REVIEWER PHYSICS

LESSON 1​

Electric circuit refers to the system of components, power, and signal sources that enable the

current to flow around.​

Four Basic Requirements in Creating a Electric Circuit​

Energy Source This provides the necessary potential difference such that current may flow,

such as cell.​

Connecting wires These wires provide the path wherein the current will flow.​

Load/Component Any device, connected to a circuit, and is powered by the circuit. It consumes

the energy provided by the source.​

Switch Necessary to either cut off or allow the flow of current within the circuit.​

Terminologies in Circuitry​

Closed Circuit

-​ The electrons can flow from the positive terminal of the battery to the negative

terminal.

-​ This implies that the circuit is complete.

-​ Electric current can freely go around.

-​ This happens when the switch is on.

-​ The switch connects the wire.

Open Circuit

-​ This implies that the circuit is incomplete.

-​ There is a gap somewhere in the path.

-​ The electrons cannot flow from the positive terminal of the battery to the negative

terminal.

-​ This happens when the switch is off.

A circuit diagram, or the graphic representation of an electric circuit. Standard set of

symbols is used to represent different devices which show how the components are

connected.

1.​ LOAD - This is any device the circuit can power. It can be a light, speaker, toaster oven,

or anything else.​

2.​ CELLS - A long line next to a shorter line. The long line represents a positive terminal

(cathode) and the short line the negative (anode). Provide the energy for many electrical

devices to function – like mobile phones and laptops

4.​ Connecting Wire - It allows electric current to flow through from one point to another.

5.​ Resistor - This is a device specialized to slow down the electric current in a wire.

6.​ Switch (open & close) - It turns the flow of electricity on or off.
7.​ Ammeter - It is a device used to measure the electric current in a circuit.

8.​ Voltmeter - It is a device used to measure the potential difference or voltage

ELECTRIC CURRENT & VOLTAGE

Electrodynamics​

The science of electrodynamics deals with electrical charges in motion. A closed conducting

path where charges flow is called an electric circuit.​

Electric current (I)

Voltage (V)

Resistance ®​

Electric current (I) is the amount of charge passing through any point in a conductor per unit

time.

Andre-Marie Ampere was the first to describe current as a continuous flow of electricity

along a wire. He founded the science of electrodynamics, now known as electromagnetism. He

often referred to as the “Isaac Newton of electricity”.​

Electric current is measured using an ammeter, which must be connected in series (in the

same loop) with that component in the circuit.

Conductors are materials that allow the flow of electric charge. Metals are good conductors.

Insulators are materials that do not allow the flow of electric charge. Plastic is a good insulator.

Why can metals conduct electricity?​

It is the delocalized electrons involved in metallic bonding that allow metals to conduct

electricity.

conventional current It was assumed that the positive charges were the ones that flow in a

wire. The direction of flow is from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the battery.

electron flow When electrons were discovered, it was clear that current is actually flow of

electrons from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of the battery.

Current that travels in one direction is called direct current (DC).

Current that changes directions at a regular interval is called alternating current (AC).
1.) An electric wire is passed by 100 coulombs of electric charges in 50 seconds. Calculate the

current in the wire.

G: ​ q = 100 C

t = 50 s

R: I?

E: I = q/t

S: I = 100C/50 s

A: I = 2 A

2.) A conductor has a current of 0.5 A. How many coulombs of electric charges will pass

through it in 5 seconds?

G:​ t=5s

I = 0.5 A

R: q?

E: q = It

S: q = (0.5 A) (5 s)

A: q = 2.5 C
VOLTAGE - In a circuit, work must be done on the charges to make them move. The battery

supplies the energy in electric circuits.

The voltage of a battery is the “push” it gives the charges in the circuit.

Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist, invented the first electric cell in 1799. This cell,

called voltaic pile, formed the basis of our modern cells and batteries like the dry cell,

storage battery, and nickel-cadmium battery.

Dry cells are usually in toys, alarm clocks, and flashlights. Storage batteries are used in cars.

Nickel-cadmium batteries are normally in electronics and in cellular phones.

Cells that cannot be recharged are called primary cells. Example is a dry cell.

Cells that are rechargeable are secondary cells. Examples are storage batteries and

nickel-cadmium batteries.

Voltage is measured using a voltmeter, which must be connected in parallel (across) with

a component in the circuit.

G:​ q = 25 C

W = 750 J

R: V?

E: V = W/q

S: V = 750 J/25 C

A: V = 30 V​

4.) Find the work done in moving 2 coulombs of charge across a battery with a rating of 120

volts.

G:​ q=2C

V = 120 V

R: W?

E: W = Vq

S: W = (120 V) (2 C)

A: W = 240 J

LESSON 3

RESISTANCE AND FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE

Electrical resistance, or simply resistance, is the opposition of a material to the flow of

electric current.

Resistance is a measure of how much a material tries to stop electricity passing through it.

Resistors regulate the amount of current passing through a conductor

The resistance increases when you add more components in the circuit. For example, the

resistance of two bulbs is greater than the resistance of one bulb, so less current will flow

through them.
.

Factors affecting the Resistance

The resistance of a wire depends on several factors:

In 1827, Georg Simon Ohm experimentally established the relation among electric current,

resistance, and voltage in an electric circuit.

Ohm’s law summarizes the relation among the current, voltage, and resistance. The current is

directly proportional to the voltage, and inversely proportional to the resistance.

1.) A circuit has a resistance of 90 Ω. What is the voltage across the circuit if the current is 1.2

A?

G:​ I = 1.2 A

R = 90 Ω

R: V?

E: V = IR

S: V = (1.2 A)(90 Ω)

A: V = 108 V

2.) A light bulb has a resistance of 60 Ω. How much current does it draw when a voltage of 24

V is applied across it?

G:​ V = 24 V

R = 60 Ω

R: I?
E: I = V/R

S: I = 24 V/60 Ω

A: I = 0.4 A

3.) A conductor has a voltage reading of 80 V across it. If the current in the conductor is 0.18

A, calculate its resistance.

G:​ V = 80 V

I = 0.18 A

R: R?

E: R = V/I

S: R = 80 V/0.18 A

A: R = 444.44 Ω

LESSON 4: SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

TYPE OF CIRCUIT
An electric circuit is a group of electrical components that are connected together to form a

complete path for current.

The components of a circuit may be connected in series, parallel, or a combination of

series and parallel.

A series circuit is characterized by the flow of charges in one path only on an electric circuit.

The current that passes through each of the light bulbs is the same.

If you put more bulbs into a series circuit, the bulbs will be dimmer than before.
SERIES CIRCUIT

If there is a gap in the circuit, all of the light bulbs would go off.

If one of the light bulbs burned out, then current would cease to flow, and the other bulbs

would go off as well.

Christmas tree lights are normally connected in series.

CURRENT IN SERIES CIRCUIT

In a series circuit, the current flows through one continuous pathway. The current is the same

in any of the components in the circuit.

Voltage in Series Circuit

In a series circuit, the voltage supplied by the battery is shared by the components. So, the sum

of the voltage across each component is equal to the voltage provided by the source.
As more bulbs are added in series, each bulb has less voltage and so the bulbs become

dimmer.

Resistance in Series Circuit

When two (or more) loads are connected in series, the combined resistance is higher than the

individual loads.

Total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances of each connected component in

the circuit.

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EXAMPLE:
For a parallel circuit, there are several paths through which the electrons can flow. There is

more than one pathway for current in a parallel circuit.

If the switch is off on one bulb, the other bulbs can still function.

If one of the light bulbs burns out, the other bulbs will still work normally.