Biology 1306 – Review for Exam 1 – Chapters 1,2 and 3 – 7th Ed.

Freeman, Biological Science

Chapter 1
1. Identify the five fundamental characteristics of life. Recognize these characteristics by real life
examples. Cells, replication, information, energy, evolution. Cells example- The human body is made
up of trillions of cells, with different functions. Replication example- when bacteria replicates.
Information example- DNA carries this information, The DNA code dictates the characteristics of a
person, eye color, hair color etc. Energy example- Plants use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into
chemical energy. Evolution example - animals evolved over time into new species

2. Who are Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke? Observed single celled organisms, devised
microscope with 300x magnification

3. State the hypothesis of Pasteur’s experiment listed in Chapter 1. Remember, if Pasteur accepted or
rejected his hypothesis. Pasteur wanted to determine whether organisms could arise spontaneously
in a nutrient broth or whether they appear only when a broth is exposed to a source of pre existing
cells. He accepted his hypothesis.

4. Cells are all organisms made up of membrane cells/ pre- existing cells
a. Name the two major groups of cells. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
b. Know the characteristics that separate prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes have
no nucleus. Eukaryotes have a nucleus. Prokaryotes are smaller, Eukaryotes are larger
c. What is Cell theory? Theory of evolution by natural selection

5. What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? genes on chromosomes are responsible for
inheritance and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.

6. What is the Central Dogma? Describes the flow of information of cells.

8. What is evolution? Species are related by common ancestry.

9. Describe natural selection. Recognize the difference between adaptation and fitness. Natural
selection explains how evolution occurs. Adaptation is about traits that help a certain organism
survive. Fitness about how well an organism with those traits can survive and reproduce.

10. Define a heritable trait. a heritable trait is a feature that can be inherited from parents and is
controlled by genes.

11. Define phylogeny. What is the phylogenetic tree used for? the study of the evolutionary history of
organisms and their relationships A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents evolutionary
relationships among organisms.

12. What are the three fundamental groups or lineages of organisms? Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

13. What is taxonomy? How do we apply a scientific name? Taxonomy is the classification and naming
of organisms.
14. Recall the steps of the Scientific Method and how they apply to experiments.
Observation (Read Gaps) , Hypothesis (Predict) , Experiment (Dependent bacterial colonies) ,
results (data analysis) , conclusion
a. Define a hypothesis. Select everyday examples of hypotheses. Hypothesis is a
prediction that can be tested through experimentation.
b. Describe a controlled experiment. a scientific experiment that tests a hypothesis by
keeping all variables the same except for one, which is changed or altered.

Chapter 2
15. Know the four elements that comprise 96% of living matter. Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
16. State the uniqueness of each chemical element. the uniqueness of each chemical element is
determined by its atomic number, chemical properties, and the specific number of protons in its
atoms.

17. Explain atomic mass. Protons plus Neutrons

18. Explain isotopes and use examples. isotopes are variations of the same element with different
numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic masses

19. Describe chemical reactants and products. reactants are the starting materials, and products are the
result of the reaction

20. Explain covalent bonds and their formation. covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share
electrons to achieve stability. The electrons are attracted to the positively charged nuclei of the
atoms.

21. State the importance of carbon in organic molecules. Except in water, almost all molecules have this
atom

22. Describe ionic bonds and their formation. An ionic bond is an attraction between ions of opposite
charge. Ionic bonds form when one atom transfers electrons to another

23. Explain the difference between a cation and an anion. Describe their respective charges . The ions
with a negative charge are called anions and the ones with a positive charge are called cation

24. Know valence shell, valence electrons, and valence. Valence: The number of valence electrons in an
atom. Valence electrons: The electrons in an atom's outermost shell. Valence shell: The outermost
shell of an atom.
25. Recall the basic characteristics of water. Water is polar, water is an excellent solvent, Water is less
dense as a solid than as a liquid

26. Explain why water has high specific heat. because of the energy required to break and form
hydrogen bonds between its molecules

27. Calculate the molar proton concentration of pH 5 and pH 2and the difference in proton
concentrations. 1X10

28. Select the type of bond that holds water molecules together. Hydrogen Bonds

29. Name the bond must be broken for water to evaporate. Hydrogen bonds
30. State the partial charge to the oxygen side of water. oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen

Describe what happens when an atom acquires an electron. The atom turns into a negative ion

Chapter 3
31. Define the building block (monomer) of proteins. Amino acids

32. Recognize the functional groups found in the monomer of proteins. Amino Group, Carboxyl Group,
Hydrogen Atom

33. Describe polymerization. a chemical process that joins smaller molecules, called monomers, to form
larger molecules, called polymers.

34. Recall if polymerization is an endergonic or exergonic reaction. Recall if polymerization increases

35. Define entropy. Select the type of reactions that increase entropy. The measure of thermal energy.
Reactions that increase enthropy are decomposition
36. Contrast condensation reactions and hydrolysis. condensation reactions build larger molecules by
removing water, while hydrolysis breaks down larger molecules by adding water

37. Name the bond that holds amino acids to gether. Peptide bonds

38. Name the bond that holds alpha helices and beta pleated sheets together. Hydrogen Bond

39. Name the hierarchical level When proteins are still linear. The Primary structure

40. List the different types of bonds of the tertiary level of protein structure. hydrogen bonds, ionic
bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.

41. Name the hierarchical level when proteins are three dimensional. The Tertiary Structure

42. Define prions. Altered folded forms of normal proteins

43. Explain why proteins did not trigger life. proteins are important for life but need other molecules
and structures to form and function.