Hey Ya

Looking for a
DOST
when you need
MOST?
With Acadza DOST get rid of JEE/NEET
and Boards tensions!

Acadza on-demand test group

Click here https://t.me/ACADZATEST to Join
Join Acadza's exclusive telegram group to fulfill your must-have checklist for the JEE
Entrance Exam.

On-Demand tests with hyper-customization on chapters, concepts, sub-concepts,

difficulty, and time.

Experienced and fail-proof mentorship and strategy by the top faculties of India.

Meet your DOST

Study Material DOST Practice DOST

(Full Syllabus)

Formula Sheet DOST Backlog Remover DOST

Revision DOST Speed Booster Dost

Visit www.acadza.com for more +919920265265

Formula sheet of
Oscillations (SHM)
1. Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
a. Introduction
1.Periodic Motion:
A motion, which repeat itself over and over again after a regular interval of time is called a periodic motion and the fixed interval of time after which the motion is repeated is called
period of the motion.

2 Oscillatory or Vibratory Motion.

Oscillatory or vibratory motion is that motion in which a body moves to and fro or back and forth repeatedly about a fixed point in a definite interval of time. In such a motion, the
body is confined with in well-defined limits on either side of mean position.
Oscillatory motion is also called as harmonic motion.
3 Harmonic and Non-harmonic Oscillation.
Harmonic oscillation is that oscillation which can be expressed in terms of single harmonic function (i.e. sine or cosine function). Example : ​
Non-harmonic oscillation is that oscillation which can not be expressed in terms of single harmonic function. It is a combination of two or more than two harmonic oscillations.
Example :

Time Period(T) & frequency(v) related as :

Angular frequency ω = 2 π v

2. Simple harmonic motion

a. Introduction and General equation of SHM
Simple harmonic motion is special type of periodic oscillatory motion in which;
1.Accleration = – ω2x (ω is angular frequency,x is displacement from mean position)
2.Restoring Force = mω2 x = – kx (m is mass, ,k is force constant)
3.x = A sin (ωt + φ) (A is amplitude and φ is phase constant or initial phase)
4. (ωt +φ) is phase.

b. Velocity and acceleration in SHM

Various physical quantities in S.H.M. at different position :

Physical quantities Equilibrium position (x = 0) Extreme Position (x = ± A)

Displacement Minimum (Zero) Maximum (A)

Maximum (Aω) Minimum (Zero)

Velocity
Minimum (Zero)
Acceleration Maximum ( A)

c. Graphs in SHM
d. Energy of a particle in SHM

U(x) = mω2 x2

U(t) = mω2 A2 sin2 (ωt+ φ)

K(x) =

K(t) = mA2ω2 cos2 (ωt + φ)

E=

e. SHM as the projection of uniform circular motion

The displacement of the projection from centre along y axisis given by
y = R sin(ωt + φ)
v = ωAcos (ωt + φ)
a = – ω2A sin (ωt + φ)

f. Application of phasor in SHM

Displacement of particle (y) = A sin(ωt + φ)

The quality θ = ωt + φ is called the phase. It determines the states of the particle in simple harmonic motion.

g. Superposition of SHM
SUPERPOSITION OF TWO SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTIONS WITH SAME FREQUENCY:
x1 = A1 sin ωt
x2 = A2 sin (ωt + φ)
x = x 1 + x2 = A1 sin ωt + A2 sin (ωt + φ) = x = A sin (ωt + δ) where A =

SUPERPOSITION OF TWO SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTIONS WITH DIFFERENT FREQUENCY SAME AMPLITUDE:
3. Time period in SHM
a. Force method
Steps to Find Angular Frequency or Time Period of SHM :
Step I:When particle is in its equilibrium position, balance all forces acting on it and locate the equilibrium position
mathematically.
StepII : From the equilibrium position, displace the particle slightly by a displacement x and find the expression of net
restoring force on it.
Step III : Try to express the net restoring force acting on particle as a proportional function of its displacement from mean position. The final expression should be
obtained in the.form.:
Use:
1 FRestoring = ma = -mω2x
2. a = - k/m
3. k = mω2

4.

5.

b. Energy method
Step I :Find equilibrium position of particle by making net force on it equal to zero.
Step II :From equilibrium position displace the particle by a Distance A(amplitude of oscillation)and release and let it starts oscillation with amplitude A.
Step III: Consider the particle during oscillations at an Intermediate position when its displacement from mean position is x and write the total energy E of oscillating
system at this instant.
Step IV : Now differentiate this energy of oscillations with respect to time and equate it to zero as this energy does not vary with time.

In step IV when we differentiate this energy expression, we finally get the basic differential equation of SHM

c. Combination of springs in SHM

Time period

and Frequency

For series:
For parallel : …….

d. Reduced mass method

Time period of two mass system can be given as:

In equation above is called reduced mass of the system. Reduced mass can also be regarded as mass of one body relative to the second body (assumed to

be fixed) in absence of external forces.

e. Oscillations of springs pulley block systems

In force method tension force act as restoring force which should be found out in form of displacement then by comparing with equation of shm we can find time
period.

By energy method write total energy ( Rotational energy of pulley ,Kinetic and potential energy) of mass by displacing mass then differentiate it with respect to time
and convert into standard form of differential equation of SHM to compare and find out time period.

f. Oscillations of Fluid Column

Pressure difference due to difference in height of limbs causes restoring force which is responsible for SHM.]
Basic Steps For Time period:
1. Displace Liquid
2. Write the pressure difference and force due to it in form of displacement
3. Compare with equation of standard SHM for time period.

4. Problem based on Amplitude

a. Problem based on Amplitude
For amplitude problems remember that amplitude is maximum displacement from equilibrium position.
So first find mean position and then find extreme. By calculating the difference in displacement between these you can find amplitude.

5. Angular SHM
a. Torque method and Simple pendulum
Trestoring = Iβ = - IѠ2Ɵ

Comparing with

We get

As is the angular frequency of the particle in SHM, its time period of oscillation can be given as

Using the above steps we can find the oscillation period of particle in SHM in different physical situations.

b. Oscillations of a Rolling Body on Horizontal and curved surface

With rolling energy method is beneficial to find out the time period.

c. Compound pendulum
Time period of compound pendulum:
T= = 2π

If moment of inertia of the body about axis through O is I

d. Torsional pendulum

Time period T =

k is proportionality constant and is called torsional constant of the

I be the moment of inertia of the body about the vertical axis

6. Free, damped and forced oscillation

a. Damped Oscillation
(i) Displacement of damped oscillator is given by

where angular frequency of the damped oscillator =

(ii)The amplitude decreases continuously with time according to

(iii) For a damped oscillator if the damping is small then the mechanical energy decreases exponentially with time as

b. Forced oscillations.
The oscillation in which a body oscillates under the influence of an external periodic force are known as forced oscillation
Suppose an external driving force is represented by
F(t) = F0 cos ωd t
The motion of a particle under combined action of
(a) Restoring force (–Kx)
(b) Damping force (–bv) and

(c) Driving force F(t) is given by

The solution of this equation gives with amplitude and

where