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Unit 1 (1)

The document explains the architecture of the .NET Framework, highlighting the Common Language Runtime (CLR) and the .NET Framework Class Library (FCL) as its core components. It also covers various application types and frameworks within .NET, such as WinForms, ASP.NET, and WPF, along with programming concepts like arrays, inheritance, polymorphism, and string methods. Additionally, it discusses advanced topics like boxing, unboxing, sealed classes, and abstract classes with examples.

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Harishri MQ
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views

Unit 1 (1)

The document explains the architecture of the .NET Framework, highlighting the Common Language Runtime (CLR) and the .NET Framework Class Library (FCL) as its core components. It also covers various application types and frameworks within .NET, such as WinForms, ASP.NET, and WPF, along with programming concepts like arrays, inheritance, polymorphism, and string methods. Additionally, it discusses advanced topics like boxing, unboxing, sealed classes, and abstract classes with examples.

Uploaded by

Harishri MQ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. With a neat block diagram explaining the functions of the various building blocks in the architecture of the .

NET
framework.
9. Explain the architecture of the .NET framework?

The .NET Framework’s basic architecture consists of two key elements:


1.Common Language Runtime (CLR): The Common Language Runtime is responsible for managing the execution of
code written in any of the .NET-supported languages. When an application is run, the CLR loads the required libraries
and compiles the code into machine code that can be executed by the computer’s processor.

2.NET Framework Class Library (FCL): The .NET Framework Class Library provides a large set of pre-built functions
and classes that can be used to create a wide range of applications.

The .NET Framework provides various tools and frameworks to help developers create different types of applications.
Here's a simplified breakdown:
1. CLR (Common Language Runtime): It's like the engine that runs .NET code, regardless of the language it's written
in. It ensures code is managed, provides memory management, and other services.
2. FCL (Framework Class Library): This is a collection of reusable classes, interfaces, and value types that are available
to developers using .NET languages.
3. Types of Applications:
○ WinForms: These are desktop applications with a graphical user interface (GUI).
○ ASP .NET: These are web-based applications that run on web servers.
○ ADO .NET: These are applications that interact with databases.
4. WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation): It's a framework for creating desktop applications with rich user
interfaces.
5. WCF (Windows Communication Foundation): This framework is used to build and deploy services that
communicate with each other.
6. WF (Windows Workflow Foundation): It's a
framework for defining, executing, and managing
workflows in .NET applications.
7. Card Space: This is a tool for managing digital
identities securely.
8. LINQ (Language Integrated Query): It's a way to
query data from different sources using .NET
languages like C# and VB.
9. Entity Framework: This is an ORM (Object-Relational
Mapping) framework that simplifies database
interactions in .NET applications.
10. Parallel LINQ (PLINQ): It's an extension of LINQ that
enables parallel processing of queries.
11. TPL (Task Parallel Library): It's a set of APIs for adding
concurrency and parallelism to .NET applications,
making it easier to work with multiple tasks
simultaneously.
12. .NET API for Store/UWP Apps: These are APIs provided by Microsoft for creating Universal Windows Platform
(UWP) apps using .NET languages.
13. Task-Based Asynchronous Model: It's a way of handling asynchronous operations and tasks in .NET applications,
making them more responsive and efficient.

6. Explain three types of arrays with suitable example and param array Ans:
Single-Dimensional Array: - A single-dimensional array is the most common type of array. It consists of a single line of
elements, and you can access elements using a single index.
Example
—---------------------------------------------------------------
int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
Console.WriteLine(numbers[0]);
Console.WriteLine(numbers[2]);
—---------------------------------------------------------------
Multidimensional Array: A multidimensional array stores elements in multiple dimensions, forming a matrix or a cube.
The most common type is the two-dimensional array.
Example:
—---------------------------------------------------------------
int[,] matrix = new int[3, 3]
{
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6},
{7, 8, 9}
};
Console.WriteLine(matrix[0, 1]); // Output: 2
Console.WriteLine(matrix[2, 2]); // Output: 9
—---------------------------------------------------------------
Jagged Array: - A jagged array is an array of arrays. It is an array whose elements are arrays themselves. Each sub-array can
have a different length.
Example:
—---------------------------------------------------------------
int[][] jaggedArray = new int[3][];
jaggedArray[0] = new int[] { 1, 2, 3 };
jaggedArray[1] = new int[] { 4, 5 };
jaggedArray[2] = new int[] { 6, 7, 8, 9 };
Console.WriteLine(jaggedArray[0][1]); // Output: 2
Console.WriteLine(jaggedArray[2][2]); // Output: 8
—---------------------------------------------------------------
Param Array: A parameter array (param array) allows a method to accept a variable number of arguments. It is defined
using the params keyword.
Example:
—---------------------------------------------------------------
public static void DisplayNumbers(params int[] numbers)
{
foreach (int num in numbers)
{
Console.WriteLine(num);
}}
DisplayNumbers(1, 2, 3);
DisplayNumbers(4, 5);
DisplayNumbers(6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
—---------------------------------------------------------------
29. Explain in detail inheritance , name hiding and polymorphism with example Ans:
INHERITANCE : - Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming that allows us to define a new
class based on an existing class. The new class inherits the properties and methods of the existing class and can also add
new properties and methods of its own.

1. Single Inheritance: - In single inheritance, a class inherits from only one base class. This is the simplest form of
inheritance.
—---------------------------------------------------------------
using System;
class Animal {
public void Eat() {
Console.WriteLine("Animal is eating.");
}}
class Dog : Animal {
public void Bark() {
Console.WriteLine("Dog is barking.");
}}

class MainClass {
static void Main(string[] args) {
Animal animal = new Animal();
animal.Eat(); // Output: Animal is eating.

Dog dog = new Dog();


dog.Eat(); // Output: Animal is eating. (inherited from Animal class)
dog.Bark(); // Output: Dog is barking.
}}
—--------------------------------------------------------------
2. Hierarchical Inheritance: -In hierarchical inheritance, 3. Multilevel Inheritance: In multilevel inheritance, a
multiple derived classes inherit from the same base class derived class itself becomes the base class for another
using System; class.
using System;
class Shape {
public virtual void Draw() { // Base class
Console.WriteLine("Drawing a shape."); class Animal {
}} public void Eat() {
Console.WriteLine("Animal is eating.");
class Circle : Shape { }}
public override void Draw() {
Console.WriteLine("Drawing a circle."); // Derived class inheriting from Animal
}} class Dog : Animal {
public void Bark() {
class Rectangle : Shape { Console.WriteLine("Dog is barking.");
public override void Draw() { }}
Console.WriteLine("Drawing a rectangle.");
}} // Derived class inheriting from Dog
class GermanShepherd : Dog {
class MainClass { public void Guard() {
static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("German Shepherd is guarding.");
Shape shape = new Shape(); }}
shape.Draw(); // Output: Drawing a shape.
class Program {
Circle circle = new Circle(); static void Main(string[] args) {
circle.Draw(); // Output: Drawing a circle. GermanShepherd rex = new GermanShepherd();
rex.Eat(); // Output: Animal is eating.
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(); rex.Bark(); // Output: Dog is barking.
rectangle.Draw(); // Output: Drawing a rectangle. rex.Guard(); // Output: German Shepherd is guarding.
}} } }

4. Multiple Inheritance (Not Supported in C#):


5. Hybrid Inheritance (Not Supported in C#):

NAME HIDING : In method hiding, you can hide the POLYMORPHISM: Polymorphism means "many forms",
implementation of the methods of a base class from and it occurs when we have many classes that are related
the derived class using the new keyword. to each other by inheritance
Example: Example:
public class My_Family { class Animal // Base class (parent) {
public void member() { public void animalSound() {
Console.WriteLine("Total number of family members: Console.WriteLine("The animal makes a sound");
3"); }
}
}
}
class Pig : Animal // Derived class (child) {
public class My_Member : My_Family {
public new void member() { public void animalSound() {
Console.WriteLine("Name: Rakesh, Age: 40 \nName: Console.WriteLine("The pig says: wee wee");
Somya, "+ "Age: 39 \nName: Rohan, Age: 20 "); }
} }
} class Dog : Animal // Derived class (child) {
class GFG { public void animalSound() {
static public void Main() { Console.WriteLine("The dog says: bow wow");
My_Member obj = new My_Member() }
obj.member(); }
}
}

27. Explain new with an example


It is used to create objects and invoke a constructor. Using the "new" operator, we can create an object or instantiate an
object, in other words with the "new" operator we can invoke a constructor.
Example
—---------------------------------------------------------------
using System;
// Base class
class Animal {
public void Eat() {
Console.WriteLine("Animal is eating");
}
}
// Derived class
class Dog : Animal {
// Using the 'new' keyword to hide the base class method
public new void Eat() {
Console.WriteLine("Dog is eating");
}
public void Bark() {
Console.WriteLine("Woof! Woof!");
}
}
—---------------------------------------------------------------

26. Explain Sealed class and sealed method with suitable examples.
Sealed classes : Sealed classes are used to restrict the users from inheriting the class. A class can be sealed by using the
sealed keyword. The keyword tells the compiler that the class is sealed, and therefore, cannot be extended. No class can
be derived from a sealed class.

Sealed method : A method can also be sealed, and in that case, the method cannot be overridden. However, a method
can be sealed in the classes in which they have been inherited. If you want to declare a method as sealed, then it has to be
declared as virtual in its base class.
Sealed classes: Sealed method:
Syntax: using System;
sealed class class_name { class BaseClass{
// data members public virtual void Method1() {
// methods Console.WriteLine("Base class method.");
} }
// Sealed method
Example: public sealed void Method2() {
using System; Console.WriteLine("Sealed method.");
sealed class SealedClass { }
public int Add(int a, int b) { }
return a + b; class DerivedClass : BaseClass{
} // Attempting to override a sealed method will result in a
} compile-time error
class Program { // public override void Method2() { }
static void Main(string[] args) { // Error: 'DerivedClass.Method2()': cannot override inherited
SealedClass slc = new SealedClass(); member 'BaseClass.Method2()' because it is sealed
int total = slc.Add(6, 4); }
Console.WriteLine("Total = " + total.ToString());
} class Program {
} static void Main(string[] args) {
BaseClass obj = new BaseClass();
obj.Method1(); // Output: Base class method.
obj.Method2(); // Output: Sealed method.

DerivedClass derivedObj = new DerivedClass();


derivedObj.Method1();
// Output: Base class method.
derivedObj.Method2();
// Output: Sealed method.
}
}

26. What is a constructor? Illustrate how the superclass constructors are called in their base classes?
26. What is a constructor? Illustrate how the superclass constructors are called in their derived classes 23, 21
In C#, a constructor is a special method that is automatically called when an object is created. It is used to initialize the
object's. Constructors have the same name as the class and do not have a return type

Superclass Constructors in Base Classes:


In object-oriented programming, when a class inherits from another class, the derived class may have its own constructor,
and it may need to call the constructor of its base class. This is achieved using the base keyword.
Example: —---------------------------------------------------------------
public class Animal {
public string Name { get; set; }
// Constructor in the base class
public Animal(string name) {
Name = name;
Console.WriteLine("Animal constructor called!");
}
}
public class Dog : Animal {
public string Breed { get; set; }
// Constructor in the derived class
public Dog(string name, string breed) : base(name) {
Breed = breed;
Console.WriteLine("Dog constructor called!");
}
}
class Program {
static void Main() {
Dog myDog = new Dog("Buddy", "Golden Retriever");
}
}
—---------------------------------------------------------------

31. What is an abstract class? Explain with suitable examples.


Abstraction can be achieved with either abstract classes or interfaces The abstract keyword is used for classes and
methods:
Abstract class:An abstract class in C# is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own and may contain abstract methods.
Abstract classes are used as base classes for other classes, providing a template for their behavior while leaving specific
implementation details to derived classes.
Example:—---------------------------------------------------------------
using System;
// Abstract class
abstract class Shape {
// Abstract method
public abstract void Draw();
}
// Concrete class inheriting from abstract class
class Circle : Shape {
public override void Draw() {
Console.WriteLine("Drawing a circle.");
}
}

class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
// Attempting to instantiate an abstract class will result in a compile-time error
// Shape shape = new Shape(); // Error: Cannot create an instance of the abstract class or interface 'Shape'
Circle circle = new Circle();
circle.Draw(); // Output: Drawing a circle.
}
}
—---------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract method: can only be used in an abstract class, and it does not have a body. The body is provided by the derived
class (inherited from).
An abstract class can have both abstract and regular methods:
—---------------------------------------------------------------
abstract class Animal {
public abstract void animalSound();
public void sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Zzz");
}
}
—---------------------------------------------------------------

21.Write in detail boxing and unboxing with examples?


Boxing: - Boxing is the process of converting a value type to an object type (or to any interface type implemented by the
value type). When a value type is boxed, a new object is allocated on the heap, and the value of the value type is copied
into that object. This allows you to treat the value type as an object.

Unboxing: - Unboxing is the process of converting an object type back to a value type. It involves extracting the value from
the boxed object and copying it back to a value type variable. Unboxing can only be performed if the object is actually a
boxed value of the same value type.
Boxing: Unboxing:
using System; using System;
class GFG { class GFG {
// Main Method // Main Method
static public void Main() { static public void Main() {
// Assigning int value 2020 to num // Assigning int value 23 to num
int num = 2020; int num = 23;

// Boxing: Assigning the value of num to obj // Boxing: Assigning the value of num to obj
object obj = num; object obj = num;
// Changing the value of num // Unboxing: Explicitly converting obj back to int and
num = 100; assigning to i
int i = (int)obj;
// Printing the value of num and obj
Console.WriteLine("Value-type value of num is: {0}", // Displaying the results
num); Console.WriteLine("Value of obj object is: " + obj);
Console.WriteLine("Object-type value of obj is: {0}", Console.WriteLine("Value of i is: " + i);
obj); }}
}}

23. Explain string methods with suitable examples.


Explain any 5 string operations in C# with an example for each 23
1. Concatenation: Concatenation is the process of combining two or more strings into one.
string str1 = "Hello";
string str2 = "World";
string result = str1 + " " + str2;
Console.WriteLine(result); // Output: Hello World

2. Length: Length returns the number of characters in a string.


string str = "Hello";
int length = str.Length;
Console.WriteLine(length); // Output: 5

3. Substring: Substring extracts a portion of a string based on starting index and length.
string str = "Hello World";
string substr = str.Substring(6, 5); // Starting index: 6, Length: 5
Console.WriteLine(substr); // Output: World

4. Replace: Replace replaces all occurrences of a specified string with another string.
string str = "Hello World";
string replaced = str.Replace("World", "Universe");
Console.WriteLine(replaced); // Output: Hello Universe

5. ToUpper/ToLower: Converts a string to upper or lower case.


string str = "Hello World";
string upperCase = str.ToUpper();
string lowerCase = str.ToLower();
Console.WriteLine(upperCase); // Output: HELLO WORLD
Console.WriteLine(lowerCase); // Output: hello world

36. Write a C# Console application to remove all characters in the second string which are present in the first string.
using System;
class Program {
static void Main() {
Console.WriteLine("Enter the first string:");
string firstString = Console.ReadLine();

Console.WriteLine("Enter the second string:");


string secondString = Console.ReadLine();

string result = RemoveCharacters(firstString, secondString);

Console.WriteLine("Result after removing characters from second string which are present in the first string:");
Console.WriteLine(result);
}
static string RemoveCharacters(string firstString, string secondString) {
// Convert the first string to a HashSet for faster lookup
var set = new HashSet<char>(firstString);

// Remove characters from the second string which are present in the first string
string result = "";
foreach (char c in secondString) {
if (!set.Contains(c)) {
result += c;
} }
return result;
}}

38. Write a c# Program to perform the following


i) Reverse a String ii) insert text into a string
iii) Remove a portion of text from a string iv) Replacing a particular text.
i) Reverse a String ii) insert text into a string
using System; using System;
class Program{ class Program {
static void Main() {
static void Main() {
string originalString = "Hello World";
string reversedString = ReverseString(originalString); string originalString = "Hello World";
Console.WriteLine("Reversed string: " + string insertedString = InsertText(originalString,
reversedString); "Beautiful ", 6);
} Console.WriteLine("Inserted text: " + insertedString);
}
static string ReverseString(string input) { static string InsertText(string input, string textToInsert, int
char[] charArray = input.ToCharArray();
index){
Array.Reverse(charArray);
return new string(charArray); return input.Insert(index, textToInsert);
} }
} }
iv) Replacing a particular text.
iii) Remove a portion of text from a string using System;
using System; class Program {
class Program { static void Main() {
static void Main() {
string originalString = "Hello World";
string originalString = "Hello World";
string removedString = RemoveText(originalString, 6, string replacedString = ReplaceText(originalString,
5); "World", "Universe");
Console.WriteLine("Removed text: " + removedString); Console.WriteLine("Replaced text: " + replacedString);
} }

static string RemoveText(string input, int startIndex, int static string ReplaceText(string input, string oldValue,
length) {
string newValue) {
return input.Remove(startIndex, length);
} return input.Replace(oldValue, newValue);
} }
}

20. Explain the classification of data types in c#.


In C#, data types can be classified into several categories based on their characteristics and usage. Here are the primary
classifications of data types in C#:

1. Value Types: 2.Reference Types:


Value types directly store their values in memory. Reference types store references to their data in memory.
They are derived from the System.ValueType class. They are allocated on the managed heap.
Examples include integers (int, short, long), floating-point Examples include classes, interfaces, delegates, and arrays.
numbers (float, double), characters (char), Booleans Reference types are nullable by default.
(bool), enumerations (enum), and structs. Operations on reference types involve working with
Value types are typically allocated on the stack. references to data rather than the data itself.
Operations on value types generally involve copying the Example: -
value itself. string stringValue = "Hello";
Example: - object objValue = new object();
int intValue = 10; int[] arrayValue = new int[] { 1, 2, 3 };
char charValue = 'A';
bool boolValue = true; 4. Floating-Point Types: Floating-point types represent
float floatValue = 3.14f; numbers with fractional parts.
3 Integral Types: They include float and double.
Integral types represent whole numbers (both positive and float floatValue = 3.14f;
negative) without any fractional component. double doubleValue = 3.14159265359;
Examples include byte, sbyte, short, ushort, int, uint, long,
and ulong. 5. Decimal Type:- The decimal type is used to store
Example: numbers with decimal points.
byte byteValue = 255; It provides more precision compared to floating-point
short shortValue = -10000; types but has a smaller range.
int intValue = 100; decimal decimalValue = 3.14159265358979323846M;
long longValue = 10000000000;
7. Character Types: Character types represent single
6 Boolean Type: The bool type represents a Boolean value, Unicode characters.
which can be either true or false. The char type is used for storing individual characters.
bool boolValue = true; char charValue = 'A';

9. Struct Types: Struct types are lightweight data types


8. Enumeration Types: Enumeration types allow you to similar to classes.
define a set of named integral constants. They are value types and are typically used for small data
They are defined using the enum keyword. structures that have value semantics.
enum DaysOfWeek { Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Structs are allocated on the stack.
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday }; struct Point{
DaysOfWeek today = DaysOfWeek.Monday; public int X;
public int Y;
}
Point point = new Point { X = 10, Y = 20
};

7. Highlights the functionalities of CLR.


The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the heart of the .NET Framework and provides various essential functionalities
that enable the execution and management of .NET applications. Here are some highlights of the functionalities of CLR:
1. Memory Management: CLR provides automatic memory management through garbage collection. It allocates and
deallocates memory for objects dynamically, ensuring efficient memory usage and preventing memory leaks.
2. Execution Environment: CLR provides a runtime environment where managed code written in different .NET
languages (such as C#, VB.NET, F#) can execute. It manages code execution, including loading assemblies, resolving
references, and executing code securely within a sandbox.
3. Type Safety and Verification: CLR enforces type safety by verifying the type safety of managed code during
compilation and execution. It prevents type-related errors such as accessing memory locations beyond the bounds
of an array, ensuring robustness and security of applications.
4. Exception Handling: CLR provides robust exception handling mechanisms that allow developers to handle runtime
errors gracefully. It supports structured exception handling using try-catch-finally blocks, enabling developers to
write reliable and resilient code.
5. Security: CLR implements various security features to ensure the safety and integrity of .NET applications. It
provides code access security, role-based security, and authentication mechanisms to protect applications from
unauthorized access and malicious code.
6. Language Interoperability: CLR enables seamless interoperability between different .NET languages, allowing them
to interact with each other and share data and resources. This interoperability extends to accessing libraries
written in other languages, facilitating code reuse and integration.
7. Garbage Collection: CLR's garbage collector automatically manages memory by reclaiming memory occupied by
objects that are no longer in use. It periodically scans the managed heap to identify and remove unreferenced
objects, preventing memory leaks and improving application performance.
8. Debugging and Diagnostics: CLR supports advanced debugging and diagnostic tools that help developers identify
and troubleshoot issues in .NET applications. It provides features such as stack traces, exception details, and
performance counters to aid in debugging and performance tuning.
9. Portability: CLR ensures platform independence by providing a consistent runtime environment across different
operating systems and hardware architectures. It abstracts away hardware-specific details, allowing .NET
applications to run seamlessly on diverse platforms.
10. Dynamic Language Support: CLR supports dynamic languages such as IronPython and IronRuby, enabling
developers to write code dynamically and take advantage of dynamic language features while still leveraging the
benefits of the .NET Framework.

8. With syntax and examples explain the usage of different statements used in c#.
Here's an overview of some commonly used statements in C# with syntax examples:
Declaration Statements:
1. Variable Declaration: 2. Constant Declaration:
int age; // Declares a variable 'age' of type int const double PI = 3.14; // Declares a constant 'PI' with
value 3.14
Assignment Statements:
Simple Assignment: Compound Assignment:
age = 30; // Assigns the value 30 to the variable 'age' age += 5; // Increments 'age' by 5
Control Flow Statements:
Conditional Statements (if-else): Switch Statement:
if (age >= 18) switch (day)
{ {
Console.WriteLine("You are an adult."); case 1:
} Console.WriteLine("Monday");break;
else case 2:
{ Console.WriteLine("Tuesday");break;
Console.WriteLine("You are a minor."); default:
}- Console.WriteLine("Other day");break;
}
Loop Statements (for, while, do-while): Break Statement:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{ {
Console.WriteLine(i); if (i == 5)
} break;
Console.WriteLine(i);
int j = 0; }
while (j < 5) Continue Statement:
{ for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine(j); {
j++; if (i == 3)
} continue;
Console.WriteLine(i);
int k = 0; }
do Return Statement:
{ public int Add(int a, int b)
Console.WriteLine(k); {
k++; return a + b;
} while (k < 5); }
Exception Handling Statements:
Try-Catch Statement: Finally Statement:
try try
{ {
int result = Divide(10, 0); // Some code that may throw an exception
Console.WriteLine("Result: " + result); }
} finally
catch (DivideByZeroException ex) {
{ // This block always executes, regardless of whether an
Console.WriteLine("Error: " + ex.Message); exception is thrown
} }
These are some of the fundamental statements in C# used for variable declaration, assignment, control flow, looping,
jumping, and exception handling, among others. Understanding and mastering these statements is essential for effective
C# programming.

14. What are the value types and reference types in c#? ref , out in c#? Explain with Examples.
Value Type: - A data type is a value type if it holds a data value within its own memory space. It means the variables
of these data types directly contain values.
—----------------------------------------------------------------
For example, consider integer variable
int i = 100;
int intValue = 42; // Value type example
char charValue = 'A';
Console.WriteLine($"Initial values: {intValue}, {charValue}");
—----------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Type: - Unlike value types, a reference type doesn't store its value directly. Instead, it stores the address where
the value is being stored. In other words, a reference type contains a pointer to another memory location that holds the
data.
—---------------------------------------------------------------
For example, consider the following string variable:
string s = "Hello World!!";
// Reference type example
class Person
{
public string Name { get; set; }
}
// Creating an instance of the reference type
Person person = new Person();
person.Name = "John";
Console.WriteLine($"Initial Name: {person.Name}");
}
—---------------------------------------------------------------
ref : - indicates that the parameter may be modified by the called method, and the variable must be initialized before
being passed.
—---------------------------------------------------------------
For example:
int value = 10;
Console.WriteLine($"Initial value: {value}");
ModifyValueRef(ref value);
Console.WriteLine($"Modified value (ref): {value}");
—---------------------------------------------------------------
out : - is similar to ref, but the variable does not need to be initialized before being passed. using System;
—---------------------------------------------------------------
class GFG {
static public void Main()
{
int i;
Addition(out i);
Console.WriteLine("The addition of the value is: {0}", i);
}
—---------------------------------------------------------------
32. Explain the exception handling in c#. describe the syntax of exception handling constructs with an example?
An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program.Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from
one part of a program to another.
C# exception handling is built upon four
keywords:
• try: A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions will be activated. It's followed by one
or more catch blocks.
• catch: A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the place in a program where you want to
handle the problem. The catch keyword indicates the catching of an exception.
• finally: The finally block is used to execute a given set of statements, whether an exception is thrown or not
thrown.
• throw: A program throws an exception when a problem shows up. This is done using a throw keyword.

Example:
using System;
class Program{
static void Main(string[] args) {
Try {
int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3 };
Console.WriteLine(numbers[5]);
// Trying to access an index that doesn't exist
}
catch (IndexOutOfRangeException ex) {
Console.WriteLine("An error occurred: " + ex.Message);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
Console.WriteLine("An unexpected error occurred: " +
ex.Message);
}
finally {
Console.WriteLine("This block always executes,
regardless of exceptions.");
} }}
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Explain about salient features of c#.


1. Simplicity: C# offers a structured approach, with a rich set of library functions and data types, aiding in breaking
down problems into manageable parts.
2. Modern: It aligns with current programming trends, empowering developers to build scalable, interoperable, and
robust applications efficiently.
3. Object-Oriented: C# follows an object-oriented paradigm, simplifying development and maintenance, especially as
project size increases, compared to procedural programming languages.
4. Type Safety: It ensures that code can only access memory locations it has permission to execute, enhancing
program security.
5. Interoperability: C# programs can interact with native C++ applications, broadening their capabilities and
compatibility.
6. Scalability and Updateability: C# facilitates automatic scalability and updates, simplifying the process of updating
applications by replacing old files with new ones.
7. Component-Oriented: It supports component-oriented programming, a methodology known for developing robust
and highly scalable applications.
8. Structured: C# follows a structured programming approach, allowing developers to organize programs into parts
using functions, enhancing readability and modifiability.
9. Rich Library: It provides a vast array of built-in functions, accelerating development speed by offering pre-existing
solutions to common problems.
10. Fast Execution: C# boasts fast compilation and execution times, contributing to quicker development cycles and
efficient performance.

5. With examples, explain how memory management is done for reference and value types by CLR.
Memory management in the Common Language Runtime (CLR) differs for reference types and value types.
1. Reference Types: Reference types are objects that are allocated on the managed heap. Memory for reference types is
allocated dynamically, and the CLR automatically handles memory management, including garbage collection.
Example:-----------------------------------------------------------
// Reference type example string
str1 = "Hello"; // str1 is a reference type string
str2 = str1; // str2 now refers to the same object as str1
// Here, both str1 and str2 are pointing to the same memory location on the heap where the string "Hello" is
stored.
-----------------------------------------------------------
In this example, both str1 and str2 are reference types pointing to the same string object on the heap. When no longer
needed, the CLR's garbage collector automatically deallocates the memory occupied by these objects when they become
unreachable, freeing up memory for other objects.

2. Value Types: Value types are variables that directly contain their data. They are typically stored on the stack or inline
within other objects. Memory for value types is allocated statically or on the stack, and their lifetime is determined by their
scope.
Example:-----------------------------------------------------------
// Value type example
int num1 = 10; // num1 is a value type int
num2 = num1; // num2 gets a copy of the value of num1
// Here, num1 and num2 are independent variables each containing their own copy of the value 10.
-----------------------------------------------------------
In this example, num1 and num2 are both value types containing their own copies of the integer value 10. These variables
are stored either on the stack or inline within other objects. Their memory is deallocated automatically when they go out
of scope.
Overall , CLR manages memory for reference types by allocating memory on the managed heap and automatically handling
garbage collection, while for value types, memory is typically allocated statically or on the stack, and its deallocation is
determined by the variable's scope.

6. Explain how c# code compiled and executed explain each step


The compilation and execution of C# code involves several steps, from writing the source code to running the compiled
executable. Here's a breakdown of each step:
1. Writing Source Code: The developer writes C# code using a text editor or an integrated development environment
(IDE) like Visual Studio. This source code consists of instructions and logic written in the C# programming language
to achieve a specific task or create an application.
2. Compilation: When the developer is satisfied with the written code, it needs to be compiled into
machine-readable instructions. The compilation process translates the human-readable C# code into an
intermediate language called Common Intermediate Language (CIL) or Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL).
This process is handled by the C# compiler (csc.exe), which is part of the .NET Framework SDK or Visual Studio.
3. Generation of Intermediate Language (IL) Code: The compiler generates IL code from the C# source code. IL is a
platform-independent, low-level programming language that serves as an intermediary between the source code
and the machine code. IL code contains instructions that the CLR can understand and execute.
4. Assembly Generation: The compiled IL code, along with metadata describing types, members, and dependencies,
is packaged into an assembly file. An assembly can be an executable file (.exe) for applications or a dynamic link
library (.dll) for libraries.
5. Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilation: When the .NET application is executed, the CLR loads the assembly containing the
IL code. At this point, the CLR's Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler translates the IL code into native machine code specific
to the underlying hardware and operating system. This process optimizes performance by compiling code tailored
to the execution environment.
6. Execution: The native machine code generated by the JIT compiler is executed by the CPU. The application
performs its intended tasks based on the logic defined in the C# source code. During execution, the CLR manages
memory, exception handling, security, and other runtime services to ensure the smooth operation of the
application.

33. Explain the user defined exception in c#. Describe the syntax with an example
C# allows us to create user-defined or custom exceptions. It is used to make meaningful exceptions. To do this, we
need to inherit the Exception class. An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program.Exceptions
provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to another.
Example:
—---------------------------------------------------------------
using System;
public class InvalidAgeException : Exception
{
public InvalidAgeException(String message)
: base(message)
{

} }
public class TestUserDefinedException
{
static void validate(int age)
{
if (age < 18)
{
throw new InvalidAgeException("Sorry, Age must be greater than 18"); }
}
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
try
{
validate(12);
}
catch (InvalidAgeException e) { Console.WriteLine(e); }
Console.WriteLine("Rest of the code");
} }
—---------------------------------------------------------------

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