BIOLOGY PAPER 2

GRADE 10-12
REVISION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

CHIPO KALIMINA
CONTENTS

SECTION A QUESTIONS .......................... 1

SECTION A ANSWERS .......................... 27

SECTION B QUESTIONS .......................... 47

SECTION B ANSWERS .......................... 51

STUDY TIPS

BIOLOGY PAPER 2

The best way to do well in this paper by going through questions from past
papers and pamphlets. After studying a particular topic, try to answer some
questions from past papers and pamphlets on that topic.

Essay writing requires in deph answers. Make sure you answer the question
according to the marks allocated to it. Include some diagrams where nece-
ssary.

For practicals, ensure that you have access to a good practical guide and
pay attention/participate in each practical session.

ALL THE BEST!!!!

Mr 6points

Mr 6points

i © Mr 6points
SECTION A QUESTIONS
1. The diagram below is an incomplete reaction for a certain characteristic
of living things.

F + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

(a) (i) Identify substance F. [1]

(ii) What characteristic of living things is illustrated by the reaction? [1]

(b) (i) Which characteristic of living things produces substance F? [1]

(ii) Name three uses of energy in living things. [3]

(c) (i) What type of metabolic reaction is illustrated in the diagram above?
(ii) State one characteristic of living things which does not take place
throughout the life of a living thing. [1]

2. Figure 2 shows the stages involved in an enzyme catalysed reaction inside

cells of a living body.

Figure 2
(a) From stage 1 In Figure 2 Identify the
(i) enzyme, (ii) substrate. [2]

(b) (i) Which stage shows the enzyme-substrate complex? [1]

(ii) Label the active site of the enzyme on Figure 2. [1]

1 © Mr 6points
(c) (i) What type of metabolic reaction Is catalysed by the enzyme in
Figure 2? [1]
(ii) Name a region in the human body where such a metabolic
reaction in (c)(i) above can occur? [1]
(iii) State the general term used to refer to enzymes that work inside
cells. [1]

(d) Describe two industrial applications of enzymes. [2]

3. Figure 3 shows part of an organ of a plant.

(a) (i) Identify structures G and K. [2]

(ii) State one structural difference between structures G and J. [1]

(b) Identify the plant organ in Figure 3. [1]

(c) (i) In which labelled region in Figure 3 is the rate of photosynthesis

highest? [1]
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in C (i). [2]

(d) Explain why the arrangement of cells in the region labelled I is

important for photosynthesis. [2]

2 © Mr 6points
4. Figure 4 shows a human elbow joint in longitudinal section.

(a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C. [3]

(b) Give one function of each part in (a) above. [3]

(c) (i) Which part, D or E, can be affected by cancer of the bone? [1]
(ii) Name the part affected by cancer of the bone in (c) (i) above. [1]

(d) Name the type of joint shown in Figure 4 above. [1]

5 (a) (i) Name two traits in plants which show discontinuous variation. [2]

(ii) State two factors which cause variation in animals. [2]

(b) In humans, black hair is dominant over blonde hair. Using letters, B and
b, show using a genetic diagram, why a male parent with black hair had
some children with black hair and other children with blonde hair with
his wife who had blonde hair. [5]

3 © Mr 6points
6. Figure 1.1 and 1.2 show freshly cut potato chips suspended in solution E
and F beginning of an experiment and after two hours respectively.

(a) (i) Explain the difference in the appearance of the potato chips in
solutions E and F after two hours. [4]
(ii) Based on the appearance of the potato chips in solution E after
two hours, what term could be used to describe solution E? [2]

(b) (i) What would be the state of cells in the potato chips in solution
F after two hours? [1]
(ii) State the importance of the state of cells in (b)(i) above to plants. [1]

(c) Explain the meaning of the term isotonic solution. [1]

7. (a) Table 2 shows various food tests carried out by a learner.

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(i) Complete the table by filling in the spaces. [4]
(ii) Which nutrient in the table would cause Kwashiorkor if lacking in
the human body? [1]
(iii) Name a nutrient not in the table which helps to prevent
constipation.

(b) State two deficiency diseases in plants. [2]

8. Figure 3 shows a longitudinal section through a root tip.

(a) Identify the parts labelled G and J. [2]

(b) Which labelled part in figure 3 is responsible for generating new

cells? [1]

(c) Region H is responsible for cell differentiation

(i) Apart from vascular bundles, state two other cells types
differentiated by region H. [2]
(ii) State two types of cells found in vascular bundle. [2]
(iii) Which named type of cells in (c) (ii) allow a movement of
substances upwards and downwards depending on the needs
of the plant?

(d) Suggest one meristematic structure, not in the diagram, responsible

for bringing about secondary growth in dicotyledonous plants. [1]

5 © Mr 6points
9. Figure 4 shows the structure of a nephron.

(a) Identify the parts labelled K and L.

(b) (i) Name two substances present in the fluid in K but absent from
the fluid in M.
(ii) Give two reasons for your answer in (b)(i) above.

(c) (i) State one common disorder associated with the kidney.
(ii) Explain how the disorder in (c)(i) can be treated.

10. Figure 5 shows four animal cells at different stages of mitotic division.

6 © Mr 6points
(a) Name the structures labelled N and O. [2]

(b) At which stages of mitotic division are cells 1 and 3. [2]

(c) A husband and wife were heterozygous for blood group A and B
respectively. With the help of a genetic diagram, show the possible
blood groups of their children.

11. Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2 show the structure of specialized cells in plants.

(a) (i) Identify cells labeled A and B. [2]

(ii) Identify the parts labeled C and D. [2]

(b) (i) Which figure shows a closed stoma? [1]

(ii) Explain how the opening of stoma is brought about. [3]

12. Figure 2.1 shows a section through a human tooth.

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(a) (i) State the names of the parts labeled F and G.
(i) Explain the functions of the parts labeled H and I in Figure 2.1.

(b) (i) Explain how tooth decay brought about. [3]

(ii) Suggest two ways of preventing tooth decay. [2]

13. Figure 3.1 shows a cassava plant with root tubers.

(a) (i) Which common food nutrients is stored in the root tuber? [1]
(ii) State where this food in the root tubers was manufactured? [1]
(iii) Explain how this food manufactured in (a) (ii) above found itself
in storage form in the tubers. [3]

(b) (i) State the nutrient in the soil which is necessary for
photosynthesis. [1]
(ii) Suggest how this nutrient is taken up from the soil to the leaves in
the plant in Figure 3.1. [3]

14. Figure 4.1 shows a food web in a given ecosystem.

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(a) (i) Identify any primary consumer. [1]
(ii) Construct a food chain using three organisms from Figure 4.1. [1]
(iii) Using the food chain in (a) (ii) construct a pyramid of energy. [3]

(b) Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. [2]

(c) Explain why organisms at the end of a food chain have the least
amount of energy. [2]

15. Pure breeding dwarf garden pea plants were crossed with pure-breading
tall garden pea plants. The resulting offsprings were all tall.

(a) (i) What is meant by pure breeding? [1]

(ii) Using your own symbols, state the genotypes of the parents.
Pure breeding dwarf garden pea plant = ............ [1]
Pure breeding tall garden pea plant = ................. [1]

(b) Using a genetic diagram, show the cross between a dwarf parent and
one of the offspring. [5]

(c) Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous. [1]

16. Figure 1.0 shows the set up to an experiment used to investigate the
effect of biological catalyst on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
to produce oxygen.

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Three experiments were carried out under different conditions as shown
in the table below.

(a) (i) What is the general name given to a biological catalyst? [1]
(ii) Give a reason for boiling the potato discs in experiment 2. [1]
(iii) Explain the difference in results obtained between experiments
1 and 3. [3]

(b) Predict what would be the result of:

(i) Increase the number of potato discs in 5cm³ of hydrogen
peroxide. [1]
(ii) Heating the mixture of 5cm³ of hydrogen peroxide with potato
discs. [1]

(c) Suggest two other characteristics of a biological catalyst not

demonstrated in (a) and (b) of this question. [3]

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17. Figure 2.0 shows cells taken from a vascular tissue in a plant.

(a) (i) Identify the specialized cell in figure 2.0. [1]

(ii) Name one feature in figure 2.0 which enable you to identify the
specialized cell in (a) (i) above. [1}

(iii) Which letters on figure 2.0 correspond to the following structures?

1 Nucleus 2 Cytoplasm [2]

(b) Give two functions of the cell labelled B. [2]

(c) With reference to the specialized cell in figure 2.0.

(i) Name the process by which substances are transported in
specialized cell. [1]

(ii) Suggest two substances transported by the specialized cell. [2]

11 © Mr 6points
18. Figure 3.0 shows a diagram of a tooth.

(a) (i) Identify the type of tooth shown in figure 3.0

(ii) Label on the diagram the following parts of a tooth.
1 Blood capillaries [1]
2 Dentine [1]

(b) (i) Mention two elements or ions which enable part F to perform its
functions more efficiently. [2]
(ii) Suggest how tooth decay can be brought about. [2]
(iii) Give one way in which tooth decay can be prevented. [1]

19. Figure 4.0 shows feeding relationship of organisms in an ecosystem.

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(a) Which of the named organisms represents?
(ii) a producer [1]
(iii) a primary consumer [1]

(b) What is the primary source of energy in figure 4.0 above? [1]

(c) (i) State the form in which energy flows from one trophic level to
another. [1]
(ii) Explain what happens to the energy named in (c) (i) as it passes
from one trophic level to the next. [1]

(d) (i) Identify two organisms in figure 4.0 which are both secondary
consumers and tertiary consumers. [2]
(ii) Using named organisms in figure 4.0 construct the longest food
chain. [1]

20. Table 5.0 below shows a cross between a brown male pig labelled pig B,
with two female pigs’ brown (pig A) and white, pig C.

(a) Explain why pig B had no offspring. [1]

(b) From the results in table 5.0 and using the symbol B for dominant allele
and b for recessive allele,
(i) Identify the recessive phenotype of the skin colour of the pigs. [1]

13 © Mr 6points
(ii) Suggest the genotypes of pigs A and C. [2]

(c) Using a genetic diagram, show the results of crossing pig B with pig C.
[5]

21. Figure 1.1 shows an animal cell as seen under an electron microscope.

(a) Identify the labelled parts F and G. [2]

(b) Explain the functions of the parts labelled H and I. [4]

(c) Suggest two cell parts which would be present in figure 1.1 if it was a
plant cell. [2]

22. Figure 2.1 shown the effect of pH on the rate of enzyme catalysed
reactions of K and M.

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(a) What term is given to pH at J and L? [1]

(b) Explain why the rate of reactions K and M goes down after point J
and L respectively. [1]

(c) Name the regions of the alimentary canal where reactions K and M
take place. [2]

(d) (i) Suggest one enzyme which can catalyse reaction M. [1]
(ii) State one food nutrient which can be catalysed in reaction K. [1]

(e) State two factors other than pH which affect enzyme activity. [2]

23. Figure 3.1. Shows a cross-section through a stem of a plant which had
been previously dipped in a red dye for 6 hours.

(a) (i) Identify the parts labelled N, P and Q. [3]

(ii) Which labelled part in Figure 3.1 would be stained red? [1]
(iii) Give a reason for your answer in (a)(ii) above. [1]

(b) (i) Suggest three factors that would increase the rate of movement
of the dye in the stem when it is dipped in the red dye. [3]

(ii) Name the process that will cause the movement of the red dye in
the stem. [1]

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24. Figure 4.1. Shows a certain type of flower.

(a) Identify the parts labelled S, T and U.

(b) (i) Identify the type of pollination that occurs in the flower in Figure
4.1.
(ii) Give two features from Figure 4.1 which support your answer in
(b)(i) above. [2]

(c) (i) State one other type of pollination other than the one mentioned
in (b)(i) above. [1]
(ii) Give two characteristics of the flower where the type of
pollination mentioned in (c)(i) above occurs. [2]

25. Figure 5.1. Below shows pedigree diagrams for two families A and B,
outlining inheritance of a sex-linked disease called haemophilia.

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(a) (i) From Figure 5.1, which family has a parent who is a carrier for
haemophilia? [1]

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a)(i) above. [1]

(b) (i) Using the symbols XH and Xh, state the genotypes for offspring H
and J, if J is a carrier for haemophilia. [2]

(ii) Using a genetic diagram, show whether the offspring would be

haemophilic or normal when H and J are crossed. [5]

26. Figure 1.0 shows some specialized cells, P, Q and R.

(a) Name each of the cells above P, Q and R.

(b) (i) State the functions of cells P and Q.

(ii) Explain the adaptation for cells P and Q to their function.

(c) Where in the leaf is cell R located?

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27. Figure 2.0 shows a graph showing the effect of temperature on an
enzyme catalysed reaction

(a) (i) What is an enzyme? [1]

(ii) What is the optimum temperature of the enzyme reaction shown

in the graph in figure 2.0? [1]

(b) (i) At what temperature in figure 2.0 is the enzyme completely

denatured? [1]

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b) (i) above. [2]

(c) (i) Explain why it is important to measure the body temperature

when a person is sick. [2]

(ii) Propose two ways the body temperature of a sick person can be
brought down to normal. [2]

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28. Figure 3.0 shows the life cycle of a mosquito.

(a) (i) Identify two stages in figure 3.0 which are most suitable for
eradicating malaria. [2]

(ii) For each stage identified in (a) (i) above, state how malaria may
be eradicated. [2]

(iii) Suggest two ways in which malaria can be controlled in the

community. [2]

(b) What term is given to the mosquito based on its role in the
transmission of malaria pathogen? [1]

(c) (i) Define pathogen. [1]

(ii) Name the malaria causing pathogen.

19 © Mr 6points
29. Figure 4.0 shows the longitudinal section of a stem.

(a) (i) Which letters in figure 4.0 correspond to cambium, xylem and
phloem? [3]

(ii) Explain the functions of S and T in the plant. [4]

(b) (i) Which letter corresponds to the structure which needs companion
cells to function properly? [1]

(ii) Which letter in figure 4.0 corresponds to a structure in which

substances can either move up or down? [1]

30. Mrs Mumba delivered a baby girl in a certain hospital. Mrs Mumba has
blood group O and the father to the girl has blood group AB. Mrs Mumba
sues the hospital for giving her a wrong baby whose blood group was O.

(a) Explain using a genetic diagram why Mrs Mumba would win or lose
the case. [8]

(b) What could have been the correct genotype of the actual father? [1]

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31. Figure 1.1 shows red blood cells placed in different solutions

(a) State the type of the solution in which each cell was placed. [2]

(b) Give an explanation for your answer in (a) above. [6]

32. Figure 2.1 shows parts of a Rhizopus.

(a) (i) Identify the parts labelled C and D. [2]

(ii) State the function of the part labelled E. [1]

(b) Briefly explain how the organism obtains its food. [3]

(c) Rhizopus also produce zygospores. Give one difference between a

spore and a zygospore. [1]

(d) Name two important roles played by fungi in nature. [2]

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33. Figure 3.1. shows an incomplete life cycle of a vector.

(a) Name two organisms which have a life cycle shown in figure 3.1
above. [2]

(b) Identify the stages labelled F and G. [2]

(c) Suggest the best habitat where eggs are laid by the named organisms
in (a) above.

(d) Which of the two vectors is host to the following pathogens

(i) Plasmodium ......... [1]

(ii) Vibrio cholera ........ [1]

(e) Explain why it is so important to eradicate these two vectors of

disease. [1]

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34. Figure 4.1 shows a vertebrum of mammal.

(a) Identify the parts labelled H and I. [2]

(b) (i) In which region of the vertebral column is this vertebrum found?
[1]
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b) (i) above. [1]

(c) State the total number of vertebrae in the region of the vertebral
column identified in (b)(i) above. [1]

(d) State two other types of vertebrae found in the vertebral column
and their location.

35. Two adolescent learners were not sure how the sex of a foetus is
determined and wanted to try by engaging in sexual relationships.

(a) (i) Explain the sex determinants of the foetus. [2]

(ii) Use the genetic diagram to illustrate your answer. [5]

(b) Explain two best methods of avoiding pregnancies as adolescents. [2]

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36. Figure 1.1 shows different types of specialised cells.

(a) (i) Identify the cells A, B and C. [3]

(ii) State the part of the living organism in which each cell is normally
found. [3]

(b) Explain how cells B and C are adapted to their functions. [3]

37. Figure 2.1 shows the lower jaw of a mammal.

(a) (i) Name the types of teeth labelled D and E. [2]

(ii) Relate the structure of the teeth D and E to their function. [4]

(b) State and describe the mode of nutrition of the mammal with the
type of dentition shown above. [3]

24 © Mr 6points
38. Figure 4.1 is a graph showing changes in volume of air during inspiration
and expiration in the respiratory organs of a person.

(a) (i) Which letter shows the process of inspiration taking place? [1]
(ii) Name the activities taking place during stages 1, 2 and 3. [3]

(b) Explain why there is an increase in air volume during stage 2. [1]

(c) Describe four changes which will take place in the thorax during
inspiration in order to facilitate the increase in the volume during
stage 2. [4]

39. Figure 3.1 shows the adult stage of an organism.

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(a) (i) To which phylum and class does the organism in figure 3.1 belong?
[1]
(ii) State two visible features that enable you to identify and classify
the organism in figure 3.1. [2]

(b) State two other phylums in the kingdom Animalia. [2]

(c) (i) What is the name of the key used in classification? [1]
(ii) Explain why this key is important in classification. [3]

40. A young girl had multiple sexual partners consisting of the following: a
young boy, a businessman and public worker.

(a) (i) Briefly explain two risks the girl may have had from the multiple
sexual relations. [2]

(ii) Identify one sexual behaviour that can help the young girl achieve
her set goals in education. [1]

(b) Suggest one best contraceptive method the girl could have been
using to protect herself. [1]

(c) If the sexual partners had the following blood groups.

Young girl – blood group O
Young boy – blood group B
Businessman – blood group AB
Public worker – blood group B

(i) Suggest the sexual partner who would have been responsible for
the pregnancy if the young girl had a child with blood group A. [1]

(ii) Use a genetic diagram to explain your answer in (c)(i) above. [4]

26 © Mr 6points
SECTION A ANSWERS
1 (a) (i) - Glucose.
(ii) - Respiration.

(b) (i) - Nutrition.

(ii) - Growth.
- Reproduction.
- Movement.

(c) (i) - Catabolic reaction.

(ii) - Growth.

2 (a) (i) - Letter I.

(ii) - Letters G and H.

(b) (i) - Stage 2

(ii) ACTIVE SITE

(c) (i) - Anabolic reaction.

(ii) - Liver or Muscles.
(iii) - Intracellular emzyme.

(d) - Brewing industry.

- Baking industry.
- Making of Biological Detergents.

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3 (a)(i) - G Upper Epidermis.
- K Guard cell.

(ii) - Structure J has stomata while structure G has no stomata.

- Structure J has guard cells while structure G has no guard cells.
- Structure J has no cuticle while structure G has a cuticle.
- Structure J is smooth / shiny while structure G is rough.

(b) - Leaf.

(c) (i) - Region H.

(ii) - Because it has a lot of chroloplasts which trap light energy for the
process of photonthesis.

(d) - To create air space for the diffusion of gases and water molecules.

4 (a) A - Cartilage.
B - Synovial membrane.
C - Joint Capsule.

(b) A - Reduces friction at ends of bones, absorbs mechanical shocks

and spreads forces.
B - Secretes synovial fluid.
C - Encloses the joint membrane.

(c) (i) - Part E.

(ii) - Bone marrow.

(d) - Synovial Joints (ball-and-socket joints).

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5 (a) (i) - The scent of fruit plants.
- The number of Cotyledons.

(ii) - Genes / chromosomes.

- Diet.

(b)

6 (a) (i) - Potato chip in solution E loses water by the process of osmosis
and becomes smaller/curved.
- Potato chip in solution F gains water by the process of osmosis
and becomes bigger.

(ii) - Hypertonic solution/concentrated solution.

(b) (i) - Turgid.

(ii) - Turgidity of cells offers support to the plant.

(c) - An Isotonic solution is the solution whose concentration is the same

with that of the cell.

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7 (a) (i) - Iodine(test).
- Fats/lipids/ oils.
- Oil / fat / lipids present.
- Purple colour/violet.

(ii) - Protein.

(iii) - Roughage / Dietary fibres.

(b) - Stunted growth.

- Chlorosis.
- Leaf flecking.

8 (a) G - Root hair cell.

J - Root cap / Calyptra.

(b) - Region I.

(c) (i) - Collenchyma/Parenchyma.

- Root hair cells.
- Cambium.

(ii) - Phloem.
- Xylem.

(iii) - Phloem.

(d) - Cambium.

9 (a) K - Arteriole.
L - Bowman's capsule.

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(b) (i) - White blood cells.
- Red blood cells.
- Platelets.
(ii) - They are bigger and can not pass through the glomerulus
wall.
- They cannot undergo ultrafiltration (pressure filtration).

(c)(i) - Kidney failure.

- Kidney stones.
(ii) - Use of Dialysis machine.
- Having a kidney transplant.
- Having a kidney surgery.

10 (a) N - Nuclear membrane / Nucleus.

O - Chromatid.

(b) Cell 1 - Anaphase.

Cell 3 - Metaphase.

(c)

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11 (a)(i) A - Epidermal cell.
B - Guard cell.

(ii) C - Chloroplast.
D - Cytoplasm.

(b)(i) - Figure 1.1

(ii) - During the day, potassium concentration in the vacuole of guard

cells increases. This lowers the water contents in the cell sap which
leads to the flow of water from epidermal cells to the guard cells.
This inflow of water raises the turgor pressure inside the guard
cells. The turgor pressure causes the guard cells to curve in such a
way that the stoma between guard cells open.

12 (a) (i) F - Enamel.

G - Dentine.

(ii) H - This is a space within the dentine which is made of tooth -

producing cells, nerves and blood vessels. The nerves make the
tooth sensitive to stimuli such as temperature, pH and pressure.

I - This is a bone-like tissue with fibres that anchors the tooth to the
jawbone.

(b) (i) - Tooth decay begins when bacteria in your mouth make acids that
attack the tooth's surface (enamel). This can lead to a small hole in
a tooth, called a cavity. If tooth decay is not treated, it can cause
pain, infection, and even tooth loss.

(ii) - Brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste after every meal.

- Avoiding intake of sugary foods.

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13 (a)(i) - Starch /carbohydrates/Glucose.

(ii) - In the leaves.

(iii) - When glucose is manufactured in the leaves it is converted to

sucrose which is transported from the leaves to the tuber via a
phloem tube by the process of translocation. In the tube sucrose
is combined forming starch and stored in that form.

(b) (i) - Water.

(ii) - Water in the soil is absorbed by the root hair cell through the
process of osmosis. It is taken up through the xylem vessel with
the help of transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation till it
reaches the leaves.

14 (a) (i) - Grasshopper or Rabbit.

(ii) - Cabbage → Rabbit → Lion

(iii)

(b) - In the food chain each organism occupies only one trophic level
while in the food web each organism may occupy more than one
trophic level except the producer.

(c) - At each trophic level 90% of its total of energy is lost through
respiration, egestion and excretion and only 10% of the energy
present is passed on from one trophic level to the next.

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15 (a)(i) - Pure breeding refers to the process of breeding organisms with
identical or nearly identical genetic traits for several generations.

(ii) - Pure breeding dwarf garden pea plant = t t

- Pure breeding tall garden pea plant = T T

(b)

(c) Homozygous a type of genotype where both alleles are the same either
dominant or recessive while heterozygous is a type of genotype where
the two alleles are different, such that one allele is dominant while the
other is recessive.

16 (a)(i) - An Enzyme.

(ii) - To denature the enzymes.

(iii) - In experiment 1 the volume of oxygen produced is small because

almost all the enzymes in the potato discs are denatured
hence a small amount of enzymes to covert hydrogen peroxide to
oxygen and water. In experiment 3 the volume of oxygen produced
is a lot. This is because all the enzymes in the potato discs are
converting hydrogen peroxide producing oxygen and water.

34 © Mr 6points
(b) (i) - More oxygen gas will be produced within very short time, this is
because enzyme concentration has being increased.

(ii) - As the temperature increases also the production of oxygen gas

increases, this is because reactivity of enzyme work well at
optimum temperature.

(c) - Enzymes are specific in nature i.e. they have a specific substrate
to catalyse.
- Their activity is affected by pH.

17 (a)(i) - Phloem cell.

(ii) - The presence of a Companion cell. (Letter B)
(iii) - Nucleus: Letter A
- Cytoplasm: Letter D

(b) - Companion cells provides energy to the cell.

- Companion cells supply enzymes to the cell.

(c) (i) - Translocation.

(ii) - Sucrose.
- Amino acids.

18 (a)(i) - Premolar / Molar

(ii)
Dentine
Blood capillaries

35 © Mr 6points
(b)(i) - Calcium ion.
- Phosphate ion.

(ii) - Tooth decay begins when bacteria in your mouth make acids that
attack the tooth's surface (enamel). This can lead to a small hole in
a tooth, called a cavity. If tooth decay is not treated, it can cause
pain, infection, and even tooth loss.

(iii) - Using dental floss to remove food particles from teeth.

19 (a)(i) - Grass.

(ii) - Grasshopper or Mice.

(b) - The SUN.

(c)(i) - Chemical energy.

(ii) - At each trophic level 90% of its total of energy is lost through
respiration, egestion and excretion and only 10% of the energy
present is passed on from one trophic level to the next.

(d) (i) - The Snake.

- The Hawk.

(ii) Grass → Grasshopper → Mice → Snake → Hawk

20 (a) - Because it doesn’t have a birth canal (vagina), it’s a male.

(b) (i) - White colour.

(ii) - Genotype of Pig A: B b.
- Genotype of Pig C: b b.

36 © Mr 6points
(c)

21 (a) F - Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

G - Nuclear membrane .

(b) H - This is the site where respiration takes place.

I - It is a selective permeable membrane i.e. it allows some
substances to pass through it.

(c) - Cell wall.

- Large vacuole.

22 (a) - Optimum pH.

(b) - Enzymes in reaction K have their optimum pH of 2.5 and when the
pH of the medium raises, the enzymes started denaturing hence the
reaction started reducing. Enzymes in reaction M have their
optimum pH of 11 and when the pH of the medium raises enzymes
started denaturing hence the reaction started reducing.

(c) - Reaction K - Stomach.

- Reaction M - Mouth / Duodenum.

37 © Mr 6points
(d) (i) - Pepsin / Rennin.
(ii) - Protein.

(e) - Temperature.
- Inhibitors.

23 (a) (i) N - Cambium layer.

P - Phloem vessel.
Q - Xylem vessel.
(ii) - Part labelled Q.
(iii)- Because Part labelled Q transports water and mineral salts of
which red dye is made of.

(b) (i) - High temperature.

- Low humidity.
- high speedy wind.
(ii) Transpiration pull.

24 (a) S - Anther.
T - Stigma.
U - Ovary.

(b) (i) - Wind pollination.

(ii) - Its anther and stigma are hanging out.

- Its stigma are hairy.

(c)(i) - Wind Pollination.

(ii) - Long pendulous filaments.

- Feathery stigma.

38 © Mr 6points
25 (a)(i) - Family A.
(ii) - Because it has produced one child who is hemophilic.
h
(b)(i) Genotype of offspring H: X Y
Genotype of offspring J: X H X h

(ii)

26 (a) P - Root hair cell.

Q - Red blood cell.
R - Palisade cell.

(b) (i) P - It absorbs water by osmosis and mineral salts by active

transport from the soil.
Q - It transports oxygen from the lungs to the site of reaction and
small amounts of carbon dioxide from the site of reaction to the
lungs.
(ii) P - It has an elongated outgrowth that increases the large surface
area for absorption.
Q - It has a red pigment called haemoglobin which has a high
affinity (attraction) for oxygen.

(c) - In the leaves.

39 © Mr 6points
27 (a) (i) - An enzyme is a biological catalyst which it speeds up a metabolic
reaction without itself being used up.

(ii) - Optimum temperature: 37°C.

(b) (i) - At 57°C.

(ii) - That is because after that, there is no reaction (no products

formed).

(c) (i) - Body temperature is measured to enable the doctor to analyze

the effectiveness of treatment and to check if the temperature is
within the operation of enzymes.

(ii) - By taking a lot of fluids.

- By taking medication.

28 (a) (i) - Stage 1 and Stage 3.

(ii) - At stage 1 - by draining stagnate water. At stage 3 - by spraying all

the stagnate water with insecticides.

(iii) - By encouraging the community to be sleeping under a treated

mosquito net. By encouraging the community to clear
(cutting/slashing) tall grass.

(b) - Biological vector.

(c) (i) - Pathogens are disease-causing organisms, mainly microorganisms.

(ii) - Plasmodium.

40 © Mr 6points
29 (a) (i) Cambium - letter T,
Xylem - Letter S,
Phloem - Letter U.

(ii) Letter S - It transports water and mineral salts and supports the
plant mechanically.
Letter T - It carries out cell division to produce new cells, including
xylem and phloem cells.

(b) (i) - Letter U.

(ii) - Letter U.

30 (a)

- Therefore, Mrs Mumbi would win the case because according to

the diagram, there is no chance for this couple to have a child with
blood group O.
O O A O B O
(b) - Genotype of the actual father: I I or I I or I I

41 © Mr 6points
31 (a) Cell A - Hypertonic solution (Concentrated solution).
Cell B - Hypotonic solution (pure water).

(b) Cell A Explanation - When it was placed in a hypertonic solution, the

cell started losing water by osmosis. As it continue losing water, the
cell started to reduce in size and to shrink until it fully shrunk and this
process is called cell crenation.

Cell B Explanation - When it was placed in a hypotonic solution, the

cell started gaining water by osmosis. As it continue gaining water the
cell started to expanding in size and stretches until it burst and this
process is called cell lysis.

32 (a)(i) Part C - Sporangium.

Part D - Sporangiophore.

(ii) - It grows over and into the food, digesting and absorbing nutrients.

(b) - The Mucor releases enzymes from its hyphae into food. These
enzymes hydrolyze the food forming the products and mycelium
absorbs these end products.

(c) - A spore is singled cell while a zygospore is made up of two similar

cells.

(d) - They decompose dead organic matter, thereby preventing

accumulation of dead bodies.
- Some saprophytes such as yeast are important in brewing and
baking.
- They play a role in the recycling of nutrients such as carbon and
nitrogen.
- Some fungi such as yeast are important in brewing and baking.

42 © Mr 6points
33 (a) Organism 1 - Housefly.
Organism 2 - Mosquito.

(b) F - Larva.
G - Adult insect.

(c) Organism 1: Housefly - Eggs are laid in rotting material (food).

Organism 2: Mosquito - Eggs are laid in stagnate water.

(d) (i) Plasmodium - Mosquito.

(ii) Vibrio cholera - Housefly.

(e) - In order to minimize the spreading of diseases like malaria and

cholera.

34 (a) Part H - Centrum.

Part I - Neural spine.

(b)(i) - Neck region.

(ii) - Because of the absent of transverse process and small neural

spine in the atlas.

(c) - Seven (7) vertebrae.

(d) Name of vertebrae Location

Thoracic vertebrae. Chest region.
Lumbar vertebrae. Abdominal region or loin.
Sacral vertebrae. Hip region.

43 © Mr 6points
35 (a)(i) The sex of the foetus is determined by sex chromosomes which are
X-Chromosomes and Y-Chromosomes. Maleness is determined by
the presence of Y chromosomes and its genotype is X Y. Femaleness
is determined by the absence of Y chromosome and its genotype is
X X.

(ii)

(b) - Abstinence.
- By always using condom when one is having sex.

36 (a)(i) Cell A - Red blood cell.

Cell B - Palisade cell.
Cell C - Sperm cell.
(ii) Cell A - Blood vessels.
Cell B - Leaves.
Cell C - Testis.

(b) Cell B - It has a lot of chloroplasts that trap light energy for
photosynthesis.
Cell C - It has a tail which helps in movement.

44 © Mr 6points
37 (a)(i) D - Incisors.
E - Premolars.
(ii) D - These are chisel-shaped and are used for cutting and biting.
E - These are broad and ridged teeth used for grinding or crushing
food.

(b) - Holozoic Nutrition is a type of nutrition in which an organism takes

food present in the bodies of other organisms. It occurs in animals
in a specialized tube called the alimentary canal and involves five
stages namely ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and
egestion.

38 (a) (i) Letter F.

(ii) Stage 1 = Resting/sitting.
Stage 2 = Strenuous exercise e,g running.
Stage 3 = Resting.

(b) - Because the body needed more oxygen for the production of energy
which is used for strenuous exercises.

(c) - The diaphragm contracts and moves downwards (flattens).

- External intercostal muscles contract and internal intercostal
muscles relax.
- The ribcage moves upwards and outwards.
- Volume of the lungs increases while pressure in the lungs decreases
then air is drawn in.

39 (a) (i) Phylum: Arthropods Class: Insect

(ii) - It has a segmented body with a firm exoskeleton of which
the segments are grouped into distinct head, thorax and
abdomen regions.
- It has three (3) pairs of jointed legs.
- It has compound eyes.

45 © Mr 6points
(b) Phylum 1: Coelenterates (sea anemones, jellyfish).
Phylum 2: Flatworms.
Phylum 3: Nematode worms.
Phylum 4: Annelids (segmented worms).

(c)(i) - Identification key: Dichotomous key.

(ii) - An identification key is a series of statements about characteristics

of organisms which, if followed step by step, makes it possible for
identification or classification of organisms. This presentation
attempts to give some practice in the use of an identification key
to place organisms in their kingdoms.

40 (a)(i) - She is risking contracting STIs’ including HIV.

- She is risking having an unintended pregnancy.

(ii) - Abstinence.

(b) - By using a Condom.

(c) (i) - The Businessman.

(ii)

46 © Mr 6points
SECTION B QUESTIONS
1 (a) Describe anaerobic respiration in yeast. [4]

(b) Explain the use of yeast in brewing and baking. [5]

(c) Compare and contrast anaerobic respiration in man and yeast. [3]

2 (a) Explain the functions of the following parts in the human ear.
(i) Eustachian tube
(ii) Cochlea [5]

(b) Distinguish between the sensory neurone and the motor neurone. [3]

(c) Describe the pupil reflex action in humans. [4]

3 (a) What is meant by excretion? [2]

(b) Explain how the following substances are excreted from the body.
(i) Carbon dioxide
(ii) Urea [10]

4 (a) Describe the following methods of artificial vegetative propagation.

(i) Grafting
(ii) Budding [6]

(b) Describe the artificial methods of birth control in humans. [6]

5 (a) Explain the following terms:

(i) Pollination
(ii) Fertilisation [3]

(b) Discuss fruit and seed dispersal. [9]

47 © Mr 6points
6 (a) Explain the following terms:
(i) Community
(ii) Habitat
(iii) Niche [6]

(b) Describe the role of producers, consumers and decomposes within

an ecosystem. [6]

7 (a) Explain the term respiration. [2]

(b) Distinguish gaseous exchange in fish and insects. [4]

(c) Explain how the alveolus is adaptation for gaseous exchange. [6]

8 (a) Explain the term homeostasis [2]

(b) Discuss the role of the liver in homeostasis. [10]

9 (a) Describe the process of seed germination. [9]

(b) Explain how auxins affect the growth of shoots. [3]

10 (a) Explain what is meant by double circulation in humans? [2]

(b) Distinguish between the two parts of the double circulation. [3]

(c) Discuss the transport functions of blood. [7]

11 (a) What are characteristics of the alveolus as a respiratory surface? [5]

(b) Describe the mechanism involved in inspiration in human beings. [7]

48 © Mr 6points
12 The following are parts associated with the skeletal system.
1 Vertebrae column
2 Skull
3 Skeletal muscle

Describe

(a) their characteristics. [6]

(b) their functions. [6]

13 (a) What is meant by tropic response? [2]

(b) Discuss the role of auxins in a

(i) shoot receiving light from one side. [5]

(ii) radicle growing horizontally. [5]

14 (a) Explain how flowering plants get rid of excess water and unwanted
substances from their bodies. [4]

(b) Discuss the importance of homeostasis in mammals. [8]

15 (a) Explain gaseous exchange in green plants during:

(i) day time [2]

(ii) night time [2]

(b) Using named organisms, explain the industrial application of

respiration. [4]

(c) Describe how gum disease is brought about. [4]

49 © Mr 6points
16 (a) Explain how HIV can be transmitted from one person to another. [6]

(b) (i) Explain the causes of stigma to people living with HIV and AIDS.
[4]

(ii) Describe ways of reducing stigma. [2]

17 (a) (i) Describe the structure and functions of endocrine glands. [3]

(ii) Explain the difference between the adrenal gland and the salivary
gland. [3]

(b) Explain the function of the following hormones in the body:

(i) Insulin [3]

(ii) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) [3]

18 (a) State the parts of a synovial joint and explain their functions. [6]

(b) Explain why a bone is considered a living tissue. [3]

(c) Explain the action of antagonistic muscles of the eye when one
moves from a dark room into bright light. [3]

19 (a) Describe factors that make soil fertile. [4]

(b) Explain the causes of loss of soil fertility. [4]

(c) Explain methods of improving and retaining soil fertility. [4]

20 (a) Identify causes of infertility in human beings. [6]

(b) Describe how a healthy pregnancy could be maintained. [4]

50 © Mr 6points
SECTION B ANSWERS
1 (a) Anaerobic respiration in yeast is called alcoholic Fermentation. This is
the release of energy from food substances in living cells in the absence
of oxygen, producing alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide as by
products. This process releases a relatively low amount of energy. The
reaction is catalysed by an enzyme called zymase which is naturally
found in yeast.
Zymase
Glucose ---------------------> Carbon dioxide + Alcohol + Energy

(b) Yeast plays a crucial role in both brewing and baking:

Brewing: In brewing, yeast ferments sugars from ingredients like

malted barley, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide. This fermentation
process is essential for making beer and wine, imparting flavor and
alcohol content to these beverages.

Baking: In baking, yeast is used to leaven bread and other dough-based

products. It consumes sugars in the dough, producing carbon dioxide
gas as a byproduct. This gas gets trapped in the dough, causing it to
rise and create a light, airy texture in bread and pastries.

(c) Anaerobic respiration in man produces lactic acid while it produces

alcohol in yeast.

Anaerobic respiration does not produce any gas in man while it

produces carbon dioxide in yeast.

Anaerobic respiration in man does not involve any enzymes to achieve

the process while in yeast the enzyme zymase is involved to achieve
the process.

51 © Mr 6points
2 (a)(i) The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube, serves several
critical functions in the ear. Its primary role is to equalize air pressure
between the middle ear and the external environment, crucial for
maintaining normal hearing and preventing discomfort during
pressure changes.

(ii) The cochlea is responsible for converting sound vibrations into

electrical signals that the brain can interpret as sound. Nerve
impulses from the ear are carried to the brain by the auditory nerve.

(b) Sensory Neurons are neurons that carry impulses from sense organs
(receptors) to the central nervous system while Motor Neurons are
neurons that carry impulses from the central nervous system to
effectors.
Sensory neurons have long dendrons and short axons while motor
neurons they have long axons and short dendrites.
Sensory neurons are found in the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose
while Motor neurons are found in muscles and glands.

(c) The pupillary light reflex in humans is an automatic response to

changes in ambient light levels. When the eye is exposed to increased
light, the retina's photoreceptors detect the stimulus and send signals
through the optic nerve to the brain, specifically the midbrain's
pretectal area. The brain processes this information and sends a signal
through the oculomotor nerve to the iris's circular muscle fibers
(sphincter pupillae), causing them to contract and the pupil to constrict,
thus reducing the amount of light entering the eye. Conversely, in low
- light conditions, the pupil dilates to allow more light in, optimizing
vision and protecting the eye's sensitive structures. This reflex ensures
that the eye is exposed to an appropriate amount of light for clear
vision and occurs automatically without conscious effort.

52 © Mr 6points
3 (a) Excretion is the removal of toxic metabolic waste products from the
bodies of living organisms. The waste products are removed from the
body by the excretory organs.

(b)(i) Carbon dioxide is a waste product generated during cellular

respiration, the process by which cells produce energy (in the form
of ATP) by breaking down glucose and other organic molecules. The
removal of carbon dioxide from the body occurs through a process
called respiration, which can be divided into two phases: external
respiration and internal respiration.

(ii) Urea is a waste product that results from the breakdown of proteins
and amino acids in the liver, a process known as deamination. Once
produced, urea needs to be excreted from the body to prevent its
accumulation, which can be toxic. The primary organs responsible
for urea excretion are the kidneys, and the process occurs through
urine formation. The urine is passed on to the urinary bladder where
it is temporarily stored before being passed out.

4 (a) Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation that joins plant parts
from different plants together so they will heal and grow as one plant.
This technique is used to propagate plants that do not root well from
cuttings, to utilize superior root systems, or to maintain clonal pro -
duction.

Budding a type of vegetative propagation where a bud is used as scion

and the bark of an entire plant used as a stock. The bud is cut in such a
way that it has some cambium. A T-shaped cut is made in the scion
reaching up to the cambium. Then the bud (scion) is inserted into the
T-shaped part of the stock in such a way that the cambium from the
two parts is in contact.

53 © Mr 6points
(b) Condoms: A condom is fitted around an erect penis or inserted into the
vagina before intercourse so as to keep semen from being deposited
directly into the vagina.
Diaphragm (cap): This is a thin latex cap fitted over the cervix before
intercourse so as to block spermatozoa from entering the uterus.
Intrauterine Device (IUD): This is a device made of plastic and copper
wire that is inserted into the uterus to prevent implantation by irritating
the lining of the uterus.
Spermicides: These are chemical substances that are applied inside the
vagina before sexual intercourse in order to kill spermatozoa.
Vasectomy: This is the cutting and tying of sperm ducts to block passage
of spermatozoa from the testicles.

5 (a)(i) Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the
stigma on the same plant or different plants of the same species.

(ii) Fertilization is the fusing of male gamete with a female gamete

forming an embryo.

(b) Fruit and seed dispersal is a fundamental ecological process in which

plants employ various strategies to ensure the spread and survival of
their offspring.
One common method involves enticing animals with delectable fruits,
with seeds often passing through their digestive systems and being
deposited in new locations, aiding in both plant migration and providing
a fertile start for seeds.
Wind dispersal relies on specialized seed structures, such as wings or
feathery appendages, allowing them to be carried over distances by
the wind.
Water dispersal is another mechanism, with buoyant seeds or
waterborne structures ensuring seeds can travel along water bodies
to colonize new areas.

54 © Mr 6points
6 (a)(i) Community is a group of populations found in the same area and
interact with each other.

(ii) Habitat is a place where an organism lives. Examples of habitats are

aquatic habitats (found in water), terrestrial habitats (found on land).

(iii) Niche is the specific role a given organism plays in an ecosystem e.g.
some organisms such as algae and green plants are producers; other
such as animals are consumers; and others such as bacteria and
fungi are decomposers.

(b) Producers are autotrophic organisms, primarily plants, that convert

sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.They form the base of the
food chain by producing organic compounds that serve as food for
other organisms. Producers play a critical role in capturing and storing
energy from the sun, which is essential for sustaining life in an
ecosystem.

Consumers are heterotrophic organisms, including herbivores, carni -

vores, and omnivores, that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
They form the second and higher trophic levels in the food chain, as
they feed on producers or other consumers. Consumers help regulate
population sizes and nutrient cycling within ecosystems by transferring
energy and matter through their interactions.

Decomposers, primarily bacteria and fungi, break down dead organic

matter and waste materials into simpler substances. They play a crucial
role in nutrient recycling by releasing essential elements like nitrogen
and carbon back into the ecosystem. Decomposers help maintain the
overall health and balance of ecosystems by preventing the accumu -
lation of dead organic material.

55 © Mr 6points
7 (a) Respiration is defined as the release of energy from food substances in
living cells. There is internal respiration in which energy is released
inside the living cell e.g. aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The other
one is external respiration in which energy is used and it occurs outside
living cells e.g. breathing and gaseous exchange.

(b) Gaseous Exchange in Fish:

Fish primarily respire through gills, which are specialized structures for
extracting oxygen from water. Oxygen in water dissolves into gill
filaments, where it diffuses into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide
is released into the water. Fish use a countercurrent exchange system in
their gills to maximize oxygen absorption, where water flows in the
opposite direction to blood flow, maintaining a concentration gradient.
They may also supplement their oxygen intake by breathing air at the
water's surface in some species.

Gaseous Exchange in Insects:

Insects respire through tiny tubes called tracheae, which are directly
connected to the external environment. Air enters the tracheal system
through tiny openings called spiracles on the insect's body. Oxygen
diffuses from the tracheae into cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses out
through the same system. The tracheal system allows insects to
efficiently exchange gases without the need for specialized respiratory
organs like lungs or gills.

(c) The alveolus, a critical component of the mammalian respiratory sys -

tem, is uniquely adapted for efficient gaseous exchange. The alveolus is
specialized for gaseous exchange with its large surface area, thin mem -
brane, moist environment, and rich blood supply, allowing efficient
oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal. Surfactant production
prevents collapse during exhalation, and its integration into the respi -
ratory system ensures continuous gas exchange.

56 © Mr 6points
8 (a) Homeostasis is defined as the maintenance of a constant internal
environment. It involves the regulation of body temperature
(thermoregulation), regulation of the amount of water in body fluids
(osmoregulation), regulation of blood sugar and removal of toxic
metabolic wastes (excretion).

(b) The liver plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body
by performing a wide range of functions:
Blood Sugar Regulation: It controls blood glucose levels by storing
excess glucose as glycogen and releasing it as needed, thus helping to
stabilize blood sugar levels.
Detoxification: The liver processes and detoxifies harmful substances,
converting them into less toxic forms for elimination from the body.
Protein Production: It synthesizes essential plasma proteins, like
albumin and clotting factors, contributing to blood volume, osmotic
balance, and clotting mechanisms.
Fat Metabolism: The liver regulates lipid metabolism, producing
lipoproteins for fat transport and metabolizing triglycerides to manage
cholesterol and lipid levels.
Bile Production: Bile produced by the liver aids in the digestion and
absorption of dietary fats in the small intestine, contributing to diges -
tive homeostasis.
Iron Storage: The liver stores excess iron and releases it into the blood -
stream when needed, helping to maintain iron balance for hemoglobin
and red blood cell production.
Ammonia Conversion: The liver converts ammonia, a waste product of
protein metabolism, into urea, a less toxic form, assisting in nitrogen
balance regulation.
Blood Volume Control: Through protein synthesis, the liver helps regu -
late blood osmotic pressure and blood volume, contributing to fluid
balance.

57 © Mr 6points
9 (a) The seed absorbs water from the soil and it provides moisture to the
embryo. The plant cells start duplicating, enzymes get activate, and the
embryo starts getting nourishment. Then a tiny root comes out of
the seed. With more and more nourishment, the embryo starts gro -
wing. Eventually, the growing plant bursts open through the seed coat
in search of sunlight to start its own process of photosynthesis. Once
the seed coat falls off, the root starts growing downwards to anchor
the seed and to search for more food and nutrients from the soil.
Meanwhile, the shoot also starts growing upwards towards the light.

(b) Auxins are plant hormones which are very sensitive to light. When they
are exposed to light they move to the side of the stem that is not in
light. Therefore, auxins will cause the plant cells on the shaded side of
the stem to elongate. This redistribution of auxins causes the stem to
bend towards the light.

10 (a) Double circulation in humans refers to the circulation of blood through

the heart twice during one cycle. It includes pulmonary circulation,
where blood is sent to the lungs to pick up oxygen, and systemic
circulation, where oxygen-rich blood is distributed to body tissues.

(b) Double circulation in humans comprises two distinct loops: pulmonary

circulation and systemic circulation. Pulmonary circulation oxygenates
blood by sending deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygen pickup
and carbon dioxide removal. Systemic circulation distributes this oxy -
gen-rich blood to body tissues, providing oxygen and nutrients while
removing waste products like carbon dioxide. In essence, pulmonary
circulation oxygenates blood, while systemic circulation delivers
oxygenated blood to body tissues.

(c) Blood serves vital transport functions within the human body, ensuring
the delivery of essential substances to cells, tissues, and organs while
removing waste products.

58 © Mr 6points
Oxygen Transport: Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, binds with
oxygen in the lungs and carries it to cells throughout the body. Oxygen is
critical for cellular respiration, where it's used to produce energy (ATP).
Nutrient Transport: Blood transports various nutrients from the digestive
system to cells, including glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. These
nutrients serve as energy sources and building blocks for growth, repair,
and maintenance.
Hormone Transport: Hormones, chemical messengers produced by
endocrine glands, are released into the bloodstream and transported to
target cells or organs. Hormones regulate a wide range of physiological
processes, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Waste Product Removal: Blood carries waste products, such as carbon
dioxide and urea, away from cells to be eliminated from the body. Carbon
dioxide is transported back to the lungs for exhalation, while urea is
filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine.
Heat Regulation: Blood helps regulate body temperature by transporting
heat generated by metabolic processes to the body's surface, where it
can be dissipated. This helps maintain a stable internal temperature.
Immune System Support: White blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood are
essential components of the immune system. They circulate throughout
the body, identifying and combating pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and
other invaders.
Clotting and Wound Healing: Blood contains platelets, which play a cru -
cial role in blood clotting (hemostasis). When blood vessels are injured,
platelets adhere to the site, initiate clot formation, and help prevent
excessive bleeding, facilitating wound healing.
pH Regulation: Blood helps maintain the body's pH level within a narrow
and optimal range by carrying acidic or basic substances to the kidneys
and lungs for elimination or regulation.
Transport of Gases: Apart from oxygen and carbon dioxide, blood also
transports other gases, such as nitrogen and some inert gases, through
the body. In summary, blood's transport functions are essential for
sustaining life.

59 © Mr 6points
11 (a) The alveolus, found in the lungs, is specialized for efficient gas
exchange. It has a large surface area, thin walls, and is moist inside.
It's surrounded by tiny blood vessels, allowing oxygen to move into
the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to move out quickly. A substance
called surfactant keeps the alveoli stable, and the breathing process
ensures a constant supply of fresh air for this exchange to occur effect
ively.

(b) Inspiration, or inhalation in humans, involves the contraction of the

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, which expands the chest
cavity, reducing intrapulmonary pressure and allowing air to flow into
the lungs from the atmosphere. This process increases the lung
volume, facilitating the exchange of gases as oxygen enters the
bloodstream and carbon dioxide exits. It is a vital mechanism for
providing oxygen to body tissues and is essential for sustaining life
through cellular respiration.

12 (a) The vertebral column, also known as the spine, is a flexible and
segmented structure in the human body that serves several key
functions. It protects the spinal cord, provides structural support, and
enables a wide range of body movements. This column is made up of
individual vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs, and it has
natural curvatures that help distribute body weight effectively.

The human skull is a complex structure serving critical functions. It

protects the brain, forming the framework for both the cranium and
facial features. The cranium includes various fused bones, while facial
bones shape the eyes, nose, and mouth. Sutures and foramina allow
for growth and house blood vessels and nerves.

Skeletal muscles are a type of voluntary muscle in the human body

characterized by several key features. They are attached to bones via
tendons, allowing them to move and manipulate the skeleton.

60 © Mr 6points
(b) The vertebral column, or spine, serves as the body's structural
backbone, providing support, protecting the spinal cord, and allowing
for a wide range of movements. It's also essential for maintaining
posture.

The skull safeguards the brain, forms the facial framework, and houses
sensory organs like the eyes and nose. Its unique features, sutures,
and variations are important for identification, and it plays a role in
vocal resonance through its sinuses.

Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles attached to bones, enabling

conscious and coordinated movements. They are striated, work in
antagonistic pairs, and can adapt with exercise or disuse. These
muscles are responsible for bodily movements, from fine motor skills
to powerful actions, contributing to mobility and strength.

13 (a) A tropic response, also known as a tropism, is a biological reaction or

movement of an organism in response to a stimulus, such as light,
gravity, or chemicals. Tropisms are typically growth-related and may
involve the organism moving towards (positive tropism) or away from
(negative tropism) the stimulus.

(b)(i) Plants have hormones called auxins which are very sensitive to light.
When they are exposed to light they move to the side of the stem
that has no light. There, auxins will cause the plant cells on the
shaded side of the stem to elongate. This redistribution of auxins
causes the stem to bend towards the light.
(ii) Gravity will pull the auxins in the plumule downward. This accumu -
lation of auxins on the underside of the plumule, increases cell
elongation and causes the plumule to grow upward. The gravity will
pull the auxins downward. This accumulation of auxins on the
underside of the radical reduces cell elongation and causes the
radical to grow downward.

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14 (a) Excess water from plants is excreted by the process of transpiration
through the stomata. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are removed from
the plant through diffusion through the stomata. Other wastes are
deposited in the leaves which are removed upon drooping or wilting.
Resins and gums are removed through the exudates.

(b) Homeostasis is of paramount importance in mammals as it ensures

the stable internal environment necessary for their survival and
optimal functioning. By regulating variables like body temperature,
blood pH, and nutrient levels, homeostasis allows mammals to thrive
in diverse environments. It supports efficient cellular processes,
enzyme activity, and metabolism, enabling the body to produce and
utilize energy effectively. Moreover, homeostasis ensures that essential
substances like oxygen, glucose, and electrolytes are maintained within
narrow, optimal ranges, preventing harmful deviations. In times of
external challenges or internal disruptions, the body's ability to restore
balance through mechanisms like thermoregulation, osmoregulation,
and hormonal control is critical for mammalian health, adaptability,
and overall well-being.

15 (a)(i) During the day gaseous exchange in plants occurs in the spongy layer
of the leaf because photosynthesis is actively taking place and a plant
leaf takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.

(ii) At night the plant leaf takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
This is because respiration is the only process taking place at night.

(b) Yeast is used in brewing and baking in that it is the organism used to
carry out the alcoholic fermentation. Yeast contains an enzyme called
zymase which converts glucose to carbon dioxide and alcohol, releasing
energy in the process. The alcohol is then removed from the mixture by
simple distillation.
Bacteria are used in the production of fermented milk products like

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yoghurt, cheese and butter. Bacteria are used in sewage treatment
during the secondary stage of treatment, sewage is treated by aerobic
and anaerobic micro - organism’s . This removes organic wastes and
harmful substances.

(c) Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, typically develops due
to poor oral hygiene. It begins when dental plaque, a sticky film of
bacteria, forms on teeth and gums. If not removed through regular
brushing and flossing, plaque hardens into tartar, which irritates the
gums and leads to inflammation, known as gingivitis. Gingivitis is the
initial stage of gum disease and is characterized by symptoms like
redness, swelling, and bleeding gums. If left untreated, gingivitis can
progress to periodontitis, where the inflammation extends deeper into
the supporting structures of teeth, including bone and ligaments.

16(a) Unprotected Sexual Contact: Transmission occurs when an infected

person's sexual fluids (semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids) come into
contact with the mucous membranes or open sores of a partner.
Sharing Needles: Sharing needles or syringes contaminated with HIV -
infected blood, often associated with intravenous drug use, can tran -
smit the virus.
Mother-to-Child Transmission: HIV can be passed from an HIV-positive
mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
Blood Transfusions or Organ Transplants: HIV can be transmitted
through infected blood transfusions or organ transplants.

(b)(i) The lack of information and awareness combined with outdated

beliefs lead to people to fear getting HIV. Many people think of HIV
as a disease that only a certain groups get which leads to negative
judgment about people living with HIV. Another cause of stigma is
lack of information on the available services.

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(ii) Education: Raising awareness and providing accurate information
about HIV transmission, prevention, and treatment can dispel
misconceptions and reduce fear.

17 (a)(i) Endocrine glands produce hormones that regulate various body

functions. They lack ducts and release hormones directly into the
bloodstream. These hormones control metabolism, growth, stress
response, immune function, and homeostasis by acting on target
organs and tissues.

(ii) The adrenal gland and the salivary gland are distinct in their location,
structure, and function. The adrenal glands are paired structures
situated on top of each kidney and play a crucial role in producing
hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which regulate stress res -
ponse and metabolism. In contrast, salivary glands are found in the
mouth and produce saliva, which aids in digestion by breaking down
food and initiating the process of chemical digestion. While both
glands secrete substances, their locations and primary functions are
markedly different, serving distinct roles in the body.

(b) Insulin: Insulin regulates blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of
glucose into cells for energy, storing excess glucose as glycogen, and
inhibiting the liver from producing too much glucose.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): ADH, produced by the hypothalamus and

released by the pituitary gland, regulates water balance by reducing
water loss from the kidneys. It does this by increasing water reabsorp -
tion in the kidneys' collecting ducts, thereby concentrating urine and
conserving body fluids.

18 (a) Articular Cartilage: This is a smooth, elastic tissue covering the ends
of the bones forming the joint. It reduces friction and absorbs shock
during movement.

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Synovial Membrane: This thin lining surrounds the joint and produces
synovial fluid, a lubricating and nourishing fluid that reduces friction,
supplies nutrients to cartilage, and maintains joint health.
Synovial Cavity: This is the space within the joint that contains
synovial fluid. It allows bones to move smoothly against each other.
Joint Capsule: The joint is enclosed by a tough, fibrous capsule that
holds the bones together, providing stability.
Ligaments: Ligaments are strong, fibrous bands that connect bone to
bone, reinforcing the joint and preventing excessive movement.
Tendons: Tendons attach muscles to bone, allowing the muscles to
control and move the joint.

(b) A bone is considered a living tissue because it contains cells, has a

blood supply, can grow and repair itself, and plays active roles in
metabolic functions and sensing mechanical forces.

(c) The pupil constricts by circular and radial muscles of the iris in res -
ponse to changes in light intensity. Due to excess light that may
damage the retina by bleaching it. Circular muscles contract at the
same time the radial muscles relax. This in returns makes the pupil to
constricts (becomes smaller) to prevent bleaching of the retina
by excess light.

19 (a) Nutrient Content: Fertile soil contains essential nutrients like nitrogen
(N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in adequate quantities for plant
growth.
Organic Matter: High levels of organic matter, such as decomposed
plant and animal material (humus), improve soil structure, water
retention, and nutrient availability.
pH Level: A neutral to slightly acidic pH level (around 6-7) is ideal for
most crops as it allows for nutrient uptake by plants.
Microorganisms: Beneficial soil microorganisms like bacteria and fungi
help decompose organic matter and make nutrients available to plants.

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(b) Erosion: Soil erosion through wind or water can remove the topsoil,
which is rich in nutrients.
Overcultivation: Continuous cultivation without proper crop rotation or
fallow periods depletes nutrients from the soil.
Nutrient Depletion: Repeated planting of the same crop without
adequate nutrient replenishment leads to nutrient imbalances.
Deforestation: Removing trees and vegetation disrupts nutrient cycles
and can lead to soil degradation.

(c) Crop Rotation: Alternating crops annually helps prevent nutrient

depletion and pest buildup.
Cover Cropping: Planting cover crops during fallow periods or between
main crops adds organic matter and prevents soil erosion.
Organic Matter Addition: Incorporating compost, manure, or organic
residues enriches soil with nutrients and improves its structure.
Reduced Tillage: Minimizing soil disturbance reduces erosion and
maintains soil structure.
Proper Irrigation: Efficient irrigation practices prevent waterlogging and
leaching of nutrients.

20 (a) Low Sperm Count (Oligospermia): When a man's semen contains fewer
sperm than normal, it can reduce the chances of fertilizing an egg.
Poor Sperm Motility (Asthenospermia): If sperm have difficulty moving
effectively, they may struggle to reach and fertilize the egg.
Hormonal Imbalances: Hormonal issues, such as low testosterone
levels, can affect sperm production and quality.

Ovulatory Disorders: Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

and hypothalamic dysfunction can disrupt regular ovulation.
Fallopian Tube Blockage: Blocked or damaged fallopian tubes can
prevent the egg from meeting the sperm.
Uterine Abnormalities: Structural issues in the uterus, such as fibroids
or polyps, can interfere with implantation.

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(b) Prenatal Care: Regular prenatal check-ups with a healthcare provider
are essential. These visits monitor the health of both the mother and
the developing fetus, allowing for early detection and management of
any potential issues.
Nutrition: A balanced diet rich in nutrients is crucial. Ensure adequate
intake of folic acid, iron, calcium, and other essential vitamins and
minerals. Avoid harmful substances like alcohol, tobacco, and illicit
drugs.
Hydration: Staying well-hydrated is important for both the mother and
baby. Drinking plenty of water helps maintain amniotic fluid levels and
supports overall health.
Weight Management: Maintain a healthy weight throughout preg -
nancy, as excessive weight gain or obesity can increase the risk of
complications.
Exercise: Engage in regular, moderate exercise with your healthcare
provider's approval. Physical activity can help alleviate discomfort,
improve mood, and promote overall health.
Rest: Prioritize sufficient rest and sleep to support your body's
changing needs and energy levels.
Stress Management: Practice stress-reduction techniques like
mindfulness, meditation, or deep breathing to manage the emotional
challenges that can accompany pregnancy.
Educate Yourself: Attend childbirth and parenting classes to prepare
for labor, delivery, and postpartum care

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ALL THE BEST!!

Mr 6points

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