12.

THERMODYNAMICS

Single Correct Answer Type

1. A monoatomic gas is suddenly compressed to ( 1/8 ) of its innitial volume adiabatically.

th

The ratio of its final pressure to the initial pressure is (Given the ratio of the specific
heats of the given gas to be 5/3)
a) 32 b) 40/3 c) 24/5 d) 8

The p-V diagram of a gas undergoing a cyclic process (ABCDA) is shown in the graph
where p is in units of N m−2 and V in c m3 . Identify the incorrect statement.
2.

A B
2 10 5
+

p
C
1 10 5
D
+

2.0

a) 0.4 J work is done by the gas from A to B

b) 0.2 J of work is done on the gas from C and D

c) No work is done by the gas from B to C

d) Work is done by the gas in going from B to C and on the gas from D to A

3. When two bodies A and B are in thermal equilibrium

a) The kinetic energies of all the molecules of A and B will be equal

b) The potential energies of all the molecules of A and B will be equal

c) The internal energies of the two bodies will be equal

d) The average kinetic energy of the molecules of the two bodies will be equal

4. The first law of thermodynamics is concerned with the conservation of

a) Momentum b) Energy c) Mass d) Temperature

5. Which of the following is a slow process

a) Isothermal b) Adiabatic c) Isobaric d) None of these

One mole of an ideal gas expands at a constant temperature of 300 K from an initial
volume of 10 litres to a final volume of 20 litres. The work done in expanding the gas is ¿- K ¿
6.

a) 750 joules b) 1728 joules c) 1500 joules d) 3456 joules

7. An ideal gas heat engine operates in a Carnot’s cycle between 227 ℃∧127 ℃ . It absorbs
6 ×10 J at high temperature. The amount of heat converted into work is
4

a) 4 b) 4 c) 4 d) 4
1.6 ×10 J 1.2 ×10 J 4.8 × 10 J 3.5 ×10 J

A mass of dry air at NTP. is compressed to th of its original volume suddenly. If γ =1.4 ,
8. 1
20

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the final pressure would be
a) 20 atm b) 66.28 atm c) 30 atm d) 150 atm

If we consider solar system consisting of the earth and sun only as one of the ideal
thermodynamic system. The sun works as source of energy having temperature 6000 K
9.

and the earth as sink having temperature 300 K , the efficiency of solar system would be
on the basis of exchange of radiations
a) 30% b) 65% c) 75% d) 95%

10. In figure a certain mass of gas traces three paths 1, 2, 3 from state A to state B. If work
done by the gas along three paths are W 1 , W 2 ,W 3 respectively, then

a) W <W <W b) W =W =W c) W >W >W d) Cannot say

11. For free expansion of the gas which of the following is true
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

a) Q=W =0 and∆ E b) Q=0 ,W > 0and∆ E

∫ ¿=0 ¿ ∫ ¿=−W ¿
c) W =0 , Q> 0and∆ E d) W > 0 ,Q< 0and∆ E
∫ ¿=Q ¿ ∫ ¿=0 ¿
12. Two isothermally are shown in figure at temperature T 1 and T 2. Which of the following
relations is correct?

a) T >T b) T <T c) T =T d) T = 1 T
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

13. A thermos flask made of stainless steel contains several tiny leads shots. If the flask is
2

quickly shaken, up and down several times, the temperature of lead shots
a) Increases by adiabatic process b) Increases by isothermal process

c) Decreases by adiabatic process d) Remains same

14. The temperature of the system decreases in the process of

a) Free expansion b) Adiabatic expansion

c) Isothermal expansion d) Isothermal compression

15. If the degree of freedom of a gas molecule be f, then the ratio of two specific heat C p /C v
is given by
a) 2 +1 b) 1− 2 c) 1+ 1 d) 1− 1

16. An ideal refrigerator has a freezer at a temperature of −13 ℃ . The coefficient of

f f f f

performance of the engine is 5. The temperature of the air (to which heat is rejected)
will be

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a) 325 ℃ b) 325 ° K c) 39 ℃ d) 320 ℃

17. Work done in the given P -V diagram in the cyclic process is

P (2P, V) (2P, 2V)

(P, V) (P, 2V)

V

a) PV b) 2 PV c) PV /2 d) 3 PV

18. In an isochoric process if T 1=27 ℃ and T 2=127 ℃, then P1 / P2 will be equal to

a) 9/59 b) 2/3 c) 3/4 d) None of these

19. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and 4 moles argon at temperature T .
Neglecting all vibrational modes, the total internal energy of the system is
a) 4 RT b) 15 RT c) 9 RT d) 11 RT

20. In figure two indicator diagrams are shown. If the amounts of work done in the two
cases are W 1 and W 2 respectively, then
A
A
p p

B B

d) Cannot say
V V
a) W =W b) W >W c) W <W

21. Air is filled in a motor tube at 27 ℃ and at a pressure of 8 atmosphere. The tube
1 2 1 2 1 2

suddenly bursts, then temperature of air is [Given γ of air = 1.5]

a) 27.5 °C b) 75 ° K c) 150 ° K d) 150 ° C

22. For adiabatic process, wrong statement is

a) dQ=0 b) dU =−dW

c) Q=¿ constant d) Entropy is not constant

23. Certain amount of an ideal gas is contained in a closed vessel. The vessel is moving with
a constant velocity v . The rise in temperature of the gas when the vessel is suddenly
stopped is ( M is molecular mass, γ =C p /C v )
2 2 2 2
a) M v (γ −1) b) M v (γ +1) c) M v d) Mv
2 Rγ 2 R (γ + 1)
24. In isochoric process
2R 2R

a) ∆ U =∆ Q b) ∆ Q=∆ W c) ∆ U =∆ W d) None of these

25. Compressed air in the tube of a wheel of a cycle at normal temperature suddenly starts
coming out from a puncture. The air inside
a) Starts becoming hotter

b) Remains at the same temperature

c) Starts becoming cooler

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d) May become hotter or cooler depending upon the amount of water vapour present

Three moles of an ideal gas C P = R at pressure P A and temperature T A is isothermally

( )
26. 7
2
expanded to twice its initial volume. It is then compressed at constant pressure to its
original volume. Finally the gas is compressed at constant volume to its original pressure
P A . The correct P-V and P-T diagrams indicating the process are
a) P b) P c) P
A
d) P
A C B A
PA PA PA PA

C B A B B
PA/2 PA/2 PA/2 C PA/2 C

VA 2VA VA 2VA TA/2 TA TA/2 TA

27. A given mass of a gas is compressed isothermally until its pressure is doubled. It is then
V V T T

allowed to expand adiabatically until its original volume is restrored and is pressure is
then found to be 0.75 of its initial pressure. The ratio of the specific heats of the gas is
approximately
a) 1.20 b) 1.41 c) 1.67 d) 1.83

28. A system is given 300 calories of heat and it does 600 joules of work. How much does the
internal energy of the system change in this process (J=4.18 joules /cal)
a) 654 joule b) 156.5 joule c) −300 joule d) −528.2 joule

29. If Q , E and W denote respectively the heat added, change in internal energy and the
work done in a closed cycle process, then
a) E=0 b) Q=0 c) W =0 d) Q=W =0

30. During the adiabatic process of a gas is found to be proportional to the cube of its
absolute temperature. The ratio C p /C v for the gas is
a) 4/3 b) 2 c) 5/3 d) 3/2

31. In Carnot engine efficiency is 40% at hot reservoir temperature T . For efficiency 50%
what will be temperature of hot reservoir?
a) T b) 2T c) 6 T d) 6 T

32. An ideal gas is taken via path ABCA as shown in figure. The net work done in the whole
5 5 5

cycle is

a) 6 P V b) Zero c) 3 P V d) −3 P V

33. 200 cal of heat is given to a heat engine so that it rejects 150 cal of heat, if source
1 1 1 1 1 1

temperature is 400 K , then the sink temperature is

a) 300 K b) 200 K c) 100 K d) 50 K

34. In an adiabatic expansion of a gas initial and final temperatures are T 1 and T 2
respectively, then the change in internal energy of the gas is

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a) R b) R (T −T ) c) R(T −T ) d) Zero
(T −T 1 ) 1 2
γ −1 2 γ −1 1 2

35. An engine has an efficiency of 1/3. the amount of work this engine can perform per
kilocalorie of heat input is
a) 1400 cal b) 700 cal c) 700 J d) 1400 J

36. A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to B along ACB and is brought back to A
along BDA as shown in the PV diagram. The net work done during the complete cycle is
given by the area
P
B
P2
C

D
P1 A

A B V

a) P ACB P P b) ACBB ' A ' A c) ACBDA d) ADBB ' A ' A

37. Which one of the following statements is true in respect of usual quantities represented
1 2 1

by ∆ Q , ∆ U and ∆ W
a) ∆ U and ∆ W are path dependent b) ∆ Q and ∆ U are path dependent

c) ∆ U does not dependent on path d) ∆ Q does not depend upon path

38. If an ideal gas is compressed isothermally then

a) No work is done against gas b) Heat is released by the gas

c) The internal energy of gas will increase d) Pressure does not change

39. In a mechanical refrigerator, the low temperature coils are at a temperature of −23 ℃
and the compressed gas in the condenser has a temperature of 27 ℃ . The theoretical
coefficient of performance is
a) 5 b) 8 c) 6 d) 6.5

40. The work done in an adiabatic change in a gas depends only on

a) Change in pressure b) Change in volume

c) Change in temperature d) None of the above

41. An engine is supposed to operate between two reservoirs at temperature 727 ℃ and
227 ℃ . The maximum possible efficiency of such an engine is
a) 1/2 b) 1/4 c) 3/4 d) 1

42. The specific heat of a gas in an isothermal process is

a) Infinite b) Zero c) Negative d) Remains constant

43. If a cylinder containing a gas at high pressure explodes, the gas undergoes

a) Reversible adiabatic change and fall of temperature

b) Reversible adiabatic change and rise of temperature

c) Irreversible adiabatic change and fall of temperature

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d) Irreversible adiabatic change and rise of temperature

44. Two soap bubbles of radii x and y coalesce to constitute a bubble of radius z. Then is
equal to
a) b) c) x + y d) x+ y
√ x 2+ y2 √ x+ y
45. For which combination of working temperatures the efficiency of Carnot’s engine is
2

highest
a) 80 K , 60 K b) 100 K , 80 K c) 60 K , 40 K d) 40 K , 20 K

46. In a cyclic process, work done by the system is

a) Zero b) Equal to heat given to the system

c) More than the heat given to system d) Independent of heat given to the system

47. In a reversible isochoric change

a) ∆ W =0 b) ∆ Q=0 c) ∆ T =0 d) ∆ U =0

48. Ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic change in its state from ( p1 V 1 T 1 ) ¿ ( p 2 , V 2 ,T 2 ) . The work
done (W) in the process is ( μ=number of molecules, C p∧C v are molar specific heats of
gas)
a) W =μC (T −T ) b) W =μC ( T −T ) c) W =μC (T +T ) d) W =μC (T +T )

49. An ideal monoatomic gas at 27 ℃ is compressed adiabatically to 8/27 times of its present
p 1 2 v 1 2 p 1 2 v 1 2

volume. The increase in temperature of the gas is

a) 375 ℃ b) 402 ℃ c) 175 ℃ d) 475 ℃

50. The change in internal energy, when a gas is cooled from 927 ℃ to 27 ℃

a) 300% b) 400% c) 200% d) 100%

51. A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in figure. The work
done by the system is
P
C B
3P0

2P0 O

P0
A D
V

d) Zero
V0 2V0

a) P V b) 2 P V c) P 0 V 0
0 0 0 0

52. A refrigerator works between temperature of melting ice and room temperature (17 ℃).
2

The amount of energy in kWh that must be supplied to freeze 1 kg of water at 0 ℃ is

a) 1.4 b) 1.8 c) 0.058 d) 2.5

53. Value of adiabatic bulk modulus of elasticity of helium at NTP is

a) 5 −2 b) −5 −2 c) 5 −2 d) −5 −2
1.01 ×10 N m 1.01 ×10 N m 1.69 ×10 N m 1.69 ×10 N m
54. Carnot cycle (reversible) of a gas represented by a Pressure-Volume curve is shown in
the diagram
Consider the following statements
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I. Area ABCD=¿ Work done on the gas
II. Area ABCD=¿ Net heat absorbed
III. Change in the internal energy in cycle = 0
Which of these are correct
P
A
B

D
C

a) I only b) II only c) II and III d) I, II and III

V

55. In a thermodynamic process, pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is changed in such a

manner that the gas molecules gives out 20 J of heat and 10 J of work is done on the gas.
If the initial internal energy of the gas was 40 J , then the final internal energy will be
a) 30 J b) 20 J c) 60 J d) 40 J

56. An ideal gas is taken from point A to the point B, as shown in the p-V diagram, keeping
the temperature constant. The work done in the process is
p
4.
0

A
pA

pB B
P

V
O VA VB V
1
a) ( p − p ) (V −V ) b) 1 ( p − p )(V +V ) c) 1 p − p (V −V ) d) 1 p + p (V −V )
A B B A B A B A ( B A) B A ( A B) B A
57. In isothermal expansion, the pressure is determined by
2 2 2

a) Temperature only b) Compressibility only

c) Both temperature and compressibility d) None of these

58. The specific heat of an ideal gas varies with temperature T as

a) 1 b) 2 c) −2 d) 0
T T T T
59. A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of 50 N /m 2 from a volume of 10 m 3 to a volume
of 4 m 3. Energy of 100 J then added to the gas by heating. Its internal energy is
a) Increased by 400 J b) Increased by 200 J c) Increased by 100 J d) Decreased by 200 J

60. The P-V diagram shows seven curved paths (connected by vertical paths) that can be
followed by a gas. Which two of them should be parts of a closed cycle if the net work
done by the gas is to be at its maximum value

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P a
b
c
d
e
f
g
V

a) ac b) cg c) af d) cd

61. Even Carnot engine cannot give 100% efficiency because we cannot

a) Prevent radiation b) Find ideal sources

c) Reach absolute zero temperature d) Eliminate friction

62. How many times a diatomic gas should be expanded adiabatically so as to reduce the
root mean square velocity to half
a) 64 b) 32 c) 16 d) 8

A Carnot engine operating between temperature T 1and T 2 has efficiency . When T 2 is

63. 1
6
lowered by 62 K, its efficiency increase to . Then T 1∧T 2 are, respectively
1

a) 372 K and 320 K b) 330 K and 268 K c) 310 K and 248 K d) 372 K and 310 K
3

64. In an adiabatic change, the pressure and temperature of a monoatomic gas are related
as p ∝T −c where c equals
a) 2 b) 5 c) 3 d) 5

65. In an isothermal change of an ideal gas, ∆ U =0 . The change in heat energy ∆ Q is equal
5 2 5 3

to
a) 0.5 W b) W c) 1.5 W d) 2 W

66. If 150 J of heat is added to a system and the work done by the system is 110 J, then
change in internal energy will be
a) 40 J b) 110 J c) 150 J d) 260 J

67. In adiabatic expansion

a) ∆ U =0 b) ∆ U =¿ negative c) ∆ U =¿ positive d) ∆ W =¿ zero

The pressure and density of a given mass of a diatomic gas γ= ( 75 ) change adiabatically
68.

from ( p , d ) to ( p ’ , d ’). If =32 ,then

d' P'
is(γ=ratio of specific heats)
a) 1/128 b) 1/64 c) 64 d) 128
d p

69. During an adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a gas, the change in internal energy was
found −50 J . The work done during the process is
a) Zero b) 100 J c) −50 J d) 50 J

70. A Carnot engine absorbs an amount Q of heat from a reservoir at an absolute

temperature T and rejects heat to a sink at a temperature T and rejects heat to a sink at
a temperature of T /3. The amount of heat rejected is

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a) Q/ 4 b) Q/3 c) Q/2 d) 2 Q/3

71. The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2240 J / g. If the work done in the process of
expansion of 1 g is 168 J , then increase in internal energy is
a) 2408 J b) 2240 J c) 2072 J d) 1904 J

72. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator work between 10 ℃ and 20 ℃ is

a) 28.3 b) 29.3 c) 2 d) Cannot be

calculated

A reversible heat engine converts th of heat it absorbs from source into work. When
73. 1

temperature of source is 600 K, temperature at which heat exhausts is

6

a) 500 K b) 100 K c) 0 K d) 600 K

74. Initial pressure and volume of a gas are P and V respectively. First it is expanded
isothermally to volume 4 V and then compressed adiabatically to volume V . The final
pressure of gas will be (given γ =3 /2)
a) 1 P b) 2 P c) 4 P d) 8 P

75. An adiabatic process occurs at constant

a) Temperature and pressure b) Heat

c) Temperature d) Pressure

76. A thermodynamical system is taken from state A to state B along ACB and is brought
back to A along BDA as shown in figure. Net work done during one complete cycle is
given by area.
p2
B
p C
p1
D
A

O X
V1 V2
V
a) ACBDA b) ACB p p A c) A V V BDA d) BD A p p B
2 1 1 2 1 2

A refrigerator with coefficient of performance releases 200 J of heat to a hot reservoir.

77. 1

Then the work done on the working substance is

3

a) 100 J b) 100 J c) 200 J d) 150 J

78. A Carnot’s engine operates with source at 127 ℃ and sink at 27 ℃ . If the source supplies
3 3

40 kJ of heat energy, the work done by the engine is

a) 30 kJ b) 10 kJ c) 4 kJ d) 1 kJ

79. An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the P−V diagram
The total work done by the gas during the cycles is

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a) PV b) 2 PV c) 4 PV d) 3 PV

80. In the following p−V diagram figure two adiabates cut two isothermals at T 1 and T 2. The
value of V b /V c is

a) ¿ V /V b) ¿ V /V c) ¿ V /V d) Cannot say

81. An ideal gas heat engine is operating between 227 ℃ and 127 ℃ . It absorbs 104 J of heat
a d a d a d

at the higher temperature. The amount of heat converted into work is

a) 2000 J b) 4000 J c) 8000 J d) 5600 J

82. The work of 146 kJ is performed in order to compress one kilo mole of a gas adiabatically
and in this process the temperature of the gas increases by 7 ℃ . The gas is
( R=8.3 J mol−1 K−1 )
a) Diatomic b) Triatomic

c) A mixture of monoatomic and diatomic d) Monoatomic

83. Initially two gas samples 1 and 2 are at the same condition. The volume of the two are
halved, one isothermally and the other adiabatically. What is the relation between the
final pressure p1∧ p2 ?
a) p = p b) p > p

d) Cannot be determined
1 2 1 2

c) p > p

84. When water is converted into ice, its entropy

2 1

a) Increases b) Decreases

c) Remains unchanged d) First decreases and then increases

85. When heat is given to a gas in an isothermal change, the result will be

a) External work done b) Rise in temperature

c) Increase in internal energy d) External work done and also rise in temp.

86. An ideal gas expands in such a manner that its pressure and volume can be related by
equation P V 2=¿ constant. During this process, the gas is
a) Heated b) Cooled

c) Neither heated nor cooled d) First heated and then cooled

87. At N.T.P. one mole of diatomic gas is compressed adiabatically to half of its volume,
γ =1.41. The work done on gas will be

P a g e | 10
a) 1280 J b) 1610 J c) 1815 J d) 2025 J

A diatomic ideal gas is compressed adiabatically to of its initial volume. In the initial
88. 1
32
temperature of the gas is T f (in kelvin) and the final temperature is T f , the value of a is
a) 4 b) 6 c) 5 d) 9

89. In the given p-V diagram, I is the initial state and F is the final state
The gas goes from I to F by
(i)IAF (ii)IBF
(iii)ICF
The heat absorbed by gas is

p
F

A B C

l
V

a) The same in all three processes b) The same in (i) and (ii)

c) Greater in (i) than in (ii) d) Greater in (iii) than in (ii)

90. When you make ice cubes, the entropy of water

a) Does not change b) Increases

c) Decreases d) May either increase or decrease

depending on the process used
91. Carbone monoxide is carried around a closed cycle abc in which bc is an isothermal
process as shown in the figure. The gas absorbs 7000 J of heat as its temperature
increases from 300 K to 1000 K in going from a to b . The quantity of heat rejected by the
gas during the process ca is
P
P2 b

a c
P1

V
V1 V2

a) 4200 J b) 5000 J c) 9000 J d) 9800 J

92. Work done by the system in closed path ABCA , is

a) Zero b) ( V −V ) (p − p ) c) ( p 2− p1 ) (V 2 −V 1) d) ( p 1+ p 1 ) (V 2−V 1 )
1 2 1 2
2 2
P a g e | 11
93. During an isothermal expansion, a confined ideal gas does −150 J of work against its
surrounding. This implies that
a) 150 J of heat has been added to the gas

b) 150 J of heat has been removed from the gas

c) 300 J of heat has been added to the gas

d) No heat is transferred because the process is isothermal

94. Value of two principle specific heats of a gas in cal ( mol K )−1 determined bt different
students are given. Which is most reliable?
a) 5, 2 b) 6, 5 c) 7, 5 d) 7, 4

95. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken through the thermodynamic states A → B → C → D via
the paths shown in the figure. If U A , U B ,U C and U D represent the internal energy of the
gas in states A , B ,C and D respectively, then which of the following is not true
A B
2P
Pressure

P C
D

T 2T
Temp.
a) U =U b) U <U c) U =U d) U >U

96. During an adiabatic expansion, the increase in volume is associated with which of the
A D B A B C C D

following possibilities w .r . t . pressure and temperature

Pressure Temperature
a) Increase b) Decrease c) Increase d) Decrease
Increase Decrease Decrease Increase
97. Which of the following processes is reversible

a) Transfer of heat by radiation b) Electrical heating of a nichrome wire

c) Transfer of heat by conduction d) Isothermal compression

98. The specific heat of hydrogen gas at constant pressure is C P =3.4 ×103 cal/kg ℃ and at
constant volume is C V =2.4 ×10 cal/kg ℃ . If one kilogram hydrogen gas is heated from
3

10 ℃ to 20 ℃ at constant pressure, the external work done on the gas to maintain it at

constant pressure is
a) 5 b) 4 c) 3 d) 3
10 cal 10 cal 10 cal 5 ×10 cal
99. The thermodynamic process in which no work is done on or by the gas is

a) Isothermal process b) Adiabatic process c) Cyclic process d) Isochoric process

100. Find the change in the entropy in the following process 100 g of ice at 0 ℃ melts when
dropped in a bucket of water at 50 ℃ (Assume temperature of water does not change)
a) −4.5 cal/ K b) + 4.5 cal/ K c) +5.4 cal/ K d) −5.4 cal/K

101. An ideal expands isothermally from a volume V 1 ¿V 2and then compressed to original
volume V 1adiabatically. Initial pressure is p1and final pressure is p3 . The total work done
is W . Then

P a g e | 12
a) p < p ,W <0 b) p > p ,W <0 c) p > p ,W >0 d) p = p , W =0

102. What is the temperature of source in Carnot cycle of 10% efficiency when heat exhausts
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1

at 270 K?
a) 400 K b) 500 K c) 300 K d) 600 K

A gas expands adiabatically at constant pressure, such that its temperature T ∝ . The
103. 1
√V .
value of C p /C v of the gas is
a) 1.30 b) 1.50 c) 1.67 d) 2.00

104. The first operation involved in a Carnot cycle is

a) Isothermal expansion b) Adiabatic expansion

c) Isothermal compression d) Adiabatic compression

105. A gas undergoes a process in which its pressure p and volume V are related as V p n=¿
constant. The bulk modulus for the gas in this process is
a) np b) 1 /n c) p d) n
p p
106. Four engines are working between the given temperatures ranges given below. For
n

which temperature range the efficiency is maximum

a) 100 K, 80 K b) 40 K, 20 K c) 60 K, 40 K d) 120 K, 100 K

107. A certain mass of gas at 273 K is expanded to 81 times its volume under adiabatic
condition. If γ =1.25 for the gas, then its final temperature is
a) −235 ℃ b) −182 ℃ c) −91 ℃ d) 0 ℃

In an adiabatic process where pressure is increased by = , then the volume

108. 2 Cp 3
% if
3 Cv 2
decreases by about
a) 4 % b) 2 % c) 4% d) 9 %

109. dU+dW=0 is valid for

9 3 4

a) Adiabatic process b) Isothermal process c) Isobaric process d) Isochoric process

110. Following figure shows an adiabatic cylindrical container of volume V 0 divided by an

adiabatic smooth piston (area of cross-section ¿ A ) in two equal parts. An ideal gas
(C P /C V =γ ) is at pressure P1 and temperature T 1 in left part and gas of pressure P2 and
temperature T 2 in right part. The piston is slowly displaced and released at a position
where it can stay in equilibrium. The final pressure of the two parts will be
(Suppose x=¿ displacement of the piston)

P1T1 P2T2

P a g e | 13
( ) ( )
γ γ
V0 V0
P1 P2
a) P b) P c) 2 d) 2
2 1

( ) ( )
γ γ
V0 V0
+ Ax + Ax
2 2
111. The ratio of specific heats of a gas is γ . The change in internal energy of one mole of the
gas, when the volume changes from V to 2V at constant pressure p is
a) γ −1 b) pV c) pV d) pV
γ −1
112. In a p−V diagram for an ideal gas (where p is along y -axis and V is along x -axis), the
pV γ

value of the ratio "slope of adiabatic curve/slope of the isothermal curve" at any point
will be (where symbols have their usual meanings).
a) 1 b) 2 c) C /C d) C /C

113. A Carnot engine is made to work between 200 ℃ and 0 ℃ first and then between 0 ℃ to
p v v p

−200 ℃ . The ratio of efficiencies of the engine in the two cases is

a) 1:2 b) 1:1 c) 1.73:1 d) 1:1.73

114. If heat given to a system is 6 kcal and work done is 6 kJ . Then change in internal energy is

a) 19.1 kJ b) 12.5 kJ c) 25 kJ d) Zero

115. When an ideal gas (γ=5 /3) is heated under constant pressure, then what percentage of
given heat energy will be utilised in doing external work
a) 40% b) 30% c) 60% d) 20%

116. A gaseous mixture contains equal number of hydrogen and nitrogen molecules. Specific
heat measurements on this mixture at temperature below 150 K would indicate the value
of γ =C p /C v for the mixture as
a) 3/2 b) 4/3 c) 5/3 d) 7/5

117. Two heat engines A and B have their sources at 1000 K and 1100 K and their sinks are
at 500 K and 400 K respectively. What is true about their efficiencies?
a) η =η b) η >η c) η <η d) Cannot say

118. Pressure-temperature relationship for an ideal gas undergoing adiabatic change is

A B A B A B

(γ=C p /C v )
P T =¿ constant =¿ constant P T =¿ constant P T =¿ constant
a) γ b) −1+γ c) γ −1 γ d) 1−γ γ
PT
119. If the amount of heat given to a system is 35 J and the amount of work done on the
system is 15 J , then the change in internal energy of the system is
a) −50 J b) 20 J c) 30 J d) 50 J

120. Which of the following can not determine the state of a thermodynamic system

a) Pressure and volume b) Volume and temperature

c) Temperature and pressure d) Any one of pressure, volume or

temperature
121. A Carnot engine has same efficiency between (i) 100 K and 500 K, (ii) T K and 900 K.
The value of T is
a) 180 K b) 90 K c) 270 K d) 360 K

122. An ideal heat engine working between temperature T 1 and T 2 has an efficiency η , the

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new efficiency if both the source and sink temperature are doubled, will be
a) η b) η c) 2 η d) 3 η

123. A thermodynamic system is taken through the cycle PQRSP process. The net work done
2

by the system is
P
S R
200 Kpa

100 Kpa Q
P
V
100 cc 300 cc
a) 20 J b) −20 J c) 400 J d) −374 J

124. In which of the processes, does the internal energy of the system remain constant?

a) Adiabatic b) Isochoric c) Isobaric d) Isothermal

125. A system performs work ∆ W when an amount of heat is ∆ Q added to the system, the
corresponding change in the internal energy is ∆ U . A unique function of the initial and
final states (irrespective of the mode of change) is
a) ∆ Q b) ∆ W c) ∆ U and∆ Q d) ∆ U

An ideal gas at 27 ℃ is compressed adiabatically to of its original volume. If γ = ,

126. 8 5

then the rise in temperature is

27 3

a) 450 K b) 375 K c) 225 K d) 405 K

127. If 70 cal of heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal gas at
constant pressure from 30 ℃ to 35 ℃ , then the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of same gas through same range at constant volume is
a) 50 cal b) 70 cal c) 60 cal d) 65 cal

128. Graph of isometric process is

a) b) c) d)

129. A cylinder fitted with a piston contains 0.2 moles of air at temperature 27 ℃ . The piston is
pushed so slowly that the air within the cylinder remains in thermal equilibrium with the
surroundings. Find the approximate work done by the system if the final volume is twice
the initial volume
a) 543 J b) 345 J c) 453 J d) 600 J

130. A perfect gas goes from state A to state B by absorbing 8 ×10 5 J of heat and doing
6.5 ×10 J of external work. It is now transferred between the same two states in another
5

process in which it absorbs 105 J of heat. In the second process,

a) Work done on gas is 5 J b) Work done on gas is 5
10 0 .5 ×10 J
c) Work done by gas is 5 J d) Work done by gas 5
10 0 .5 ×10 J
131. Work done by 0.1 mole of a gas at 27 ℃ to double its volume at constant pressure is
−1 −1
( R=2 calmo l ° C )
P a g e | 15
a) 54 cal b) 600 cal c) 60 cal d) 546 cal

132. In the P-V diagram shown in figure ABC is a semicircle. The work done in the process
ABC is

a) Zero

b) π atm−¿
2
c) −π
atm−¿
2
d) 4 atm−¿

133. For an ideal gas, in an isothermal process

a) Heat content remains constant b) Heat content and temperature remain

constant
c) Temperature remains constant d) None of the above

134. A thermodynamic process in which temperature T of the system remains constant

though other variable P and V may change, is called
a) Isochoric process b) Isothermal process c) Isobaric process d) None of these

135. If amount of heat given to a system be 50 J and work done on the system be 15 J, then
change in internal energy of the system is
a) 35 J b) 50 J c) 65 J d) 15 J

136. If heat Q is added reversibly to a system at temperature T and heat Q ' is taken away
from it reversibly at temperature T ' , then which one of the following is correct
' '
a) Q Q b) Q Q
− =0 − >0
T T T T
=¿ change in internal energy of the
'
' Q Q
c) Q − Q < 0 d) −
system
T T
T T
137. 500 J of heat energy is removed from 4 moles of a monoatomic ideal gas at constant
volume. The temperature drops by
a) 40 ℃ b) 30 ℃ c) 10 ℃ d) 0 ℃

138. First law of thermodynamics is based on

a) Law of conservation of momentum b) Law of conservation of energy

c) Law of conservation of charge d) None of the above

139. A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 1/6. When temperature of sink is reduced by 62 ℃,
its efficiency is doubled. Temperature of source and sink are,

P a g e | 16
a) 99 ℃ , 37 ℃ b) 124 ℃ , 62 ℃ c) 37 ℃ , 99 ℃ d) 62 ℃ , 124 ℃

140. Two kg of water is converted into steam by boiling at atmospheric pressure. The volume
changes from 2 ×10−3 m3 to 3.34 m3. The work done by the system is about
a) −340 kJ b) −170 kJ c) 170 kJ d) 340 kJ

141. One mole of a gas enclosed in a vessel is heated at constant pressure 1 K. Work done by
the gas is
a) 1 J b) 1 J c) R J d) None of these

142. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in succession. The first one, A receives heat
R

from a source at T 1=800 K and rejects to sink at T 2 K . The second engine B receives heat
rejected by the first engine and rejects to another sink at T 3=300 K . If the work outputs
of two engines are equal, then the value of T 2 is
a) 100 K b) 300 K c) 550 K d) 700 K

143. A monoatomic gas of n -moles is heated from temperature T 1 to T 2 under two different
conditions (i) at constant volume and (ii) at constant pressure. The change in internal
energy of the gas is
a) More for (i) b) More for (ii)

c) Same in both cases d) Independent of number of moles

144. A gas expands 0.25 m3 at constant pressure 103 N /m2, the work done is

a) 2.5 ergs b) 250 J c) 250 W d) 250 N

145. For one complete cycle of a thermodynamic process on a gas as shown in the P-V
diagram. Which of following is correct
P

O V

a) ∆ E b) ∆ E c) ∆ E d) ∆ E
∫ ¿=0 , Q< 0 ¿ ∫ ¿=0 , Q> 0 ¿ ∫ ¿>0 ,Q <0 ¿ ∫ ¿<0 ,Q >0 ¿
146. A mono atomic gas is supplied the heat Q very slowly keeping the pressure constant. The
work done by the gas will be
a) 2 Q b) 3 Q c) 2 Q d) 1 Q

147. A system is provided with 200 cal of heat and the work done by the system on the
3 5 5 5

surrounding is 40 J. Then its internal energy

a) Increases by 600 J b) Decreases by 800 J c) Increases by 800 J d) Decreases by 50 J

148. 5 mole of an ideal gas with (γ=7 /5) initially at STP are compressed adiabatically so that
its temperature becomes 400 ℃ . The increase in the internal energy of gas in kJ is
a) 21.55 b) 41.55 c) 65.55 d) 50.55

149. In an isothermal process the volume of an ideal gas is halved. One can say that

a) Internal energy of the system decreases b) Work done by the gas is positive

P a g e | 17
c) Work done by the gas is negative d) Internal energy of the system increases

150. The volume of an ideal gas is 1 litre and its pressure is equal to 72 cm of mercury column.
The volume of gas is made 900 c m3 by compressing it isothermally. The stress of the gas
will be
a) 8 cm (mercury) b) 7 cm (mercury) c) 6 cm (mercury) d) 4 cm (mercury)

151. A scientist says that the efficiency of his heat engine which operates at source
temperature 127 ℃ and sink temperature 27 ℃ is 26%, then
a) It is impossible b) It is possible but less probable

c) It is quite probable d) Data is incomplete

152. A gas under constant pressure of 4.5 × 105 Pa when subjected to 800 kJ of heat changes
the volume from 0.5 m 3 to 2.0 m 3. The change in the internal energy of the gas is
a) 5 b) 5 c) 5 d) 5
6.75 ×10 J 5.25 ×10 J 3.25 ×10 J 1.25 ×10 J
153. A gas expands with temperature according to the relation V =k T 2 /3
. Calculate work done
when the temperature changes by 60K?
a) 10 R b) 30 R c) 40 R d) 20 R

154. A gas is expanded from volume V 0 to 2 V 0 under three different processes, in figure
process 1 is isobaric process, process 2 is isothermal and process 3 is adiabatic. Let
∆ U 1 , ∆ U 2 and ∆ U 3 be the change in internal energy of the gas in these three processes.
Then

1
p0
p 2

3
V0 V 2V 2

a) ∆ U > ∆ U >∆ U b) ∆ U < ∆ U <∆ U c) ∆ U < ∆ U >∆ U d) ∆ U < ∆ U <∆ U

155. Efficiency of Carnot engine is 100% if

1 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 1

a) T =273 K b) T =0 K c) T =273 K d) T =0 K

156. Three samples of the same gas A , B and C (γ =3 /2) have initially equal volume. Now the
2 2 1 1

volume of each sample is doubled. The process is adiabatic for A isobaric for B and
isothermal for C . If the final pressure are equal for all three samples, the ratio of their
initial pressures are
a) b) c) d)
2 √ 2:2 :1 2 √ 2:1 :2 √ 2:1 :2 2 :1: √ 2
157. The internal energy of an ideal gas depends upon

a) Specific volume b) Pressure c) Temperature d) Density

For an adiabatic expansion of a perfect gas, the value of is equal to

158. ∆P
P
a) −√ γ ∆ V b) −∆ V c) −γ ∆ V d) −γ 2 ∆ V
V V V V
159. Unit mass of a liquid volume V 1is completely charged into a gas of volume V 2at a
constant external pressure p and temperature T. If the latent heat of evaporation for the

P a g e | 18
given mass is L, then the increase in the internal energy of the system is
a) Zero b) p(V −V ) c) L− p(V −V ) d) L

160. A Carnot engine working between 450 K and 600 K has a work output of 300 J/cycle. The
2 1 2 1

amount of heat energy supplied to the engine from the source in each cycle is
a) 400 J b) 800 J c) 1600 J d) 1200 J

161. A thermodynamical system is changed from state ( p1 V 1 ) ¿ ( p2 ,V 2 ) by two different

processes, the quantity which will remain same will be
a) Δ Q b) Δ W c) Δ Q+ Δ W d) Δ Q−Δ W

162. One mole of O 2 gas having a volume equal to 22.4 litres at 0 ℃ and 1 atmospheric pressure
in compressed isothermally so that its volume reduces to 11.2litres . The work done in this
process is
a) 1672.5 J b) 1728 J c) −1728 J d) −1572.5 J

163. When the amount of work done is 333 cal and change in internal energy is 167 cal , then
the heat supplied is
a) 166 cal b) 333 cal c) 500 cal d) 400 cal

164. An insulated container of gas has two chambers separated by an insulating partition.
One of the chambers has volume V 1and contains ideal gas at pressure p1and temperature
T 1. The other chamber has volume V 2and contains ideal gas at pressure p2and
temperature T 2. If the partition is removed without doing any work on the gas, the final
equilibrium temperature of the gas in the container will be
a) T 1 T 2 ( p1 V 1+ p 2 V 2 ) b) p 1 V 1 T 1 + p2 V 2 T 2 c) p 1 V 1 T 2 + p2 V 2 T 1 d) T 1 T 2 ( p1 V 1+ p 2 V 2 )
p1 V 1 T 2+ p 2 V 2 T 1 p 1 V 1 + p2 V 2 p 1 V 1 + p2 V 2 p1 V 1 T 1+ p 2 V 2 T 2
165. The temperature of reservoir of Carnot’s engine operating with an efficiency of 70% is
1000 K . The temperature of its sink is
a) 300 K b) 400 K c) 500 K d) 700 K

166. In thermodynamic processes which of the following statements is not true

a) In an adiabatic process the system is insulated from the surroundings

b) In an isochoric process pressure remains constant

c) In an isothermal process the temperature remains constant

d) In an adiabatic process
P V =¿ constant
γ

167. A sample of ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as shown in the figure.
The work done during the cycle is
B (4p, 3V )

A C
(p, V ) (p. 3V )

a) 3pV b) Zero c) 9pv d) 6pv

V

168. A Carnot engine works between 600 K and 300 K. In each cycle of operation, the engine
P a g e | 19
draws 1000 J of heat energy from the source. The efficiency of the engine is
a) 50% b) 70% c) 20% d) 80%

169. Temperature is a measurement of coldness or hotness of an object. This definition is

based on
a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics b) First law of thermodynamics

c) Second law of thermodynamics d) Newton’s law of cooling

170. Figure shown four thermodynamical process to which a gas sample may be subjected.
The isobaric and isothermal curves are
y
IV
p
III
II
I

a) IV and III b) II and IV c) I and III d) II and III

V

171. If a Carnot’s engine functions at source temperature 127 ℃ and at sink temperature
87 ℃ , what is its efficiency
a) 10% b) 25% c) 40% d) 50%

172. An ideal gas of mass m in a state A goes to another state B via three different processes
as shown in figure. If Q 1 ,Q 2 and Q 3 denote the heat absorbed by the gas along the three
paths, then
P A

3
2
1

B
V

a) Q <Q <Q b) Q <Q =Q c) Q =Q >Q d) Q >Q >Q

173. Choose the incorrect statement from the following

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

S1 : The efficiency of a heat engine can be 1, but the coefficient of performance of a

refrigerator can never be infinity
S2 : The first law of thermodynamics is basically the principle of conservation of energy
S3 : The second law of thermodynamics does not allow several phenomena consistent
with the first law
S4 : A process, whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a hotter
object is impossible
a) S1 b) S3 c) S2 d) S4

174. An engineer claims to have made an engine delivering 10 kW power with fuel
consumption of 1 g /s . The calorific value of the fuel is 2 kcal/ g. Is the claim of the
engineer
a) Valid b) Invalid

c) Depends on engine design d) Depends of the load

175. In the following P -V diagram two adiabatics cut two isothermals at temperatures T 1 and

T 2 (fig.). The value of will be

Va
Vd

P a g e | 20
P

a b T1
d c
T2

Va Vd Vb Vc V

a) V b b) V c c) V d d) V V
b c
Vc Vb Va
176. A thermally insulated container is divided into two parts by a screen. In one part the
pressure and temperature are P and T for an ideal gas filled. In the second part it is
vacuum. If now a small hole is created in the screen, then the temperature of the gas will
a) Decrease b) Increase c) Remain same d) None of the above

177. The ratio of specific heat of a gas at constant pressure to that at constant volume is γ .
The change in internal energy of one mole of gas when volume change from V to 2 V at
constant pressure p is
a) R/(γ −1) b) pV c) pV /(γ −1) d) γ V
γ −1
178. 1 c m of water at its boiling point absorbs 540 cal of heat to become steam with a volume
3

and the mechanical equivalent of heat ¿ 4. 19 Jca l −1 , the energy spend in

5 −2

this process in overcoming intermolecular forces is

¿ 1.013 ×10 N m

a) 540 cal b) 40 cal c) 500 cal d) Zero

179. Three designs are proposed for an engine operating between 500 K and 300 K. For 1
kcal of heat input, design A claims to produce 3000 J of work, design B claims to
produce 2000 J of work and design C claims to produce 1680 J of work. The design
which is possible
a) A only b) B only c) C only d) All of these

180. Heat is supplied to a diatomic gas at constant pressure. The ratio of ∆ Q : ∆U : ∆ W is

a) 5 : 3 : 2 b) 5 : 2 : 3 c) 7 : 5 : 2 d) 7 : 2 : 5

181. If AB is an isothermal, BC is an isochoric and AC is an adiabatic, which of the graph

correctly represents then in figure

a) b) c) d)

182. Which is incorrect

a) In an isobaric process, ∆ P=0 b) In an isochoric process, ∆ W =0

c) In an isothermal process, ∆ T =0 d) In an isothermal process, ∆ Q=0

183. The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator working between 30 ℃ and 0 ℃ is

a) 10 b) 1 c) 9 d) 0

184. In pressure-volume diagram given below, the isochoric, isothermal, and isobaric parts
respectively, are

P a g e | 21
P A B

D
V
a) BA , AD , DC b) DC , CB, BA c) AB , BC , CD d) CD , DA , AB

185. In which process the PV indicator diagram is a straight line parallel to volume axis

a) Isothermal b) Isobaric c) Irreversible d) Adiabatic

186. The specific heat capacity of a metal at low temperature (T ) is given as

. A 100 g vessel of this metal is to be cooled from 20 K to 4 K by

( )
3
T
C p ( kJ K k g ) =32
−1 −1
400
a special refrigerator operating at room temperature ( 27 ℃ ) . The amount of work
required to cool the vessel is
a) Equal to 0.002 KJ b) Greater than 0.148 kJ

c) Between 0.148 kJ and 0.028 kJ d) Less than 0.028 kJ

187. An ideal gas has volume V 0 at 27 ℃ . It is heated at constant pressure so that its volume
becomes 2 V 0. The final temperature is
a) 54 ℃ b) 32.6 ℃ c) 327 ℃ d) 150 K

188. When an ideal monoatomic gas is heated at constant pressure, fraction of heat energy
supplied which increases the internal energy of gas is
a) 2/5 b) 3/5 c) 3/7 d) 3/4

189. A diatomic gas initially at 18 ℃ is compressed adiabatically to one-eighth of its original

volume. The temperature after compression will be
a) 10 ℃ b) 887 ℃ c) 668 K d) 144 ℃

190. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken around the cycle ABCD as shown in the p-V diagram.
The work done during the cycle is given by
p
2 p,V 2p,2V

B C

A D
p, V p. 2V

a) 1 pV b) pV c) 2 pV d) 4 pV

191. When heat in given to a gas in an isobaric process, then

2

a) The work is done by the gas b) Internal energy of the gas increases

c) Both (a) and (b) d) None from (a) and (b)

192. Work done per mol in an isothermal change is

a) RT log V 2 b) RT log V 1 c) RT log V 2 d) RT log V 1

10 10 e e
V1 V2 V1 V2
P a g e | 22
193. Two samples A and B of a gas initially at the same pressure and temperature are
compressed from volume V to V /2 (A isothermally and adiabatically). The final pressure
of A is
a) Greater than the final pressure of B b) Equal to the final pressure of B

c) Less than the final pressure of B d) Twice the final pressure of B

194. An ideal gas at a pressure 1 atm and temperature of 27 ℃ is compressed adiabatically

until its pressure becomes 8 times the initial pressures. Then the final temperature is

( γ= 32 )
a) 627 ℃ b) 527 ℃ c) 427 ℃ d) 327 ℃

195. A Carnot cycle has the reversible processes in the following order

a) Isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression and adiabatic

compression
b) Isothermal compression, adiabatic expansion, isothermal expansion and adiabatic
compression
c) Isothermal expansion, adiabatic compression, isothermal compression and adiabatic
expansion
d) Adiabatic expansion, isothermal expansion, adiabatic compression and isothermal
compression
196. A diatomic ideal gas is used in a car engine as the working substance. If during the
adiabatic expansion part of the cycle, volume of the gas increases from V to 32 V . The
efficiency of the engine is
a) 0.5 b) 0.75 c) 0.99 d) 0.25

197. In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the gas in one cycle is
P
7P1

P1
V
V1 4V1
a) 28 P V b) 14 P V c) 18 P V d) 9 P V

198. The pressure inside a tyre is 4 atm at 27 ℃ . If the tyre burts suddenly, new temperature
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

will be (γ=7 /5)

a) 7 /2 b) 2/ 7 c) 7 /2 d) −2 /7
300 ( 4 ) 300 ( 4 ) 300 ( 2 ) 300 ( 4 )
199. When an ideal gas in a cylinder was compressed isothermally by a piston, the work done
on the gas was found to be 1.5 ×10 4 joules. During this process about
a) 3
of heat flowed out from the gas b)
3.6 ×10 cal
3
of heat flowed into the gas
3.6 ×10 cal

1.5 ×10 cal of heat flowed into the gas 1.5 ×10 cal of heat flowed out from the gas
c) 4 d) 4

200. The temperature of a hypothetical gas increases to √ 2 times when compressed

adiabatically to half the volume. Its equation can be written as
P V =¿ constant P V =¿ constant P V =¿ constant P V =¿ constant
a) 3/ 2 b) 5/ 2 c) 7 /3 d) 4 /3

201. In an isothermal change, an ideal gas obeys

P a g e | 23
a) Boyle’s law b) Charle’s law c) Gaylussac law d) None of the above

202. In a thermodynamic system working substance is ideal gas, its internal energy is in the
form of
a) Kinetic energy only b) Kinetic and potential energy

c) Potential energy d) None of these

203. One mole of an ideal gas requires 207 J heat to raise the temperature by 1K, when
heated at constant pressure. If the same gas is heated at constant volume to raise the
temperature by the same range, the heat required will be (Take R=8.3 Jmo l−1 K −1)
a) 215.3 J b) 198.7 J c) 207 J d) None of these

204. In the diagram (i) to (iv) of variation of volume with changing pressure is shown. A gas is
taken along the path ABCD . The change in internal energy of the gas will be
V D V
C D C

A A B
B
(i) P (ii) P
D C V D
V C

A
A B B

P (iv) P

a) Positive in all cases (i) to (iv)

(iii)

b) Positive in cases (i), (ii) and (iii) but zero in (iv) case

c) Negative in cases (i), (ii) and (iii) but zero in (iv) case

d) Zero in all four cases

205. Efficiency of a Carnot engine is 50% when temperature of outlet is 500 K . In order to
increase efficiency up to 60% keeping temperature of intake the same what is
temperature of outlet
a) 200 K b) 400 K c) 600 K d) 800 K

206. The efficiency of Carnot’s heat engine is 0.5, when the temperature of the source is T 1
and that of sink is T 2 .The efficiency of anther Carnot’s heat engine is also 0.5. The
temperature of source and sink of the second engine are respectively
a) 2 T , 2T b) T2 c) T +5 , T −5 d) T +10 , T −10
1 2 2 T1 , 1 2 1 2

207. A litre of dry air at STP allowed to expand to a volume of 3 L under adiabatic conditions.
2

If γ =1.40 , the work done is (31.4 =4.6555)

a) 48 J b) 60.7 J c) 90.5 J d) 100.8 J

208. We consider a thermodynamic system. If ∆ U represents the increase in its internal

energy and W the work done by the system, which of the following statements is true?
a) ∆ U =−W in an adiabatic process b) ∆ U =W in an isothermal process

P a g e | 24
c) ∆ U =−W in an isothermal process d) ∆ U =W in an adiabatic process

209. By opening the door of a refrigerator inside a closed room, the room temperature

a) Remains constant b) Decreases c) Increases d) None of these

210. In the following figure, four curves A, B, C and D are shown. The curves are

p p
C
B
D

a) Isothermal for A and D while adiabatic for B and C

V V

b) Adiabatic for A and C while isothermal for B and D

c) Isothermal for A and B while adiabatic for C and D

d) Isothermal for A and C while adiabatic for B and D

211. During adiabatic expansion of 10 moles of a gas, the internal energy decreases by 50 J.
Work done during the process is
a) +50 J b) −50 J c) Zero d) Cannot say

212. For which of the following processes is the entropy change zero

a) Isobaric b) Isothermal c) Adiabatic d) None of the above

For adiabatic processes γ= ( )

213. Cp
Cv

P V =¿ constant T V =¿ constant =¿ constant T V =¿ constant

a) γ b) γ c) γ−1 d) γ
TV
214. The change in the entropy of a 1 mole of an ideal gas which went through an isothermal
process from an initial state ( p1 ,V 1 , T ) to the final state ( p2 , V 2 , T )is equal to
a) Zero b) R∈T c) R∈ V 1 d) R∈ V 2
V2 V1
215. In an adiabatic change, the pressure and temperature of monoatomic gas are related
with relation p ∝T c ,where C is equal to
a) 5 b) 5 c) 5 d) 3

216. The radio of the slopes of p−V graphs of adiabatic and isothermal is
4 3 2 5

a) γ −1 b) γ −1 c) γ /1 d) γ

217. If 300 ml of a gas at 27 ℃ is cooled to 7 ℃ at constant pressure, then its final volume will
γ

be
a) 540 ml b) 350 ml c) 280 ml d) 135 ml

218. A Carnot engine whose sink is at 300 K has an efficiency of 40%. By how much should
the temperature of source be increased so as to increase its efficiency by 50% of original
efficiency?
a) 280 K b) 275 K c) 325 K d) 250 K

P a g e | 25
219. An ideal heat engine exhausting heat at 27 ℃ is to have 25% efficiency. It must take heat
at
a) 127 ℃ b) 227 ℃ c) 327 ℃ d) None of these

220. A gas expands under constant pressure P from volume V 1 to V 2. The work done by the
gas is
a) P(V −V ) b) P(V −V ) c) P(V γ−V γ ) d) P V 1 V 2
2 1 1 2 1 2
V 2 −V 1
221. For an engine operating between t 1 ℃ and t 2 ℃ , the efficiency will be

a) t 1 b) 1− t 2 c) t 1−t 2 d) t 1−t 2
t2 t1 t2 t 1 +273
222. A thermally insulated vessel contains an ideal gas of molecular mass M and ratio of
specific heats γ . It is moving with speed v and is suddenly brought to rest. Assuming no
heat is lost to the surroundings, its temperature increases by
a) (γ −1) M v 2
2
b) ( γ−1) M v 2 c) γM v d) ( γ−1) M v 2
2 ( γ +1 ) R 2 γR 2R
223. If γ denotes the ratio of two specific heats of a gas, the ratio of slopes of adiabatic and
2R

isothermal PV curves at their point of intersection is

a) 1/γ b) γ c) γ −1 d) γ +1

224. In the adiabatic compression, the decrease in volume is associated with

a) Increase in temperature and decrease in pressure

b) Decrease in temperature and increase in pressure

c) Decrease in temperature and decrease in pressure

d) Increase in temperature and increase in pressure

225. When a system is taken from state i to state f along the path iaf , it is found that Q=50 cal
and W=20 cal. Along the path ibf , Q=36 cal. W along the path ibf is
a f

i b

a) 6 cal b) 16 cal c) 66 cal d) 14 cal

For an isothermal expansion of a perfect gas, the value of is equal

226. ∆P
P
a) −γ 1 /2 ∆ V b) −∆ V c) −γ ∆ V d) −γ 2 ∆ V

227. During an adiabatic process, the pressure p of a fixed mass of an ideal gas changes by
V V V V

∆ p and its volume V changes ∆ V . If γ =C p /C v, then ∆ V /V is given by

a) −∆ p b) −γ ∆ p c) −∆ p d) −∆ p
2
p p γp
228. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle A → B → C → A as shown in figure. If the net heat
γ p

supplied to the gas in cycle is 5J, work done by the gas in the process C → A

P a g e | 26
a) −5 J b) −10 J c) −15 J d) −20 J

229. The efficiency of a Carnot engine working between 800 K and 500 K is

a) 0.4 b) 0.625 c) 0.375 d) 0.5

230. When a small amount of heat ∆ Q is added to an enclosed gas, then increase in internal
energy and external work done are related as
a) m C ∆ T =Q+ p ∆ V b) ∆ Q=mC ∆ T + p ∆ V c) m C =∆ Q+ p ∆ V d) ∆ Q=mC ∆ T + p ∆V

231. C v ∧C p denote the molar specific heat capacities of a gas at constant volume and
v v v p

constant pressure, respectively. Then

a) C −C is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
p v

b) C + C is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
p v

c) C p is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
Cv
d) C . C is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas

232. The adiabatic elasticity of hydrogen gas (γ=1.4 ) at NTP is

p v

a) 5 2 b) −8 2 c) 2 d) 5 2
1 ×10 N /m 1 ×10 N /m 1.4 N /m 1.4 × 10 N /m
233. Which statement is incorrect

a) All reversible cycles have same efficiency

b) Reversible cycle has more efficiency than an irreversible one

c) Carnot cycle is a reversible one

d) Carnot cycle has the maximum efficiency in all cycles

234. If for hydrogen C p−C v =m and for the nitrogen C p−C v =n , where C p ,C v refer to specific
heats per unit mass respectively at constant pressure and constant volume, the relation
between m and n is
a) m=14 n b) n=7 n c) m=7 n d) n=14 n

If γ =2.5 and volume is equal to times to the initial volume then pressure P is equal to
235. 1

(initial pressure ¿ P)
8

a) ' b) P '=2 P c) ' 15 /2 d) '

P =P P =P × ( 2 ) P =7 P
236. What is the value of sink temperature when efficiency of engine is 100%?

a) Zero b) 300 K c) 273 K d) 400 K

237. One mole of an ideal gas expands adiabatically from an initial temperature T 1 to a final

P a g e | 27
temperature T 2.The work done by the gas would be
a) ( C −C ) (T −T ) b) C (T −T ) c) C (T −T ) d) ( C −C ) (T + T )

238. In the indicator diagram T a ,T b ,T c ,T d represent temperature of gas at A , B ,C , D

p v 1 2 p 1 2 v 1 2 p v 1 2

respectively. Which of the following is correct relation?

a) T =T =T =T b) T ≠ T ≠ T ≠ T

d) None of these
a b c d a b c d

c) T =T and T =T
a b c d

A gas for which γ =1.5 is suddenly compressed to the th of the initial volume. Then the
239. 1

ratio of the final to the initial pressure is

4

a) 1 :6 b) 1 :8 c) 1 :4 d) 8 :1

240. P-V diagram of an ideal gas is as shown in figure. Work done by the gas in process ABCD
is
P

C D
2P0

P0
B A
V
V0 2V0 3V0

a) 4 P V b) 2 P V c) 3 P V d) P V

241. A refrigerator absorbs 2000 cals of heat from ice trays. If the coefficient of performance is
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4, then work done by the motor is

a) 2100 J b) 4200 J c) 8400 J d) 500 J

242. In the certain process, 400 cal of heat are supplied to a system and at the same time 105
J of mechanical work was done on the system. The increase in its internal energy is
a) 20 cal b) 303 cal c) 404 cal d) 425 cal

243. The isothermal Bulk modulus of an ideal gas at pressure P is

a) P b) γP c) P/2 d) P/γ

244. A Carnot's engine works between a source at a temperature of 27 ℃ and a sink at

−123 ℃. Its efficiency is
a) 0.5 b) 0.25 c) 0.75 d) 0.4

245. A container of volume 1 m3 is divided into two equal compartments by a partition. One of
these compartments contains an ideal gas at 300 K . The other compartment is vacuum.
The whole system is thermally isolated from its surroundings. The partition is removed
and the gas expands to occupy the whole volume of the container. Its temperature now
would be
a) 300 K b) 239 K c) 200 K d) 100 K

246. A container that suits the occurrence of an isothermal process should be made of

P a g e | 28
a) Copper b) Glass c) Wood d) Cloth

247. A Carnot engine whose source is at 400 K take 200 cal of heat and rejects 150 cal to the
sink. What is the temperature of the sink?
a) 800 K b) 400 K c) 300 K d) Cannot say

248. A sample of an ideal gas is taken through a cycle a shown in figure. It absorbs 50 J of
energy during the process AB, no heat during BC , rejects 70 J during CA . 40 J of work is
done on the gas during BC . Internal energy of gas at A is 1500 J , the internal energy at C
would be
P B

C A
V

a) 1590 J b) 1620 J c) 1540 J d) 1570 J

249. The change in internal energy of a given mass of gas, when its volume changes from V to
2V at constant pressure p is ¿ universal gas constant=R)
pV pV
a) pV b) c) d) pV
γ (2 γ −1) 2(γ −1) ( γ −1 )
250. A perfect gas contained in a cylinder is kept in vacuum. If the cylinder suddenly bursts,
then the temperature of the gas
a) Remains constant b) Becomes zero c) Increases d) Decreases

251. If R=¿ universal gas constant, the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 2
mole of an ideal monoatomic gas from 273 K and 373 K when no work is done
a) 100 R b) 150 R c) 300 R d) 500 R

252. Which of the following graphs correctly represents the variation of β=−(dV /dP)V with P
for an ideal gas at constant temperature
a) b) c) d)

P P

253. In changing the state of a gas adiabatically from an equilibrium state A to another
P P

equilibrium state B, an amount of work equal to 22.3 J is done on the system. If the gas is
taken from state A to B via a process in which the net heat absorbed by the system is
9.35 calories, the net work done by the system in latter case will be
a) 5.9 J b) 16.9 J c) 9.3 J d) 4.6 J

254. An ideal gas expands isothermally from a volume V 1 to V 2 and then compressed to
original volume V 1 adiabatically. Initial pressure is p1 and final pressure is p3. Total work
done is W . Then
a) p > p ; W >0 b) p < p ; W <0 c) p > p ; W <0 d) p = p ; W =0

255. N moles of an ideal diatomic gas are in a cylinder at temperature T . Suppose on

3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1

supplying heat to the gas, its temperature remains constant but n moles get dissociated
into atoms. Heat supplied to the gas is
a) Zero b) 1 c) 3 d) 3
nRT nRT ( N−n ) RT
2 2 2
P a g e | 29
256. In a thermodynamic process pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is changed in such a
manner that the gas releases 30 joules of heat and 10 joules of work was done on the gas.
If the initial internal energy of the gas was 30 joules , then the final internal energy will be
a) 2 J b) −18 J c) 10 J d) 58 J

257. An ideal gas expands along the path AB as shown in the p-V diagram. The work done is
p (Pa)

B
8

4
A

O V (m3)
0.3 0.5

a) 4 b) 5 c) 5 d) None of the above

4 ×10 J 1.2 ×10 J 2.4 × 10 J
258. A refrigerator works between temperature of melting ice and room temperature (17 ℃).
The amount of energy in kWh that must be supplied to freeze 1 kg of water at0 ℃ is
a) 1.4 b) 1.8 c) 0.058 d) 2.5

259. The pressure and density of a diatomic gas (γ=7 /5) change from ( p , ρ) to ¿ during an

adiabatic change. If =32 , value of is

' '
ρ p

a) 32 b) 1/32 c) 128 d) 1/128

ρ p

260. An ideal gas is subjected to cyclic process involving four thermodynamic states, the
amounts of heat (Q) and work (W) involved in each of these states
Q1=6000 J , Q2=−5500 J ,Q3 =−3000 J ,Q 4=3500 J
W 1=2500 J , W 2=−1000 J , W 3 =−1200 J , W 4=xJ
The ratio of the net work done by the gas to the total heat absorbed by the gas is η . The
values of x and η respectively are
a) 500; 7.5% b) 700; 10.5% c) 1000; 21% d) 1500; 15%

261. If the door of a refrigerator is kept open, then which of the following is true

a) Room is cooled b) Room is heated

c) Room is either cooled or heated d) Room is neither cooled nor heated

262. A Carnot engine whose efficiency is 40%, receives heat at 500 K. If the efficiency is to be
50%, the source temperature for the same exhaust temperature is
a) 900 K b) 600 K c) 700 K d) 800 K

263. An engine takes in compressed steam at 127 ℃ and rejects it at 47 ℃ . Efficiency of the
engine is
a) 60% b) 35% c) 20% d) 40%

264. Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons, contains equal number of moles of an ideal
monoatomic gas at 400 K. The piston of A is free to move while that of B is held fixed.
Same amount of heat energy is given to the gas in each cylinder. If the rise in
temperature of the gas in A is 42 K, the rise in temperature of the gas in B is (γ=5 /3)

P a g e | 30
a) 25.2 K b) 35 K c) 42 K d) 70 K

265. In an adiabatic process 90 J of work is done on the gas. The change in internal energy of
the gas is
a) −90 J b) +90 J

c) 0 J d) Depends on initial temperature

266. If the heat 110 J is added to a gaseous system and it acquires internal energy of 40 J,
then the amount of internal work done is
a) 40 J b) 70 J c) 150 J d) 110 J

267. A measure of the degree of disorder of a system is known as

a) Isobaric b) Isotropy c) Enthalpy d) Entropy

268. A thermodynamic system is taken through the cycle ABCD as shown in figure. Heat
rejected by the gas during the cycle is

a) 2 PV b) 4 PV c) 1 PV d) PV
2
269. Pressure p, volume V and temperature T of a certain material are related by p=α T 2 /V ,
where α is constant. Work done by the material when temperature changes from T 2 to
2 T 0 and pressure remains constant is
a) 3 α T 2 b) 5 α T 2 c) 3 α T 2 d) 7 α T 2
0 0 0 0

270. An ideal gas is allowed to expand freely against a vacuum in a rigid insulated container.
2

The gas undergoes

a) An increase in its internal energy b) A decrease in its internal energy

c) Neither an increase nor a decrease in its d) A decrease in temperature

temperature or internal energy
271. When gas in a vessel expands its internal energy decreases. The process involved is

a) Isothermal b) Isobaric c) Adiabatic d) Isochoric

272. Which of the following is unique function of initial and final states?

a) dQ b) dW c) dU d) ∆ Q∧∆ W

273. A cyclic process for 1 mole of an ideal gas is shown in figure in the V -T , diagram. The
work done in AB , BC and CA respectively
V
C
V2

V1 A
B

O T
T1 T2

P a g e | 31
2 ( )
a) 0 , R T ln V 1 , R(T −T )
V2 1 2
b) R T −T , 0 , R T ln V 1
( 1 2) 1
V2

2 ( )
c) 0 , R T ln V 2 , R(T −T )
V1 1 2 2( )
d) 0 , R T ln V 2 , R(T −T )
V1 2 1

274. Which relation is correct for isometric process

a) ∆ Q=∆ U b) ∆ W =∆ U c) ∆ Q=∆ W d) None of these

275. A cylindrical tube of uniform cross-sectional area A is fitted with two air tight frictionless
pistons. The pistons are connected to each other by a metallic wire. Initially the pressure
of the gas is P0 and temperature is T 0, atmospheric pressure is also P0 . Now the
temperature of the gas is increased to 2 T 0 , the tension in the wire will be

a) 2 P A
0

b) P A
0

c) P 0 A
2
d) 4 P A

276. In the figure given two processes A and B are shown by which a thermo-dynamical
0

system goes from initial to final state F . If ∆ Q A and ∆ Q B are respectively the heats
supplied to the systems then
P
A

i f

V
a) ∆ Q =∆Q b) ∆ Q ≥ ∆Q c) ∆ Q <∆ Q d) ∆ Q >∆ Q

277. An ideal Carnot engine whose efficiency is 40% receives heat at 500 K. If its efficiency
A B A B A B A B

were 50%, then in take temperature for same exhaust temperature would be
a) 700 K b) 900 K c) 800 K d) 600 K

278. Two identical samples of a gas are allowed to expand (i) isothermally (ii) adiabatically.
Work done is
a) More in the isothermal process b) More in the adiabatic process

c) Neither of them d) Equal in both processes

279. The slopes of isothermal and adiabatic curves are related as

a) Isothermal curve slope = adiabatic curve slope

b) Isothermal curve slope ¿ γ × adiabatic curve slope

c) Adiabatic curve slope ¿ γ × isothermal curve slope

P a g e | 32
d) Adiabatic curve slope ¿ 1/2 × isothermal curve slope

280. The state of a thermodynamic system is represented by

a) Pressure only b) Volume only

c) Pressure, volume and temperature d) Number of moles

281. In the above question, if γ =1.5 , the gas may

a) Monoatomic b) Diatomic

c) A mixture of monoatomic and diatomic d) A mixture of diatomic and triatomic gases

gases
282. An ideal gas A and a real gas B have their volumes increased from V to 2 V under
isothermal conditions. The increase in internal energy
a) Of A will be more than B b) Of A will be less than B

c) Will be same in both cases d) Will be zero in both cases

283. An ideal heat engine works between temperatures T 1=500 K∧T 2=375 K . If the engine
absorbs 600 J of heat from the source, then the amount of heat released to the sink is
a) 450 J b) 600 J c) 45 J d) 500 J

284. A cyclic process ABCDA is shown below in the given p-V diagram. In the following
answers the one that represents the same process as in p-V diagram
A B

p C

a) b) c) d)
A B A B
A B B
A

V C p V
p C
D D C D C
D T T
T
T

285. The temperature-entropy diagram of a reversible engine cycle is given in the figure. Its
efficiency is
T

2T 0

T0

S 2S 0 S
0

a) 1/2 b) 1/4 c) 1/3 d) 2/3

P a g e | 33
286. A vessel containing 5 litres of a gas at 0.8 m pressure is connected to an evacuated vessel
of volume 3 litres . The resultant pressure inside will be (assuming whole system to be
isolated)
a) 4 /3 m b) 0.5 m c) 2.0 m d) 3/ 4 m

287. A Carnot engine whose low-temperature reservoir is at 27 ℃ has efficiency 37.5 % . The
high-temperature reservoir is at
a) 480 ℃ b) 327 ℃ c) 307 ℃ d) 207 ℃

288. During an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas

a) Its internal energy decreases

b) Its internal energy does not change

c) The work done by the gas is equal to the quantity of heat absorbed by it

d) Both (b) and (c) are correct

289. During the adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a gas, change in internal energy was found
to be equal to 100 J. Work done in the process will be equal to
a) 100 J b) 50 J c) 200 J d) 400 J

290. Heat is not being exchanged in a body. If its internal energy is increased, then

a) Its temperature will increase b) Its temperature will decrease

c) Its temperature will remain constant d) None of these

291. The temperature of the system decreases in the process of

a) Free expansion b) Adiabatic expansion

c) Isothermal expansion d) Isothermal compression

292. Figure shows two processes a and b for a given sample of a gas, if ∆ Q1 , ∆ Q 2 are the
amounts of heat absorbed by the system in the two cases, and ∆ U 1 , ∆ U 2 are changes in
internal energies respectively, then

a) ∆ Q =∆ Q ,; ∆ U =∆ U b) ∆ Q > ∆ Q ; ∆U > ∆ U
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

c) ∆ Q < ∆ Q ; ∆U < ∆ U d) ∆ Q > ∆ Q ; ∆U =∆ U

293. The isothermal bulk modulus of a perfect gas at normal pressure is

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

a) 5 2 b) 6 2 c) −11 2 d) 11 2
1.013 ×10 N /m 1.013 ×10 N /m 1.013 ×10 N /m 1.013 ×10 N /m
294. Which one of the following gases possesses the largest internal energy?

a) 2 moles of helium occupying 1 3 at 300 K

m
b) 56 g of nitrogen at 107 N −2 at 300 K
m

P a g e | 34
c) 8 g of nitrogen at 107
N m at 300 K
−2

6 ×10 molecules of argon occupying 40 m at 900K

d) 26 3

295. For the same rise in temperature of one mole of gas at constant volume, heat required
for a non linear triatomic gas is K times that required for monatomic gas. The value of K
is
a) 1 b) 0.5 c) 2 d) 2.5

296. When heat energy of 1500 joules , is supplied to a gas at constant pressure 2.1 ×105 N /m 2,
there was an increase in its volume equal to 2.5 ×10−3 N /m2. The increase in internal
energy of the gas in joules is
a) 450 b) 525 c) 975 d) 2025

297. When two moles of oxygen is heated from 0 ℃−10 ℃ at constant volume, its internal
energy changes by 420 J. What is the molar specific heat of oxygen at constant volume?
a) −1 −1 b) −1 −1 c) −1 −1 d) −1 −1
5.75 J K mol 10.5 J K mol 21 J K mo l 42 J K mol
298. In the thermodynamical process, pressure of a fixed mass of gas is changed in such a
manner that the gas releases 20 J of heat and 8 J of work is done on the gas. if internal
energy of the gas was 30 J, then the final internal energy will be
a) 42 J b) 18 J c) 12 J d) 60 J

299. During an adiabatic process, the pressure of a gas is found to be proportional to the cube

of the absolute temperature. The ratio =γ for the gas is

Cp
Cv
a) 2 b) 3/2 c) 5/3 d) 4/3

300. In which thermodynamic process, volume remains same?

a) Isobaric b) Isothermal c) Adiabatic d) Isochoric

301. A gas at pressure p is adiabatically compressed so that its density becomes twice that of
initial value. Given that γ =C p /C v =7 /5 , what will be the final pressure of the gas?
a) 2 p b) 7 p c) 2.63 p d) p

302. “Heat Carnot by itself flow from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher
5

temperature” is a statement or consequence of

a) Second law of thermodynamics b) Conservation of momentum

c) Conservation of mass d) First law of thermodynamics

303. First law of thermodynamics states that

a) System can do work b) System has temperature

c) System has pressure d) Heat is a form of energy

304. Ten moles of an ideal gas at constant temperature 500 K is compressed from 50 L to 5 L.
Work done in the process is (Given, R=8.31 J −mol −1−K−1)
a) 4 b) 4 c) 4 d) 4
−1.2 ×10 J −2.4 × 10 J −4.8× 10 J −9.6 × 10 J
305. The work done, W during an isothermal process in which 1 mole of the gas expands from
an initial volume V 1 to a final volume V 2 is given by ( R =gas constant, T =temperature)

P a g e | 35
a) R V −V log T 1
( 2 1) e ( ) T2
( 2 1) e ( )
b) R T −T log V 2
V1
c) RT log ¿
e
d) 2 RT log V 1
e ( )
V2
306. The p-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation is shown in
figure. The work done by the system in going from A → B → C is 30 J, and 40 J heat is
given to the system. The change in internal energy between A and C is
p
C

A B
V

a) 10 J b) 70 J c) 84 J d) 134 J

307. The work done by a gas is maximum when it expands

a) Isothermally b) Adiabatically c) Isentropically d) isobarically

308. As shown in figure three p−V diagrams. In which case, work done is minimum
I
II
p
III

a) I b) II c) III d) Cannot say

V

309. At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is to be decreased by 4%. The pressure
must be increased by
a) 4% b) 4.16% c) 8% d) 3.86%

310. Which of the following is not a thermodynamical function

a) Enthalpy b) Work done c) Gibb’s energy d) Internal energy

311. A gas is suddenly compressed to ¼ th of its original volume at normal temperature. The
increase in its temperature is (γ=1.5)
a) 273 K b) 573 K c) 373 K d) 473 K

312. One mole of an ideal gas goes from an initial state A to final state B via two processes :
It first undergoes isothermal expansion from volume V to 3 V and then its volume is
reduced from 3 V to V at constant pressure. The correct P-V diagram representing the
two processes is

a) b) c) d)

313. One mole of an ideal gas having initial volumeV, pressure 2p and temperature T
undergoes a cyclic process ABCDA as shown below.

P a g e | 36
A B
2p
Pressure

p D C

Temprature 2T
The net work done in the complete cycle is
a) Zero b) 1 RT ∈2 c) RT In 2 d) 3 RT ∈2

314. A Carnot engine used first ideal monoatomic gas and then an ideal diatomic gas, if the
2 2

source and sink temperatures are 411℃ and 69 ℃ , respectively and the engine extract
1000 J of heat from the source in each cycle, then
a) Area enclosed by the p−V diagram is 10 J

b) Heat energy rejected by engine is 1st case is 600 J while that in 2nd case in 113 J

c) Area enclosed by the p−V diagram is 500 J

d) Efficiencies of the engine in both the cases are in ratio 21:25

315. A system goes from A to B via two processes I and II as shown in figure. If ∆ U 1∧∆ U 2 are
the changes in internal energies in the processes I and II respectively, then
p

II
A B
I

b) Relation between ∆ U 1∧∆ U 2 cannot be

V

determined
a) ∆ U =∆ U
1 2

c) ∆ U > ∆ U d) ∆ U < ∆ U

316. A Carnot reversible engine converts 1/6 of heat input into work. When the temperature
2 1 2 1

of the sink is reduced by 62 K, the efficiency of Carnot’s cycle becomes 1/3. The
temperature of the source and sink will be
a) 372 K, 310 K b) 181 K, 150 K c) 472 K, 410 K d) None of these

317. A graph of pressure versus volume for an ideal gas for different processes is as shown.
In the graph curve OC represents

O
A
p

B
C

a) Isochoric process b) Isothermal process c) Isobaric process d) Adiabatic process

V

318. For adiabatic expansion of a perfect monoatomic gas, when volume increases by 24%,
what is the percentage decrease in pressure?

P a g e | 37
a) 24% b) 30% c) 48% d) 71%

319. The process in which no heat enters or leaves the system is termed as

a) Isochoric b) Isobaric c) Isothermal d) Adiabatic

320. Starting with the same initial conditions, an ideal gas expands from volume V 1 to V 2 in
three different ways. The work done by the gas is W 1 if the process is purely isothermal,
W 2 if purely isobaric and W 3 if purely adiabatic. Then
a) W >W >W b) W >W > W c) W >W >W d) W >W > W

321. In changing the state of thermodynamics from A to B state, the heat required is Q and
2 1 3 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 2

the work done by the system is W. The change in its internal energy is
a) Q+W b) Q−W c) Q d) Q−W
2
322. For a gas, the difference between the two principle specific heats is 4150 Jk g−1 K −1 .
What is the specific heat of the gas at constant volume if the ratio of specific heat is 1.4?
a) −1 −1 b) −1 −1 c) −1 −1 d) −1 −1
5186 Jk g K 10375 Jk g K 1660 Jk g K 8475 Jk g K
323. Six moles of an ideal gas performs a cycle shown in figure. If the temperature are
T A=600 K , T B=800 K , T C =2200 K and T D =1200 K , the work done per cycle is
P B C

A
D

a) 20 kJ b) 30 kJ c) 40 kJ d) 60 kJ

324. The volume of air increases by 5%, in its adiabatic expansion. The percentage decrease
in its pressure will be
a) 5% b) 6% c) 7% d) 8%

325. Which of the following parameters does not characterise the thermodynamic state of
matter?
a) Temperature b) Pressure c) Work d) Volume

326. Volume versus temperature graph of two moles of helium gas is as shown in figure. The
ratio of heat absorbed and the work done by the gas in process 1-2 is
V

a) 3
T

b) 5 c) 5 d) 7
2 3 2
327. A gas at pressure 6 ×10 N m and volume 1 m and its pressure falls to 410 5 N m−2, When
5 −2 3

its volume is 3 m3. Given that the indicator diagram is a straight line, work done by the
system is
a) 5 b) 5 c) 4 ×10 J d) 5
6 ×10 J 3 ×10 J 10 ×10 J
328. One mole of a monoatomic gas is heated at a constant pressure of 1 atm from 0 K to 100

P a g e | 38
K. If the gas constant R=8.32 Jmol −1 K −1 , the change in internal energy of the gas is
approximately
a) 2.3 J b) 46 J
8.67 × 10 J 1.25 ×10 J
c) 3 d) 3

329. Which of the following is true in the case of an adiabatic process, where γ =C p /C v ?

a) 1−γ γ b) γ 1−γ c) γ d) γ
p T =constant pT =constant p T =constant p T =constant
330. For a monoatomic gas, work done at constant pressure is W . The heat supplied at
constant volume for the same rise in temperature of the gas is
a) W /2 b) 3 W /2 c) 5 W /2 d) W

331. A container having 1 mole of a gas at a temperature 27 ℃ has a movable piston which
maintains at constant pressure in container of 1 atm. The gas is compressed until
temperature becomes 127 ℃ . The work done is
(C p for gas is 7.03 cal/mol−K )
a) 703 J b) 814 J c) 121 J d) 2035 J

332. Which property of the system does not change in an adiabatic process?

a) Volume b) Temperature c) Density

d) Total amount of
heat
333. The efficiency of Carnot engine when source temperature is T 1 and sink temperature is
T 2 will be
a) T 1−T 2 b) T 2−T 1 c) T 1−T 2 d) T 1
T1 T2 T2 T2
334. Calculate change in internal energy of a system which has absorbed 2 kcal of heat and
done 500 J of work
a) 7900 J b) 8900 J c) 6400 J d) 5400 J

335. The efficiency of a Carnot engine working between 800 K and 500 K is

a) 0.4 b) 0.625 c) 0.375 d) 0.5

336. The specific heats of an ideal gas at constant pressure and constant volume are 525 J
( kg ° C )−1 and 315 J ( kg °C )−1 respectively. Its density at NTP is
a) −3 b) −3 c) −3 d) −3
0.64 kg m 1.20 kg m 1.75 kg m 2.62 kg m
337. Two rigid boxes containing different ideal gases are placed on a table. Box A contains
one mole of nitrogen at temperature T 0, while box B contains one mole of helium at
temperature( 7 /3 ) T 0 .The boxes are then put into thermal contact with each other, and
heat flows between them until the gases reach a common final temperature (Ignore the
heat capacity of boxes). Then , the final temperature of the gases, T f , in terms of T 0 is
7 3 5
a) T = 3 T b) T f = T 0 c) T f = T 0 d) T f = T 0
f 0
7 3 2 2

338. A gas is being compressed adiabatically. The specific heat of the gas during compression
is
a) Zero b) Infinite c) Finite but non-zero d) Undefined

339. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken around the cycle ABCD as shown in p versus V
diagram. Work done during the cycle is

P a g e | 39
y
(V , 2p) (2V , 2p)
D C
p

A B
(V , p) (2V ,p)
x
V
a) pV b) 0.5 pV c) 2 pV d) 3 pV

340. First law of thermodynamics is given by

a) dQ=dU + PdV b) dQ=dU × PdV c) dQ=( dU + dV ) P d) dQ=PdU + dV

341. In a Carnot engine, when T 2=0 ℃∧T 1=200 ℃ , its efficiency is

η1∧whenT 1=0 ℃∧T 2=−200 ℃ ,its efficiency is η2 , then what in η1 /η2 ?
a) 0.577 b) 0.733 c) 0.638 d) Cannot be
calculated
342. In adiabatic expansion of a gas

a) Its pressure increases b) Its temperature falls

c) Its density increases d) Its thermal energy increases

343. 1 mm3 of gas is compressed at 1 atm pressure and temperature 27 ℃ ¿ 627 ℃ . What is the
pressure under adiabatic condition? ( γfor the gas=1.5 )
a) 5 −2 b) 5 −2 c) 5 −2 d) 3 −2
27 ×10 N m 12 ×10 N m 15 ×10 N m 23 ×10 N m
344. A Carnot engine with sink’s temperature at 17 ℃ has 50% efficiency. By how much
should its source temperature be changed to increase its efficiency to 60%?
a) 225K b) 128 ℃ c) 580K d) 145 K

345. When a gas expands adiabatically

a) No energy is required for expansion

b) Energy is required and it comes from the wall of the container of the gas

c) Internal energy of the gas is used in doing work

d) Law of conservation of energy does not hold

346. A gas is suddenly expanded such that its final volume becomes 3 times its initial volume.
If the specific heat at constant volume of the gas is 2 R , then the ratio of initial to final
pressure is nearly equal to
a) 5 b) 6.5 c) 7 d) 3.5

347. A Carnot engine takes 3 ×106 cal of heat from a reservoir at 627 ℃ and gives it to a sink
at 27 ℃ . The work done by the engine is
a) 6 b) 6 c) 6 d) Zero
4.2 ×10 J 8.4 × 10 J 16.8 ×10 J
348. A system changes from the state (P1 ,V 1) to (P2 V 2) as shown in the figure. What is the
work done by the system

P a g e | 40
P(N/m2)

5 105 (P2, V2)

1 105
(P1, V1)

1 2 3 4 5 V(m3)

a) 5 b) 5 c) 5 d) 5
7.5 ×10 joule 7.5 ×10 erg 12 ×10 joule 6 ×10 joule
349. A gas undergoes a change of state during which 100 J of heat is supplied to it and it does
20 J of work. The system is brought back to its original state through a process during
which 20 J of heat is released by the gas. The work done by the gas in the second process
is
a) 60 J b) 40 J c) 80 J d) 20 J

A gas γ= ( 53 ),expands isobarically. The percentage of heat supplied that increases

350.

thermal energy and that is involved in doing work for expansion is

a) l40 :60 b) 60 :40 c) 50 :50 d) 25 :30

800 cc volume of a gas having γ = is suddenly compressed adiabatically to 100 cc. If the
351. 5

initial pressure is p, then the final pressure will be

3

a) p
32 (5)
b) 24 p c) 8 p d) 32 P

352. In an adiabatic process, the state of a gas is changed from p1 ,V 1 , T 1 ¿ p 2 , V 2 , T 2 . Which of

the following relation is correct?
a) T V γ −1=T V γ−1 b) p V γ −1 =p V γ−1 c) T pγ =T V γ d) T V γ =T V γ

353. In a refrigerator, the low temperature coil of evaporator is at −23 ℃ and the compressed
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2

gas in the condenser has a temperature of 77 ℃ . How, much electrical energy is spent in
freezing 1 kg of water already at 0 ℃ ?
a) 134400 J b) 1344 J c) 80000 J d) 3200 J

354. Figure shows four p−V diagrams. Which of these curves represent isothermal and
adiabatic process?
y
p A D
B C

O x
V
a) D and C b) A and C c) A and B d) B and D

355. p−V plots for two gases during adiabatic processes are shown in figure. Plots 1 and 2
should correspond respectively to

p
1

2
V
a) He and O b) O and He c) He and Ar d) O and N

356. Which of the accompanying p-V diagrams best represents an isothermal process?
2 2 2 2

P a g e | 41
p p p

V V V
(A) (B) (C)

p p

a) A b) B c) C d) D
V V
(D) (E)

357. The P-V graph of an ideal gas cycle is shown here as below. The adiabatic process is
described by
P A
B

D
C
V

a) ABand BC b) AB and CD c) BC and DA d) BC and CD

358. In the indicator diagram, net amount of work done will be

p
1 2

a) Positive b) Zero c) Infinity d) Negative

V

359. If a gas is heated at constant pressure, its isothermal compressibility

a) Remains constant

b) Increases linearly with temperature

c) Decreases linearly with temperature

d) Decreases inversely with temperature

360. A monoatomic ideal gas, initially at temperature T 1 is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a
frictionless piston. The gas is allowed to expand adiabatically to a temperature T 2 by
releasing the piston suddenly. If L1 , L2 are the lengths of the gas column before and after
expansion respectively, then T 1 /T 2 is given by
a) L / L 2/ 3 b) ( L / L ) c) L / L d) L / L 2/ 3
( 1 2) ( 2 1)
361. If a system undergoes contraction of volume then the work done by the system will be
1 2 1 2

a) Zero b) Negligible c) Negative d) Positive

The gas law =¿ constant is true for

362. PV

a) Isothermal changes only b) Adiabatic changes only

T

c) Both isothermal and adiabatic changes d) Neither isothermal nor adiabatic changes

363. The work done in which of the following process is zero?

a) Isothermal process b) Adiabatic process c) Isochoric process d) None of these

P a g e | 42
364. A Carnot engine has the same efficiency between 800 K to 500 K and x K to 600 K. The
value of x is
a) 100 K b) 960 K c) 846 K d) 754 K

365. Out of the following which quantity does not depend on path

a) Temperature b) Energy c) Work d) None of these

366. If ∆ Q and ∆ W represent the heat supplied to the system and the work done on the
system respectively, then the first law of thermodynamics can be written as
Where ∆ U is the internal energy
a) ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W b) ∆ Q=∆ U −∆ W c) ∆ Q=∆ W −∆ U d) ∆ Q=−∆ W −∆ U

367. If the temperature of 1 mole of ideal gas is changed from 0 ℃ to 100 ℃ at constant
pressure, then work done in the process is ¿Mole-Kelvin)
a) −3 b) −2 c) 2 d) 3
8.3 ×10 J 8.3 ×10 J 8.3 ×10 J 8.3 ×10 J
368. An ideal gas is expanded adiabatically at an initial temperature of 300 K so that its
volume is doubled. The final temperature of the hydrogen gas is (γ=1.40)
a) 227.36 K b) 500.30 K c) 454.76 K d) −47℃

369. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is heated at a constant pressure of 1 atm from 0 ℃
to 100 ℃ . Work done by the gas is
8.31 ×10 J 8.31 ×10 J 8.31 ×10 J 8.31 ×10 J
a) 3 b) −3 c) −2 d) 2

370. An ideal gas is compressed isothermally until its pressure is doubled and then allowed to
expand adiabatically to regain its original volume
( γ=1.4∧2−1.4=0.38 ) . The ratio of the final to initial pressure is
a) 0.76:1 b) 1:1 c) 0.66:1 d) 0.86:1

371. An ideal gas is taken from state A to state B following three different paths as shown in
p−V diagram, figure Which one of the following is true?
y
A C
p

D B
O x
V

a) Work done is maximum along AB b) Work done is minimum along AB

c) Work done along ACB=¿ work done along d) Work done along ADB is minimum

372. 540 calories of heat convert 1 cubic centimeter of water of 100 ℃ into 1671 cubic
ADB

centimeter of steam of 100 ℃ at a pressure of one atmosphere. Then the work done
against the atmospheric pressure is nearly
a) 540 cal b) 40 cal c) Zero cal d) 500 cal

373. Which of the following is not thermodynamic coordinate?

a) Gas constant ( R ) b) Pressure (p ) c) Volume ( V ) d) Temperature ( T )

374. Compressed by doing work on it A gas is compressed adiabatically till its temperature is
doubled. The ratio of its final volume to initial volume will be
a) 1/2 b) More than 1/2 c) Less than 1/2 d) Between 1 and 2

P a g e | 43
375. Two moles of ideal helium gas are in a rubber balloon at 30 ℃ . The balloon is fully
expandable and can be assumed to require no energy in its expansion. The temperature
of the gas in the balloon is slowly changed to 35 ℃ . The amount of heat required in
raising the temperature is nearly (take R=8.31 J /mol . K ¿
a) 62 J b) 104 J c) 124 J d) 208 J

376. A Carnot engine has efficiency 1/5. Efficiency becomes 1/3 when temperature of sink is
decreased by 50K. What is the temperature of sink?
a) 325 K b) 375 K c) 300 K d) 350 K

377. The sink temperature of a heat engine 77 ℃ . The efficiency is 30%. The source
temperature is
a) 500 ℃ b) 227 ℃ c) 317 ℃ d) 427 ℃

378. A cyclic process is shown in figure. Work done during isobaric expansion is

a) 1600 J b) 100 J c) 400 J d) 600 J

379. The p-V diagram of 2 g of helium gas for a certain process A → B is shown in the figure.
What is the heat given to the gas during the process A → B ?
p

2p B
0

p0 A

V0 2V V
0

a) 4 p V b) 6 p V c) 4.5 p V d) 2 p V

380. The volume of an ideal diatomic gas is doubled isothermally, the internal energy
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a) Is doubled b) Is halved

c) Is increased four times d) Remains unchanged

381. A cylinder of mass 1 kg is given heat of 20000 J at atmospheric pressure. If initially

temperature of cylinder is 20 ℃ , then work done by the cylinder will be (Given that
Specific heat of cylinder ¿ 400 J k g−1 , Coefficient of volume expansion ¿ 9 ×10−5 ℃−1,
Atmospheric pressure ¿ 105 N /m2 and density of cylinder 9000 kg /m 3)
a) 0.02 J b) 0.05 J c) 0.08 J d) 0.1 J

382. A system is taken through a cyclic process represented by a circle as shown. The heat
absorbed by the system is

P a g e | 44
V(in cc)
40

30

20

0
0 50 100 150 200 P(in kPa)

a) 3 b) π J c) 2 d) π J
π ×10 J 4 π × 10 J
383. An insulator container contains 4 moles of an ideal diatomic gas at temperature T . Heat
2

Q is supplied to this gas, due to which 2 moles of the gas are dissociated into atoms but
temperature of the gas remains constant. Then
a) Q=2 RT b) Q=RT c) Q=3 RT d) Q=4 RT

384. What is the nature of change in internal energy in the following three thermodynamical
processes shown in figure?

a) ∆ U is positive in all the three cases

b) ∆ U is negative in all the three cases

c) ∆ U is positive for (i), negative for (ii), zero for (iii)

d) ∆ U =0, in all the cases

385. When 1 kg of ice at 0 ℃ melts to water at 0 ℃ , the resulting change in its entropy, taking
latent heat of ice to be 80 cal /℃ is
a) 293 cal/ K b) 273 cal/ K c) 4 d) 80 cal /K
8 ×10 cal/ K
386. An ideal gas is made to go through a cyclic thermodynamical process in four steps. The
amount of heat involved are Q 1=600 J , Q 2=−400 J , Q 3=−300 J and Q 4 =200 J respectively.
The corresponding work involved are W 1=300 J , W 2=−200 J , W 3 =−150 J and W 4. What is
the value of W 4
a) −50 J b) 100 J c) 150 J d) 50 J

387. 100 g of water is heated from30 ℃ ¿ 50 ℃ .Ignoring the slight expansion of the water, the
change in its internal energy is
(Specific heat of water is 4184 J/kg/K)
a) 8.4 kJ b) 84 kJ c) 2.1 kJ d) 4.2 kJ

388. In a Carnot engine, the temperature of reservoir is 972 ℃ and that of sink is 27 ℃ . If the
work done by the engine when it transfers heat from reservoir to sink is 12.6 ×10 6 J , the
quantity of heat absorbed y the engine from the reservoir is
a) 6 b) 6 c) 6 d) 6
16.8 ×10 J 4 ×10 J 7.6 ×10 J 4.25 × 10 J
P a g e | 45
389. A cyclic process ABCA is shown in the V -T diagram. Process on the P -V diagram is
V

C B

A T
a) P b) P c) P d) P
C
B A
A B

A
B A C C B

390. An ideal gas is heated at constant pressure and absorbs amount of heat Q . If the
C
V V V V

adiabatic exponent is γ , then the fraction of heat absorbed in raising the internal energy
and performing the work, in
a) 1− 1 b) 1+ 1 c) 1− 2 d) 1+ 2

391. Calculate change in internal energy when 5 mole of hydrogen is heated to 20 ℃ from
γ γ γ γ

10 ℃ , specific heat of hydrogen at constant pressure is 8 cal ( mol ° C )−1

a) 200 cal b) 350 cal c) 300 cal d) 475 cal

392. The efficiency of Carnot’s engine operating between reservoirs, maintained at

temperatures 27 ℃ and −123 ℃, is
a) 50% b) 24% c) 0.75% d) 0.4%

393. One mole of an ideal gas at an initial temperature of T kelvin does 6R joules of work
adiabatically. If the ratio of specific heats of this gas at constant pressure and at
constant volume is 5/3, the final temperature of gas will be
a) (T+2.4) K b) (T-2.4) K c) (T+4) K d) (T-4) K

394. The internal energy of the gas increases in

a) Adiabatic expansion b) Adiabatic compression

c) Isothermal expansion d) Isothermal compression

395. The adiabatic Bulk modulus of a perfect gas at pressure is given by

a) P b) 2 P c) P/2 d) γP

396. A sample of gas expands from volume V 1 to V 2. The amount of work done by the gas is
maximum when the expansion is
a) Isothermal b) Adiabatic c) Isochoric d) Same in all the
cases
397. Figure shows a thermodynamical process on one moles a gas. How does the work done
in the process change with time?
y B
p

A
O x

a) Decrease continuously b) Increases continuously

V

c) Remains constant d) First increase and then decreases

P a g e | 46
398. p−V diagram of an ideal gas is as shown in figue. Work done by the gas in the process
ABCD is
C D
2p0
p
p0 A
B

V0 2V0 3V0
V

a) 4 p V b) 2 p V c) 3 p V d) p V

399. A Carnot engine, having an efficiency of η=1/10 as heat engine, is used as a refrigerator.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

If the work done on the system is 10 J, the amount of energy absorbed from the reservoir
at lower temperature is
a) 99 J b) 90 J c) 1 J d) 100 J

400. Which of the following p-V diagrams best represents an isothermal process?

a) p b) c) p d) p
p

V V
V V

401. When 1 g of water at 0 ℃ and 1 ×105 N /m2 pressure is converted into ice of volume
1.091 c m , the external work done will be
3

a) 0.0091 joule b) 0.0182 joule c) −0.0091 joule d) −0.0182 joule

402. The theory of refrigerator is based on

a) Joule –Thomson effect b) Newton’s particle theory

c) Joule’s effect d) None of the above

403. Temperature of an ideal gas is 300 K. The change in temperature of the gas when its
volume changes from V to 2 V in the process p=αV (here α is a positive constant) is
a) 900 K b) 1200 K c) 600 K d) 300 K

404. Which of the following statement is correct for any thermodynamic system?

a) The internal energy changes in all processes

b) Internal energy and entropy are state functions

c) The change in entropy can never be zero

d) The work done in an adiabatic process is always zero

405. Ten moles of an ideal gas at constant temperature 600 K is compressed from 100 L to 10
L. The work done in the process is
4.11× 10 J −4.11×10 J 11.4 ×10 J −11.4 ×10 J
a) 4 b) 4 c) 4 d) 4

406. Which is the correct statement

a) For an isothermal change PV =¿ Constant

b) In an isothermal process the change in internal energy must be equal to the work done

P a g e | 47
c) For an adiabatic change P 2 = V 2 , where γ is the ratio of specific heats
( )
γ

P1 V1
d) In an adiabatic process work done must be equal to the heat entering the system

407. In an isothermal reversible expansion, if the volume of 96 g of oxygen at 27 ℃ is

increased from 70 litres to 140 litres , then the work done by the gas will be
a) 300 R lo g 2 b) 81 R lo g 2 c) 900 R lo g 2 d) 2.3 × 900 R lo g 2

408. How much work to be done in decreasing the volume of an ideal gas by an amount of
10 e 10 10

2.4 × 10 m at normal temperature and constant normal pressure of 1 ×10 N /m

−4 3 5 2

a) 28 J b) 27 J c) 25 J d) 24 J

The pressure and density of a diatomic gas (γ= ) change adiabatically from
409. 7
5

( p1 , ρ1 ) ¿ ( p 1 , ρ2 ) . If should be
ρ1 p1
=32, then
ρ2 p2
a) 16 b) 32 c) 64 d) 128

410. Blowing air with open mouth is an example of

a) Isobaric process b) Isochoric process c) Isothermal process d) Adiabatic process

411. A Carnot engine takes heat from a reservoir at 627 ℃ and rejects heat to a sink at 27 ℃ .
Its efficiency will be
a) 3/5 b) 1/3 c) 2/3 d) 200/209

412. Air in a cylinder is suddenly compressed by a piston, which is then maintained at the
same position. With the passage of
a) The pressure decreases

b) The pressure increases

c) The pressure remains the same

d) The pressure may increase or decrease depending upon the nature of the gas

413. A given system undergoes a change in which the work done by the system equals the
decrease in its internal energy. The system must have undergone an
a) Isothermal change b) Adiabatic change c) Isobaric change d) Isochoric change

414. If C V =4.96 cal/mole K , then increase in internal energy when temperature of 2 moles of
this gas is increased from 340 K to 342 K
a) 27.80 cal b) 19.84 cal c) 13.90 cal d) 9.92 cal

415. Adiabatic modulus of elasticity of a gas is 2.1 ×105 N m−2 . What will be its isothermal

modulus of elasticity? ( )
Cp
=1.4
Cv
a) 5 −2 b) 5 −2 c) 5 −2 d) 5 −2
1.2 ×10 N m 4 ×10 N m 1.5 ×10 N m 1.8 ×10 N m
416. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas at 27 ℃ occiupies a volume of V . If the gas is
expanded adiabatially to the volume 2V , then the work done by the gas will be
5
(γ= , R=8.31 J /mol−K)
3

P a g e | 48
a) -2767.23 J b) 2767.23 J c) 2500 J d) -2500 J

417. 5.6 L of helium gas at STP is adiabatically compressed to 0.7 L. Taking the initial
temperature to be T 1 , the work done in the process is
a) 9 R T b) 3 R T c) 15 R T d) 9 R T
1 1 1 1
8 2 8 2
418. 1 c m3 of water at its boiling point absorbs 540 cal of heat of become steam with a volume
of 1671 c m3 . If the atmospheric pressure=1.013 ×105 N m−2and the mechanical equivalent of
heat =419 J ca l −1 , the energy spent in this process in overcoming intermolecular forces is
a) 540 cal b) 40 cal c) 500 cal d) zero

419. By what percentage should the pressure of the given mass of gas be increased so to
decrease its volume by 10% at a constant temperature?
a) 5% b) 7.2% c) 12.5% d) 11.1%

420. Which of the following is correct in terms of increasing work done for the same initial
and final state
a) Adiabatic < Isothermal <Isobaric b) Isobaric < Adiabatic <Isothermal

c) Adiabatic < Isobaric < Isothermal d) None of these

421. The phenomenon of sound propagation in air is

a) Isothermal process b) Isobaric process c) Adiabatic process d) None of these

422. Helium at 27 ℃ has a volume of 8 litres . It is suddenly compressed to a volume of 1 litre.

The temperature of the gas will be [γ =5/3]
a) 108 ℃ b) 9327 ℃ c) 1200 ℃ d) 927 ℃

423. A thermally insulated rigid container contains an ideal gas heated by a filament of
resistance 100 Ω through a current of 1 A for 5 min then change in internal energy is
a) 0 kJ b) 10 kJ c) 20 kJ d) 30 kJ

424. A heat engine is a device

a) Which converts mechanical energy into heat energy

b) Which converts heat energy into mechanical energy

c) Absorbs heat from a sink at a lower temperature and rejects to the source at high
temperature
d) None of the above

425. In isothermic process, which statement is wrong

a) Temperature is constant b) Internal energy is constant

c) No exchange of energy d) (a) and (b) are correct

426. The internal energy of an ideal gas increases during an isothermal process when the gas
is
a) Expanded by adding more molecules to it b) Expanded by adding more heat to it

c) Expanded against zero pressure d) None of these

P a g e | 49
427. During an adiabatic process, the cube of the pressure is found to be inversely
proportional to the fourth power of the volume. Then the ratio of specific heats is
a) 1 b) 1.33 c) 1.67 d) 1.4

At 27 ℃ a gas suddenly compressed such that its pressure becomes th of original

428. 1
8
pressure. The temperature of the gas will be (γ=5 /3)
a) −142 ℃ b) 300K c) 327 ° d) 420 K

429. Four curves A , B ,C and D are drawn in the adjoining figure for a given amount of gas.
The curves which represent adiabatic and isothermal changes are
P
B C

A D

a) C and D b) D and C c) A and B d) B and A

V

respectively respectively respectively respectively

430. Work done in the given cyclic process is
p

2p
1

p
1
V
V1 3 V1

a) p V b) 3 p V c) 2 p V d) zero

431. Which of the following statements is true?

1 1 1 1 1 1

a) Internal energy of a gas depends only on the state of the gas

b) In an isothermal process change in internal energy is maximum

c) Area under pressure, volume graph equals heat supplied in any process

d) Work done is state dependent but not path dependent

432. An ideal gas heat engine operates in Carnot cycle between 227 ℃ and 127 ℃ .It absorbs
6 ×10 cal of heat at higher temperature. Amount of heat converted into work is
4

a) 4
1.2 ×10cal b) 4
cal c)
2.4 × 10
4
cal
6 ×10
d) 4
cal 4.8 × 10
433. A thermodynamical system goes from state (i) ( p , V ) to (2 p ,V ) and (ii) ( p , V ) to ( p , 2V ).
Work done in the two cases is
a) Zero, zero b) Zero, pV c) pV , zero d) pV , pV

434. If a quantity of heat 1163.4 joule is supplied to one mole of nitrogen gas, at room
temperature at constant pressure, then the rise in temperature is
(Given R=8.31 J mol e−1 K−1)
a) 54 K b) 28 K c) 65 K d) 40 K

435. Helium gas goes through a cycle ABCDA (consisting of two isochoric and isobaric lines)
as shown in figure. Efficiency of this cycle is nearly

P a g e | 50
(Assume the gas to be close to ideal gas)

a) 15.4% b) 9.1% c) 10.5% d) 12.5%

436. 310 J of heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal gas at constant
pressure from 25 ℃ to35 ℃ . The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the
gas through the same range at constant volume is
a) 384 J b) 144 J c) 276 J d) 452 J

437. For nitrogen C p−C v =x and for argon, C p−C v = y . The relation between x and y is given
by
a) x= y b) x=7 y c) y=7 x d) x= 1 y

438. The perfect gas goes from a state A to another state B by absorbing 8 ×10 5J of heat and
2

doing 6.5 ×105 J of external work. It is now transferred between the same two states in
another process in which it absorbs 105 J of heat in the second process. Then
a) Work done on the gas is 5 b) Work done on the gas is 0.5 ×10 5 J
0.5 ×10 J
c) Work done on the gas is 105 J d) Work done on the gas is 105 J

439. A Carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is at 7 ℃ has an efficiency of 50%. It is
desired to increase the efficiency to 70%. By how many degrees should the temperature
of the high temperature reservoir be increased?
a) 840 K b) 280 K c) 560 K d) 380 K

440. The temperature of an ideal gas is kept constant as it expands. The gas does external
work. During this process, the internal energy of the gas
a) Decreases b) Increases

c) Remains constant d) Depends on the molecular motion

P a g e | 51
12.THERMODYNAMICS

: ANSWER KEY :

1) a 2) d 3) c 4) b 177) c 178) c 179) c 180) c

5) a 6) b 7) b 8) b 181) b 182) d 183) c 184) d
9) d 10) c 11) a 12) a 185) b 186) c 187) c 188) b
13) a 14) b 15) a 16) c 189) c 190) b 191) c 192) c
17) a 18) c 19) d 20) b 193) c 194) d 195) a 196) b
21) c 22) d 23) a 24) a 197) d 198) d 199) a 200) a
25) c 26) a 27) b 28) a 201) a 202) a 203) b 204) d
29) a 30) d 31) d 32) d 205) b 206) a 207) c 208) a
33) a 34) a 35) a 36) c 209) c 210) d 211) a 212) c
37) c 38) b 39) a 40) c 213) c 214) d 215) c 216) d
41) a 42) a 43) c 44) a 217) c 218) d 219) a 220) a
45) d 46) b 47) a 48) a 221) d 222) d 223) b 224) d
49) a 50) a 51) d 52) c 225) a 226) b 227) c 228) a
53) c 54) c 55) a 56) d 229) c 230) b 231) b 232) d
57) b 58) d 59) a 60) c 233) a 234) a 235) c 236) a
61) c 62) b 63) d 64) a 237) c 238) c 239) d 240) c
65) b 66) a 67) b 68) d 241) a 242) d 243) a 244) a
69) d 70) b 71) c 72) a 245) a 246) a 247) c 248) a
73) a 74) b 75) b 76) a 249) d 250) a 251) c 252) a
77) d 78) b 79) d 80) a 253) b 254) c 255) b 256) c
81) a 82) a 83) c 84) b 257) b 258) c 259) c 260) b
85) a 86) b 87) c 88) a 261) b 262) b 263) c 264) a
89) d 90) c 91) d 92) c 265) b 266) b 267) d 268) a
93) b 94) c 95) b 96) b 269) a 270) c 271) c 272) c
97) d 98) b 99) d 100) b 273) c 274) a 275) b 276) d
101) b 102) c 103) b 104) a 277) d 278) a 279) c 280) c
105) c 106) b 107) b 108) a 281) c 282) d 283) a 284) a
109) d 110) c 111) c 112) c 285) c 286) b 287) d 288) d
113) d 114) a 115) a 116) a 289) a 290) a 291) b 292) d
117) c 118) d 119) d 120) d 293) a 294) d 295) c 296) c
121) a 122) b 123) b 124) d 297) c 298) b 299) b 300) b
125) d 126) b 127) a 128) c 301) c 302) a 303) d 304) d
129) b 130) b 131) c 132) b 305) c 306) a 307) d 308) c
133) c 134) b 135) c 136) a 309) b 310) b 311) a 312) d
137) c 138) b 139) a 140) d 313) c 314) c 315) a 316) a
141) c 142) c 143) c 144) b 317) d 318) b 319) d 320) a
145) a 146) c 147) c 148) b 321) b 322) b 323) c 324) c
149) c 150) a 151) a 152) d 325) c 326) b 327) a 328) d
153) c 154) a 155) b 156) b 329) a 330) b 331) b 332) d
157) c 158) c 159) c 160) d 333) a 334) a 335) c 336) c
161) d 162) d 163) c 164) a 337) c 338) a 339) a 340) a
165) a 166) b 167) a 168) a 341) a 342) b 343) a 344) d
169) a 170) a 171) a 172) a 345) c 346) a 347) b 348) c
173) a 174) b 175) a 176) c 349) a 350) b 351) d 352) a

P a g e | 52
353) a 354) a 355) b 356) b 401) a 402) d 403) b 404) b
357) c 358) a 359) a 360) d 405) d 406) a 407) d 408) d
361) c 362) c 363) c 364) b 409) d 410) a 411) c 412) a
365) a 366) b 367) c 368) a 413) b 414) b 415) c 416) b
369) d 370) a 371) d 372) b 417) a 418) c 419) d 420) a
373) a 374) c 375) d 376) c 421) b 422) d 423) d 424) b
377) b 378) c 379) b 380) d 425) c 426) a 427) b 428) a
381) b 382) b 383) b 384) d 429) c 430) c 431) a 432) a
385) a 386) c 387) a 388) a 433) b 434) d 435) a 436) b
389) c 390) a 391) c 392) a 437) a 438) a 439) d 440) c
393) d 394) b 395) d 396) a
397) b 398) c 399) b 400) c

P a g e | 53
12.THERMODYNAMICS

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

In an adiabatic process, ( )
1 (a) (127+ 273)
∴ W=6 ×104 1−
(227+ 273)
γ
p V =constant
¿ W =6 ×10 1−
4
( 400
500 )
( )
γ
p1 V 2
⇒ =
p2 V 1 4 100
¿ 6 ×10 ×
500

()
p1 1 5/ 3
⇒ = 4
p2 8 ¿ 1.2 ×10 J

8 (b)
( ) From
p1 1 5 /3
1
⇒ = 3 = γ γ
p2 2 32 p2 V 2 = p1 V 1

( ) ( )
γ 1.4
V1 V1
p2 p2= p1 =1
V2 1/20 V 1
¿ 66.28 atm
∴ =32
p1

The area under p-V diagram =work done

2 (d) 9 (d)
T 1=6000 K ,T 2=300 K
or W =AD × DC T2 300
η=1− =1− =0.95 ⇒ 95 %
=( 2 ×105 −1× 105 ) N m−2 ×(4−2)× 10−6 m3
T1 6000

As work done by the gas = area under the

10 (c)
5 −6
¿ 1 ×10 ×2 ×10 J =0.2 J
p−V curve, therefore W 1 >W 2>W 3
6 (b)
V2 20 12 (a)
As isothermal at T 1 is farther from the
W iso =μRT log e =1 ×8.31 ×300 log e =1728 J
V1 10
origin than the isothermal at T 2,
therefore, T 1>T 2
Using the relation
7 (b)

In adiabatic expansion of a gas system,

14 (b)
W Q1−Q2
=
gas expands, so temperature of the
Q1 Q1

Q2 system decreases.
W
¿ =1−
Q1 Q1 15 (a)
Cp 2 2
( )
W T 2 Q1 T 1 η= =1+ =1+
¿ =1− ∵ = Cv n f
Q1 T 1 Q2 T 2

Given that, the temperature of freezer,

16 (c)

¿ W =Q1 1−
( )
T2
T1 T 2=−13 ℃

P a g e | 54
⟹ T 2 =−13+273=260 K T 1 300
⇒ T 2= = =150 K
Coefficient of performance, β =5
2 2

The coefficient of performance is defined

23 (a)

as, KE of the vessel ¿

1 2
Mv
When the vessel is suddenly stopped, the
2

ordered motion of the gas molecules is

T2
β=
converted into disordered motion of the
T 1 −T 2
molecules increasing thereby the internal
energy of the gas. Thus,
260
¿ 5=
T 1−260
1 2 1 2
∆ U =n C v ∆ T = m v = ( nM ) v
Where n is number of moles of the gas in
260 2 2
∴ T 1 −260=
the vessel and M is molecular weight of
5

¿ T 1−260=52 the gas.

2
¿ T 1=( 52+260 ) K=312 K Mv
∴∆T=
2 Cv

As C v =
¿ T 1=(312−273)℃ R
γ −1
⇒ T 1=39 ℃ 2
M v (γ −1)
∴∆T=
2R
Work done = Area of closed PV diagram
17 (a)

An isochoric process is a constant volume

24 (a)
¿ ( 2 V −V ) × ( 2 P−P )=PV
process. In an isochoric process

At constant volume V=constant or ∆ V =0

18 (c)

So, work done

P1 T 1 P1 300 3
P ∝T ⇒ = ⇒ = =
P2 T 2 P2 400 4
∆ W = p ∆ V =0
Oxygen is diatomic gas, hence its energy
19 (d)
From first law of thermodynamics
of two moles
5 ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W
¿ 2 × RT =5 RT
Argon is a monoatomic gas, hence its
2
⇒ ∆ Q=∆ U

internal energy of 4 moles ¿ 4 ×

3
Pressure is reduce, so the temperature
RT =6 RT 25 (c)
2
Total Internal energy ¿ ( 6+5 ) RT =11 RT falls

As work done = area under the p−V

20 (b)
Let the process start from initial pressure
26 (a)

diagram P A , volume V A and temperature T A

∴ W 1 >W 2 P 
A(PA, VA, TA) B  A , 2VA , TA 
 2 
21 (c)
P T 
C  A , VA , A 

( )
γ−1

() ( 18 ) = 12
1.5 −1 1
T 2 P2 T 1
(i) Isothermal expansion ( PV =¿ constant)
γ  2 2 
= ⇒ 2= 1.5
= 3
T 1 P1 T1 8
at temperature T A to twice the initial

P a g e | 55
volume V A T p
γ 1−γ
=constant
(ii) Compression at constant pressure
PA
1
2 Tα
to original volume V A (i. e . V ∝T )
(1−γ )/ γ
p
(iii) Isochoric process (at volume V A ) to ----(ii)
initial condition (i . e . P ∝T )
(γ / γ −1)
T ∝p

Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

In isothermal process, temperature of the

27 (b)
γ
gas remains constant, so the gas obeys
∴ =3
γ −1
Boyle’s law.
3 γ −3=γ
p2 V
⇒ = 2 γ =3
p1 V 1
Cp 3
2p V =γ=
⇒ = Cv 2
p V1

The work done in a PV diagram is the

32 (d)
…(i)
V
area enclosed.
∴ =2
V1

Now, the gas is expanded adiabatically, The work done ¿

1
( 3 V 1−V 1 ) .(4 P1−P1)
so
2
⇒ W =−3 P1 V 1 . If the direction of change
is clockwise it is positive. Since here it is
anticlockwise, work done is negative
γ
p V =constant

( )
γ
p1 V 2
= 33 (a)
Here, Q 1=200 cal , Q2=150 ca l , T 1=400 K
p2 V 1

(since volume is restored) As

Q1 T 1
()
γ
2p 2 =
⇒ =
0.75 p 1 Q2 T 2
Q2 150
∴ T 2 = × T 1= ×400=300 K
⇒ log ( 83 )=γ log 2 Q1 200

34 (a)
⇒ log 8−log 3=γ log 2 −R ( T 1−T 2 ) R(T 2−T 1)
∆ U =−∆ W = =
∴ γ =1.41 ( γ −1 ) γ−1

28 (a) 35 (a)
J ∆ Q=∆ U +∆ W , ∆U =J ∆ Q−∆ W W 1 1000
η= ⇒ W =ηQ1= × 1000 cal= × 4.2=1400 J
∆ U =4.18 × 300−600=654 joule Q1 3 3

In a closed cyclic process change in The work done in cyclic process is equal
29 (a) 36 (c)

internal energy is always zero to the area enclosed by the PV diagram

∴ E=0

Internal energy (∆U ) does not depend

37 (c)

upon path. It depends only on initial and

30 (d)
Given, p ∝T 3 ----(i)
final states
In an adiabatic process
38 (b)
P a g e | 56
In isothermal process, heat is released by ∴ p 1 V 1 + p2 V 2= pV
the gas to maintain the constant
temperature ∴ z=√ x 2+ y 2

39 (a) 45 (d)

Coefficient of performance K= ; for η to be max. ratio should

T2 T2 T2
η=1−
T 1−T 2 T1 T1
(273−23) 250 250 be min
¿ = = =5
( 273+27 ) −(273−23) 300−250 50
For cyclic forces Δ U =0 , So, Δ Q=Δ W
46 (b)

Work done in adiabatic change

40 (c)

47 (a)
μR (T 1−T 2 )
¿ ∆ V =0 ⇒ P ∆ V =0⇒ ∆ W =0
γ −1

In adiabatic change work done

48 (a)
41 (a)
T 1−T 2 ( 273+727 )−(273+227) 1000−500 1
η= = = =
T1 273+727 1000 2 W =μC V Δ T

or W =μC V (T 1−T 2)
In isothermal process temperature
42 (a)

remains constant 49 (a)

i .e . , ∆ T=0. Hence according to Given T 1=27+273=300 K
Q
C= ⇒ C iso =∞ V 1=V (let)
m ∆T
8
Gas cylinder suddenly exploding is an
43 (c) V 2= V
27
irreversible adiabatic change and work Then for adiabatic process
done against expansion reduces the
temperature γ −1
T 1 V 1 =T 2 V 2
γ−1

or
44 (a)
( )
γ−1
V1
n=n1 +n2 T 2=T 1
V2

For monoatomic gas, γ =5 /3

pV = p1 V 1+ p 2 V 2

So, T 2=300 ( )
5
V ×27 −1
x +
y z
3
=675 K
8V

4T 4T 4T ie ,T 2=675−273=402 ℃
p 1 = p0 + , p2 = p 0 + , p= p0 +
Hence, increase in temperature
x y z

If the process takes place is vacuum then

¿ 402−27 °=375 ℃
p0=0
50 (a)
Here, T 1=927 ℃=( 927+273 ) K =1200 K
4T 4T 4T
p1 = , p2 = , p=
x y z
T 2=27 ℃=( 27+273 ) K=300 K
If process is isothermal As U ∝T

P a g e | 57
∆ U U 1−U 2 1200−300
∴ = = × 100=300 %
U2 U2 300 p

51 (d)

W BCOB=−¿ Area of triangle BCO=

−P0 V 0 A
pA
2
W AODA =+¿ Area of triangle AOD= 0 0
+P V
2
pB E
B
52 (c)
T 2=0 ℃=273 K , T 1=17 ℃=17+273=290 K V
Q2 T2 O VA VB
COP= =
W T 1 −T 2
80 ×1000 × 4.2 273 273
= =

Work done =area of ABCDEA

W 290−273 17
80× 1000× 4.2 ×17
W= J
273
4 ¿ area of ∆ ABE +area of rectangle BCDE
33.6 × 17 ×10
W= 5
kWh=0.058 kWh
273× 3.6 ×10 1
¿ ( p A − pB ) ( V B−V A ) + pB (V B −V A )
2
53 (c)

k a=γ p= ( 53 )× 1.01× 10 N m
5 −2
¿
[ 1
]
( p − pB ) + pB (V B −V A )
2 A
5 −2
¿ 1.69 ×10 N m
1
¿ ( p A + p B ) (V B−V A )
Work done by the gas (as cyclic process is
54 (c) 2

clockwise) ∴ ∆ W =¿ Area ABCD 57 (b)

So from the first law of thermodynamics For such a case, pressure ¿
1
∆ Q (net heat absorbed) ¿ ∆ W =¿Area Compressibility

As change in internal energy in cycle

ABCD
Specific heat of an ideal gas does not
58 (d)

∆ U =0 depend upon temperature

55 (a)
From FLOT ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W =∆ U + P ∆ V
59 (a)
∆ Q=−20 J ; ∆ W =−10 J
∆ Q=( U f −U i ) + ∆ W ⇒ 100=∆ U +50 × ( 4−10 ) ⇒ ∆ U =400 J
⇒−20=( U f −40 )−10 ⇒ U f =−10+40=30 J

Area enclosed between a and f is

60 (c)

The p-V diagram is shown below maximum. So work done in closed cycles
56 (d)

follows a and f is maximum

62 (b)

√
|
3 RT γ−1 γ−1
v rms = T 1 V 1 =T 2 V 2
M

( )
γ −1
T1 V2
( rms )1 T 1 ⇒ =
√
v
⇒ = T2 V1
( v rms )2 T 2

P a g e | 58
From the first law of thermodynamics
( )
( v rms )1 V 2 γ−1
2

We have,
⇒ =
( v rms )2 V 1 Q=∆ U +W
7
−1

( )
5
v V 2 ∆ U =Q−W
⇒ = 2
v V1
2 ∆ U =150−110=40 J

( ) ( )
V 2 ×1 V 1/ 5

In case of adiabatic expansion ∆ W =¿

⇒2= 2 5 2 = 2 67 (b)
V1 V1
positive and ∆ Q=0
⇒
( )
V2
V1
5
=2 =32 From FLOT
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W ⇒ ∆ U =−∆ W , i .e . , ∆ U will
63 (d) be negative
T2
η1=1−
For adiabatic forces ∆ W =−∆U [∵ ∆ Q=0]
69 (d)
T1

1 T2 ⇒ ∆ W =− (−50 )=+50 J
=1−
6 T1
The efficiency (η) of Carnot engine is
70 (b)
T2 5
=
T1 6 ΔW Qreject T sink
η= =1− =1−
Δ QH Qtaken T source
T 2−62
η2=1−
T1 Qreject T sink
⇒ =
Q taken T source
1 T 2−62
=1−
3 T1 T /3 Q
⇒ Qreject = Q=
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) , we get
T 3

71 (c)
T 1=372 K ∧T 2=310 K
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W ⇒ ∆ U =∆ Q−∆ W =2240−168=2072 J

In an adiabatic change,
64 (a) 72 (a)
T 1=273+20=293 K ,T 2=273+10=283 K
Coefficient of performance
1−γ γ
p T =constant
Or p T γ /1−γ =constant
Or p ∝T (1−γ )/γ
T2 283 283
¿ = = =28.3
T 1−T 2 293−283 10
Thus, c=
1−γ
γ 73 (a)

For a monoatomic gas, γ = or

5 T2 T2 1 5
η=1− =1−η=1− =
3 T1 T1 6 6
1−5/3 −2 2 5 5
∴−c= = ⇒ c= T 2= T 1= × 600=500 K
5 /3 3 5 6 6

According first 1st law of

65 (b) 74 (b)
In isothermal process P1 V 1=P2 V 2
thermodynamics P
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W ⇒ PV =P2 × 4 V ∴ P2 =
In adiabatic process
4
∆ Q=0+W =W

66 (a)

P a g e | 59
γ γ P 1.5 1.5 1
P2 V 2=P3 V 3 ⇒ × ( 4 V ) =P3 V ⇒ P3 =2 P W = 2V .3 P=3 PV
4 2

In adiabatic process total amount of heat From symmetry considerations and also
75 (b) 80 (a)

remains constant. from theory,

Va Vb
=
In a cycle process, work done is equal to
76 (a)
Vd Vc
area of the loop ACBDA , representing the 81 (a)
cycle of changes T ( 127+273 ) 1
2
η=1− =1− =
T1 ( 227+273 ) 5
The coefficient of performance of a
77 (d)
1 4
W =η Q1= ×10 J =2000 J
refrigerator is given by α =
Q2 Q2 5
=
W Q1−Q 2
Where, Q 1=¿ Amount of heat released to For adiabatic process,
82 (a)

the hot reservoir

Q2=¿ Amount of heat extracts from the dQ=0
cold reservoir So,
W =¿ work done on the working
dU =−Δ W

substance ⇒ n C V dT =+146 ×10 J

3

Q2
∴α= nfR
Q1−Q2 3

Substituting the given values, we get

⇒ ×7=146 ×10
2
1 Q2
=
3 200−Q2 [f → Degree of freedom]
200
200−Q 2=3 Q2 ⇒ 4 Q2=200⇒ Q2= J =50 J 3
4 10 ×f × 8.3 ×7 3
⇒ =146 × 10
∴ W =Q 1−Q2=200 J −50 J =150 J 2

78 (b) f =5.02 ≈ 5

Efficiency, η=1− So, it is a diatomic gas.

T2
T1

For isothermal process

83 (c)
(273 +27)
¿ 1−
(constant)
(273+127)
p1 V =K
300 1
----(i)
¿ 1− = K
400 4 p1 =
V
Work done
η= K
Heat supplied ¿ =2 K
V /2

For adiabatic process

1 W
=
4 40

(constant)
γ
⇒ W =10 kJ P2 V =K

----(ii)
79 (d) K
∴ P 2= γ
V

P a g e | 60
K γ 5
¿ =K (2 ) 7000=μ × R × 700 ⇒ μ=0.48

For path ca :
( V /2 ) γ
2

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have ( ∆ Q )ca=( ∆U )ca + ( ∆ W )ca …(i)
∵ ( ∆ U ) ab+ ( ∆ U )bc + ( ∆ U )ca =0
…
P2 > P1
∴ 7000+0+ ( ∆ U )ca =0 ⇒ ( ∆ U ) ca=−7000 J
(ii)
Entropy is a measure of disorder. When
84 (b)
Also ( ∆ W )ca=P1 ( V 1−V 2 ) =μR(T 1−T 2)
water is converted into ice, disorder
¿ 0.48 × 8.31× ( 300−1000 ) =−2792.16 J …(iii)
decreases, hence entropy decreases.
On solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii)
( ∆ Q )ca=−7000−2792.16=−9792.16 J =−9800 J
In isothermal change, temperature
85 (a)

remains constant,
Work done = area of ∆ ABC
92 (c)
Hence ∆ U =0
Also from ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W ⇒ ∆ Q=∆ W A B × BC ( p2− p1 ) (V 2−V 1)
¿ =
2 2

P V =¿ constant represents adiabatic

86 (b)
2 93 (b)
equation. So during the expansion of ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W
ideal gas internal energy of gas decreases
So, heat has been given by the system
∆ Q=0−150 J
and temperature falls

C p−C v =R=2 cal (mol K¿−1 Difference in

87 (c) 94 (c)

( ) the two values must be 2

γ−1
V1 0.41
T 2=T 1 =273 ( 2 ) =273× 1.328=363 K
V2
R (T 1−T 2 ) 8.31(273−363)
Internal energy of a gas is
95 (b)
W= = =−1824
γ −1 1.41−1
⇒|W |≈ 1815 J 3
U = nRT
For a given number of moles of the same
2

Initial and final states are same an all the

89 (d)
gas, U depends only T
process
Therefore U B at 2 T <U A at temperature T
Hence, ∆ U =0 in each case is a wrong statement

By p ∆ V =∆ Q=∆ W =¿ Area enclosed by 96 (b)

curve with volume axis According to first law of thermodynamics
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W
∵ ( Area )1 < ( Area )2 < ( Area )3 For an adiabatic process,
∆ Q=0 ∴ ∆ U=−∆ W
⇒ Q1 <Q2 <Q3 During an adiabatic expansion, ∆ W is
positive. Therefore ∆ U will be negative,
so internal energy decreases and hence
During formation of ice cubes orderness
90 (c)

temperature of the system decreases

increases, ie, disorderness decreases,
For an adiabatic process P V γ =¿ constant
hence entropy decreases.

( )
γ
' 'γ γ V '
91 (d)
∴ P V =P V ⇒ P =P '
For path ab : ( ∆ U )ab=7000 J
V
As V ' >V , γ >1 ∴ P' < P
By using ∆ U =μ CV ∆T
97 (d)
P a g e | 61
Slow isothermal expansion or From FLOT ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W
98 (b)

compression of an ideal gas is reversible Work done at constant pressure

process, while the other given processes ( ∆ W )P =( ∆ Q ) P−∆ U
are irreversible in nature ¿ ( ∆ Q ) P− ( ∆ Q ) V [As we know ( ∆ Q )V =∆ U ]
Also ( ∆ Q )P=mc P ∆T and ( ∆ Q )V =m c V ∆ T
⇒ ( ∆ W )P =m(c P −c V ) ∆ T
⇒ ( ∆ W )P =1× ( 3.4 × 103−2.4 × 103 ) ×10=10 4 cal

P a g e | 62
get
In case of no work done W=0 than
99 (d)

volume expersion V=0. So, the volume 1

remains zero V=0. This process is called
γ −1=
2
isochoric process. 3
¿ γ = =1.5
2
Gain of entropy of ice
100 (b)
Cp
∆ Q mL 80 × 100 8× 10
3 ⇒ =1.5
S1 = = = = cal /K Cv
T T (0+273) 273
Loss of entropy of water ¿ S2=
−∆ Q −mL 105 (c)
=
T T n
V p =constant
3

( )(1+n ∆pp )
80 ×100 8 ×10 ∆V
¿ = cal/ K ∴ V p n= V +
(273+50) 323
Total change of entropy
V
∆V ∆p ∆V ∆P
3 3 1=1+ +n +n
8 ×10 8 ×10 V p V p
S1 + S2 = − =+ 4.5 cal/ K
Or , (neglecting the
273 323 ∆V ∆p
=−n
product)
V p
102 (c)

As η=1− ∴ =1−η=1− As k =
T2 T2 10 90
= −∆ p p
T1 T1 100 100 =
∆ V /V n
or T 1=
100 T 2
90 106 (b)
100 T 2 T 1−T 2
¿ ×270=300 K η=1− =
90 T1 T1
In all the four cases, T 1−T 2 =20 K.
Therefore, η is highest, when T 1 is lowest
For adiabatic expansion, we have the
103 (b)

formula 107 (b)

For adiabatic process T V γ−1=¿ constant
γ
p V =constant …(i)

( ) ( )
γ −1 γ−1

Gas equation is ,
T V V
⇒ 2= 1 ⇒T 2= 1 ×T 1
T1 V 2 V2
pV=RT
( ) ( )
1.25−1 0.25
1 1
⇒ T 2= ×273= × 273
81 81
…(ii)
RT 273
⇒ p= ¿ =91 K →−182℃
V 3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we obtain
In an adiabatic process
108 (a)

( RTV ) V =constant
γ

p V =K
γ
(Poisson’s equation)

…(iii) Where p is pressure, V the volume and γ

γ −1

the ratio of specific heats.

⇒T V =constant

But (given)
1
T∝
Given, γ =
√V 3

as T V 1 /2=constant …(iv)
2

Thus, using Eqs. (iii) and (iv) togther, we

3/ 2
∴ pV =K

P a g e | 63
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get initial and final state of gas on left side

...(i)
( ) ( )
γ γ
V0 V0
3 P1 =P f + Ax
log p+ log V =log K 2 2
Similarly for gas in right side, we have
2

…(ii)
( ) ( )
∆ p 3 ∆V V0
γ
V0
γ
∴ + =0 P2 =P f −Ax
p 2 V 2 2
∆ V −2 ∆ p From eq. (i) and (ii)
∴ =
( )
γ
V 3 p V0
+ Ax

[ ]
1/ γ 1 /γ
P1 2 V 0 P1 −P2
= ⇒ Ax=
∆V
V
× 100=
−2 ∆ p
3 p (
×100 ) P2 V 0
2 (
− Ax
γ

)
2 P11 /γ + P1/2 γ

( )
γ
2 2 −4 V0
¿− × = % P1
Now from equation (i) Pf =
3 3 9 2

Minus (-) sign implies that volume

[ ]
γ
V0
+ Ax
decreases by % .
4 2
9
Change in internal energy
111 (c)

In adiabatic process
109 (d)

dU =dQ−dW

At constant pressure
∆ Q=0

Therefore, first law of thermodynamics

becomes
dU =C p dT − p dV

dU+dW=0 ¿ C p dT −R dT

¿ ( C p−R ) dT
As finally the piston is in equilibrium,
110 (c)

both the gases must be at same pressure ¿ C v dT

Pf . It is given that displacement of piston
be in ideal state x and if A is the area of
R
¿ dT
cross-section of the piston. Hence the
γ −1

final volumes of the left and right part

finally can be given by figure as
R pV
¿ ×
γ −1 R
x
pV
¿
P1T1
γ −1
P2T2

As is known,
112 (c)

+ Ax and
V0
V L= Cp
2 slope of adiabatic curve
=γ =
V0 slope of isothermal curve Cv
V R= − Ax
As it is given that the container walls and
2
113 (d)

the piston are adiabatic in left side and

T 1=200 ℃=200+273=473 K
the gas undergoes adiabatic expansion
T 2=0 ℃=0+273=27 3 K
and on the right side the gas undergoes T2 273 200
adiabatic compression. Thus we have for
η1=1− =1− =
T1 473 473

P a g e | 64
Again, T 1=0 ℃= ( 0+273 ) K=273 K
'

'
T 2=−200 ℃=(−200+273 ) K=73 K T2 100 T
η=1− =1− =1−
T2 T1 500 900
73 200
η2=1− ' =1− = T 1
T1 273 273 ∴ = ∨T =180 K
900 5
η1 200 273 273 1
= × = =
η2 473 200 473 1.732 122 (b)

In first case η1=

T 1−T 2
114 (a) T1
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W ⇒ ∆ U =∆ Q−∆ W
In second case η2=
2 T 1 −2T 2 T 1−T 2
¿ 6 × 4.18−6=19.08 kJ ≈ 19.1 kJ = =η
2T1 T1
115 (a)

Work done by the system = Area of

μ C V dT 123 (b)
∆W ∆U
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W ⇒ =1− =1−
shaded portion on P-V diagram
∆Q ∆Q μ C P dT
∆W CV 3 2 −6 3
⇒ =1− =1− = =0.4 ¿ ( 300−100 ) 10 × ( 100−200 ) × 10 =−20 J
∆Q CP 5 5

In isothermal process, the internal energy

124 (d)

Below 150 K, hydrogen behaves as

116 (a)
of the system remains constant. Heat
monoatomic gas supplied in an isothermal change is used
∴ For the mixture, to do work against external surrounding
or if the work is done on the system then
γ=
1
2
[ ( )
γ mono +γ di ]=
1 5 7 3
+ =
2 3 5 2 equal amount of heat energy will be
liberated by the system.
117 (c)
T2
Change in internal energy (∆U ) depends
500 1 125 (d)
η A =1− =1− =
T1 1000 2
upon initial and final state of the function
while ∆ Q and ∆ W are path dependent
T2 400 7
η B=1− =1− =
T1 1100 11
Clearly, η A <ηB 126 (b)

( )
γ−1

( ) ( )
5 2
118 (d) T2 V 1 27 −1 27
= ⇒T 2=300 3
=300 3

P V =¿ constant ⇒ P =¿ constant
T1 V 2 8 8
( )
γ
γ RT

{ 278 } =300( 32 ) =675 K

P 1 /3 2
¿ 300 ( )
2

According to first law of thermodynamics

119 (d)
⇒ ∆ T =675−300=375 K
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W 127 (a)
From ∆ Q=mC p (∆T )
∆ U =∆ Q−∆ W
Here ∆ Q=35 J , ∆W =−15 J
70=2× C p × ( 35−30 ) ,
∴ ∆ U =35 J −(−15 J )=50 J
Note : ∆ W is negative because work is
−1
∴ C p =70/10=7 cal ( mol ° C )
done on the system C v =C p−R=7−2=cal/mol ℃
∆ Q =nC v ( ∆ T )=2 ×5 ×5=50 cal
'

State of a thermodynamic system cannot

120 (d)

determined by a single variable ( P or V

129 (b)

or T ) ( )
V2
W =μRT log e =0.2 ×8.3 × log e 2 ×(27+273)
V1
121 (a)
P a g e | 65
¿ 0.2 ×8.3 ×300 × 0.693=345 J 130 (b)
5 5 5

In the 2nd process, dU remains the same

dU =dQ −dW =8 ×10 −6.5× 10 =1.5 ×10 J

5 5 5
∴ dW =dQ−dU =10 −1.5 ×10 =−0.5 ×10 J

P a g e | 66
now T 2−62= T 1= ×
131 (c) 2 2 6
T
V1 T1 V 300 3 3 5 2
= ⇒ = ⇒ T 2=600⇒ ∆ T =300
V 2 T 2 2V T 2 ⇒ T 2=310 K=310−273=37 ℃
Now, 6 6
T 1= T 2= ×310=372 K=372−273=99 ℃
W =P ∆ V =μR ∆ T 5 5
⇒ W =0.1 ×2 ×300=60 cal
140 (d)
5 −3
W =P ∆ V =1.01 ×10 (3.34−2 ×10 )
W AB is negative (volume is decreasing)
132 (b)
3

and
¿ 337 ×10 J=340 kJ

W BC is positive (volume is increasing) and 141 (c)

Work done in expansion ¿ C p−C v =R Joule
Since, |W BC|>¿ W AB ∨¿
∴ net work done is positive and area
between semicircle which is equal to
142 (c)
T 1−T 2 W A T 2−T 3 W B
π η A = = ⇒ η B = =
atm−¿ T1 Q1 T2 Q2
2 Q1 T 1 T 2−T 3 T 1
∴ = × = ∴ W A =W B
Q2 T 2 T 1−T 2 T 2
In isothermal process temperature
133 (c)
T 1+ T 3 800+300
remains constant
∴ T2= = =550 K
2 2

In isothermal process, temperature

134 (b) 143 (c)
Change in internal energy ∆ U =μ CV ∆T
remains constant It doesn’t depend upon type of process.
Actually it is a state function

Here dQ =50 J , dW =−15 J

135 (c)
144 (b)
dU =dQ−dW =50−(−15 )=65 J 3
∆ W =P ∆ V =10 × 0.25=250 J

For monoatomic gas,

137 (c) 145 (a)
∆ E∫ ¿=0 ¿ , for a complete cycle and for
given cycle work done is negative, so
3 3 −1 ° −1
C v = R= ×8.31 Jmo l C
from first law of thermodynamics Q will
2 2
be negative, i .e . ,Q< 0
Q=500 J , n=4 θ=?
Q 500
θ= = =10 ℃
n Cv 3 146 (c)
4 × ×8.31

[ ]
2 ( ∆ Q )V
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W ⇒ ∆ W =( ∆ Q ) P−∆ U=( ∆Q )P 1−
( ∆ Q )P
First law of thermodynamics is infact, the
138 (b)

law of conservation of energy. [ ] [ ]

¿ ( ∆ Q )P 1−
CV
CP
3 2
=Q 1− = Q
5 5

∵ ( ∆ Q ) P=Q and γ = for monoatomic gas

139 (a) 5

…(i)
T2 T 2 1 5 3
η=1− ⇒ =1−2 η=1− =
T1 T 1 6 6
Given, dQ=+200 cal=200 × 4.2=840 J
147 (c)
in second case …
T 2−62 ' 2 2
=1−η =1− =
T1 6 3
(ii)
dW =+ 40 J
from Eqs. (i) and (ii) From first law of thermodynamics

P a g e | 67
dQ=dU + dW 2 −1/ 3
KT dT
dV 3 2 dT
dU =dQ−dW ∴ = =
V KT
2 /3
3 T
=840-40=800 J
Work done, W =∫ RT
T2 T2
dV 2 dT
=∫ RT
So, the internal energy of the system
T
V T 3 T

increase by 800 J.
1 1

2 2
W = R ( T 2−T 1 )= R × 60=40 R
3 3
148 (b)

Here, n=5 , γ = , T 1=0℃ ,T 2=400℃ Process 1 is isobaric ¿ constant)

154 (a)
7

expansion
5

Hence, temperature of gas will increase

nRdT
dU =
∴ ∆ U 1=¿ negative
7
−1
Process 2 is an adiabatic expansion
5
5 × 8.31×(400−0)
dU = =41550 J ∴ ∆ U 2=0
Process 3 is an adiabatic expansion
7
−1
Hence, temperature of gas will fall
5

∴ ∆ U 3 =¿ constant
dU =41.55 kJ

For isothermal process

149 (c) ∴ ∆ U 1 > ∆U 2> ∆ U 3

dU =0 and work done ¿ dW =P ¿ 155 (b)

for 100%, efficiency η=1 which

V1 V −PV T2
∵ V 2= = ∴ dW = η=1−
2 2 2 T1
gives T 2=0 K
150 (a)
For isothermal process P1 V 1=P2 V 2
Let the initial pressure of the three
156 (b)
P1 V 1 72 ×1000
samples be P A , PB and PC , then
⇒ P 2= = =80 cm
V2 900
Stress ∆ P=P2−P1=80−72=8 cm 3 /2
P A ( V ) = ( 2V )
3 /2
P , P B=P and PC ( V )=P(2 V )
:1: 2=2 √ 2 :1 :2
3 /2
151 (a)
⇒ P A : P B : PC =( 2 )
T2 300 1
P V =¿ constant : Differentiating both
ηmax =1− =1− = =25 % 158 (c)
T1 400 4
So 26% efficiency is impossible
γ

sides
152 (d) γ −1 γ dP dV
Here, p=4.5 ×105 Pa,
Pγ V dV +V dP=0 ⇒ =−γ
P V

dV =( 2.0−0.5 ) m3 =1.5 m3
From first law of thermodynamics
159 (c)
5
dU =? , dQ=800 kJ =8 ×10 J
5 5
dW = pdV =4.5 ×10 ×1.5=6.7 5× 10 J ∆ Q=∆ U + p ∆ V
5 5
dU =dQ−dW =8 ×10 −6.75× 10
5
¿ 1.25 ×10 J ⇒ mL= Δ U + p ( V 2−V 1 )

153 (c) ⇒ ∆ U=L− p ( V 2 −V 1 ) (∵ m=1)

As V =K T
2/ 3 2 −1/ 3
∴ dV =K T dT
3 160 (d)
Given, T 1=600 K ,T 2=450 K ∧W =300 J

P a g e | 68
Efficiency of Carnot engine T2 70 T2
η=1− ⇒ =1− ⇒T 2=300 K
T 1 100 1000
W T2
η= =1−
Q T1
In isochoric process, volume remains
166 (b)

¿
W
=1−
T2 constant
Q T1

The work done=area of p-V graph

167 (a)
W 450
¿ =1−
=area of triangle ABC
Q 600

W 1
¿ = 1
Q 4 ¿ ×3 p ×2 V =3 pV
2
¿ Q=4 W
168 (a)
¿ Q=4 ×300 ⇒ Q=1200 J T2 300 1
η=1− =1− = =50 %
T 600 2
For all processes, change in internal
161 (d)

energy ∆ U (∆ Q−∆ W ) does not change. It Curve IV is parallel to volume axis. It

170 (a)

depends only on initial and final states. represents isobaric curve. Out of II and
III, slope of III is smaller. Therefore, III
curve represents an isothermal curve
162 (d)

( )
V2 22.4
W =−μRT log e =−1 ×8.31 × ( 273+ 0 ) log e
V1 11.2171 (a)
¿−8.31× 273 × log e 2=−1572.5 J ¿ ¿ T 1−T 2 ( 127+ 273 )−(87+273)
η= =
T1 (127+ 273)
163 (c) 400−360
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W =167 +333=500 cal ¿ =0.1 →10 %
400

As no work is done and system is

164 (a)
Initial and final states are same in all the
172 (a)

thermally insulated from surrounding, it process

means sum of internal energy of gas in Hence ∆ U =0; in each case
two partitions is constant ie, U =U 1+ U 2 By FLOT; ∆ Q=∆ W =¿ Area enclosed by
curve with volume axis
Assuming both gases have same degree
of freedom, then
∵ ( Area )1 < ( Area )2 < ( Area )3 ⇒ Q 1<Q2 <Q3

173 (a)
f ( n1 +n2 ) RT
Efficiency of a heat engine, η=1−
U= T2
2
T1
For η=1(i. e ., 100 %) either T 1=∞ or
and
f n1 R T 1 f n2 R T 2
U 1= ,U 2=
2 2 T 2=0 K
As source at infinite temperature or sink
Solving we get,
at 0 K are not attainable, therefore heat
( p 1 V 1 + p2 V 2 ) T 1 T 2 engine cannot have efficiency 1
T=
p 1 V 1 T 2 + p2 V 2 T 1 174 (b)

Input energy ¿
1 g 2 kcal
165 (a) × =2 kcal/s
s g

P a g e | 69
Output energy ¿ 10 kW =10 K J /S=
10 175 (a)
For adiabatic process T 1 V b =¿ Constant
kcal/s
4.2 γ −1

>1, it is
For bc curve T 1 V or
output energy 10
( )
γ −1
⇒ η= = γ −1 γ−1 T2 V b
=T 2 V =
impossible
input energy 4.2× 2 b c
T1 V c
…(i)

For ad curve T 1 V or ( )
γ −1
γ −1 γ−1 T2 V a
a =T 2 V d =
T1 V d
…(ii)

From equation (i) and (ii)

Vb Va
=
Vc V d

This is the case of free expansion of gas.

176 (c)

In free expansion ∆ U =0 ⇒ Temp. remains

same

177 (c)
As C p /CV =γ
C p−C v
∴ γ −1
Cv

or C v =
C p −C v R
=
γ −1 γ −1
RdT npdV
∆ U =n C v dT =n =
( γ−1 ) γ −1
np(2 V −V ) npV
¿ =
As n=1,
γ−1 γ −1

pV
∴∆U =
(γ −1)

178 (c)
dU =dQ−dW =mL−p ( dV )
5 −6
1.013 ×10 ( 1671−1 ) 10
¿ 1 ×540−
¿ 540−40=500 cal
4.2

Maximum value of efficiency

179 (c)

T2 300 2
η=1− =1− =
T1 500 5

As η=
W
Q1

2
W =η Q1= ×1000 cal
5

¿ 400 × 4.2 J =1680 J

P a g e | 70
As no engine can produce more than
1680 J, disigns A and B are not possible.
180 (c)
7
2
7
∆ Q=μC P ∆ T = μR ∆ T C P= R
2 [ ]
5
2
5
[
∆ U =μ CV ∆T = μR ∆ T C V = R
2 ]
and ∆ W =∆ Q−∆ U =μR ∆ T
⇒ ∆ Q: ∆ U : ∆ W =7 :5:2

As slope of adiabatic AC is more than the

181 (b)

slope of isothermal AB, and BC is

isochoric (ie at constant volume),
therefore, figure (b) represents the
curves correctly

In isothermal process ∆ Q ≠ 0
182 (d)

Coefficient of performance
183 (c)

T2 273 273
K= = = =9.1 ≈ 9
T 1−T 2 303−273 30

Process CD is isochoric as volume is

184 (d)

constant, process DA is isothermal as

temperature constant and process AB is
isobaric as pressure is constant

Heat required to change the temperature

186 (c)

of vessel by a small amount dT

−dQ=mC P dT

Total heat required

4

( )
3
T
−Q=m∫ 32 dT
20 400

[ ]
4
100× 10−3 ×32 T 4
¿
( 400 )3 4 20

⇒ Q=0.001996 kJ
Work done required to maintain the
temperature of sink to T 2

W =Q1−Q2

Q1−Q2
¿ Q2
Q2

P a g e | 71
( ) When heat is supplied at constant
T1 191 (c)
¿ −1 Q2
pressure, a part of it goes in the
T2

expansion of gas and remaining part is

( ) used to increase the temperature of the
T 1−T 2
⇒W = Q2
gas which in turn increases the internal
T2

For T 2=20 K energy

192 (c)
300−20
For isothermal process PV =RT ⇒ P=
W 1= × 0.001996 RT
20
V
=0.028 kJ V2
RT V
∴ W =PdV =∫ dV =RT log e 2
For T 2=4 K V1
V V1

A is compressed isothermally, hence

193 (c)
300−4
W 2= × 0.001996
4
V
=0.148 kJ
P1 V =P2 ⇒ P 2=2 P 1
and B is compressed adiabatically, hence
2

As temperature is changing from 20 K to

4 K, work done required will be more ( )
γ
' γ ' V ' γ '
P1 V =P2 ⇒ P 2= ( 2 ) P1
than W 1 but less thanW 2.
2
Since γ >1, hence P2 > P2 or P2 < P2
' '

187 (c)
194 (d)
Here, p=1 atm, T 1=27 ℃
T2 V 2
= =2⇒ T 2=2 ×T 1=2 ×300=600 K=327 ℃
¿ 27+273=300 K
T1 V 1

188 (b) p2=8 atm, T 2=? , γ =3 /2

dU C v dT C v (3 /2) R 3 As changes are adiabatic,
= = = =
dQ C p dT C p (5 /2) R 5 ∴ p 1 T =P T γ −1 −γ
1
γ −1
2
−γ
2

( ) ( )
−γ γ−1
T2 p
For an adiabatic process,
189 (c) = 1
T1 p2

( )
γ−1 /γ
p1 (1.5−1)/1.5 1/ 3
TV
γ−1
=constant T 2−T 1 =300 ( 8 ) =300 ( 8 )
p2

[ ]
V1
γ −1
T =600 K= ( 600−273 ) ℃=327 ℃
⇒ T 2=T 1
V2
The efficiency of cycle is
196 (b)

[ ]
0.4
V
¿ ( 273+18 ) =668 K
V /8 T2
η=1−
T1

Work done during the cycle

190 (b)
For adiabatic process

=area enclosed by p-V graph TV

γ−1
=constant
=area of ▭ ABCD
For diatomic gas γ =
7
5
¿ AD ×CD
γ −1 γ−1
¿ ( 2 V −V ) × ( 2 p− p )=pV T 1 V 1 =T 2 V 2

P a g e | 72
( ) In all given cases, process is cyclic and in
V2 γ−1
204 (d)
T 1=T 2
cyclic process ∆ U =0
V1

7
−1 2 /5
=T 2 ( 2 ) =T 2 × 4 205 (b)
5 5
T 1=T 2 ( 32 )
…(i)
T2 1 500 500 1
T 1=4 T 2 η=1− ⇒ =1− ⇒ =
T1 2 T1 T1 2

…(ii)
' '
60 T2 T 2 2
η= 1− ( 14 )= 34 =0.75 100
=1− ⇒ =
T1 T 1 5
Dividing equation (i) by (ii)

Work done = Area under curve

197 (d) 500 5 '
= ⇒ T 2=400 K
T 2' 4
6 P 1 ×3 V 1
¿ =9 P1 V 1
Efficiency of Carnot’s heat engine,
2 206 (a)

In adiabatic operation (e g , bursing of

198 (d) T2
η=1−
tyre)
T1

Efficiency remains same when both T 1∧T 2

are increased by same factor.
(1−γ ) γ (1−γ ) γ
p2 T 2=p 1 T1

( )
(1−γ)/ γ
p1
T 2=T 1
p2 207 (c)
Here, V 1=1 L=10 m ,V 2=3 L=3 ×10 m
−3 −3
( )=300 ( 4 )−2 /7
3 3

()
1−7 / 5
4
p1=1 atm ¿ 1.013 ×105 N m−2 , γ=1.40 , W =?
¿ 300 7 /5
1
As changes are adiabatic,

In isothermal compression, there is

199 (a) γ γ
p1 V 1=p 2 V 2
always an increase of heat which must
flow out of the gas
=
p2 V 1( )
p1 V 2 γ
=( 3 )1.4 =4.6555

∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W ⇒ ∆ Q=∆ W [∵ ∆ U =0] p1 1.013 ×10

5
4 ∴ p 2= =
4 1.5 × 10 3 4.6555 4.6555
⇒ ∆ Q=−1.5 ×10 J = cal=−3.6 × 10 cal
4.18 5
¿ 0.217 ×10 N m
−2

Work done¿
p 1 V 1 − p2 V 2
T V =¿ constant
200 (a)
γ−1 γ−1
5 −3 5 −3
1.013× 10 × 10 −0.217 ×10 ×3 ×10
∴ =
T2 V1 ( ) () √
T 1 V 2 γ −1 1 γ −1
∨
2
=
1
2
¿
1.4−1
=90.5 J

or γ = ∴ P V =¿ constant
An isothermal process is a constant
1 3 3/ 2 208 (a)
∴ γ −1=
temperature process. In this process,
2 2

In isothermal process, compressibility

201 (a) T =constant ∨∆ T =0.

Eθ =P ∴ ∆ U =n CV ∆T =0

An adiabatic process is defined as one

Ideal gas possess only kinetic energy with no heat transfer into or out of a
202 (a)

system. Therefore, ∆ Q=0. From the first

law of thermodynamics.
C v −C p−R=207−8.3=198.7 J
203 (b)

W =−∆ U

P a g e | 73
or ∆ U =−W
or ∆ Q=nRT lo g e ( ) …(ii)
V2
V1
While working refrigerator reject heat
209 (c)

For 1 mole of an ideal gas, n=1

from its inside into the room continuously
to keep it cool inside. Now, if the door of So, from Eqs.(i) and (ii), we get
the refrigerator is open the heat rejected
will be more than that in the previous
case. So, the room temperature in this
∆ S=R lo ge
( )
V2

case will be more than the temperature

V1

when the door of the refrigerator is

closed. Hence, room temperature will
¿ R∈
( ) V2

increase gradually.
V1

For adiabatic process, Poisson’s equation

215 (c)

The amount of work done in the

210 (d)
is given by
isothermal cycle is higher than in the
adiabatic cycle, because the area under p V =constant ---(i)
the isothermal curve is larger than the
γ

area under the adiabatic curve. Hence, Ideal gas relation is

the curves are isothermal for A and C ,
pV=RT
while adiabatic for B and D.

---(ii)
RT
⇒V =
In adiabatic expansion, dQ=0,
211 (a)
p
∴ dW =−dU =−(−50 J )=50 J From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

213 (c)
In adiabatic process P V γ =¿ constant ( )
γ
RT
p =constant
p
⇒ ( RTV ) V =¿ constant ⇒ T V
γ γ −1
= constant
⇒
T
γ

γ −1
=constant ---(iii)
p

The change in entropy of an ideal gas Where γ is ratio of specific heats of the
214 (d)

gas.
…(i)
Given, p ∝T C ---(iv)
∆Q
∆ S=
T

In isothermal process, there is no change On comparing with Eq. (iii), we have

in internal energy of gas ie, ∆ U =0
γ
c=
∴ ∆ U =∆ Q−W γ −1

For a monoatomic gas γ =

⇒ 0=∆ Q−W 5
3

We have
⇒ ∆ Q=W

∴ ∆ Q=¿work done by gas in isothermal

process which went through from 5
( p1 ,V 1 , T ) ¿ ( p2 ,V 2 , T ) 3 5
C= =
5 2
−1
3

P a g e | 74
Slope of p−V graph of adiabatics ¿ γ p /V
216 (d) T 1−T 2 ( t 1+ 273 )−(t 2+273)
η1 = =
Slope of p−V graph of isothermal¿ p/V
T1 t 1+ 273

Required ratio ¿ γ
t 1−t 2
¿
t 1 +273

V ∝T at constant pressure
217 (c)
222 (d)
1 2
V1 T1 V 1 T 2 300× 280 M v =C V . ∆ T
⇒ = ⇒ V 2= = =280 ml 2
V2 T2 T1 300 2 2
1 R M . v (γ −1) ( γ −1 ) M v
M v 2= .∆T ⇒ ∆T= =
218 (d) 2 γ −1 2R 2R
T2 40 3
Slope of adiabatic curve ¿ γ × (Slope of
=1−η=1− = 223 (b)
T1 100 5
5 5
∴ T 1 = T 2= × 300=500 K isothermal curve)

Increase in efficiency ¿ 50 % of 40 %=20 % 224 (d)

3 3

∴ New efficiency η' =40+20=60 % In adiabatic compression temperature

and hence internal energy of the gas
increases. In compression pressure will
T2 ' 60 2
∴ =1−η =1− =
increase.
T '1 100 5
' 5
T 1= ×300=750 K
2
Increase in temperature of source ¿ T 1−T 1 From first law of thermodynamics,
225 (a)
'

¿ 750−500=250 K
Q=∆ U +W

For path iaf,

219 (a)
1
T 2=27 ℃=( 27+273 ) K=300 K , η=25 %=
4 50=∆ U +20

We know that, η=1−

T2 ∴ ∆ U =U f −U i=30 cal

For path ibf,

T1

1 300
⇒ =1− Q=∆ U +W
4 T1

300 1 or W =Q−∆U

=36-30=6cal
¿ =1−
T1 4

300 3
Differentiate PV =¿ constant w .r . t . V
⇒ = 226 (b)
T1 4
∆ P −∆ V
300 × 4 ⇒ P ∆ V +V ∆ P=0 ⇒ =
¿ T 1= P V
3
227 (c)
⇒ T 1=400 k
−∆ p
K a =γ p=
∆ V /V
¿ T 1=( 400−273 ) ℃=127 ℃
∆ V −∆ p
∴ =
220 (a) V γp
Work done ¿ P ∆ V =P (V 2−V 1 )
228 (a)
221 (d) ∆ W AB= p ∆ V =10 ( 2−1 )=10 J

P a g e | 75
∆ W BC =0 , becuase V is constant, 235 (c)
From first law of thermodynamics,
∆ Q=∆ W + ∆ U
= ( )
P 2 V 1 γ P'
⇒ =( 8 )5 /2 ⇒ P' =P × ( 2 )15/ 2
As ABCA is a cyclic process, therefore,
P1 V 2 P

∆ U =0 236 (a)

Efficiency η=
∴ ∆ Q=∆ W AB + ∆W BC +∆ W CA 1−T 2
¿ ∆ W AB+ ∆ W CA T1
or ∆ W CA =∆ Q−∆ W AB =5−10=−5 J
where, T 2=¿sink temperature,

T 1=¿source temperature.
229 (c)

Efficiency, η=1− =1−

T2 500
T1 800 For 100% efficiency, η=1

3 T2
¿ =0.375 ∴ =0
8 T1
230 (b)
⇒ Either T 1=0 K T 2=0 K
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W =mC v ( ∆ T ) + p ( ∆ V )
237 (c)

For monoatomic gas,

231 (b)
dW =dU =μ C v ∆ T =−C v ( T 2−T 1 ) =C v (T 1−T 2 )

AB and CD are isothermal curves

238 (c)
5
CP= R
therefore T a=T b and T c =T d but all the
2

four temperatures are not equal

And
3
CV= R
2

For diatomic gas,

239 (d)

Here, γ =1.5 , V 2= V 1 ;
1 p2
=?
4 p1
As compression is sudden/adiabatic,
7
CP= R
2 γ γ
∴ p 2 V 2 =p 1 V 1
and
5
CV= R
2 =
p1 V 2( )
p2 V 1 γ
=( 4 )1.5=8

232 (d)
240 (c)
W AB =−P0 V 0 , W BC =0 and W CD =4 P0 V 0
E ϕ=γP=1.4 × ( 1 ×105 ) =1.4 ×10 5 N /m2
⇒ W ABCD=−P 0 V 0 +0+ 4 P0 V 0=3 P0 V 0
Efficiency of all reversible cycles depends
233 (a)

upon temperature of source and sink

241 (a)
which will be different.
Q2
Q 2=2000 cal . As COP=
W
234 (a) ∴ 4=2000 /W
Here, for hydrogen C p−C v =m=
R W =500 cal=500 × 4.2=2100 J

Or
2
R=2m 242 (d)

And for nitrogen, C p−C v =n= or R=28 n

R dQ =400 cal , dW =−105 J
28 ¿ 105/ 4.2cal=−25 cal ; dU =?
dU =dQ−dW
dU =400−(−25 ) =425 cal
∴ 2 m=28 n
m=14 n

P a g e | 76
Note dW is negative because work is
done on the system
pV
=n ∆ T (T 2−T 1 <∆ T )
R

243 (a) Substituting in Eq. (i)

Eθ =P
pV
∆U=
244 (a) ( γ−1)
T 1=27 ℃=( 27+273 ) K=300 K

During free expansion of a perfect gas no

250 (a)
T 2=−123+273=150 K
T2 150 work is done and also no heat is supplied
from outside. Therefore, no change in
η=1− =1− =0.5
T1 300
internal energy. Hence, temperature
remains constant
This is the case of free expansion and in
245 (a)

the case ∆ W =0 , ∆ U =0 so temperature

remains same, i .e . ,300 K
251 (c)
f
∆ C=∆ U +∆ W ∵ ∆ W =0 ⇒ ∆Q=∆ U = μR ∆ T
2
An isothermal process that takes place at
246 (a)
3
¿ ×2 R ( 373−273 )=300 R
constant temperature, must be carried
2
out in a vessel with conducting wall so
that heat generated should go cut at once For an isothermal process PV =¿ constant
252 (a)

247 (c) ⇒ PdV +VdP=0 ⇒− ( )

1 dV
V dP
=
1
P
As
Q2 T 2 Q2
So, β= ∴ graph will be rectangular
150
= ∴T 2= ×T 1= × 400=300 K 1
Q1 T 1 Q1 200
hyperbola
P

∆ W AB=0 as V =¿ constant
248 (a)

∴ ∆ Q AB=∆ U AB=50 J [Given]

253 (b)
According to I st law of Thermodynamics
U A =1500 J ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W , in adiabatic process ∆ Q=0
∴ U B =( 1500+50 ) J =1550 J 0=∆ U −∆ W (Work done on the system –
∆ W BC =−∆ U BC =−40 J [Given] Ve)
∆ U =+∆ W =+22.3
[ ∴ Work done on the system ∴ internal
∴ ∆ U BC =40 J

energy increases]
∴ U C =( 1550+ 40 ) J =1590 J

In 2nd process ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W

In case of gases whatever be the process
249 (d)

Work done by system ∆ W =16.95

9.35 × 4.18=22.3+∆ W
∆ U =n C V ∆ T

As slope of adiabatic process at a given

254 (c)
or ∆ U =n ∆ ( ) -------(i)
R
γ −1 state is more than the slope of isothermal
process, therefore, in figure AB is an
isotherm and BC is an adiabat
pV =nR T 1

2 pV =nR T 2

⇒ pV =nR ( T 2 −T 1)

P a g e | 77
p3 C
1
¿ × ( 8× 10 +4 × 10 ) ×0.2=1.2× 10 J
5 5 5
p
p1 2
A
B 258 (c)
T 2=0 ℃=273 K ,
V1 V2

In going from A to B, volume is

V
T 1=17 ℃=17+273=290 K

increasing
Coefficient of performance¿
Q2 T2
∴ W AB=¿positive
=
W T 1−T 2
In going from B to C volume is decreasing
∴ W BC =¿negative 80 ×1000 × 4.2
=
273
=
273
As work done is area under p−V graph,
W 290−273 17
therefore, 80 ×1000 × 4.2 ×17
∴W= J
|W BC|>¿ W AB ∨¿ 273
∴ W =W AB +W BC =Negative ieW < 0
From the graph, it is clear that p3 > p1.
4
33.6 × 17 ×10
¿W =
Choice (c) is correct
5
kWh
273× 3.6 ×10

=0.058 kWh
Since the gas is enclosed in a vessel,
255 (b)

therefore, during heating process, volume

259 (c)
From p1 V 1=p 1 V 2
of the gas remains constant. Hence, no
γ γ

work is done by the gas. It means heat

( )( )
γ γ
p2 V 1 ρ2
supplied to the gas is used to increase its
= =
p1 V 2 ρ1
internal energy only
Initial internal energy of the gas is
5 7/ 5
¿ ( 32 ) =( 2 ) =2 =128
7 /5 7

2 P
P
∴ = =128
5
U 1=N R T
2 ( ) P1 P

Since n moles get dissociated into atoms, 260 (b)

therefore, after heating, vessel contains From first law of thermodynamics,
(N −n) moles of diatomic gas and 2 n Q=∆ U +W ⇒ ∆ U=Q−W
moles of a mono-atomic gas. Hence the ∴ ∆ U 1=Q 1−W 1=6000−2500=3500 J
internal energy for the gas, after heating, ∆ U 2=Q2−W 2 =−5500+1000=−4500 J
will be equal to ∆ U 3=Q3−W 3=−3000+1200=−1800 J
U 2= ( N −n ) ( 52 R ) T + 2n ( 32 R )T = 52 NRT + 12 nRT ∆ U 4=Q 4−W 4=3500−x
For cyclic process, ∆ U =0
Hence, the heat supplied = increase in
internal energy
∴ 3500−4500−1800+ 3500−x=0 ⇒ x =700 J
Efficiency, η=
output
1 ×100
¿ ( U 2 −U 1 )= nRT input
2 W 1 +W 2 +W 3 +W 4 1000
¿ ×100= × 100⇒ η=10.5 %
256 (c) Q1 +Q4 9500
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W =( U f −U i ) +∆ W
In a refrigerator, the heat dissipated in
261 (b)
⇒−30=( U f −30 ) −10 ⇒ U f =10 J
the atmosphere is more than that taken
from the cooling chamber, therefore the
Work done =area of trapezium
257 (b)
room is heated if the door of a

P a g e | 78
refrigerator is kept open dQ =dU + p dV ------(i)

263 (c) According to the question when gas

T2 ( 47+273) 320 1 expands, its internal energy decreases.
η=1− =1− =1− = =20 %
So, from Eq. (i) dQ remains constant
T1 ( 127+273) 400 5

Hence, the process is adiabatic.

For adiabatic process ∆ Q=0
265 (b)

From
The internal energy U of a
272 (c)
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W ⇒ 0=∆ U−90 ⇒ ∆ U =+90 J
thermodynamic system is a characteristic
property of the state of the system, it
Here, dQ=110 J , dU=40 J , dW =?
266 (b)

does not matter, how that state has been

From dQ=dU + dW
obtained U is a unique function because it
depends only upon the state of the
dW =dQ−dU =110−40=70 J
system.
In cyclic process ∆ U =0
268 (a)

So heat absorbed
273 (c)
Process AB is isochoric, ∴ W AB=P ∆V =0
∆ Q=W =¿ Area under the curve
Process BC is isothermal
¿−( 2V )( P ) =−2 PV
So heat rejected ¿ 2 PV ∴ W BC =RT 2 . ln
( )
V2
V1
269 (a) Process CA is isobaric
The given relation is p=
2 2
αT αT ∴ W CA =P ∆ V =R ∆ T =R(T 1−T 2)
[Negative sign is taken because of
∴V=
As pressure is kept constant,
V P
compression]
dV = ( 2 αTP ) dT
For isochoric process ∆ V =0 ⇒ ∆ W =0
274 (a)

From FLOT ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W ⇒ ∆ Q=∆ U

2 T0

W =∫ p dV = ∫ p
T0
( 2 αTp ) dT
[ ] Volume of the gas is constant V =¿
2 2 T0 275 (b)
T 2
¿2α =3 α T
constant ∴ P∝ T
0
2 T0

i .e . , pressure will be doubled if

For vacuum, pressure p=0
270 (c)

temperature is doubled
Hence, work done ¿ p ∆ V =0
∴ P=2 P0
According to first law of thermodynamics
Now let F be the tension in the wire.
Q=∆ U + p ∆ V Then equilibrium of any one piston gives

∴ Q=∆ U F=( P−P 0 ) A=( 2 P0−P 0) A=P0 A

Hence the gas undergoes neither an

increase nor a decrease in its
temperature or internal energy.

From, first law of thermodynamics

271 (c)

∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W ; ∆ U does not depend upon

276 (d)

P a g e | 79
path gases
∵ ∆ W A >∆ W B ⇒ ∆ Q A >∆ Q B

Under isothermal conditions, T =¿

282 (d)

constant
277 (d)

From η=1− ∴ Internal energy =constant ie , change in

T2 T 2 400 3
⇒ =1−η=1− =
internal energy is zero
T1 T 1 100 5
3 3
∴ T 2 = T 1= × 500=300 K
5 5 283 (a)
Again ' =1−η or ' =1− 100 = 2 For heat engine,
T2 300 50 1 Q2 T 2
T1 T1 =
or T 1=600 K
Q1 T 1

T 2 Q1
⇒ Q 2=
In thermodynamic process
278 (a) T1

Work done = Area covered by PV

diagram with V -axis
375× 600
¿ =450 J
500
From graph it is clear that

In p-V diagrams process AB is isobaric

284 (a)
( Area )iso > ( Area )adi
process in which pressure remains
⇒ W iso >W adi
constant ie, p=constant at all
temperatures.
P

Process BC is isothermal process in

Isothermal

which, temperature remains constant ie,

Adiabatic
V

T=constant.
For Isothermal process PV =¿ constant
279 (c)
Process CD is isochoric process in which
=¿ Slope of Isothermal curve volume remains constant ie, p-T diagram
⇒
dV( )
dP −P
=
V CD is a straight line passing through
For adiabatic P V γ =¿ constant origin.
=¿ Slope of adiabatic curve Process AD is adiabatice process which
dP −γP
⇒ =
corresponds to process AD in p-T
dV V

Clearly, ( ) ( ) diagram.
dP dP
=γ
dV adibatic dV Isothermal
Hence, the correct p-T diagram is shown
in option (a).
For all thermodynamic purposes, the
280 (c)

state of a system can be represented by

specifying its pressure p, volume V and According to the figure
285 (c)

the temperature T provided the system is

in equilibrium.

281 (c)

For monatomic gas, η= =1.67

5
3
And for diatomic gas η= =1.40
7

As actual γ =1.5 . Therefore, gas must be a

5

mixture of monoatomic and diatomic

P a g e | 80
T ∆ U =Q−W

For isothermal change ∆ U =0

2T 0
1 ∴ Q=W

Hence, in an isothermal process in an

2

ideal gas the heat absorbed by the gas is

T0

entirely used in the work done by the gas.

3

S 2S 0 S

dU =−100 J , in adiabatic expansion

0 289 (a)

∴ dW =−dU =100 J
1 3
Q1=T 0 S 0 + T 0 S 0= T 0 S 0
2 2
With rise in temperature, internal energy
290 (a)

also increases
Q2=T 0 ( 2 S 0−S0 ) =T 0 S0

Q3=0
An adiabatic change involves a fall or rise
291 (b)

W Q1−Q2 in temperature of the system. If a gas

expands under adiabatic conditions, its
η= =
Q1 Q1
temperature falls.
Q2 2
¿ 1− =1−
As initial and final states in the two
Q1 3 292 (d)

1 processes are same. Therefore, ∆ U 1=∆ U 2

. As area under curve a> ¿ area under
¿
3
curve b , therefore, ∆ W 1> ∆ W 2
As ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W
286 (b)
0.8 ×5=P × ( 3+5 ) ⇒ P=0.5 m
∴ ∆ Q1 >∆ Q2
287 (d)
T 2=27+273=300 K , η=37.5 % 293 (a)

As η=1−
5 2
T2 Eθ =P=1.013 ×10 N /m
T1
Internal energy U =¿ number of moles ×
294 (d)
37.5 300
∴ =1−
number of degrees of freedom ×
100 T1 1
Or
300 62.5 5 RT
out of four cases, product of number of
= = 2
T 1 100 8
2400 moles (1000) degrees of freedom (3) and
T (¿ 900 K ) is maximum for argon gas
T 1= =480 K=480−273=207 ℃
5

In an ideal gas, the internal energy

288 (d) 295 (c)
For a non-linear triatomic gas, C v =3 R
depends only upon the temperature of the
gas. When an ideal gas undergoes an And for a monoatomic gas, C v ' = R
3

isothermal change, there is no change in

2

its internal energy (∆U =0)

Q C v 3R
∴ '= =K = =2
Q Cv ' 3
From first law of thermodynamics
R
2

296 (c)

P a g e | 81
According to FLOT temperature difference
∆ Q=∆ U + P ( ∆ V ) ⇒ ∆ U=∆ Q−P(∆V )

Work done at constant temperature (ie,

304 (d)
¿ 1500− ( 2.1× 105 ) ( 2.5 ×10−3 ) =975 joule
isothermal process),
For isochoric process, internal energy
297 (c)

∆ U =n C V ∆ T =420 J
W =2.3 nRT log 10
( )
V2
V1

Molar specific heat C V = ( 505 )

∆U
¿ 2.3 ×10 × 8.31× 500× log 10
n∆T

420 −1 −1
¿−9.6 ×10 J
4
¿ =21 J K mo l
2× 10

Work done during isothermal process in

305 (c)

As ∆ U =∆ Q−∆ W
298 (b)
expanding volume of gas from
∆ U =(−20 ) −(−8 )=−12 J V 1 ¿V 2 is given by
∆ U =U f −U i =−12
∴ U f =−12+U 1=−12+ 30=18 J
V2

W =∫ p dV
V1
299 (b)
In an adiabatic process, p V γ =¿ constant V2

Put V =
RT
p
¿∫
V1
( nRT
V ) dV ( as p=
V )
nRT

=¿ constant
γ γ
pR T V2
dV
p
γ ¿ nRT ∫ ( as T =constant )
∴ p T =¿constant
1−γ γ V1
V

= nRT log e
γ / γ −1

( )
p ∝T V2
γ V1
∴ =3
γ −1
3 γ −3=γ For expansion of 1 mole of gas, ie, n=1
2 γ =3
γ=
3
2
W =RT log e
( )
V2
V1

In isochoric process the volume remains

300 (b)
Since, work is done by the system, so it is
306 (a)

constant. positive. Therefore,

301 (c)
As p2 V 2= p1 V 1
∆ W =30 J

Heat given to the system,

γ γ

V1 γ
( ) ( )
γ
ρ
∴ p 2= p1 = p1 2
V2 ρ1 ∆ Q=40 J

() According to first law of thermodynamics,

7 /5
2
change in internal energy is given by
¿p =2.63 p
1

Heat always refers to energy transmitted

303 (d) ∆ U =∆ Q−∆ W

from one body to another because of ¿ 43−30=10 J

P a g e | 82
Area under curve III is minimum. At constant temperature,
308 (c) 309 (b)

Therefore, work done is minimum p1 V 1=p 2 V 2

Or
p1 V 2
=
p2 V 1
Fractional change in volume
V 1−V 2 4 1
= =
V1 100 25
V2 1
1− =
V 1 25
V 2 24
=
V 1 25
p1 V 2 24
∴ = =
p2 V 1 25

or
p 2 25
=
p 1 24
p 2− p1 25 1
= −1=
p1 24 24

% increase in pressure ¿
100
=4.16 %
24

Work done is not a thermodynamical

310 (b)

function

For adiabatic process

311 (a)

γ−1
TV =constant
γ −1 γ −1
∴ T 1 V 1 =T 2 V 2

( )
γ −1
T1 V 2
⇒ =
T2 V1

Given , V 1=V , V 2=
V
, γ =1.5
4

( ) ()
T1 V /4 1.5 −1
1
0.5
−1
∴ = = =
T2 V 4 2

⇒ T 2=2 T 1

The change in temperature is given by

T 2−T 1 =2T 1−T 1 ⇒ T 1=273 K

1 process is isothermal expansion which

312 (d)
st

P a g e | 83
is only correct shown in option (d)
Work done ∆ W = p ∆ V
313 (c)
2 process is isobaric compression which
nd

is correctly shown in option (d)

At constant pressure

∆ W = p ( V f −V i )=nR(T f −T i )

At constant temperature

∆ W =nRT ∈
( )
Vf
Vi
=nRT ∈
Pi
Pf ( )
∴ ∆ W AB =1× R × ( 2 T −T ) =RT

2p
∆ W BC =1 × R ×2 T ∈ =2 RT ∈2
P

∆ W CD = 1× R × ( T −2T )=−RT

∆ W DA =1× R ×T ∈ ( 2pp )=RT ∈( 12 )

Net work done in the complete cycle is

∆ W =∆ W AB +∆ W BC + ∆ W CD +∆ W DA

¿ RT +2 RT ∈2−RT + RT ∈ ( 12 )
¿ 2 RT ∈2+ RT ∈1−RT ∈2

¿ 2 RT ∈2−RT ∈2

¿ RT ∈2

314 (c)
Here, T 1=411℃=( 411+273 ) K=684 K
T 2=69 ℃= ( 69+273 ) K=342 K
Q1=1000 J
W T2 342 1
η= =1− =1− =
Q1 T1 684 2
Q1 1000
W= = =500 J
Q2 2

The change in internal energy does not

315 (a)

depend upon path followed by the

process. It only depends on initial and
final states.

Hence, ∆ U 1=∆ U 2

P a g e | 84
The efficiency of heat engine is given by ( )
316 (a) 100
5 /3
p2 = p1
124
p2=0.6985 p1
∴ % decrease in pressure
W Q2 T2
η= =1− =1−
Q Q1 T1
p 1− p2
where T 1 is temperature of source and T 2
¿ ×100 %
p1
is temperature of sink. p 1−0.6985 p1
¿ ×100
p1
Given, η1= , η2=
1 1
0.3015 p 1
6 3 ¿ ×100 %
p1

…(i)
1 T 1−T 2 ¿ 30.15 %=30 %
∴ =
6 T1

In adiabatic process, no transfer of heat

319 (d)

and …(ii) takes place between system and

1 T 1−(T 2−62)
=
surrounding
3 T1

Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

The p−V graphs three given processes

320 (a)

are shown in figure

T 1=372 K

and T 2=310 K p0
2
Isobaric
1
317 (d) p Isothermal
3
O
A
Adiabatic
p
V1 V V2

As work done by the gas = area under the

p−V graph (between the graph of V axis)
B

and
C

D
V
( Area )2 > ( Area )1> ( Area )3 ∴ W 2>W 1> W 3
(i)Curve OA represents isobaric process
(since pressure is constant). Since, the
321 (b)
slope of adiabatic process is more steeper
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W
⇒ ∆ U=∆Q−∆ W =Q−W [using proper
than isothermal process.
sign]
(ii)Curve OB represents isothermal
process.
322 (b)

(iii)Curve OC represents adiabatic

C p−C v =4150

process.
Cp
=1.4 ,C p=1.4 C v
Cv
(iv)Curve OD represents isochoric
∴ 1.4 C v −C v =4150
process.
−1
C v =4150/0.4=10375 J kg K

(since volume is constant).

Processes A to B and C to D are parts of
323 (c)

318 (b) straight line graphs of the form y=mx

From p2 V 2= p1 V 1 ⇒ p2= p1 ( ) Also P=
γ
γ γ V1 μR
T (μ=6)
V2
⇒ P ∝T . So volume remains constant for
V

the graphs AB and CD

P a g e | 85
P A
P2 B TB =800 K TC = 2200 K 6 105 -
P2 C
VB
VC
TA =600 K 4 105 - C B
P1 TD =1200 K
A VA D
VD D E
O
1m 3 3m3
V
Work done by the system
T

So no work is done during processes for = area under p−V diagram

A to B and C to D = area of rectangle BCDE+ area of ∆ ABC
i .e . ,W AB=W CD =0 and 5 2× 10 × 2
5

W BC =P2 ( V C −V B )=μR(T C −T B) ¿ 4 ×10 ×2+

W =10 ×10 J
2
5
¿ 6 R ( 2200−800 )=6 R ×1400 J
Also W DA =P 1 ( V A −V D )=μR (T A −T B )
328 (d)
¿ 6 R ( 600−1200 )=−6 R ×600 J
Hence work done in complete cycle ( 32 R ) dT = 32 ×8.32 ×100=1.25 ×10 3
dU =C v dT=

J
W =W AB +W BC + W CD + W DA
¿ 0+6 R × 1400+0−6 R × 600

For adiabatic change equation of state is

¿ 6 R ×800=6 × 8.3× 800 ≈ 40 kJ 329 (a)

324 (c)
P V =K or Pγ V dV + dP .V =0
γ γ −1 γ γ
p V =constant

or ( ) It can also be re-written as

dP dV dP dV
⇒ =−γ × 100=−γ ×100
P V P V
¿−1.4 ×5=7 %
T V γ−1=constant as p=
[ nRT
V ]
Work does not characterise the
325 (c)

thermodynamic state of matter, it is a and [ ]

nRT
p1−γ T γ =constant as V =
path function giving only relationship
P

between two quantities.

For the process at constant pressure
330 (b)

V .T . graph is a straight line passing

326 (b)
dQ=C p dT +dw

through origin.
dQ−dW
dT =
Hence, V ∝T or P=¿ constant
Cp
∴ ∆ Q=nC P ∆ T and ∆ U =n C V ∆ T For the process at constant volume,

Also ∆ W =∆ Q−∆ U =μ(C P −CV )∆ T

dQ=C v dT (∴ dW =0)

∴
∆Q
=
n CP ∆ T
=
CP
=
1 ¿ Cv
( Cp
=
)
dQ−dW dQ −dW dQ −dW
C p /C v
=
γ
or ( γ −1 ) dQ=dW
∆ W n(C P −CV )∆ T C P −CV CV
1−
CP

= for helium gas. Hence

CV 3
CP 5
( 53 −1)dQ=W , dQ= 32 W
∆Q 1 5
Work done at constant pressure is
= = 331 (b)
∆ W 1−3 /5 2

327 (a) W =p ∆ V =nR ∆ T

Where p is presure, ∆ V the volume

change, R the gas constant, ∆ T the

P a g e | 86
change in temperature and n the number
of moles. Box A Box B
Thermal
Given, n=1, T 2=127 ℃=400 K ,
Contact
a mole N2 a mole He

T 1=27 ℃=300 K , R=8.14 J /mol−K

5R
∆ U A=1 × (T f −T o )
∴ W =1 × 8.14 × ( 400−300 ) 2

W=814 J ∆ U B=1 ×
3R 7
(T f − T 0 )
2 3

When a thermodynamic system Now,

332 (d)
∆ U A +∆ U B=0
undergoes a change in such a way that no
exchange of heat takes place between
system and surrounding, the process is
5R
2
( T f −T 0 ) +
3R
2 (
T f−
7T0
3
=0 )
known as adiabatic process. In this
process p,V and T changes but ∆ Q=0.
5 T f −5 T 0 +3 T f −7 T 0=0

334 (a) ⇒ 8 T f =12T 0

dW =50 0 J ,
dQ=2 kcal=200 cal=2000 ×4.2 J=8400 J
12 3
⇒Tf = T0= T0
8 2
dU =dQ−dW
¿ 8400−500=7900 J
∆ Q=mc ∆ θ . Here ∆ Q=0, hence c=0
338 (a)

335 (c)
T2
Work done during the complete cycle=
500 3 339 (a)
η=1− −1− = =0.375
area ABCDA= AD × AB= p ×V
T1 800 8

If M is molecular mass of the gas, then

336 (c)

∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W and ∆ W =P ∆ V
340 (a)
from
M ( C p −C v ) =R
The efficiencyη of Carnot engine is
341 (a)
8.31
defined as the amount of work divided by
M= =0.0392
If ρ is density of the gas at NTP, then
210
the heat transferred between the system
mass of 1 m 3of gas at NTP¿ ρ kg and the hot reservoir.
∴ Mass of 22.4 L (¿ 22.4 × 10−3 m 3) of gas at
NTP ¿ ρ ×22.4 × 10−3 kg, which is the
ΔW Tc
η= =1−
molecular mass of the gas
Δ QH TH

Where, T C ∧T H are temperatures of cold

−3
∴ ρ ×22.4 × 10 =0.0392
ρ=
0.0392
=1.75 kg m
−3 and hot junctions respectively.

Ist case T 2=0 ℃=0+273=273 K

−3
22.4 × 10

Here, change in internal energy of the

337 (c)

system is zero, ie, increase in internal

T 1=200 ℃=200+273=473 K

energy of one is equal to decrease in 273 200

…(i)
internal energy of other.
∴ η1=1− = =0.4228 ≈ 0.423
473 473

IInd case

P a g e | 87
( )
T 2=−200 ℃=−200+273=73 K P1 V 2 γ
∴ = =( 3 )1.5=5.1 ≈ 5
P2 V 1
T 1=0 ℃=0+273=273 K
347 (b)
… Given, T 1=627+273=900 K
T2 73 200
η2=1− =1− = =0.732
T1 273 273
(ii) Q1=3 ×10 cal
6

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get T 2=27+273=300 K

η1 0.423
= ≈ 0.577 Q1 Q2
η2 0.732 ∴ =
T1 T2
343 (a)
T2
For adiabatic change, γ −1 =constant
T
γ
⇒ Q 2= ×Q1
T1
P
300 6
¿
( ) ( )
T 1 γ p1 γ −1 × 3× 10
= 900
T2 p2
6
¿ 1 ×10 cal

( ) ( ) Work done ¿ Q 1−Q2

1.5 0.5
27+273 1
=
627+273 p2
6 6 6

or
¿ 3 ×10 −1× 10 =2 ×10 cal
() ( )
3 /2 1/ 2
1 1
=
3 P2 6
¿ 2 ×4.2 ×10 J =8.4 ×10 J
6

⇒ P2=27 atm
Work done = Area of PV graph (here
348 (c)

trapezium)
5
¿ 27 ×1.07 × 10
1
¿ ( 1 ×10 +5 ×10 ) × (5−1 )=12 ×10 J
5 −2 5 5 5
¿ 27 ×10 N m
2
345 (c)

In a cyclic process ∆ U =0 ⇒ ∆Q=∆ W

349 (a)
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W =0⇒ ∆ W =−∆ U
If ∆ W is positive i .e . , gas does work then
∆ U should be negative meaning internal
⇒ ( 100−20 )=20+W 2 ⇒ W 2=60 J

energy is used in doing work 350 (b)

3
As gas is suddenly expanded so it is an
346 (a) R
Q1 C V dT 2 3
adiabatic process,
= = = that is 60: 40.
Q2 p dT R 2

ie, p V γ =constant
351 (d)
For adiabatic process p V γ =constant
γ γ
¿ p1 V 1=p 2 V 2
( )
γ
P V
Given, V 2=3 V 1 , CV =2 R
⇒ 2= 1
P1 V 2

∴ C P=2 R+ R=3 R
( )
P2 800 5 /3
∴ =
P 100
CP 3R
⇒ γ= = =1.5
CV 2 R ⇒ P2=32 P

P a g e | 88
For adiabatic process Figure shows that loop 1 is anticlockwise,
352 (a)

therefore W 1 is negative, loop 2 is

clockwise, therefore W 2 is positive.
γ
P1 V 1=p 2 V 2

R T 1 γ R T2 γ Also, loop 2 is bigger

V = V ∴ W 2 >W 1
Hence, W =−W 1 +W 2 →positive
V1 1 V2 2
γ −1 γ−1
T 1 V 1 =T 2 V 2
359 (a)
Eθ =P ,if P=¿ constant, Eθ =¿ constant
COP
353 (a)

During adiabatic expansion

T2 360 (d)
273−23 250
¿ = = =2.5
T V =¿ constant of T 2 V 2 =T 1 V 1
T 1−T 2 (273+ 77 )−( 273−23 ) 100 γ−1 γ−1 γ−1

As COP¿
Q2
W =
T2 V 1( )
T 1 V 2 γ−1

For monoatomic gas, γ =5 /3

1000 ×80 × 4.2
∴ 2.5=
W
or W =
( ) ( )
5 /3−1
1000 × 80× 4.2 T1 A L2 L 2/3
=134400 J = = 2
2.5 T2 A L1 L1

In curves A and B, pressure and volume

354 (a)
∆ W =P ∆ V , here ∆ V is negative so ∆ W
361 (c)

both increase. Therefore, temperature

will be negative
must rise and heat must be supplied/work
is done. Therefore, A and B cannot be
required curves. Out of C and D , slope of Isochoric process takes place at constant
363 (c)

D is smaller. Therefore, D is isothermal volume.

curve and C is adiabatic curve
Since, there is no change of volume
(∆V =0) therefore
As is clear from figure,
355 (b)

Slope of curve 2 > Slope of curve 1 W =p ∆ V =0

( γ p ) 2= ( γ p ) 1
364 (b)
γ 2 >γ 1
As γ He > γ O2
T2 500 600
η=1− =1− =1−
∴ adiabatic curve 2 corresponds to
T1 800 x

helium and adiabatic curve 1 corresponds

3 600
∴ =1−
to oxygen
8 x
600 3 5
=1− =
x 8 8
The isothermal curve on p-V diagram is
356 (b)
4800
like a hyperbola.
5 x=4800 , x= =960 K
5

From FLOT ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W

366 (b)
AD and BC represent adiabatic process
357 (c)

∵ Heat supplied to the system so ∆ Q →

(more slope)
Positive
AB and DC represent isothermal process
and work is done on the system so ∆ W →
(less slope)
Negative
358 (a)

P a g e | 89
Hence + ∆Q=∆ U −∆ W 374 (c)

( ) ( )
γ−1 γ −1

()
1
T2 V 1 V 1 V 1 1
367 (c) = =2 ⇒ 2 = ⇒ 2= γ −1
<
T1 V 2 V1 2 V1 2 2
W =P ∆ V
2
nR ( ∆T )=1 × 8.3× 100=8.3× 10 J V1
⇒ V 2<
2
368 (a)

=¿ constant ⇒ =
375 (d)
( )
γ −1
γ−1
T2 V1
TV ∆ Q=n C P ∆ T
T1 V 2
V
⇒T 2=T 1 1 ( )
γ −1 ¿2 ( 32 R+ R ) ∆ T
V2

⇒ T 2=300
1
()
0.4
=227.36 K
¿2
[
3
2
R+ R ×5
]
2 5
¿ 2 × × 8.31×5
2
369 (d)
¿ 208 J
dW =dQ−dU
¿ C 2 ( T 2−T 1 )−C v [T 2−T 1 ]
The efficiency of Carnot engine
376 (c)
¿ R [ T 2 −T 1 ]
2
¿ 8.31 ×100=8.31× 10 J Work output W
η= =
Heat input Q H
According to question
370 (a)

or η=
Q H −Q L QL
=1−
QH QH
( )
γ
γ V
pf V = ( 2 pi )
Also we can show that
2

( )
Pf V
γ
−γ QL T L
=2 =2 ( 2 ) =
Pi 2V QH T H
¿ 2 ×0.38=0.76 TL
∴ η=1−
371 (d) TH
W =∫ pdV =area under the p−V curve
where T L is temperature of sink and T H is
= minimum along ADB
temperature of hot reservoir.

According to question
Amount of heat given ¿ 540 calories
372 (b)

Change in volume ∆ V =1670 c . c

Atmospheric pressure …(i)
1 TL
=1−
5 TH
6 2

Work done against atmospheric pressure

P=1.01 ×10 dyne /c m
…(ii)
1 T L −50
¿ =1−
1.01× 10 ×1670
6
3 TH
W =P ∆ V = =40 cal
From Eq. (i)
7
4.2 ×10

Pressure (p), volume (V) and temperature

373 (a)
TL 4
(T) are the thermodynamic coordinates
=
TH 5
whereas R is a universal gas constant
valued at 8.314 J mo l−1 K −1 .
5
⇒TH= T L
4

P a g e | 90
Substituting value of T H in Eq. (ii), we get Hence, ∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W

1 T L −50 9 3
=1− ¿ p0 V 0 + p0 V 0=6 p0 V 0
3 5 2 2
T
4 L
No change in the internal energy of ideal
380 (d)

gas, but for real gas internal energy

4 (T L −50) 2
¿ =
increases because work is done against
5TL 3

2 5 intermolecular forces.
¿ T L −50= × T L
3 4
381 (b)
5 20000 J
¿ T L − TL=50 Δ Q=mc Δ T ⇒ Δ T = =50 ℃
6 1 kg ×(400 J /kg ℃)
⇒ T Final =70 ℃
Hence W =Patm ∆ V =Patm V 0 γ Δ T
∴ T L =50× 6=300 K

Efficiency of a heat engine

377 (b) 5 2
¿(10 N /m )
( 9×110 m )(9 ×10
3
3 −5
/℃)(50℃)=0.05 J

In cyclic process ∆ Q=¿ Work done =

T2 382 (b)
η=1−
Area inside the closed curve
T1

¿
30
=1−
77+273 Treat the circle as an ellipse of area
100 T1 π
¿ (P2−P 1)(V 2−V 1 )
4
350 30 7 π π
¿ =1− = ⇒ ∆ Q= {(150−50)× 10 ×(40−20)×10 }= J
3 −6
T1 100 10 4 2
⇒ T 1=500 K∨227 ℃
Q=∆ U=U f −U i=¿ [internal energy of 4
383 (b)

moles of a monoatomic gas + internal

Isobaric expansion is represented by
378 (c)

energy of 2 moles of a diatomic gas] –

curve AB
[internal energy of 4 moles of a diatomic
Work done area under AB
gas]
¿ 2 ×10 × ( 3−1 )=4 ×10 =400 J.
2 2

( 3
2
5
2
5
)(
¿ 4 × RT +2 × RT − 4 × RT =RT
2 )
Change in internal energy from A to B is Note: (a) 2 moles of diatomic gas
379 (b)

becomes 4 moles of a monoatomic gas

f f when gas dissociated into atoms.
(b) Internal energy of μ moles of an ideal
∆ U = nR ∆ T = ( p f V f − pi V i)
2 2
gas of degrees of freedom F is given by
3 9
¿ ( 2 p0 × 2 V 0− p0 ×V 0 ) = p0 V 0 f
2 2 U = μRT

Work done in process A to B is equal to F=3 for a monoatomic gas and 5 for
2

the area covered by the graph with diatomic gas

volume axis, ie,

As indicator diagram if all the three cases

384 (d)

are closed curves, representing cyclic

1 3
W A → B= ( p0 +2 p0 ) ×(2V 0−V 0 )= p0 V 0
changes, therefore, U =¿ const and ∆ U =0
2 2

P a g e | 91
in all the cases ∴ These processes are correctly
represented on PV diagram by graph (c)
385 (a)
∆ Q 80× 1000
Heat absorbed by the system at constant
390 (a)
∆ S= = =293 cal/ K
T 273
pressure

From the first law of thermodynamics,

386 (c)
Q=n c p ∆T
Change in internal energy ∆ U =n c v ∆ T
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W
For a cyclic process, ∆ U =0
W =Q−∆U
∴ ∆ Q=∆ W W Q−∆ U ∆U
∴ = =1−
∆ Q=Q1+ Q2+ Q3+Q 4 Q Q Q
n c v ∆T cv
¿ 600 J −400 J −300 J +200 J =100 J ¿ 1− =1−
∆ W =W 1 +W 2+W 3+ W 4 ncp∆T cp
∆ W =300 J −200 J −150 J + W 4
¿−50 J + W 4
¿ 1−( 1γ )
Substitute the value of ∆ Q and ∆ W in
eqn. (i), we get
391 (c)
C p=8 cal ( mol ℃ )−1 ,C v =C p−R=8−2=6 cal
100 J =−50 J +W 4 or W 4=150 J
( mol ℃ )−1
dU =mC v ( T 2−T 1 ) =5 ×6 ( 20−10 )=300 cal
As work done=0
387 (a)

392 (a)
∆ U =mc ∆T T2 ( 273−123 ) 150 1
η=1− =1− =1− = =50 %
−3
T1 ( 273+27 ) 300 2
¿ 100 ×10 × 4184 ×(50−30)

=84 kJ
In an adiabatic process
393 (d)

388 (a)
∆ Q=0
Efficiency of engine η=
Work done
Heat ∈ put So, from 1st law of thermodynamics

Also, η=1−
T2 W =−∆ U
T1
¿−n CV ∆T
W T2
=1−
Q T1 ¿−n ( γ −1
R
) (T −T )
f i

----(i)
12.6 ×10 27 +273
⇒ =1− nR
Q 927 +273 ¿ (T −T f )
γ −1 i

Here W=6R J, n=1 mol

6
Q=16.8 × 10 J

From the given VT diagram R=8.31 J/mol-K,

389 (c)
5
γ = ,T i=T K
In process AB ,V ∝T ⇒ Pressure is
3

constant (As quantity of the gas remains Substituting given values in Eq. (i), we
same) get
In process BC , V =¿ Constant and in
process CA , T =¿ constant ∴ 6 R=
R
(T−T f )
(5/3−1)

P a g e | 92
In this process, p and V changes but
3R
⇒ 6 R= (T −T f )

T=constant ie, change in temperature

2

⇒ T −T f =4 ∆ T =0
∴ T f = (T −4 ) K Boyle’s law is obeyed ie, pV=constant

In adiabatic process ∆ U =−∆ W . In

394 (b) ⇒ p1 V 1= p2 V 2

compression ∆ W is negative, so ∆ U is According to pV=constant, graph

positive i .e . internal energy increases between p and V is a part of rectangular
hyperbola. Therefore, option(c) is correct.
395 (d)
Adiabatic Bulk modulus E ϕ=γP
It is an isothermal process. Hence work
401 (a)

done
W =¿ area under p−V curve = maximum
396 (a)

in isothermal expansion
¿ P(V 2−V 1)
5 −6
¿ 1 ×10 × ( 1.091−1 ) ×10 =0.0091 J

As work done in process = area under the

397 (b)
The theory of refrigerator is based on
402 (d)

curve, which increases continuously

second law or thermodynamics.
398 (c)
The given relation is p ∝V
403 (b)
W AB =− p0 V 0
W BC =0 Therefore, p ∝V
W CD =4 p0 V 0 When V chnages from V to 2 V , pressure
W ABCD =W AB +W BC +W CD p is also doubled
For an ideal gas, =¿constant
¿−p 0 V 0+ 0+4 p 0 V 0 =3 p 0 V 0 pV

∴ T ∝ pv . Hence, T becomes 2 ×2=4 times

T

Relation between coefficient of

399 (b)

performance and efficiency of

ie , 4 × 300 K =1200 K

refrigerator is
Internal energy does not change in
404 (b)

1−η isothermal process. ∆ S can be zero for

adiabatic process. Work done in adiabatic
β=
η
process may be non-zero.
1
1−
10 405 (d)
∴ β= =9
1
10 W =2.3026 nRT log 10
( )
V2
V1
Coefficient of performance,

β=
Heat absorbed(Q 2)
¿ 2.3026 ×10 × 9.3 ×600 log 10 ( 100
10
)
Work done(W ) ¿−11.4× 10 J
4

Q2
Since PV =RT and T =¿ constant
406 (a)
⇒ 9=
∴ PV =¿ constant
10

¿ Q2=90 J
407 (d)
400 (c)

P a g e | 93
V2
Due to compression the temperature of
W =μRT lo ge
the system increases to a very high value.
V1

( ) The causes the flow of heat from system

m V2 m V2
¿ RT log e =2.3 × RT log 10
to the surroundings, thus decreasing the
M V1 M V1

temperature. This decrease in

96 140
¿ 2.3 × R (273 +27 ) log 10 =2.3 × 900 R log 10 2
temperature results in decrease in
32 70

408 (d) pressure

−4 5
W =P ∆ V =2.4 × 10 × 1× 10 =24 J
According to first law of thermodynamics,
413 (b)

In an adiabatic process,
409 (d)
dQ=dU + dW
As dW =−dU
γ
p V =constant dQ=dU −dU=0
The change must be adiabatic
or p1 V 1=p 2 V 2
γ γ

414 (b)

or ( ) ----(i)
γ
P1 V 2 ∆ U =μ CV ∆T =2× 4.96 × ( 342−340 )=19.84 cal
=
P2 V 1
415 (c)

Volume of gas ¿
Mass Es CP
=γ = =1.4
Density ET CV

ie, V =
M 1 2.1× 10
5
∨V ∝ =1.4
ρ ρ ET
V 1 ρ2 5
∴ = =32 2.1× 10
V 2 ρ1 ¿ ET =
1.4
Thus, from Eq.(i), we have ¿ 1.5 ×10 N m
5 −2

P2 γ 7/ 5 7 416 (b)
= (32 ) =( 32 ) =2 =128
Work done W =
P1 nR ( T 1−T 2 )
γ−1
We know that blowing air (if sudden) is
410 (a)

an adiabatic process. But it is not given

as sudden process. Also, as the mouth is
¿
[ ]
nR T 1
( γ −1 )
1−
T2
T1
open, pressure inside and outside is
same. Thus, blowing air with open mouth
[ [ ]]
γ−1
nR T 1 V1
is isobaric process.
¿ 1−
( γ −1 ) V2

[ () ]
411 (c) 5
2× 8.3 ×300 1 −1

Efficiency, η=1−
T2 ¿ 1− 3

T1 [ ]
5
3
−1
2

∴ η=1−
(27+273) =+2767.23 J
(273+627)

At STP,
417 (a)
300 600 2
¿ 1− = =
22.4 L of any gas is 1 mol,
900 900 3

412 (a)
P a g e | 94
volume become , the pressure must
5.6 1 90
∴ 5.6 L= = mol=n
become 100/90
22.4 4 100

In adiabatic process, ∴ % increase in pressure

γ−1 (100−90)× 100
TV =constant ¿ =11.1%
90
γ −1 γ −1
∴ T 2 V 2 =T 1 V 1
In thermodynamic process, work done is
420 (a)

or ( ) equal to the area covered by the PV

γ−1
V1
T 2=T 1
curve with volume axis
V2

γ = = for monoatomic He gas

CP 5 W adiabatic <W isothermal <W isobaric
P
CV 3 Isobaric

Isothermal

( )
5
5.6 −1
∴ T 2 =T 1 3
=4 T 1 Adiabatic
0.7

Further in adiabatic process,

V1 V2 V

Q=0
421 (b)
Velocity of sound in air increases (v t ) with
increase in temperature[ v t=v 0 +0.61 t ] but is
independent of pressure variation.
∴ W + ∆U =0

or W =−∆ U =−n CV ∆ T
422 (d)

( ) =¿ constant ⇒T 2=T 1 ( )
R V1 γ −1
¿−n (T 2−T 1 ) TV
γ−1
=927 ℃
γ −1 V2

( )
1 R
Volume of the ideal gas is constant so
¿− (4 T 1−T 1) 423 (d)
4 5
−1
3 W =P ∆ V =0
Using FLOT
9
¿− R T 1 ∆ Q=∆ U ⇒ ∆U =i Rt
2
8 2 3
¿ 1 × 100 ×5 ×60=30 ×10 =30 kJ

According to first law of thermodynamics, 424 (b)

418 (c)

Heat engine is a device which converts

heat into work (mechanical energy)
∆ Q=∆ U + ∆ W

∴ ∆ U =∆ Q−∆ W continuously through a cyclic process.

In isothermal process, exchange of

p ( V 2−V 1 ) 425 (c)
¿ 540−
energy takes place between system and
J

1.013 ×105 × [ (1671−1 ) × 10−6 ] surrounding to maintain the system

¿ 540−
4.2 temperature constant

Internal energy of an ideal gas is given by

¿ 540−40=500 cal 426 (a)

When T is constant, pV =¿ constant ( )

419 (d) f f N
U = μRT = RT ⇒ U ∝ NT
When volume is decreased by 10% ie ,
2 2 NA
In isothermal process T =¿ constant

P a g e | 95
Equation of an adiabatic process is
⇒U ∝ N
i .e . internal energy increases by
427 (b)

increasing number of molecules ( N ) γ

p V =constant ---(i)

Given,
3 k
P= 4
V
3 4
p V =k (constant )

=k ----(ii)
4/3
⇒ pV

Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

4
γ = =1.33
3

In adiabatic process, the relation between

428 (a)

temperature (T) and pressure(p) is

γ
T
γ −1
=constant
P

Whereγ is ratio of specific heats.

Given, T 1=27 ℃=27+273=300 K ,

p 5
p1 = p , p2 = , γ =
8 3

( )
γ −1
T1 p1 γ
∴ =
T2 p2

5
−1
T
()
3
8
⇒ 1= 5/ 3
T2 1
0.4
¿ ( 8 ) =2.297

T1 300
⇒ T 2= =
2.297 2.297

¿ 130.6 K ≈ 131 K

⇒ T 2=131−273

¿−142℃

As we know that slope of isothermal and

429 (c)

adiabatic curves are always negative and

slope of adiabatic curve is always greater
than that of isothermal curve

P a g e | 96
Hence in the given graph curve A and B
represents adiabatic and isothermal For cyclic process p-V curve is closed
430 (c)

changes respectively curve and area enclosed by closed path

represent the work done.

P a g e | 97
In taking a system from one state to At constant pressure,
431 (a) 436 (b)

another by different processes, the heat

transferred Q and work done W are Heat required¿ n C p ∆T
different, but their difference Q-W is
same for all processes. It gives the
⇒ 310=2 ×C p × ( 35−25 )
internal energy of the system. 310
⇒ C p= =15.5 J /mol /K
∆ U =Q−W 20

Similarly, at constant volume,

Thus, internal energy U of a
thermodynamic system is a characteristic Heat required¿ n C V ∆ T
property of the state of the system, it
does not matter how that state has been
obtained.
¿ 2 ( C p −R ) × ( 35−25 ) ( ∵ C p−C v =R )

¿ 2 × ( 15.5−8.3 ) ×10
432 (a)

As
Q2 T 2 Q2 127+273 400 ¿ 2 ×7.2 ×10=144 J
= ∴ 4
= =
Q1 T 1 6 ×10 227+273 500
Q 2= × 6 ×10 =4.8 ×10 cal
437 (a)
For every gas, C p−C v =R ∴ x= y
4 4 4
5
∴ W =Q 1−Q2=6 ×10 −4.8 ×10 =1.2 ×10 cal 438 (a)
4 4 4

Given, ∆ Q A =+8 × 10 J
5

As dW = p dV
433 (b)

∴ (i) dW = p ×0=0
5
W A =+6.5 ×10 J

(ii) dW = p ( 2V −V )= pV ∴ Chage in internal energy

434 (d) ∆ U A=Q A −W A

∆ Q=μC P dT
5 5
7 ¿ 8 ×10 −6.5 ×10
⇒ 1163.4 =1. R . dT
2 5
1163.4 ×2 ¿ 1.5 ×10 J

In second process
⇒ dT = =40 K
7 ×8.31

435 (a) 5
QB =10 J
W AB =O; W BC =2 P0 V 0 ; W CD =0 ; W DA=−P0 V 0
So total work done ¿ P0 V 0 In both the processes, initial and final
From A and B, heat given to the gas states are same, so change in internal
3 3 3 energy will be same.
¿ n C v ∆ T =n R ∆ T = V 0 ∆ P= P0 V 0

From to , heat given to the system

2 2 2
B C ∴ ∆ U A =∆U B

( )5 5
¿ n C p ∆T =n R ∆ T = ( 2 P 0 ) ∆ V =5 P0 V 0
2 2
5
1.5 ×10 =QB −W B

From C to D and D to A , heat is rejected 5

1.5 ×10 =10 −W B
5

Efficiency, η=
work done by gas
the gas ¿ ×100
heat given¿ 5
W B=10 −1.5 ×10
5

P0V 0
η= =15.4 % 5
3 ¿−0.5 ×10 J
P V +5 P0 V 0
2 0 0

P a g e | 98
Work done is negative, so, work done on Internal energy depends only on the
the gas is 0.5 ×10 5 J . temperature of the gas

440 (c)

P a g e | 99