 y (a) P is reflected to Q. Write down the equation of the

4 mirror line.
3
(b) Q is rotated to R. Write down the angle of rotation,
P 2 Q direction and centre of rotation.
1
(c) R is rotated to S. Write down the angle of rotation,
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x direction and centre of rotation.
21
R (d) Write down the translation vector which will
22 translate S to P.
23 S
24

11 Matt and Heather share out some pencils in the ratio 7:13.
If Matt gets 21 pencils, how many pencils does Heather get?

12 The price of a T.V. costing £650 was decreased by 20%.

Three months later the price was increased by 20%. Calculate the final price of the TV.

Puzzles and Problems 4

Cross numbers without clues

On the next two pages are cross number puzzles with a difference. There are no clues, only answers,
and you have to find where the answers go.
(a) Copy out the cross number pattern.
(b) Fit all the given numbers into the correct spaces. Work logically and tick off the numbers from
lists as you write them in the squares.
284

Mental Arithmetic Practice 4

There are two sets of mental arithmetic questions in this section. Ideally a teacher will read out each
question twice, with pupils’ books closed. Each test should take about 20 minutes.
Test 1
1 Write down a factor of 35 greater than 16 Write the number ‘one and a half billion’
one. in figures.

2 How many more than 17 is 80? 17 What number is exactly mid-way

between 4 and 4.1?
3 Find the change from a £10 note if you
spend £2.30. 18 Work out two squared plus two cubed.

4 The perimeter of a square is 20 cm. What 19 A length of 210 mm is cut from a rod of
is the area of the square? length one metre. What is the length of
the remaining rod?
5 What is two point nought one multiplied
by one thousand? 20 How many edges does a square based
pyramid have?
6 How many fifteens are there in three
hundred? 21 How many lines of symmetry does a
regular hexagon have?
7 What is the difference between 1.7
22 An ant walks 20 cm in 5 seconds. How
and 8?
far will it walk in one minute?
8 What is the remainder when 50 is divided
23 Find the new price of a £50 scanner after
by 7?
a 10 per cent increase.
9 What is the cost of 3 magazines at £2.99 24 I think of a number and add 5.
each? The result is equal to 6 times 7.
What is the number?
10 Subtract the sum of 11 and 12 from 50.
25 What number is next in the sequence
11 I have one 20p, three 10p, and one 50p 4, 8, 16, 32?
coin. How much money do I have?
Test 2
12 What four coins make 67p? 1 What is one million pence in pounds?
13 A saucepan costs £17.95 new. I get a 2 A triangle has a base of 8 cm and a height
discount of £6. How much do I pay? of 6 cm. What is its area?

14 A film starts at 7.45 and ends at 9.10. 3 True or false: 1 yard is equal to 4 feet?
How long is the film?
4 A wire of length 590 cm is cut in half.
15 Work out 200 times 400. How long is each half ?
285

5 An aircraft begins a 45 minute flight at 10 16 Fifty people took their driving test one
minutes to six. When does it land? day and thirty-two passed.
What percentage passed?
6 What is a quarter of four hundred and
twenty? 17 A regular hexagon has sides of length
15 cm. What is the perimeter of the
7 If the 10th of November is a Monday, hexagon?
what day of the week is the 20th?
18 Find the difference, in millimetres,
8 What percentage of the numbers from between half a metre and one millimetre.
1 to 10 are prime numbers?
19 How many 20p coins do I need to
9 What four coins make 65 pence? make £50?
Do this in two ways.
20 A clock shows five past nine but it is
10 A lottery prize of eighteen million pounds fifteen minutes slow. What is the correct
is shared between ten winners. time?
How much does each person receive?
21 What is three quarters of £88?
11 What is the total of 55 and 66?
22 What is the smaller angle between the
12 Two angles of a triangle are 45° and 30°. hands of a clock at four o’clock?
What is the third angle?
23 How many centimetres are there in one
13 What is a half of a quarter of 100? kilometre?

14 An egg box holds six eggs. How many 24 How many minutes are there in
boxes are needed for 40 eggs? ​1_​  23 ​​ hours?

15 Add together £3.25 and £6.15. 25 Add twelve to six times nine.
288

7 Which expression below is the odd one out?

5a 3 4b 3 c    2a 3 5b 3 4c    2a 3 5c 3 2b

8 V 5 IR is an electrical formula. Find the value of V when I 5 0.5 and R 5 68.

9 (a) Write down an expression for the

total area of the three rectangles
shown opposite. Simplify the answer. 3
(b) What is the actual area when x 5 6 cm?
2x 1 4

x15
10 Jack says that 2x 2 x is equal to 2. Is he correct?
Explain your answer fully.
11 w 5 25 2 4n 12 a 5 2(b 2 6)
Find w, when n 5 5. Find a, when b 5 10.
13 p 5 2q 1 5r 14 a 5 b(c 2 7)
Find p, when q 5 6 and r 5 7. Find a, when b 5 10 and c 5 15.
x
15 y 5 __
​   ​ 2 9 16 m 5 n2 1 p2
6
Find y, when x 5 72. Find m, when n 5 8 and p 5 11.
17 Rachel adds an expression to 3n 1 4 and gets the expression 2m 1 2n 1 7.
Write down the expression that Rachel added.
18   The square has the same    
m 1 2n
perimeter as the triangle.
4m 1 n Write down an expression ?
for the length of one side
of the square.
3m 1 n

Negative numbers can be substituted into formulas

m562n y 5 3x 1 w
Find m, when n 5 22 Find y, when x 5 4 and w 5 28
m 5 6 2 (22) y 5 (3 3 4) 1 (28)
m561 2 y 5 12 2 8
m58 y54
289

Exercise 1E
1 I start with x, divide it by 9 and then subtract 14.
Write down an expression for what I now have.

2 Marie has n sweets. She eats half the

sweets then gives y sweets to her brother.
They each then eat 2 more sweets.
Write down an expression for how many
sweets she now has.

3 Simplify the following expression by collecting like terms.

8a 1 4 2 a 2 6 2 a 1 1

4 Simplify 4n 3 7n 3 2n

5 2n se algebra to find the area of this shape.

U
Simplify your answer as far as possible.

9m
4m

6n

6 Simplify the following expressions by collecting like terms.

(a) mn 1 mn 1 mn (b) 3xy 1 6x 2 2xy 1 x
(c) p 1 pq 1 6pq 2 p (d) 4a 1 9 2 3a 1 ab 1 6ba

7 w 5 16 2 p 8 h 5 3g 2 6
Find w, when p 5 23. Find h, when g 5 26.

9 n 5 5x 2 y 10 p 5 m2
Find n, when x 5 210 and y 5 240. Find p, when m 5 26.

11 y 5 3(8 2 x) 12 p 5 22(8 1 q)
Find y, when x 5 22. Find p, when q 5 23.

13 a 5 2b 1 2c 14 y 5 mx 1 c
Find a, when b 5 24 and c 5 25. Find y, when m 5 4, x 5 26 and c 5 3.

15 p 5 q2 1 r2 16 m 5 n2 1 p
Find p, when q 5 25 and r 5 23. Find m, when n 5 29 and p 5 220.
292

Exercise 3M
Solve the equations below.
1 x 1 6 5 19 2 x2958 3 65x22

4 31x53 5 x 2 14 5 10 6 l7 5 5 1 x

Questions 7 to 21 involve multiplication and division.

7 7x 5 21 8 4x 5 12 9 5x 5 45

10 10 5 2x 11 8 5 8x 12 2x 5 1
x
__
13 4x 5 100 14 6x 5 0 15 ​​   ​ 5 2​
3
x
__
16 ​​   ​ 5 4​ 17 70 5 7x 18 3x 5 2
5
x
__ x
__ x
___
19 ​​   ​ 5 3​ 20 ​​   ​ 5 1​ 21 ​10 5 ​   ​​
8 4 12

Exercise 3E
Solve the equations below to find n.
1 n 2 17 5 21 2 55n15 3 15n 5 45
n n
4 ​​ __ ​ 5 20​ 5 ​2 5 __
​   ​​ 6 3n 5 1
5 8
1 2 1
n 2 __
7 ​ ​   ​ 5 __
​   ​​ 8 120 5 n 1 36 9 ​3n 5 __
​   ​​
3 3 3
1 ___
__ n
10 ​​   ​ 5 ​   ​​ 11 4n 5 412 12 140 5 n 2 20
2 10
Solve the equations below to find x.
x
__
13 109 5 x 2 206 14 ​​   ​ 5 9​ 15 0 5 15x
3
1
__ _1 _1 x
___
16 ​​   ​  x 5 100​ 17 ​16 ​ 2 ​ 5 x 2 2 ​ 2 ​​ 18 ​​   ​ 5 6​
5 10
1
__ 1
__ 1
__
19 ​​   ​  x 5 35​ 20 x 1 14 5 14 x 1 ​   ​ 5 ​   ​​
21 ​
2 8 4
x
___
22 11 5 x 1 1.4 23 ​0.02 5 ​   ​​ 24 150 5 210 1 x
10
1
__ 1
__
25 ​​   ​ 1 x 5 ​   ​​ 26 x 1 123 5 1000 27 x 2 0.24 5 0.03
3 2
x
___ x
__ 1
___ 1
__
28 ​​   ​ 5 145​ 29 ​​   ​ 5 ​   ​​ 30 ​0.2 5 x 1 ​   ​​
11 4 12 8
293

Equations with two operations

(a) 6n 2 5 5 19 (b) 8x 1 4 5 9
15 15 24 24
6n 5 24 8x 5 5
46 46 48 48
5
n54 x 5 __
​​   ​​
8

Exercise 4M
Solve the equations below to find x.
1 4x 2 1 5 11 2 2x 1 3 5 17 3 6x 2 9 5 15

4 9x 1 4 5 13 5 7x 2 6 5 15 6 2x 2 10 5 8

7 7x 2 10 5 25 8 9x 5 7 9 5x 5 2

10 5 1 2x 5 6 11 8 1 3x 5 26 12 4x 2 7 5 73

In questions 13 to 24 solve the equations to find n.

13 5n 2 9 5 31 14 7n 1 3 5 5 15 8n 1 3 5 59

16 2 1 3n 5 3 17 2n 2 38 5 62 18 9n 1 4 5 8

19 7n 2 40 5 100 20 3n 2 10 5 3 21 6 1 10n 5 6

22 5n 2 3 5 1 23 7 1 2n 5 19 24 8 1 3n 5 10

Solve the equations where the ‘x’ terms are on the right hand side.
(a) 7 5 5x 2 8 (b) 9 5 6 1 5x
18 18 26 26
15 5 5x 3 5 5x
45 45 45 45
3
3 5 x ​​ __ ​​ 5 x
5
294

Exercise 5M
Solve the equations below to find x.
1 37 5 4x 1 1 2 7 5 2x 2 5 3 7 5 20x 2 13
4 33 5 2x 1 9 5 16 5 16 1 3x 6 0 5 7x 2 4
7 59 5 4x 1 3 8 10 5 7 1 5x 9 9 5 8 1 4x

10 13x 1 15 5 16 11 65 5 55 1 40x 12 31 5 3x 1 29

ln questions 13 to 24 find the value of the letter in each question.

13 5t 2 4 5 8 14 7 5 7 1 9y 15 30 5 4c 1 20

16 6x 2 9 5 45 17 540 5 3m 2 63 18 0 5 9p 2 7

19 47 5 8n 2 25 20 106 5 16 1 2w 21 20 5 50a 1 19
1
__ 1
__ 1
__ _1 _1
22 ​2y 1 ​   ​ 5 1​ 23 ​2q 1 ​   ​ 5 ​   ​​ 24 ​3x 2 1 ​ 2 ​ 5 ​  2 ​​
2 4 2

Equations with brackets

Multiply out the brackets first.
(a) 3(2n 1 1) 5 27 (b) 2(5n 2 3) 5 8 Alternatively divide
6n 1 3 5 27 10n 2 6 5 8 by 2 first:
23 23 16 16 2(5n 2 3) 5 8
5n 2 3 5 4
6n 5 24 10n 5 14 5n 5 7
7
46 46 410 410 ​n 5 ​ __ ​ 5 1.4​
5
n54 n 5 1.4

Exercise 6M
Solve the equations below to find x.
1 4(2x 1 3) 5 52 2 3(3x 2 2) 5 30
3 5(4x 2 2) 5 110 4 8(x 1 4) 5 56
5 2(4x 1 6) 5 76 6 5(2x 2 11) 5 45
7 4(3x 2 6) 5 60 8 10(3x 1 2) 5 170
9 6(2x 2 5) 5 42 10 4(5x 2 3) 5 168
295

11 Make up an equation with brackets which will give the answer x 5 4.

Ask a friend to solve the equation to see if it works.

In questions 12 to 20 find the value of the letter in each question.

12 3(2f 1 5) 5 17 13 5(3m 2 2) 5 4 14 8(5a 2 7) 5 84

15 9(5x 1 3) 5 42 16 9 5 2(2p 1 3) 17 15 5 5(4n 2 3)

18 10(5w 2 7) 5 155 19 92 5 8(5c 2 1) 20 2(3y 1 9) 5 23

21 Make up an equation with brackets so that it looks like a(bx 1 c) 5 46 where a, b and c
are numbers you must work out so the equation gives x 5 5.
Ask a friend to solve the equation to see if it works.

22 Make up any equation which gives the same x-value as the equation 4(3x 2 2) 5 76.
Ask a friend to solve the equation to see if it works.

Forming equations to solve problems

Tina is thinking of a number. She tells us that when she trebles it and adds 8, the answer is 24.
What number is Tina thinking of ?
Let x be the number Tina is thinking of.
She tell us that 3x 1 8 5 24
Subtract 8 from both sides: 3x 5 16
16
Divide both sides by 3: ​x 5 ___ ​   ​ 5 5 ​ _13 ​​
3
So Tina is thinking of the number ​5 ​ _13 ​​

Exercise 7M
In each question I am thinking of a number. Write down an equation then solve it to find the number.

1 I double the number and then add 17.

The answer is 37.
2 I multiply the number by 5 and then subtract 11.
The answer is 24.
3 I treble the number and then subtract 13.
The answer is 2.
4 I multiply the number by 4 and then add 15.
The answer is 135.
296

5 I multiply the number by 3 and then add 5. The answer is 16.

6 I multiply the number by 5 and then subtract 8. The answer is 4.
7 I multiply the number by 11 and then subtract 15. The answer is 7.
8 I multiply the number by 6 and then add 23. The answer is 28.
1
9 I multiply the number by 5 and then subtract __
​​   ​​. The answer is ​11 ​ _23 ​​.
3
10 I multiply the number by 40 and then subtract 3. The answer is 7.
11 I add 3 to the number then double the result. The answer is 20.
12 I subtract 4 from the number then treble the result. The answer is 18.

The sum of the ages of Annie, Ben and Cath is 60 years.

Ben is five times as old as Annie and Cath is 4 years older than Annie. How old is Annie?
Let the age of Annie be x years (a general rule is to let x be the quantity you are asked to find ).
Write down the ages of each person using x.
Annie Ben Cath
x 5x x14
Ben is five times as old as Annie so Ben’s age is 5x years.
Cath is 4 years older than Annie so Cath’s age is x 1 4 years.
The sum of the ages is 60 years.
x 1 5x 1 x 1 4 5 60
7x 1 4 5 60
7x 5 56
x58
Annie is 8 years old.

Exercise 7E
1 The total mass of four boxes A, B, C and D is 133 kg. Box C is three times as heavy as box B
and box A is 20 kg heavier than box C. Box D is 7 kg lighter than box B.
(a) Copy and complete the table below to show an expression for the mass of each box.
box A B C D
mass x
(b) Write down an equation in terms of x.
(c) Solve the equation to find x.
(d) Write down the actual mass of each box.
297

2 The total mass of three coins A, B and C is 33 grams. Coin B is twice as heavy as coin A and
coin C is 3 grams heavier than coin B.
(a) Copy and complete the table below to show an expression for the mass of each coin.
coin A B C
mass x

(b) Write down an equation in terms of x.

(c) Find the actual mass of coin A.

3 In a quadrilateral ABCD, BC is twice as long as AB and AD is A

x
three times as long as AB. Side DC is 10 cm long. B
The perimeter of ABCD is 31 cm.
Write an equation and solve it to find the length of AB. D
10
C

4   The length of a rectangle is twice its width.

x If the perimeter is 48 cm, find its width.

2x

5 The length of a rectangle is four times its width. If the perimeter of the rectangle is 50 cm,
find its width.

6 The width of a rectangle is (x 1 4) and its perimeter is (8x 1 12).

(a) Find the length of the rectangle (in terms of x).
(b) Find x if the length of the rectangle is 20 cm.

7 Remember: the angles in a triangle add up to 180° and the angles in

a quadrilateral add up to 360°.
For each shape, write down an equation then solve it to find x.
(a) (b) (c)
3x 1 5 2x
x 1 20 3x
70° x 3x 1 5
2x

x x 1 30

8 The angles of a triangle are A, B and C. Angle B is three times as big as angle A.
Angle C is 45° bigger than angle A. Find the size of angle A.
(Hint: let the size of angle A be x°)
299

16 Trinity’s mother is 3 times older than Trinity. Trinity’s brother is 7 years older than Trinity.
The sum of all three ages is 67.
(a) Copy and complete the table below to show an expression
for the age of each person.
Person Trinity Mother Brother
Age x
(b) Write down an equation in terms of x.
(c) Work out the actual age of each person.

Solve the equations below.

17 5x 5 4 18 3x 5 1 19 6x 5 5

20 3x 1 2 5 4 21 5x 2 13 5 3 22 7x 2 1 5 4

23 4(2x 1 5) 5 60 24 6(x 2 3) 5 66 25 5(4x 2 7) 5 85

26 2(4x 1 9) 5 42 27 3(3x 1 5) 5 69 28 7(10x 1 4) 5 168

Extension questions with equations

Solve the equations below.

x 1 1 1 1
1 ​​ __ ​ 5 __
​   ​​ 2 ​5x 5 ​ __ ​​ x 1 __
3 ​ ​   ​ 5 __
​   ​​
6 3 4 6 2
1
4 ​​ __ ​  x 5 6​
1
5 ​​ __ ​  x 5 0.25​ 6 7 5 5x 1 4
4 5
7 6x 2 7 5 12 8 8x 2 19 5 18 9 14 5 3x 1 7

10 The triangle opposite is equilateral.    

Set up an equation in terms of x
then find the value of x.
19 3x 1 1

4x 2 5

11   Find the value of x in the

6x 2 3 3x 1 12 rectangle opposite.
303

Exercise 2M
1 The graph shows a car journey from A to C via B. 100 C

Distance from A (km)

(a) How far is it from A to C? 80
(b) For how long does the car stop at B?
60 B
(c) When is the car half way between B and C?
40
(d) What is the speed of the car
(i) between A and B? 20
(ii) between B and C? 0 A
06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00
Time

2 The graph shows a car journey from Lemsford. 50 Nixon

(a) For how long did the car stop at Mabley?
40

Distance (km)
(b) When did the car arrive back at Lemsford?
(c) When did the car leave Mabley after stopping? 30 Mabley

(d) Find the speed of the car 20

(i) from Mabley to Nixon 10
(ii) from Nixon back to Lemsford.
0 Lemsford
14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00
Time

3 The graph shows the journey of a coach and a lorry along the same road
between Newcastle and Carlisle.
Distance from Newcastle (miles)

50
Lorry Coach
40

30

20

10

0
08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00
Time

(a) How far apart were the two vehicles at 09.15?

(b) At what time did the vehicles meet for the first time?
(c) At what speed did the coach return to Newcastle?
(d) What was the highest speed of the lorry during its journey?
305

Need more practice with interpreting graphs?

1 Jerome was not well one day. The graph

shows his temperature between 07.00 39

Temperature (°C)
and 13.00.
38
(a) What was his temperature at 10.30?
(b) At what time was his temperature 37
highest?
(c) At what two times was his temperature 36
38.5°C?
7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00
(d) Between which two times did his
Time
temperature rise most quickly?

2 °C Draw a graph to convert temperatures from °F to °C.

30 Draw a line through the points 50°F 5 10°C
and 86°F 5 30°C.
Use the graph to convert:
(a) 77°F into °C (b) 15°C into °F
0
0 30 90 °F

3 A man climbing a mountain measures his height above sea level after every 30 minutes;
the results are shown on the graph.
(a) At what height was he at 10.00?
Height above sea level (m)

(b) At what height was he at 13.30? 2400

2000
(c) Estimate his height above sea level at 09.45.
1600
(d) At what two times was he 2200 m above 1200
sea level? 800
(e) How high was the mountain? 400
(He got to the top!) 0
(f ) How long did he rest at the summit? 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00
Time of day
(g) How long did he take to reach the summit?

4 The graph shows the motion of a train as it S

Distance from Troon (km)

accelerates away from Troon. 100

(a) How far from Troon is the train at 08.45? 80
(b) When is the train half way between R and S? 60
R
(c) Find the speed of the train
40
(i) from R to S
Q
(ii) from Q to R 20
(iii) (harder) from P to Q P
0
(d) How long does it take the train to travel 100 km? 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00
Time
306

5 The cost of hiring a tank for filming depends on the duration of the hire.

£800
£600
£400
£200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Duration of hire in days

(a) How much does it cost to hire the tank for

(i) 1 day (ii) 4 ​ _12 ​
days   (iii) 3 days?
(b) What is the minimum hire charge?

Extension questions with interpreting graphs

In questions 1 and 2 use a scale of 4 squares to 1 hour across the page and 2 squares to
10 km up the page.
1 At 12.00 Amar leaves home and drives at a speed of 30 km/h. At 12.30 he increases his speed
to 50 km/h and continues to his destination which is 65 km from home. He stops for _​​ 12 ​​ hour and
then returns home at a speed of 65 km/h.
Draw and use a graph to find the time at which he arrives home.
2 At 08.00 Chew Ling leaves home and cycles towards a railway station which is 65 km away.
She cycles at a speed of 30 km/h until 09.30 at which time she stops to rest for _​​ 12 ​​ hour.
She then completes the journey at a speed of 20 km/h.
At 09.45 Chew Ling’s father leaves their home in his car and drives towards the station
at 60 km/h.
(a) Draw a travel graph.
(b) At what time does Chew Ling arrive at the station?
(c) When is Chew Ling overtaken by her father?

In questions 3 and 4 use a scale of 2 squares to 15 minutes across the page and 1 square to
10 km up the page.
3 At 01.00 a bank robber leaves a bank as the alarm sounds and sets off along a motorway at
80 km/h towards his hideout which is 150 km from the bank.
150 km
40 km
Robber’s
Bank
hideout
Police station
312

9 72     168 Use the results from the factor

trees opposite to find:
8 9 8 21 (a) the H.C.F. of 72 and 168
(b) the L.C.M. of 72 and 168
2 4 3 3 2 4 3 7

2 2 2 2

72 5 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 168 5 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 7

10 Use factor trees to find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of 105 and 385.

Fractions, decimals, percentages

Exercise 2M
1 Find the missing number to make these fractions equivalent.
3
__ 4
__ 6
___ 3
__
(a) ​   ​ 5 ___
​​   ​​ (b) ​   ​ 5 ___
​​   ​​ (c) ​   ​ 5 ___
​​   ​​ (d) ​   ​ 5 ___
​​   ​​
4 12 7 35 10 5 8 32
3
__ 9 4
__ 12 8
__ 16 1
__ 5
(e) ​   ​ 5 ___
​​  ​​ (f ) ​   ​ 5 ___
​​  ​​ (g) ​   ​ 5 ___
​​  ​​ (h) ​   ​ 5 ___
​​  ​​
8 5 9 3

2 Copy and use the two

diagrams opposite to explain
2 1 ___ 11
why ​​ __ ​ 1 __
​   ​ 5 ​   ​​
3 4 12

2
3 Which of the following calculations does not equal __
​​   ​​?
5
You must fully justify your answer.
3
___ 1 9 1 24 2 1 1
​​   ​​ 1 __
​​   ​​ ___
​​   ​​ 2 __
​​   ​​ ___
​​   ​​ 2​​ __
​​   ​​ __
​​   ​​ 1 __
​​   ​​
20 4 10 2 35 7 5 3

4 Convert these fractions into decimals.

3
___ 1
__ 32
___ 24
____ 9
____
(a) ​​   ​​ (b) ​​   ​​ (c) ​​   ​​ (d) ​​   ​​ (e) ​​   ​​
10 4 40 200 100
5 Copy and complete
1 20 3 15 1 4
(a) ​ __ ​ 5 ____
​   ​ 5 % (b) ​ ___ ​ 5 ____
​   ​ 5​ %​ (c) ​ ___ ​ 5 ____
​   ​ 5​ %​
5 100 20 100 25 100
9 ​​ 11 ​​ 11 ​​
(d) ​ ___ ​ 5 ____
​   ​ 5​ %​ (e) ​ ___ ​ 5 ____
​   ​ 5​ %​ (f ) ​ ___ ​ 5 ____
​   ​ 5​ %​
20 100 50 100 25 100
313

6 Lily writes the following on a whiteboard.

2 1 4 5 20 1
​​   ​ 3 ​ __ ​ 5 ___
__
​   ​ 3 ​ ___ ​ 5 ____
​   ​ 5 __
​   ​​
5 2 10 10 100 5
Her teacher says that this is long-winded.
Explain how Lily could do this question
in a quicker way.

7 Write down each fraction with its equivalent percentage.

1
__ 2
__ 3
__ 3
____ 2
__ 1
_____
(a) ​​   ​​ (b) ​​   ​​ (c) ​​   ​​ (d) ​​   ​​ (e) ​​   ​​ (f ) ​​   ​​
3 5 4 100 3 1000

8 Work out
4 __
__ 7 3 __
__ 4 1 __
__ 2 2 __
__ 3
(a) ​   ​ 4 ​   ​ (b) ​   ​ 4 ​   ​ (c) ​   ​ 4 ​   ​ (d) ​   ​ 4 ​   ​
7 8 7 5 4 5 9 4

9 Write the following in order of size, smallest first

3 1 3
(a) ​​ __ ​ ,​ 60%, 0.7 (b) 5%, ​​ ___ ​  ,​ 0.03 (c) ​​ __ ​ , ​0.3, 23%
4 50 9

1 7
10 Which number is larger: 1​ __ ​ or ​​ __ ​​? Explain your answer fully.
7 6

Long multiplication and division

Exercise 3M
Work out

1 56 3 35 2 72 3 41 3 125 3 19 4 214 3 36

5 Copy and complete.

(a) 4 25 5 15 (b) 4 33 5 17 (c) 4 27 5 42

6 Work out
(a) 784 4 14 (b) 544 4 32 (c) 806 4 31 (d) 1035 4 23

7 There are 47 seats on a coach.

How many coaches will be needed to transport 206 people to a concert?
314

8 A ferris wheel rotates one whole circle    

every 96 seconds. How many complete
circles will the wheel manage if it turns
steadily for 4 hours?

9 There are twenty-two balls in a set of snooker balls.

Each ball weighs 154 grams.
Calculate the total weight of the set of snooker balls.

10 Chocolates are packed eighteen to a box.

How many boxes are needed for 648 chocolates?

Calculations involving decimals

Exercise 4M
1 Copy and complete

(a) 6. 4 (b) 4. 7 (c) 6. 7 2

1 . 7 1 4. 5 1 . 2 9
8. 2 7 . 1 0 8. 0 9

2 Copy and complete

(a) 0.72 3 5 7.2 (b) 3 100 5 170 (c) 10 3 5 16
(d) 100 3 5 85.4 (e) 3.2 3 5 3.2 (f ) 3 100 5 2

3 What number when multiplied by 7 gives an answer of 16.8?

4 Copy and complete the cross number.

Clues across Clues down 1 2 3 4
1. 5.7 4 3 1. 0.017 3 1000 1 102
3. 0.8 3 3 2. 1078 4 11 5 6
5. 6 3 0.5
2
3. 50.8 3 5
6. 44.8 4 8 4. 43 2 42 2 (4 4 2) 7

7. 92 4 10 1 0.3 7. 44.5 4 5
8 9
8. (10% of 23) 3 3 8. 3 3 2 3 5 3 2
10. 8 1 5 1 (0.1 3 100)
2 2 2
9. 11 3 0.4 10 11
11. 46.4 1 47.6
315

5 Five people share the cost of a meal which costs £42.

How much does each person pay?

2 20
6 Timon says that ___
​​   ​​is the same as ___
​​   ​​.
0.4 4
Is he correct? Explain your answer fully.

7 Work out
(a) 8.23 3 4 (b) 3.12 4 4 (c) 6.2 4 5 (d) 0.85 3 4
(e) 31.8 4 6 (f ) 7 3 1.23 (g) 9.94 4 7 (h) 6 3 8.02
(i) 4 4 0.2 ( j) 8 4 0.05 (k) 0.2 3 0.12 (l) 4.2 4 0.005

Using percentages and fractions

Exercise 5M
1 Copy and complete
1 1 1
(a) ​​ ___ ​​ of 35 5 5 (b) ​​ ___ ​​ of 121 5 11 (c) ​​ ___ ​​ of 74 5 37

2 2 7
(d) ​ __ ​of 45 5 (e) ​​ ___ ​​ of 12 5 8 (f ) ​​ ___ ​​ of 3000 5 210
5

2 There are four hundred and fifty mushrooms in a garden

and __
3
​​  50 ​​of them are poisonous. How many of the mushrooms
are poisonous?

3 In one week 400 people took their driving test and three fifths
of them passed. How many people passed the test that week?

4 Harvey earns £1300 each month. He is given a 5% pay rise.

How much does Harvey now earn each month?

5 A piece of wood is 85.6 cm long. 25% of the wood is cut off.

How long is the remaining piece of wood?

6 Copy and complete

(a) ​​ _14 ​​ 5 % (b) ​​ _25 ​​ 5 % (c) ​​ _13 ​​ 5 % (d) ​​ __
1
50 ​​ 5 %

7 220 people out of 550 catch flu one winter.

What percentage of these people do not catch flu?
316

8 Write in order of size, smallest first.

(a) 22%, ​​ _14 ​​, 0.15, ​​ _15 ​​ (b) ​​ _5 ​​, 52%, 0.05, ​​ _18 ​​ (c) 0.7, _​​  23 ​​, 66%, 0.17
3

9 Which is greater: 5% of 800 or 18% of 300? Explain why you chose your answer.

10 A factory produces forty-five thousand clocks every week

and, when tested, two per cent of them are not accurate.
How many inaccurate clocks are made each week?

11 Work out 22% of ​​ _23 ​​ of 480.

12 Work out (5% of £30) 1 (4% of £200) 1 (11% of £1200)

Using ratios
Exercise 6M
1 Write these ratios in simplified form.
(a) 21 : 49 (b) 8 : 32 : 12 (c) 0.6 : 0.3
(d) 0.15 : 0.6 : 0.75 (e) 2 kg : 400 g (f ) 6 cm : 4 mm
2 7 sweaters cost £273 and 9 jackets cost £567.
Which cost more: 11 jackets or 17 sweaters and by how much more?
3 Blue, yellow and green paint are mixed in the ratio 5 : 7 : 2.
If 20 litres of blue paint are used, how much yellow and green paint is used in total?
4 Tins of fruit cocktail are sold in 3 sizes
as shown opposite. Which size is the best value?

220g 400g 650g

88p £1.52 £2.60

5 A will of £48 000 is split between Joel and his sister in the ratio 3 : 5.
Joel then splits his money between himself and his children in the ratio 4 : 5.
How much money do his children get?
6 Express the ratio 2000 : 60 000 in the form 1 : n.

7 The ratio of the lengths of the sides      

of the two squares shown is 1 : 6.
Area Area
Work out the area of the larger square. 5 9cm2 5?
322

10 Round the following numbers to the accuracy indicated.

(a) 6.1723 (1 d.p.) (b) 14.6958 (2 d.p.) (c) 0.010102 (2 d.p.)
(d) 712.816 (1 d.p.) (e) 3.9084 (2 d.p.) (f ) 24.65298 (1 d.p.)

Round to significant figures

The most significant figure is the figure on the left of a number.
2364

2 is the 1st significant figure. The value of the number is in the 2 thousands.

We can round off numbers to significant figures. We approach from the left and start counting as
soon as we come to the first figure which is not zero. Once we have started counting we count any
figure, zeros included.

(a) 74.3418 5 74.3 to 3 significant figures (3 s.f.)

↑
[Count 3 figures. The ‘next’ figure is 4 which is less than 5.]
(b) 8.1783 5 8.18 to 3 significant figures
↑
(c) 0.095627 5 0.096 to 2 significant figures
↑
(d) 5286.3 5 5300 to 2 significant figures
↑
Notice that we need the two noughts after the ‘3’ as the original number is
approximately 5300.

Exercise 2M
1 Ruby says that 2, 3 and 7 are the first 3 significant figures in the number 0.023715.
Is she correct?

2 Manu says that 5, 7 and 9 are the first 3 significant figures in the number 0.570937.
Is he correct?

3 Write the following numbers correct to 3 significant figures.

(a) 2.1874 (b) 32.793 (c) 264.23 (d) 0.8137
(e) 0.08555 (f ) 4762.4 (g) 5167 (h) 0.03372
324

Exercise 3M
Do not use a calculator. Decide, by estimating, which of the three answers is closest to the exact
answer. Write the calculation and the approximate answer for each question (use ≈).

Calculation A B C
1. 102.6 3 9.7 90 500 1000
2. 7.14 3 11.21 30 70 300
3. 1.07 3 59.2 6 60 200
4. 2.21 3 97.8 200 90 20
5. 8.95 3 42.1 200 400 4000
6. 4.87 3 6.18 15 10 30
7. 789 3 12.3 8000 4000 800
8. 978 3 9.83 1 million 100 000 10 000
9. l.11 3 28.7 20 30 60
10. 9.8 3 82463 8 million 1 million 800 000

11. 307.4 4 1.97 50 100 150

12. 81.2 4 0.99 8 0.8 80
13. 6121 4 102.4 60 300 600
14. 59.71 4 3.14 10 20 180
15. 1072 4 987.2 0.2 1 10
16. 614 2 297.4 300 100 3000
17. 0.104 1 0.511 0.06 0.1 0.6
18. 8216.1 1 1.44 800 4000 8000
19. 51% of £8018.95 £40 £400 £4000
20. 9% of £205.49 £10 £20 £200

Exercise 4M
1 A ‘Pritt Stick’ costs £1.99.
(a) Without a calculator, estimate the cost of twelve Pritt Sticks.
(b) Find the exact cost of twelve Pritt Sticks.

2 A box of drawing pins costs £3.85.

Estimate the cost of 20 boxes of drawing pins.

3 A painting measures 12.2 cm by 9.7 cm.

(a) Without a calculator, estimate the area of the
painting.
(b) Use a calculator to work out the exact area of
the painting.
325

4 A newspaper was sold at £2.95 per copy.

Estimate the total cost of 47 copies.
5 Desmond has to pay £208.50 per month for 2 years towards the cost of his car.
Estimate the total cost of his payments.
6 Two hundred and six people share the cost of hiring a train.
Roughly how much does each person pay if the total cost was £61 990?

In questions 7 and 8 there are six calculations and six answers.

Write down each calculation and insert the correct answer from the list given.
Use estimation. Do not use a calculator.

7 (a) 6.9 3 7.1 (b) 9.8 4 5 (c) 21 3 10.2

(d) 151.767 4 9.9 (e) 3114 4 30 (f ) 4.03 3 1.9

Answers: 1.96 15.33 48.99 103.8 7.657 214.2

8 (a) 103.2 4 5 (b) 7.2 3 7.3 (c) 4.1 3 49

(d) 3.57 4 3 (e) 36.52 4 4 (f ) 1.4 4 10

Answers: 52.56 1.19 9.13 200.9 20.64 0.14

9
In this area of Egypt an average camel costs
Insult may leave 5100 Egyptian pounds (EGP).
man speechless (a) Estimate the value in pounds of 40 camels.
CAIRO A Sinai man who (b) Estimate the value in pounds of the extra
insulted a sheperdess was camels needed to save the man’s tongue.
ordered by a tribal court [£100 5 1160 EGP]
to give her 40 camels and
either have his tongue cut
out or give five more
camels. (AFP)

10 A footballer is paid £94 800 per week.

Estimate how much he is paid in a year.

Need more practice with rounding numbers?

1 Write the following numbers correct to 1 decimal place.

(a) 18.7864 (b) 3.55 (c) 17.0946 (d) 0.7624
(e) 5.421 (f ) 11.27 (g) 10.252 (h) 7.084
332

Two spinners are used. Each spinner has the numbers 1 to 4.

The outcomes are: (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3) …… (4, 4).
Find the probability of getting a product of 8 with the scores on the two spinners.
Draw a grid 3 1 2 3 4
showing the
1 1 2 3 4
possible products. p (product is 8) 5 _ 2
​  16  ​ 5 _​  18 ​
2 2 4 6 8
because there are 16 possible outcomes
3 3 6 9 12 and 2 ways of getting a product of 8.
4 4 8 12 16

Exercise 3M
1 Three coins are tossed together.
Find the probability of getting exactly two heads.

2 Two spinners are used. Each spinner has the numbers 1 to 5.

Find the probability of getting a total score of 7 with the scores on the two spinners.

3 Three friends Alf, Ben and Curtis sit next to each

other on a bench.
(a) Make a list of all the different ways in
which they can sit. (Use A 5 Alf,
B 5 Ben and C 5 Curtis).
Find the probability that
(b) Alf sits in the middle
(c) Alf sits next to Curtis
(d) Ben sits at one end of the bench

4 4 6 7 9   Four balls as shown opposite are placed in a bag.

One ball is randomly chosen then replaced in the bag.
A second ball is then randomly chosen.
(a) List all the possible pairs of numbers which could be selected.
(b) Find the probability that the difference between the two numbers chosen is 2.

5 One ball is selected at random from a bag containing x red balls and y white balls.
What is the probability of selecting a red ball?

6 One ball is selected at random from a bag containing w white balls, g green balls and
p pink balls. Find the probability of selecting
(a) a white ball
(b) a pink ball
(c) a ball which is not white
338

6 Use factor trees to find the H.C.F. of 476 and 1050.

Solution: 476     1050

4 119 25 42

2 2 7 17 5 5 7 6

2 3

so 476 5 2 3 2 3 7 3 17 and 1050 5 2 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 7

The factors in both numbers are 2 and 2 with 7 and 7
so H.C.F. 5 2 3 2 3 7 3 7 5 196

7 A model ship costs £25.

Its price is reduced by 20% for a sale.
After the sale it has not sold and its
price is increased by 20%.
What does the model ship now cost?
Answer: It costs the original price of
£25 because the price was decreased
by 20% then increased by 20%.

8 A bag contains red, green and yellow balls. If one ball is randomly selected, the probability of
a red ball is _​​ 13 ​​and the probability of a green ball is _​​ 15 ​.​If there are 21 yellow balls in the bag,
how many green balls are in the bag?
1 1 _____ 5 1 3 ___ 8
Solution: p(red or green) 5 __
​​   ​​ 1 __
​​   ​​ 5 ​​   ​​ 5 ​​   ​​
3 5 15 15
so p(yellow) 5 _
​​  15 ​ 5 _
7
​  21
45 ​​
so 45 balls in bag if 21 yellow balls in bag.
p(green) 5 _​​  15 ​​so number of green balls 5 _​​  15 ​​ of 45 5 9

9 Work out the perimeter of the rectangle opposite,

giving the answer to 2 decimal places. 1.324 cm
Answer: 1.324 5 1.32 (2 d.p.)
3.232 5 3.23 (2 d.p.)
Perimeter 5 1.32 1 3.23 1 1.32 1 3.23 5 9.10 cm (2 d.p.) 3.232 cm

10 Work out the probability of getting a 1 and a 1 when two dice are thrown.
Answer: p(1) 5 _​​  16 ​​ so p(1) and p(1) 5 _​​  16 ​ 1 _​  16 ​ 5 _​  26 ​ 5 _​  13 ​​
340

6 Square ABCD can be moved onto square BCEF D C E

by either a translation, a rotation or a reflection.
(a) Describe the translation using a vector.
(b) What is the mirror line for the reflection?
(c) Describe two possible rotations which A F
B
achieve the result given. You must write
down the angle of rotation, direction and
centre of rotation.

7 The diagram shows a corner torn from a sheet of

graph paper measuring 18 cm by 28 cm.
Calculate the total length of all the lines drawn
on the whole sheet of graph paper.

1 cm

8 4m    1.5 m aura needs to put wooden flooring

L
in the two rooms shown opposite.
The cost of the wooden flooring is
3m £29.25 per m2. 5% extra wood is bought
4m
6m
to allow for mistakes. How much will
6m
Laura need to pay in total?

4m

9 In this calculation use each of the digits 3 5 2

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Put one digit in each box to
make the statement true.
342

8 The temperature in a centrally heated house is recorded every hour from 12.00 till 24.00;
the results are shown below.

20
18
House temperature in °C

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00
Time of day

(a) What was the temperature at 20.00?

(b) Estimate the temperature at 16.30.
(c) Estimate the two times when the temperature was l8°C.
(d) When do you think the central heating was switched on?
(e) When do you think the central heating was switched off ?

9 Look at this group of numbers …

10, 19, 25, 30, 21
(a) Which of the numbers is a multiple of both 3 and 5?
(b) Which of the numbers is a prime number?
(c) Which of the numbers is a square number?
(d) Which number is a factor of another number in the group?

10 An advert for toothpaste used a photo of a model’s teeth.    

Sales of the toothpaste rose from 25 800 per week by 4%.
How many extra tubes were sold?

11 A worker takes 8 minutes to make 12 items. How long would it take to make 15 items?

During one season the probability of Hatton United winning a game is _

13
12 ​​ 20 ​​and the probability
of a draw is _​​ 14 ​.​What is the probability that Hatton United will lose a game?
344

8 Write down these calculations and find the missing digits.

(a) 5. 5 (b) 7. 8 (c) 3 .
1 3. 7 2 3. 8 1 2 . 3
9. 0 9 . 1 5 7 0 . 0

9 The number 7.06483 is first rounded off to 4 significant figures.

This answer is then rounded off to 2 decimal places. Write down the final answer.

10 Multiply out (a) 5(x 2 3)   (b) 3(2x 1 4)

11 The travel graph below shows how far

a crab is from the sea at certain times
during one day.

160
Distance from sea (m)

140
120
100
80
(a) What has happened to the crab between
60
08.30 and 08.45?
40
(b) The crab now returns to the sea at a speed
20
of 70 m/h. What time does the crab reach
0
07.00 08.00 09.00 the sea?
Time

Which fraction is closer to one: _

​​ 10 ​​ or _
9 10
12 ​​  11 ​​? Show your working.

13 A bag contains 6 coloured balls. One ball is selected at random and then replaced in the bag.
This procedure is repeated until 50 selections have been made.
Here are the results:
[B 5 Blue, G 5 Green, Y 5 Yellow]
B Y B Y B Y B Y B G B Y B
G B B B B Y G B Y B G B Y
Y B Y Y B B B G B B Y B
B Y B Y G B Y B Y B G B
What do you think were the colours of the balls in the bag?

Simplify the ratio _​​ 4 ​  : 1​ _15 ​  : 2​ _23 ​​

3
14
345

Puzzles and Problems 5

Break the codes

1 The symbols g, ↑, !, , ⊥ each stand for one of the digits 1, 2, 3, 5 or 9
but not in that order. Use the clues below to work out what number each
symbol stands for.
(a) ↑ 3 ↑ 5 ⊥ (b) 3↑5↑
(c) 1 5g (d) g 1 ↑ 5 !

2 The ten symbols below each stand for one of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9
but not that order.
□ ↑ △
Use the clues below to work out what number each symbol stands for.
(a) 1 1 1 1 5 (b) 15
(c) 1 5 (d) 1 1 1 5↑
(e) 3 5 (f ) 2 5△
(g) 1△5□

3 The ten symbols used in part 2 are used again but with different values.
(a) 3 5 (b) 1 1 5
(c) 25△ (d) △ 3 △ 3 △ 5
(e) 2 5 ↑ (f ) 1 5
(g) 4 △ 5 (h) 1△5□
(i) ↑ 2 5 ( j) 2△5↑

4 These clues are more difficult to work out.

(a) □ 1 ↑ 5 □ (b) 3□5
(c) 3 3 5 (d) 2 5
(e) 2 5△ (f ) 2□5
(g) 1 5 (h) 3 5
347

Mental Arithmetic Practice 5

There are two sets of mental arithmetic questions in this section. Ideally a teacher will read out
each question twice, with pupils’ books closed. Each test should take about 20 minutes.
Test 1
1 Write 0.07 as a fraction. 19 How many twenty-fours are there in
seven hundred and twenty?
2 Jack has £336 and spends £279.
How much money does he have left? 20 What is 6 1 4 3 _​​  12 ​​?
3 A triangle has three equal sides. 21 What is five per cent of £200 000?
What is its special name?
22 A hose of length 170 m is cut in half.
4 Subtract 0.3 from 5. How long is each piece?
5 Write down three factors of 6. 23 A car travels 50 m in 10 seconds.
How far will it go in 10 minutes?
6 What is three-fifths of 40?
24 Three angles of a quadrilateral are 80°,
7 What is the mean average of 9, 6 and 15?
90° and 100°. What is the fourth angle?
8 A rectangle of length 6 cm has an area of
25 Add together two cubed and three cubed.
21 cm2. What is the width of the rectangle?
9 Is the difference between 264° and 173° Test 2
an acute angle or an obtuse angle?
1 Find 25% of 880.
10 Write down a prime number between
24 and 30. 2 Work out 301 2 102.
11 How many sixths make up ​3_​ 13 ​​? 3 What number is eleven less than two
12 Sarah is given a bonus of 5% of £440. thousand?
How much is the bonus? 4 Write 20% as a fraction.
13 What is the probability of getting a 5 4 apples cost 96p. What is the cost of
square number if you throw one dice? 6 apples?
14 Donna scores 15 out of 25 in a test. 6 What is the difference between six
What percentage score is this?
squared and two squared?
15 What do the angles in a quadrilateral add
7 A triangle has two angles of 38° and 67°.
up to?
What is the size of the third angle?
16 What is the perimeter of a square whose
8 What is 23 2 (24)?
area is 49 cm2?
17 Cakes cost 30p each. How many cakes 9 How many lines of symmetry does a
can be bought with £5? parallelogram have?
18 If n 5 3, which is larger: 3n or n2? 10 What is the median of 1, 2, 3 and 4?
349

Exercise
1 Write down the value of each of the numbers written below in roman numerals.
(a) VII (b) XIII (c) XVI (d) XXVII
(e) XVIII (f ) XIX (g) XLV (h) LXXII
(i) CCCXXVII ( j) XCIV (k) MMVI (l) CMXLIX

2 Write these numbers in roman numerals.

(a) 8 (b) 17 (c) 22
(d) 58 (e) 39 (f ) 84
(g) 78 (h) 123 (i) 339
( j) 1265 (k) 1066 (l) 3194

3 Write this year in roman numerals.

4 Work out the questions below, giving your answers in roman numerals.
(a) VI 1 III (b) IX 1 VIII (c) XIII 1 XVII
(d) XL 2 VI (e) LIII 2 XVIII (f ) C 2 XLVII
(g) LXXV 1 CCXXXVI (h) V 3 II (i) IV 3 IX
( j) CCCXII 2 CLXXIX (k) VII 3 VI (l) VII 3 XII
(m) XXIV 4 III (n) L 4 X (o) CXX 4 XX
(p) XXXVI 4 IX (q) MCC 4 XXX (r) MCCV 1 CCXXVIII 2 XCIV

5 RESEARCH:
(a) In the ancient Greek number system, D was the symbol for 10. Find out the ancient Greek
symbol for (i) 100 (ii) 50
(b) Find the ancient Egyptian symbols for (i) 10 (ii) 100 (iii) 1000
(c) Find out three more ancient Egyptian symbols and sketch them as carefully as you can.
(d) Can you find out why particular letters are used for certain roman numerals?
For example, why is C used for 100?
351

14 A chef uses 240 g and 135 g of flour when making two cakes.
He now has 0.6 kg of flour remaining.
How much flour did he have before he made the cakes?

15 Write down the difference between each pair of measurements below.

(a) 7.4 litres and 7275 ml (b) 60 g and 0.083 kg
(c) 62 litres and 6180 ml (d) 3.7 m and 4200 mm
(e) 5.02 kg and 4970 g (f ) 2.6 litres and 1900 cm3

16 A long stick of rock measures 2.5 m. It is cut into sticks which measure 18 cm.
How many 18 cm sticks will there be?

17 A bag of cotswold stone weighs 25 kg. A lorry transports 85 bags.

What is the total weight of the bags? Give the answer in tonnes.

18 Write down the measurements below in order of size, starting with the smallest.
0.87 ℓ    1250 mℓ    1.1 ℓ    489 cm3    1.542 ℓ    410 mℓ

Imperial units
We still use imperial units. Imperial measurements were   
made by using appropriately sized bits of human being.
The inch was measured using the thumb (we still
sometimes say ‘rule of thumb’ when we mean rough
measurement), the foot by using the foot.

Imperial units
Length Mass Volume
1 foot 5 12 inches 1 pound 5 16 ounces 1 gallon 5 8 pints
1 yard 5 3 feet 1 stone 5 14 pounds
1 mile 5 1760 yards 1 ton 5 2240 pounds

Exercise 2M
1 Which is larger: 12 stones or 164 pounds?
Give a full reason for your answer.

2 Work out the difference between 58 inches and 6 feet.

353

Exercise 2E
1 Danny puts 8 gallons of petrol into his car.
Roughly how many litres of petrol did
Danny put into his car?

Copy and complete questions 2 to 10

2 4 kg ≈ pounds 3 10 gallons ≈ litres 4 16 km ≈ miles

5 8 inches ≈ cm 6 44 pounds ≈ kg 7 3m ≈ feet

8 30 miles ≈ km 9 90 g ≈ ounces 10 5 feet 4 inches ≈ cm

11 Copy each sentence and choose the number which is the best estimate.
(a) The Prime Minister is about [1 m, 6 feet, 8 feet] tall.
(b) A can of coke contains about [350 ml, 2 litres, 10 ml].
(c) The perimeter of a classroom is about [30 m, 6 m, ​​ _1
10 ​​ mile].
(d) The width of one of my fingers is about [1 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm].
(e) A bag of crisps weighs about [25 g, 500 g, 1 pound].

12 Suppose you have just won a prize which is one million grams of gold!
Which of the following would you need to take away your prize?
(a) A large suitcase (b) A van (c) A very large delivery lorry

13 The maximum height limit for children on a bouncy castle is 4 feet 6 inches.
Julie is 132 cm tall. Is Julie inside the limit? Justify your answer.

14 Phil has cycled 24 km from his house.    

His total journey will be 19 miles.
How many more miles does he have
to cycle?

15 Rosa needs 2 gallons of petrol. Roughly how much will it cost if petrol costs £1.38 per litre?

16 A restaurant needs 9 kg of potatoes for one evening. It has 20 pounds of potatoes.

Will the restaurant have enough potatoes? Justify your answer.
362

Constructing bisectors
Perpendicular bisector 8 cm
Draw a line AB 8 cm long. A B

Set the pair of compasses to more

than 4 cm (half the line AB).
Put the compass point on A
and draw an arc as shown.

A B

Put the compass point on B

(DO NOT LET THE COMPASSES SLIP).
Draw another arc as shown.

Draw a broken line as shown.

A B
This broken line cuts line AB in half
(bisects) and is at right angles to line AB
(perpendicular).
The broken line is called the perpendicular
bisector of line AB.

Exercise 3M
1 Draw a horizontal line AB of length 8 cm. Construct the perpendicular bisector of AB.
2 Draw a vertical line CD of length 6 cm. Construct the perpendicular bisector of CD.
3 Draw a vertical line EF of length 5 cm. Construct the perpendicular bisector of EF.
4 (a) Use a pencil, ruler and a pair of compasses only to C
construct the triangle ABC shown opposite.
(b) Construct the perpendicular bisector of line AB. 10 cm
6 cm
(c) Construct the perpendicular bisector of line AC.
If done accurately, your two lines from (b) and (c) A B
8 cm
should cross exactly on the line BC.
386

Exercise 1M
1 Solve the equations below.
(a) n 2 7 5 9 (b) 4x 5 28 (c) 8y 5 40
w m
(d) ​​ __ ​ 5 12​ (e) ​​ __ ​ 5 9​ (f ) 3n 5 1
3 9

2 Now solve these equations.

(a) 2w 1 8 5 24 (b) 7y 2 5 5 9 (c) 6x 2 8 5 16
(d) 5m 1 12 5 62 (e) 5n 2 3 5 1 (f ) 7p 1 4 5 6

3 I think of a number, multiply it by 9 and add 14. The answer is 68. Write down an equation
then solve it to find the number.

4 Solve these equations.

(a) 7y 2 2 5 2 (b) 13n 1 10 5 12 (c) 6m 2 15 5 33
(d) 5w 2 2 5 1 (e) 9n 1 8 5 71 (f ) 7x 1 5 5 8

5 Solve
(a) 5 5 6x 1 4 (b) 10 5 7 1 8m (c) 6 5 5 1 2w
(d) 13 5 10n 1 6 (e) 6 5 12m 2 1 (f ) 2 5 8x 2 5

6 Lois thinks of a number. She multiplies it

by 7 and subtracts 3. The answer is 5.
Write down an equation then solve it to
find the number.

7 Solve
(a) 3w 1 20 5 95 (b) ​​ _14 ​x 5 9​ (c) 2p 1 _​​  12 ​​ 5 1
(d) 5m 1 8 5 8 (e) 5y 2 75 5 425 (f ) 10n 5 ​​ _12 ​​

8    The perimeter of this rectangle is 44 cm.

Write down an equation involving n then solve
n
it to find the actual length and width of this rectangle.

2n 1 7

9 Repeat question 8 if the perimeter is now 68 cm.

387

(a) Any answers with fractions (b) Multiply out any brackets
must be cancelled if possible. first.
Solve 6x 1 7 5 11 Solve 3(2x 2 4) 5 18
27 27 6x 2 12 5 18
6x 5 4 112 112
46 46 6x 5 30
x 5 4 46 46
6
x55
cancel down
      
x 5 2
3

Exercise 2M
1 Solve these equations.
(a) 8n 1 3 5 9 (b) 10w 2 5 5 3 (c) 4y 2 7 5 7
(d) 20x 2 13 5 57 (e) 11 5 9 1 6m (f ) 3 5 8p 2 9
2 Solve
(a) 5(x 1 2) 5 25 (b) 7(2x 2 1) 5 21 (c) 4(3x 2 2) 5 28
(d) 2(4x 1 5) 5 50 (e) 10(x 2 4) 5 50 (f ) 6(2x 1 7) 5 78

3 (a) Write down an equation involving n.

23 3n 1 2 (b) Work out the actual value of the perimeter
of the rectangle.
4n 1 5

4 Solve these equations.

(a) 15 5 7 1 10m (b) 4(2x 1 3) 5 16 (c) 5(4x 2 3) 5 15
(d) 40 5 8(n 2 2) (e) 4y 2 7 5 15 (f ) 3(6p 1 5) 5 21
5 Abbie is 8 years older than her sister. Her sister is 3 years older than her brother.
The sum of their ages is 50. Let Abbie’s age be x. Write down an equation involving
x then solve it to find Abbie’s age.

6    Write down an equation involving x then

solve it to find the value of each angle.
2x 1 30 x 1 20

3x 1 35 4x 1 25
388

7 Solve
(a) 52 5 3 1 7p (b) 4 5 9w 2 3 (c) 2n 1 6 5 11
(d) 6d 2 3 5 8 (e) 0 5 3(2x 2 8) (f ) 5(4m 1 1) 5 20
(g) 1 5 8n 2 9 (h) 2(6y 2 5) 5 20 (i) 7 5 3 1 16q

Equations with the unknown on both sides

(a) Solve 3n 1 4 5 n 1 12 (b) Solve 7n 2 5 5 3n 1 23

2n 2n 23n 23n
2n 1 4 5 12 4n 2 5 5 23
24 24 15 15
2n 5 8 4n 5 28
42 42 44 44
n 5 4        n 5 7

Exercise 3M
1 Solve these equations.
(a) 6n 5 4n 1 18 (b) 8n 5 n 1 21 (c) 15n 5 5n 1 70
(d) 4n 5 12 1 n (e) 6n 1 4 5 3n 1 22 (f ) 8n 1 9 5 6n 1 23
(g) 5n 2 3 5 3n 1 15 (h) 7n 2 6 5 4n 1 15 (i) 5 1 6n 5 4n 1 33

2 Solve
(a) 5n 1 2 5 3n 1 3     
(b) 7n 2 9 5 2n 1 5
(c) 8n 2 4 5 4n 1 11
(d) 9n 1 3 5 6n 1 5
(e) 10n 2 7 5 4n 1 6

3 Solve these equations for x.

(a) 4(x 1 6) 5 3(x 1 9) (b) 5(2x 2 1) 5 3(2x 1 5) (c) 7(2x 1 3) 5 11(x 1 3)
(d) 4(4x 2 1) 5 9(x 1 5) (e) 3(7x 2 3) 5 3(2x 1 17) (f ) 2(8x 1 5) 5 13(x 1 1)

4 When a girl’s current weight increases by 3 stones, she will weigh three times her current
weight less 1 stone. Let n be her current weight. Form an equation in terms of n then write
down her current weight.
392

8 Write down the sequence and find the missing numbers.

(a) 6 12 24

(b) 4 10 13

(c) 16 8 4

(d) 6 3 0 23

The next three questions are more difficult. Find the next term.
1 __
__ 3 __
2 __ 4
9 1, 2, 6, 24, 120 10 ​​   ​  , ​   ​  , ​   ​  , ​   ​​ 11 2, 2, 4, 12, 48, 240
3 5 7 9

12 Golf balls can be stacked in a ‘solid’ pyramid.       

The picture shows the view from above a pyramid
with 1 ball at the top, 4 balls on the next layer
and 9 balls on the next layer after that.
(a) How many balls will be on the next layer?
(b) How many balls will there be altogether
in the first five layers?

Sequence rules
• For the sequence 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, … the first term is 10 and the
term-to-term rule is ‘add 3’.
• For the sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, … the term-to-term rule is
‘double’ or ‘multiply by 2’.

Exercise 2M
1 You are given the first term and the rule of several sequences.
Write down the first five terms of each sequence.
First term Rule
(a)   8 add 2
(b) 100 subtract 4
(c) 10 double
(d) 64 divide by 2

2 Write down the rule for each of these sequences.

(a) 3, 10, 17, 24 (b) 100, 89, 78, 67 (c) 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3 (d) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
393

3 The rule for the number sequences below is

‘double and add 1’
Find the missing numbers.
(a) 2 → 5 → 11 → 23 →
(b) → 7 → 15 → 31
(c) → 51 → →

4 The rule for the number sequences below is

‘multiply by 3 and take away 2’
Find the missing numbers.
(a) 2 → 4 → 10 →
(b) → 7 → 19 → 55
(c) 1 → → →

5 A sequence begins 2, 4, …
(a) What is the next term? Give a reason for your answer.
(b) Could the next term be different to your part (a) answer? Give a reason for your answer.

6 The first number in a sequence is 5. Write down a possible rule so that all the terms in the
sequence are odd numbers.

7 Write down the rule for each of these sequences.

(a) 2, 2 ​ _12 ​, 3, 3 ​ _12 ​, 4, … (b) 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, …
(c) 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, … (d) 81, 27, 9, 3, 1, …
(e) 1.5, 1.35, 1.2, 1.05 (f ) 76, 38, 19, 9.5
(g) 1, 4, 10, 22, 46 (h) 3, 10, 31, 94

8 Write down the first six terms of these sequences.

(a) the first term is 3 (b) the first term is 864
the rule is ‘subtract 0.3’ the rule is ‘divide by 6’
(c) the fourth term is 60 (d) the third term is 6
the rule is ‘add 11’ the rule is ‘divide by 10’
(e) the first two terms are 1, 4 (f ) the first two terms are 0, 2
the rule is ‘add the two the rule is ‘add the two
previous terms’ previous terms’
(g) the first term is 3 (h) the first term is 5
the rule is ‘multiply the rule is ‘write down
by 2 and then add 3’ the next prime number’
398

8 Sequence A: nth term 5 5n 2 3

Sequence B: nth term 5 2n 1 5
Sequence C: nth term 5 4n 2 1
Which of the above sequences do the following numbers belong to?
(a) 12 (b) 11 (c) 13 (d) 7 (e) 47 (f ) 35

9 Write down the coordinates of the centres of y

squares 1, 2 and 3. 7
Find the coordinates of 6 3
(a) the centre of square 4 5
(b) the centre of square 10 4 2
(c) the top vertex of square 70
3
2 1
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

10 Here is a sequence of hexagons made from sticks.

Shape number: 1 2 3 4
Number of sticks: 6 11 16 21

Let n be the shape number and s be the number of sticks.

(a) Write down a rule (or formula) for s in terms of n.
(b) How many sticks are in shape number 15?

11 Design your own sequence using sticks. Write down the formula for s in terms of n where n is
the shape number and s is the number of sticks.

12 Design a sequence of squares using sticks so that s 5 6n 1 2 (n is the shape number and s is
the number of sticks).
400

5 Here is a sequence of touching squares.

Copy and complete the table.
y
Square number Coordinates of centre
8
1 (2, 2) 7
2 (4, 4) 6 3
3 5
5 4 2
40 3
45 2 1
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

6 A sequence made from a pattern of sticks has the formula s 5 5n 1 3 where n is the shape
number and s is the number of sticks.
Anton says that one of the shapes contains 39 sticks.
Marie does not agree. Who is correct? Justify your answer fully.

7 Write down the next three terms in the sequence

2, 2, 4, 6, 10, …

8 Sequence A has nth term 5 6n 2 2 and sequence B has nth term 5 n2 2 3.

What is the lowest number that is in both sequence A and sequence B?

9 In an arithmetic sequence the terms go up or go down in equal steps.

For example 7, 10, 13, 16, … or 20, 18, 16, 14, …
Fill in the missing numbers in these arithmetic sequences.
(a) 2, , 8, , , 17 (b) 10, , 18, , 26, 30,
(c) , 37, , , 28, 25

10 Write down 4 terms of an arithmetic sequence by using four of the numbers from the list below.
35, 33, 41, 27, 32, 29, 39, 40, 31, 38

Extension questions with sequences

1 (a) Copy this pattern and write down the next three lines. Do not use a calculator!
1 3 999 5 999
2 3 999 5 1998
3 3 999 5 2997
4 3 999 5 3996
401

(b) Copy this pattern and write down the next two lines.
   3 3 5 5 15
  33 3 5 5 165
333 3 5 5 1665
3333 3 5 5 16665
(c) Copy and complete 333 333 333 3 5 5

2 (a) Look at the pattern below and then continue it for a further three rows.
22 1 2 1 3 5 9
32 1 3 1 4 5 16
42 1 4 1 5 5 25
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
(b) Write down the line which starts
122 1 …

3 (a) Copy this pattern and write down the next line.
     1 3 9 5       9
    21 3 9 5     189
   321 3 9 5    2889
  4321 3 9 5 38 889
54 321 3 9 5 488 889
(b) Complete this line 87 654 321 3 9 5

4 (a) Copy this pattern and write down the next line.
1 1 9 3   0 5    1
2 1 9 3   1 5   11
3 1 9 3 12 5 111
4 1 9 3 123 5 1111
(b) Find the missing numbers
193 5 1 111 111

5 (a) Copy this pattern and write down the next line.
334531333
435541434
536551535
(b) Copy and complete
10 3 11 5
11 3 12 5
100 3 101 5
405

Solution: 4n 1 3 5 2n 1 15
2n 1 3 5 15
2n 5 12
n56
length of side of square 5 2 3 6 1 15 5 27 cm
area of square 5 27 3 27 5 729 cm2

6 Find the next 3 terms of the sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 4, 7, 13, …

Answer: 24, 44, 81 because each term is the sum of the previous 3 terms.

7 Form an equation to find the value of n.

3n 1 10 Solution: 4n 1 20 1 3n 1 10 1 2n 1 26 1 3n 1 40 5 180
4n 1 20
12n 1 96 5 180
2n 1 26 12n 5 84
n 5 7°

3n 1 40

8 Is 49 a number in the sequence with nth term 5 3n 1 7?

Answer: Try 3n 1 7 5 49
3n 5 42
n 5 14
so 49 is the 14 term of this sequence.
th

9 Asha is 3 years older than Ryan. Ryan is twice as old as Ariana. The sum of their ages is 83.
How old is Ariana?
Solution: Let Ariana’s age 5 x
Asha’s age 5 x 1 3
Ryan’s age 5 2x
x 1 x 1 3 1 2x 5 83
4x 1 3 5 83
4x 5 80
x 5 20
so Ariana is 20 years old.

10 Solve 4(2x 2 3) 5 5x 1 21
Solution: 8x 2 3 5 5x 1 21
3x 5 24
x58
414

Page 91 Check Yourself on Sections 2.1 and 2.2

7 28 2 49 63
1. (a) ​​ _ ​​ (b) _
​​   ​​ (c) _
​​   ​​ (d) ​​ _ ​​, _
​​   ​​ (e) B
42 36 3 56 72
29 1 13 11 13
2. (a) ​​ _ ​​ (b) _
​​   ​​ (c) ​2 ​ _ ​​ (d) ​3 ​ _ ​​ (e) ​2 ​ _ ​​
35 12 40 12 40
27 44 17 37
3. (a) _
​​   ​​ (b) _
​​   ​​ (c) 2 (d) ​1 ​ _ ​​ (e) ​1 ​ _ ​​  cm2
70 45 25 40
​2 ​3 ​1 ​9
4. 40%, 0.4, _
​   ​;​    75%, 0.75, _
​   ​;​   5%, 0.05, _
​   ​​;   45%, 0.45, _
​   ​​
5 4 20 20

Page 108 Check yourself on Units 2.3 and 2.4

1. P(23, 22), Q(2, 21), R(22, 1)
2. (a) (5, 3) (b) (7, 5) (c) (4, 3)
3. (a) (1, 4) (b) x 5 1 (c) y 5 2 (d) (3, 3)
4. (a) y 5 x 2 2 (b) (i) y 5 x 1 3   (ii) y 5 2x (c) P, R (d) 1, 3, 5
1 2 3
5. (a) 3 (b) _
​​   ​​ (c) ​​ _ ​​ (d) ​2 ​ __ ​​
4 3 5

Page 134 Check yourself on sections 2.5 and 2.6

1. (a) 248 cm2 (b) 115 cm2 (c) 12 cm (d) 10.5 square units
2. (a) 120 cm2 (b) 120 cm2
3. (a) 102° (b) 121° (c) 41°
4. (a) BÊF 5 78°, FÊH 5 102° (b) 61°
5. (a) 85° (b) 84°

Page 167 Check yourself on sections 3.1 and 3.2

1. (a) 53, 59 (b) 3 1 97, 11 1 89 (1 others)
2. (a) 24 (b) 15 3​5 ​3​7 ​3​7
(c) 3 ​
3. (a) 108 (b) (i) 9 (ii) 189 (iii) 10
(c) eg. 3, 4, 5 (d) 512
4. (a) 945 (b) 17 658 (c) 45 (d) 11 (e) 12.24, 13, 2.6
(f ) 40 (g) 30.1 cm2
415

Page 179 Check Yourself on Section 3.3

1. (a) 9 (b) 8.5 (c) 8 (d) 12
2. Warriors : mean 5 23.8, range 5 14 and Sabres : mean 5 22.7, range 5 12
3. (a) 3 (b) 2.6125 (c) 3

Page 209 Check Yourself on Units 3.4 and 3.5

1. Stem Leaf  2. (a) Frequencies: 2, 5, 7, 4, 3

3 13
4 4558
5 2257779
6 3 4 4 5 8
7 3 6

Key: 5|7 means 57 years old

3. (a) 175 (b) 300 (c) 200

7 3 1
4. (a) White (b) (i) _
​​   ​  
​ (ii) _
​ ​  ​​   (iii) 0   (iv) ​​ _ ​​
11 11 11
5. (a) (10, 1) (10, 2) (10, 3) (10, 4) (10, 5) (10, 6) (20, 1) (20, 2) (20, 3) (20, 4) (20, 5) (20, 6)
(30, 1) (30, 2) (30, 3) (30, 4) (30, 5) (30, 6)
1 5
(b) (i) ​​ _ ​  
​ (ii) _
​​   ​​
18 9

Page 242 Check Yourself on Sections 4.1 and 4.2

1. 2 2. (a) 40% (b) maths test
(a) 25 0.08 8%
 3. (a) £285 (b) £806.40
4
(b) 0.8 80% 13
 4.5 (a) ​​ _ ​​ (b) £61.32 (c) 150 g box
22
9
(c) 10 0.9 90%
 5. (a) 3:8 (b) 9 (c) £80
8
(d) 25 0.32 32%
18
(e) 25 0.72 72%
416

Page 253 Check Yourself on Sections 4.3 and 4.4

1. 5.3 cm or 5.4 cm 2. (a) 43° (b) 49°
3. (a) trapezium (b) square (c) rhombus (d) kite (e) parallelogram
(f ) Four equal sides, opposite sides are parallel, opposite angles are equal, two lines of
symmetry, rotational symmetry order 2, diagonals perpendicular to each other, diagonals
bisect each other.
(g) P, R (h) 10 (i) This shape is a regular octagon
4. (a) 2 (b) 1
(c) The diagonal line of symmetry does not allow one half of the rectangle to fold exactly onto
the other half of the rectangle.

Page 276 Check yourself on Sections 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7

1. (a) (i) ​(​ ​​ )​  (ii) ​​

(​ 1 ​​)​  (iii) (​ ​4​​ )​
3 22 0
2
2. (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 2 (e)   

3. (a) (b) y (c) y 5 x

4
3
P
2
Q
C 1

24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21
22
A 23 B
24
417

4. (a) (b) y (c) 90° clockwise about (2, 22)

4
3
B C
2
1

24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21
22 Q P
A
23
24

Page 309 Check yourself on Sections 5.1 and 5.2

1. (a) 2mn 1 m (b) 6 (c) 15mn (d) 21n 2 35 (e) 4
1
2. (a) 10 (b) 30 (c) ​​ _ ​​ (d) 7
5
1
3. (a) 3n 1 9 5 10 so n 5 ​​ _ ​​ (b) 5x 1 50 5 180 so x 5 26. Angles are 36°, 77°, 67°
3
4. (a) 15°C (b) October (c) April and November
(d) April, May (e) 21°C
5. 12.30

Page 327 Check yourself on Sections 5.3 and 5.4

5 3
1. (a) 2 3 2 3 7 3 13 (b) same answer ​​ _ ​​ (c) ​​ _ ​​ (d) 34
12 4
(e) £1.61 (f ) 15.15 (g) ​1​ _12 hours
​​ (h) 56
2. (a) 0.18 (b) 0.084 (c) 32 000 (d) 680 (e) 43.2 (f ) 0.0701
3. (a) 150 (b) 40 (c) 10 (d) £60

Page 339 Check yourself on Section 5.5

1 3 1
1. (a) ​​ _ ​​ (b) ​​ _ ​​ (c) ​​ _ ​​
4 7 6
418

Page 367 Check yourself on sections 6.1 and 6.2

1. (a) 7650 m (b) 40 cm (c) 7.5 litres
2. (a) 8 ounces (b) 22 pints (c) 6 feet
3. (a) 5 cm (b) £1.06
4. (a) P by 300 cm2 (or 0.03 m2) (b) 0.125 mm (c) 900
5. (a) 80° (b) 48° (c) 68°
6. 3.7 cm

Page 384 Check yourself on sections 6.3 and 6.4

1. (a) (i) 18.8 cm (ii) 13.2 m (iii) 28.3 cm
(b) (i) 28.3 cm2 (ii) 13.9 m2 (iii) 63.6 cm2
(c) 77.0 cm2
2. (a) 5 faces, 8 edges, 5 vertices (b) 7 faces, 15 edges, 10 vertices
3. (b) and (d)

Page 406 Check yourself on sections 6.5 and 6.6

5 5
1. (a) 9 (b) 56 (c) ​​ _ ​​ (d) ​​ _ ​​ (e) 9 (f ) 6
7 6
2. (a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 7.5

3. (c) 2 times, add 6 (d) g 5 2b 1 6 (e) 43