PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 101 : 2000

Foreword

This standard is a revision of the Philippine National Standard (PNS) 606:1991 – “General
Code of Safety for Agricultural Machinery”. The revision was initiated by the Agricultural
Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing
the Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which
was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development
of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and
government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This
standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council
(NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing
were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard.

This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for
the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed
below:

- title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of

International Standard;
- detailed information on safety distance from dangerous part was included;
- safety requirements for hitches, jacks and supports were included;
- safety requirements on location and operation of foot-operated and hand-
operated clutches were lifted from ISO 3789-2:1982 – Tractors, machinery for
agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment – Location and
method of operation of operator’s controls- Part2: Controls for agricultural
tractors and machinery; and
- safety requirements on drawbar were lifted from ISO 500:1979 – Agricultural
tractors – Power-take-off and drawbar - Specifications

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4252-1:1989 Technical Means for

Ensuring Safety – General.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) S318.8:1985 Safety for Agricultural

Equipment
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 101 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Technical Means for Ensuring Safety – General

1 Scope

This standard provides guidelines pertaining to the prevention of accidents arising from the
use of tractors and machinery for agriculture. It also specifies technical means of improving
the degree of safety of operators and others involved in the course of normal operation,
service and maintenance of the machine.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Standard:

ISO 5692 : 1979, Agricultural vehicles – Mechanical connections on towed vehicles – hitch-
rings – Specifications.

ISO 6489-1 : 1991, Agricultural vehicles – Mechanical connections on towing vehicles

Part 1: Hook type.

3 Principles in providing safety

Tractors and machinery for agriculture shall be designed and constructed in such a way that
they do not cause danger when properly used.

Operating and maintaining the machine should be carried out in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions. These requirements shall primarily be met by the design of the
machine. If this is not possible, the machine shall be equipped with special means for
ensuring safety, for example guards or safe location of the dangerous parts. Functional
components that need to be exposed for correct operation shall be shielded to the maximum
extent permitted by the intended function of the components. Additionally, in such
circumstances, warning of the hazard shall be indicated on the machine (see clause 8).
PAES 101: 2000

4 Moving parts treated as dangerous

In general all moving parts shall be treated as dangerous; particular attention is drawn to the
following :

- all shafts (including joints, shaft ends and crank shafts), pulleys, flywheels, gearing
(including friction roller mechanisms), cables, sprockets, belts, chains, clutches,
couplings and all blades or wings of fans;

- the run-on point of any belt, chain or cable;

- keyways, keys and grease nipples, etc. that protrude from moving parts;

- all points where the danger of pinching or shearing is possible;

- ground wheels or tracks adjacent to the operator’s position (standing platform, seat,
footrest) and passenger seat (where provided).

5 Guard types

There are three types of guards designed to prevent contact with the moving parts by a person
and/or clothing. These may be classified as:

a) shield or cover;
b) casing;
c) enclosure;

and are described respectively in 5.1 to 5.3.

5.1 Shield or cover

Protective devices designed and fitted so that alone or with other parts of the machine, they
prevent the dangerous part being reached from the side or sides covered (see figure 1).

Shield
Cover

Moving part Moving part

Figure 1 – Shield and cover

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5.2 Casing

Protective device designed and fitted so that, alone or with other parts of the machine, it
prevents contact with the dangerous part from all sides (see Figure 2).

Casing

Moving part

Figure 2 – Casing

5.3 Enclosure

Protective device, which by means of a rail, fence, frame or the like ensures the safety,
distance necessary so that the dangerous part cannot be reached inadvertently.

6 Guard construction

Guards shall be sufficiently strong. Unless it is clearly inappropriate, these shall, without
cracking, tearing or permanently deflecting, withstand a perpendicular static load of 1,200 N.

Parts designed as platforms and steps, which are also guards, shall comply with appropriate
strength requirements for platforms and steps.

Where a guard is in such position that it may occasionally be used as a step, it shall withstand
a load of 1,200 N.

Guards shall be rigidly fixed, have no sharp edges, be weather-resistant and retain their
strength under extremes of temperature, taking into account the intended use.

Guards shall be designed in such a way that operating and servicing the machine can be
readily carried out.

Guards shall normally be permanently attached to the machine; these may be easily opened,
in which case these should remain attached to the machine in some way, for example by
means of a hinge, slide, linkage or other suitable means, and should be provided with a
convenient means to keep them closed. “Permanent attachment” includes the use of threaded
fasteners, split pins, or other means that can be dismantled with common hand tools.

In some circumstances it is necessary for guards which can be opened to be designed so that
the movement of dangerous parts is automatically stopped when the guard is opened or the
design prevents the guard from being opened until all movement of the dangerous parts has
ceased. This can be achieved for example by designing the guard securing device(s) so that
the part will stop before the guard is opened. A suitable warning notice shall be fitted to all
such guards and to any opening in them without such securing devices.

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Guards may be formed of a welded or rigid mesh or grill. The size of the allowable opening
depends on the distance between the guard and the moving parts as given in clause 7. The
design of the guard shall be such that it is not possible to distort the mesh or the grill during
proper use in such a way that the opening size and distance relationship exceeds the limits
given in clause 7.

7 Safety distance

There may be circumstances where the requirements of clause 3 can be met by ensuring a
safety distance, as described in 5.3, from dangerous part.

It is possible to circumvent the protection provided by a safety distance (as specified in 7.1)
by the misuse of steps, ladders, boxes or chairs, etc., but the general principle of a safety
distance, in compliance with clause 3, is acceptable provided the criteria in 7.1 and 7.2 are
met so that the dangerous parts are out of reach.

7.1 Safety distance from dangerous part

The safety distance is based on measurements from the location where a person can occupy
to operate, maintain or inspect the dangerous part.

7.1.1 Upward reach

The safety distance for upward reach is 2,500 mm for persons standing upright.

7.1.2 Reach below barriers

No safety distance is specified where it is possible to reach below a safety barrier, unless the
aperture is small enough to be considered only in relation to finger, hand or arm access in
which case the requirements of 7.1.6 apply.

7.1.3 Reach over barriers

Barriers, the height of which is less than 1,000 mm above the location, which a person can
occupy, shall not be acceptable.

The safety distance for sideward or downward reach over barriers of 1,000 mm or greater
height depends on

a) the distance from the ground level to the dangerous part;

b) the height of the guard;
c) the horizontal distance between the dangerous part and the guard.

When designing a barrier, the dimensions in Table 1 shall be met (see figure 3).

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c
dangerous moving parts

b a
c
b
a

Figure 3 – Principles for determining the distance required from a guard to the
dangerous part

Table 1 – Downward and sideward safety distance

Dimensions in millimeters
b1)
a 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000
c
2400 - 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
2200 - 250 350 400 500 500 600 600
2000 - - 350 500 600 700 900 1100
1800 - - - 600 900 900 1000 1100
1600 - - - 500 900 900 1000 1300
1400 - - - 100 800 900 1000 1300
1200 - - - - 500 900 1000 1400
1000 - - - - 300 900 1000 1400
800 - - - - - 600 900 1300
600 - - - - - - 500 1200
400 - - - - - - 300 1200
200 - - - - - - 200 1100
1) Values of b < 1000 mm do not increase the reach. Moreover, the danger arises of falling towards the danger source.

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7.1.4 Round reach

Table 2 shows the extent of reach around barriers, which can be attained, taking into account
the aperture and the distance from other obstructions. Dangerous components shall be beyond
these limits if they are not independently guarded.

Table 2 – Extent of reach

Dimensions in millimeters
Limb Safety distance,
Illustration
From To r

Finger base Finger tip r >120

Wrist Finger tip r >230

Elbow Finger tip r >550

r

Shoulder Finger tip r >850

r

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7.1.5 Inside reach through guards

The safety distances depend on the shape of the openings.

7.1.6 Openings

The openings shall not exceed the size appropriate to the distance of the guard from the
moving part (see Tables 3a and 3b).

Table 3a – Reach dimensions through rectangular opening or slot

Dimensions in millimeters

Width of aperture Safety distance

Limb Illustration (rectangular opening or slot), a to danger source, b

Finger tip 4<a<8 b > 15

b
a

Finger 8 < a < 20 b > 120

b
a

Hand 20 < a < 30 b > 200

b
a

Arm 30 < a < 135 1) b > 850

1)
When the width is greater than 135 mm, part of the body can also pass through the aperture. In this case, safety distances
as specified in 7.2 shall be observed.

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Table 3b – Reach dimensions through mesh or grill

Dimensions in millimeters

Width of aperture Safety distance

Limb Illustration (diameter or lateral length), a to danger source, b

Finger tip 4<a<8 b > 15

b a

Finger 8 < a < 25 b > 120

b
a

Hand 20 < a < 40 b > 200

b
a

Arm 40 < a < 250 b > 850

7.1.6.1 Polygonal openings

Polygonal openings, where the diameter of the largest circle that can be inscribed is not less
than the distance between the two apexes that are the furthest apart, shall meet the same
requirements as for round openings. The diameter of the inscribed circle shall be regarded as
the size of the opening. All other polygonal openings shall be regarded as slots.

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7.2 Pinching points

A pinching point is considered dangerous for the parts of the body illustrated in Table 4 if the
appropriate minimum separation distance is not maintained. The design of the machine shall
ensure that the next bigger part of the body cannot pass through.

Table 4 – Minimum separation distance for pinching points

Dimensions in millimeters
Minimum separation
Limb Illustration distance required

Finger 25

Hand
Wrist 100
Fist

Arm 120

Foot 120

Leg 180

Body 500

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8 Provision of information

8.1 Operating manuals

Where safety precautions are necessary during operation and servicing of agricultural
machines, appropriate instructions shall be provided with the machine.

Operating manuals shall also include a warning that a revolving hitch or a revolving clevis
shall not be connected with a mating unit which also revolves on a towed machine or trailer.

8.2 Warning notices

Durable warning notices shall be affixed to the machine where parts present danger to the
operator. Also included are circumstances where the inadvertent lowering of parts of
equipment can cause danger. Particular danger or safety warnings shall be indicated on the
notice.

Existing national or other regulations may require specific symbols, sizes, layout or color.
The warning notice shall be either pictorial or text in a language acceptable to the user or, if
appropriate, the national regulating authority concerned.

9 Working stability

Machines and trailers that may create a danger to the user through tilting, as a result of the
shifting of the center of gravity (for example when emptying or filling), shall be provided
with means of preventing such danger.

Hydraulically raised components that need to be held in a raised position to allow servicing
or adjustment shall be provided with an independent and reliable means of retaining them in
the required position.

10 Operator’s workplace

10.1 Handholds and steps

Any machine, on which the presence of a driver or operator is necessary, including any place
to which access is required for service or maintenance, shall be fitted with handle or
handholds and steps so the person has a safe, convenient means of mounting and
dismounting.

Both handholds and steps may be parts of the machine if they are suitably designed and
placed. Steps shall be designed in relation to the general construction in order to ensure
protection from moving parts. If moving parts, for example tire sections, form restrictions or
trapping areas with the steps, a suitable means of protection shall be provided. Steps shall
have a non-slip surface a vertical retainer at both sides.

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The dimensions for steps will normally be found in the parts of this standard relating to
specific machines. Where there is no specific provision, the steps shall comply with the
dimensions in millimeters as shown in Figure 4.

Where access is provided by a series of steps which are designed to be used alternately each
by one foot, then the minimum width and height specified do not apply.

Door sill level

300 max.
300 max.

120 min.3)
1)
150 min.

550 max. 2)
200 min.

Ground level

a) multi-step configuration

Door sill level

300 max.

1)
200 min. 150 min.
550 max. 2)

Ground level

b) single step configuration

Figure 4 – Limiting dimensions of steps

________
1) Minimum clearance and not size of tread surface.
2) The dimensions shall be obtained also with the largest tires (normally inflated).
3) The vertical distance between adjacent steps shall be equal (within a tolerance of + 20 mm).

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10.2 Operating positions

Means shall be provided to prevent the operator from falling from his workplace. Any
platform on which the operator is required to stand during the operation of the machine shall
be level and shall have a non-slip surface, and if necessary, drainage shall be provided.

The platform shall be provided with the following:

a) a foot-guard (toe-board) on all sides, which shall be fitted around the edge of
the platform or not more than 50 mm farther away and shall extend not less
than 75 mm above the platform;

b) a guard-rail which shall be not less than 1000 mm and not more 1100 mm
above the platform and an intermediate rail so that the vertical distance between any
two rails does not exceed 500 mm.

However, it is not required to provide a foot-guard or fixed guard-rails for the platform:

a) when the machine itself affords protection at least equal to that which the foot-
guard and guard-rail would provide if these were fitted;

b) when the operation permits access of persons or movement of material. A rail or

chain shall be provided across the access when the machine is operating.

10.3 Seats

On a machine on which the operator is required to sit, a seat shall be provided which will
adequately support the operator in all working and operating modes. Adequate and
comfortable support and protection for the feet shall be provided.

10.4 Operating control

The operating controls, such as steering wheel or steering levers, transmission levers, cranks,
pedals, and switches, shall be arranged and fitted in such a way as to allow safe and easy
control and manipulation by an operator in the normal operating position. Pedals and controls
shall be positioned so that they do not obstruct access. The function of the controls shall be
marked on or near the control.

10.4.1 Steering mechanism

The steering mechanism shall be so designed as to reduce the force of any sudden movement
of the steering wheel or steering lever(s) due to reaction from the steered wheel(s).

10.4.2 Lifting and lowering controls

Provision shall be made to protect and locate controls so as to prevent accidental operation
which may cause dangerous movement.

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10.4.3 Clutches (Drive engagement controls)

The following requirements shall be complied with where appropriate:

a) Foot-operated clutches

It should be located in a position convenient to the operator’s left foot. To disengage,

the pedal should be pushed forward. In such case of a combined traction-drive/PTO
clutch, the PTO shall be disengaged on the second stage.

b) Hand-operated clutches

It should be located in a position convenient to the operator. To disengage, the control

should be moved rearward. Control should be operated only with the operator in the
operator’s station.

10.4.4 Stopping devices for power sources

Every power source shall be fitted with a device by means of which it can be stopped quickly.
It shall be so designed that it does not depend on sustained manual effort for its operation and
that, when it is in the “stop” position, the power source cannot be started unless the device is
reset manually.

This device shall be readily accessible

- on manned machines: to the operator in his normal operating position;

- on unmanned machines: on or near the power source or near the operating control
position.

The purpose and method of operation shall be clearly indicated. The control shall be red in
color and preferably in contrast with the background and other controls.

10.4.5 Valves, taps and switches

In the case of hand-operated valves, taps and switches or their means of control provided for
controlling pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical systems, the function and effect of the device in
each of its positions shall be clearly indicated, where necessary for safety reasons.

10.4.6 Pedals

Pedals shall be of adequate size and of appropriate configuration. These shall have slip-
resistant surfaces in order to minimize the possibility of the operator’s foot slipping off the
pedals, and where necessary, be provided with a rim at the edge of the pedal.

10.4.7 Differential locks

Any manually operated device fitted to a machine to lock the differential gear shall be
designed and fitted so that there is a clear indication to the operator that the lock is engaged.
It shall be designed so that it minimizes the possibility of inadvertent actuation.

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11 Means for moving and supporting machines

11.1 Hitches

Mobile machines that are not self-propelled shall be provided with suitable hitch devices.
Machines used for towing or which are towed shall be provided with a towing device
constructed and fitted to be secure for the purpose.

11.1.1 Hitch hook

If the towing machine is equipped with a hitch hook, it shall be in accordance

with ISO 6489-1. The towed machine shall, in such case, have a drawbar eye
according to ISO 5692.

11.1.2 Drawbars

The drawbar shall be situated in the longitudinal mid-plane of the tractor. The diameter of the
hole in the drawbar should be 33 −+ 00.5 mm. The thickness of the drawbar shall be
not more than 32 mm.

11.2 Jacks and supports

11.2.1 Machines, which are not stable when disconnected, shall be provided with a jack or
other support to prevent tilting.

Supports shall be attached (to avoid the risk of losing them), but these may be detached only
if necessary to permit the machine to operate.

11.2.2 Non-stable machines or trailers having a drawbar shall be provided with a jack
capable of raising or lowering the drawbar.

The jack shall be constructed and secured to the machine so as to prevent the drawbar from
falling when the jack is in use and shall have a base of adequate size to prevent it from
sinking into soft ground.

This requirement applies to:

- all trailers of unladen mass (bare weight) exceeding 500 kg;

- any other machine when the machine is unladen and the downward force
acting through the drawbar at the hitch point exceed 250 N. The downward force
acting through the drawbar shall be measured with the machine stationary on
horizontal ground and the drawbar hitch point at a height of 400 mm above the
ground.

This requirement shall not apply to a machine or trailer with a drawbar designed to be picked
up mechanically by the towing vehicle, but in such cases, a stand capable of securely
supporting the drawbar with the hitch point 150 mm above the ground level shall be fitted.

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12 Power transmission

12.1 Power take-off (PTO)

The PTO shall be protected as indicated in 12.1.1 to 12.1.3.

12.1.1 When in use, a cover or, if necessary, a casing that protects the sides of the PTO, shall
be fitted.

12.1.2 An additional non-rotating casing shall be provided when the cover or casing is not in
position and when the PTO is not in use. This casing shall encase the PTO completely and be
fixed to the tractor or machine body.

12.1.3 The provisions covering instructions of guards (see clause 6) shall also be met.

12.2 Power intake connection (PIC)

The PIC shall be protected as indicated in 12.2.1 and 12.2.2.

12.2.1 A casing which completely encloses PIC and overlaps the casing fitted to the PTO
drive-shaft so that no part of the shaft (or couplings, clutches, etc.) is exposed at any time
shall be fitted.

12.2.2 The provisions covering construction of guards (see clause 6) shall also be met.

12.3 PTO drive-shafts

The drive-shaft shall be protected as indicated in 12.3.1 to 12.3.3.

12.3.1 A casing which provides stationary protection against contact with the PTO drive-
shaft and protects the shaft throughout its length (whether the machine is towed, mounted or
semi-mounted) shall be fitted.

12.3.2 The guard shall be firmly mounted, i.e. it shall be detachable only by means of tools.
It may be permanently fitted to the shaft.

12.3.3 The provisions covering construction of guards (see clause 6) shall also be met.

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13 Miscellaneous

13.1 Exhaust pipes

The outlet of the exhaust pipe shall be located and directed in such a way that the driver or
any other operator obliged to stand on the machine will not normally be exposed to harmful
concentrations of noxious gases or fumes, for example by locating the outlet over or to the
side of the head level of the operator or the air intake of the cab.

13.2 Hot parts

Protection shall be provided to minimize the possibility of inadvertent contact with any
exposed element which may cause burns during mounting, dismounting or operating the
tractor or machine.

13.3 Battery

The location of the batteries shall be such that hazards to the operator due to fumes and
electrolyte are minimized.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 102 : 2000

Foreword

This standard is a revision of the Standard Administrative Order (SAO) 399:1980 –

“Operator Manuals and Technical Publications for Agricultural Tractors and Machines”. The
revision was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center
(AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of AFMA Through
Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the Bureau of
Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development
of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and
government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This
standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council
(NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing
were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard.

This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for
the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed
below:

- title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of

International Standard; and
- detailed information on the contents and presentation of operator’s manual
were included.

In the preparation of this standard, reference was made to International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) 3600:1996 – Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry,
powered lawn and garden equipment – Operator’s manuals – Content and presentation.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 102 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

1 Scope

This standard gives guidance for the content and presentation of operator’s manual for
tractors and machinery for agriculture.

2 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

2.1
left-hand side
for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the left when an observer is facing in the
normal forward direction of travel of the machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side
which is on the left when an observer is facing the machine

2.2
right-hand side
for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the right when an observer is facing in the
normal forward direction of travel of the machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side
which is on the right when an observer is facing the machine

3 Content of operator’s manual

3.1 Identification of manual
3.1.1 Any document drafted in accordance with this standard shall be identifiable as the
relevant manual for a specific machine.

NOTE This requirement can be achieved by including such information as the identity of
the manufacturer, machine model, and publication name on the front cover of the manual.

3.1.2 Each operator’s manual shall have its own part number and date of issue.

3.1.3 Each publication should identify the following:

- the name and address of the manufacturer and/or distributor of the machine;
- the name and address of the importer of the machine (if imported);
- the model designation of the machine;
- the name or type of publication;
- the part number or publication number by which the manual may be ordered;
PAES 102 : 2000

- the printing or publication date;

- the language in which the manual is written.

3.2 Categories of information

3.2.1 This standard covers all the information that the user of a machine will need. The
information in the manual shall be organized in a logical sequence for easy understanding of
the user.

3.2.2 Operator’s manual should give safety precautions, controls and operating instructions
in the front portion. The extent of information provided will depend on the type of machine
and the operator’s needs.

3.2.3 Where the work involved is complex, procedures that are performed only once (for
example, initial set-up or installation) may be detailed in a separate publication.

3.3 Machine identification

3.3.1 Model designation and number

This information enables the operator to identify readily the machine to which the operator's
manual belongs.

3.3.2 Serial numbers

Information that enables the operator to locate and identify the whereabouts of serial numbers
and/or codes of the major components of the machine, and any additional information
necessary for initial communication with a dealer, shall be provided within the manual.

A section shall be provided in the manual to record this information, and it shall be
completed at the time of delivery or installation.

3.4 Introduction

3.4.1 The introduction shall stress the importance of the information given in the manual.

3.4.2 The introduction shall explain why the manual has been provided with the machine. It
shall also provide the reader with any information that will help him to interpret the manual
correctly.

3.4.3 Each publication should contain a statement advising the reader where to get
assistance if items covered in the publication are not understood.

3.4.4 Attention shall be drawn to the use of the safety alert symbol to highlight information
about potential dangers to the user.

3.5 Intended use

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This category shall inform the operator of the function for which the machine is designed
and, where appropriate, draw attention to ways in which the machine should not be used. If
the machine is designed for use in association with other machinery, the information shall
state the type of machinery that is suitable for such use.

3.6 Content

A content list shall be provided to identify the main categories of information in the manual
and where they can be found. The content list shall be presented clearly and simply; it shall
begin on a right-hand page. Page numbers for the beginning of each main category shall be
clearly shown.

3.7 Safety notes and warnings

3.7.1 General

This category shall draw the operator's attention to potential hazards associated with the use,
movement, transport, cleaning, clearing blockages and maintenance of the machine. It is
important also to state the precautions to be taken to minimize or avoid any hazards.

Safety information should also be included in other sections of operator’s manual whenever
an operating procedure may result in personal injury or damage to machinery if not observed
carefully.

3.7.2 Safety signs

Safety signs that appear on the equipment shall be reproduced in legible size in the operator's
manual, either in the appropriate section of the text relative to the point of use, or in the
safety section, or in separate safety sign section. Text that explains the meaning of a safety
sign should be included in the operator's manual if the safety sign itself does not contain a
written message. A safety sign may appear in more than one section of the manual.

Other relevant information about safety signs includes:

3.7.2.1 Information on the location of each safety sign on the machine or equipment;

3.7.2.2 Instructions on the need to keep safety signs clear and visible on the equipment;

3.7.2.3 Instructions to replace safety signs if they are missing or illegible;

3.7.2.4 Instructions that new equipment components installed during repair shall include the
current safety signs specified by the manufacturer and shall be affixed to the replacement
component;

3.7.2.5 Instructions on how to obtain replacement safety signs

3.7.3 Hazards

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It is essential that any known hazards relating to the use of the machine, and any restrictions
for it use by classes of persons (such as children) be clearly stated.

3.8 Operating information

This category shall provide the operator with logical instructions for the effective operation
of the machinery. Operating information should include the general specifications and
description of the machine or equipment, identification of controls, instructions for proper
operation of machine, and troubleshooting information. A performance curve (if applicable)
shall be provided.

3.9 Accessories and attachments

This category shall inform the operator of any choice of authorized accessories and
attachments and how they affect the safety, operation, and maintenance of the machine.

3.10 Maintenance instructions

3.10.1 General

This category shall provide information to the operator in light of the resources likely to be
available to him. Maintenance instructions should be divided into logical groups appropriate
to the machinery such as checks, inspections, and tests; other routine maintenance tasks; and
fault diagnosis and correction.

The manual should be confined to maintenance tasks within the capability of the operator.
Such tasks may include cleaning, clearing blockages, replenishment, lubrication, external
visual examination, simple tests, and correction of minor deterioration.

The designer of the machinery should consider the maintenance work necessary to keep it
running “as designed” and make a decision as to which information is to be included in the
operator’s manual and which information is more suited to a workshop or technical manual.

3.10.2 Maintenance schedules

Where maintenance tasks are required to be carried out at specific intervals (such as time,
distance, running hours, completed operations) they should be summarized in tabular form
with further details, if necessary, in the text. Where maintenance times vary according to
individual conditions of operation (such as checking and replenishing coolant) this should be
stated.

3.10.3 Specialized tasks

Where maintenance tasks require specialist knowledge or resources, this shall be stated. If
any work carried out by an authorized person would affect the warranty on the machinery, it
is important that this be stated.

3.10.4 Details of maintenance work

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PAES 102 : 2000

The instructions for each task should include details of dismantling and reassembly
procedures and identification of replacement parts, materials, tools, test equipment and
services required. It is important that the warnings of the possible hazards and information
about safety precautions are given. For example, if a ballasted rear wheel is to be removed
from a tractor, there is a potential stability hazard both during removal and subsequent
temporary storage; the manual should identify this potential hazard and give instructions for
safe removal of the wheel and its temporary storage.

3.11 Storage

This category shall provide the operator with instructions and information, including
precautions to be taken and any tools or special equipment required, to prepare the machinery
for storage. A list of storage requirements should be provided, including information about
supplies and services needed, periodic inspections, tests, limitations on storage life, etc.
Procedures for preparing the machinery for use after storage should also be given.

3.12 Handling, reception, transportation, assembly and installation

3.12.1 General

This category shall contain technical information and instructions for handling, reception,
transportation, assembly, installation, and initial set-up of the machinery (unless this will be
carried out by the dealer).

It should also describe machine disassembly for transport and subsequent reinstallation in
another location or different environment.

Information on handling, reception, transportation, assembly, and installation may be either

contained in a separate publication or included in the operator’s manual. A separate
publication is usually appropriate for more complex machines.

3.12.2 Reception

Unpacking instructions should be given and attention drawn to any specific points that need
care or special treatment, unless this will be carried out by the dealer. Lifting points, slings,
spreaders, etc. should be specified.

3.12.3 Transportation

Instructions for preparing the machinery for transportation, including precautions and
information about the tools required, should be included. A list of requirements should be
provided and procedures for preparing the product for use after transportation should be
given.

3.12.4 Installation

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PAES 102 : 2000

Detailed instructions should be given about the operations necessary to install the machine
and to bring it to full working condition. Where necessary, reference should be made to
performance specifications and to acceptance inspection and testing. Externally provided
services (such as air, electricity, gas, water, and fuel) should be specified and methods of
connections detailed. It is important to emphasize any precautions that must be taken before
connecting services.

3.12.5 Initial set-up

Procedures for the initial set-up of the machine should be detailed in full. Any special tools or
testing and calibration equipment should be listed.

3.12.6 Environment

The required environment for handling, installation and storage should be stated.

3.12.7 Hazards

It is important that specific notes on hazards and safety precautions should be included where
appropriate. If applicable, information on fire prevention and chemical or other
contamination should be included.

3.13 Specifications

This category shall include all relevant dimensions and technical data necessary to assist the
operator achieve a higher standard of operational performance and reliability. Where
applicable, the relevant national or International Standards to which the machine or its
component parts have been built should be stated.

If two or more machines are linked to form a system in which their functioning is
interdependent, the technical specifications of the interface should be provided.

3.14 Dismantling and disposal

This category shall inform the operator of the action to be taken on the completion of the
useful life of the machine or its parts, with instructions on dismantling and disposal. It is
essential to include warnings of any hazards and safety precautions to be taken during
dismantling and disposal.

3.15 Warranty

It is important that manufacturers draw the operator's attention to any action which may
invalidate the warranty.

3.16 Alphabetical index

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PAES 102 : 2000

A document of more than 32 pages should have an alphabetical index. The index should be
placed at the end of the manual.

3.17 Parts list

3.17.1 Where no separate parts list or catalogue exists, a parts list shall be included within
the operator’s manual. When included, a parts list should contain sufficient information (such
as part number and description) for each item so that the correct replacement part can be
obtained. Sources of supply should be indicated. Ratings, dimensions, and recognized
standards should be quoted for items such as bolts, nuts, seals, and O-rings.

3.17.2 Parts lists should indicate those replacement assemblies, and parts which the operator
is expected to identify. Parts lists should be illustrated, where applicable, or refer to suitable
illustrations elsewhere, so that each item can be located. If it is impossible or inadvisable to
dismantle an assembly or to replace an individual part of an assembly, the constituent parts
should not be listed.

4 Presentation of operator's manual

4.1 General considerations

This clause provides guidance on presentation which is applicable to operator's manual.

4.1.1 Paper size

A5 format is suitable for most cases, although 1/3 A4 format is adequate for simpler
machinery and equipment. A4 format is recommended for complex machines to allow
coverage with an acceptable number of pages. A4 format is also suitable for static equipment
where there is no storage problem.

NOTE A5 (210 mm x 148 mm) and A4 (297 mm x 210 mm)

4.1.2 Protection

For initial shipment, the manual should be sealed inside a transparent, water-and-oil-resistant
plastic envelope.

4.1.3 Front cover

The front cover should be made from a stiff, durable material, and be the same size as the
pages of the manual. A cover of greater stiffness than the pages is generally appropriate,
although a paper cover of the same stiffness as the pages is acceptable for small manuals.

4.1.4 Rear cover

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PAES 102 : 2000

The rear cover should be of the same material and size as the front cover. If appropriate, there
should be a pocket inside for storage of a separate parts list.

4.1.5 Binding

Any type of binding which provides substantial anchorage for the pages, while allowing the
text to be accessed without damage, may be used.

4.1.6 Divider leaves

Major subjects or categories of information may be conveniently indicated for rapid reference
by divider leaves, which may be ordinary card or printed in color to attract attention.

4.1.7 Notes

One or two blank pages at the back of the manual for notes on individual conditions are
always useful.

4.2 Presentation of the text

4.2.1 General

The manual should be written in a style and language which can be readily understood by the
operator. Manuals shall be available in the language of each country where the machine is
sold.
Where the manufacturer presents instructions concurrently in more than one language, the
number of languages should be restricted to allow easy use of the manual. The number of
languages to be presented depends upon the complexity of the machine. The more complex
the machine, the fewer languages should be used. Manuals may be translated to different
dialects.

4.2.2 Author

The author could be generally conversant with agriculture and engineering but need not be an
expert on the machine in question. He or she should have some knowledge of technical
writing principles. It is also useful if the author has operated the machine or is otherwise
familiar with its operation.

4.2.3 Level of text

When developing the text, it should be assumed that the reader (operator) has only minimal
prior knowledge of the machine and its operation.

4.2.4 Style of text

Text should be brief and simple. Related data should be grouped together in a logical order.
Sentences should be short and direct. References to time intervals should be specific.
Paragraphs should be short and relate to one topic only; accepted standards of grammar and
usage should be maintained.

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PAES 102 : 2000

Instructions should be positive and given in the imperative. Extensive use of negative
statements is not good practice psychologically; negatives should therefore be used only
sparingly. The active voice should be used for descriptive discussion.

4.2.5 Checking

The draft should be carefully checked for typographical errors, technical accuracy, and ease
of understanding.

4.3 Typographic design

4.3.1 General

Page layout should be designed for easy reading. Line length and type size are interrelated.

4.3.2 Paper

The paper should be good quality white paper that is sufficiently opaque to prevent
information printed on one side of the sheet from making information printed on the other
side difficult to read.

4.3.3 Color

Where colored paper is used, the contrast between the paper and the ink should not be
appreciably less than that provided by black ink on white paper. Where colored inks are used,
consideration should be given to the relationship with the color of the paper, the increased
cost, and the effect on methods of reproduction.

4.3.4 Reproduction

Reproduction copies should be clean, clear, and durable. Such copies may be produced by
lithography, by xerography, by laser printing or by letterpress. Inks should produce a dense,
sharp image.

4.3.5 Type size

Ideally, the type size should be such that the main text will not be less than 10 points.

4.3.6 Margins

The margins should be wide enough to allow for binding. Inner margins (left-hand on odd-
numbered pages, right-hand on even-numbered pages) should be 10 mm to 15 mm to allow
clear readability when the bound manual is open. Outer margins (right-hand on odd-
numbered pages, left-hand on even-numbered pages) should be sufficient (6 mm to 10 mm)
to ensure that page content is not cut during the printing and binding process. Top and bottom
margins should be equal to inner margins.

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4.3.7 Columns

Text on A4 format paper should usually be presented in a single column. On larger page
sizes, two columns should be used, although a single-column format is also acceptable.

4.3.8 Headings

Headings should be used consistently throughout the manual to provide a systematic method
of presentation. Headings should be in larger type size than the text and in a bolder typeface
or an alternative color. Levels of headings can be differentiated by the use of varying weights
or typographical fonts, upper case and lower case letters, and by underlining. To avoid
confusing the reader, the number of levels should be kept to a minimum; normally three
levels are sufficient.

4.4 Text conventions

4.4.1 General

Consistent forms of language, spelling, numbering, symbols, etc. shall be used throughout the
manual.

4.4.2 Terminology

Terminology should be consistent throughout the manual. Names and part numbers shall be
used consistently in all technical information. Technical terms that require specialized
knowledge should be avoided except where no other terms convey the intended meaning.

If a manual uses an appreciable number of words, phrases, or abbreviations that may be

unfamiliar to the reader, a glossary should be provided or reference made to appropriate
documents. Alternatively, if only a small number of terms are used, explanatory notes may
accompany the first use of each term, either in parentheses (round brackets) or as a footnote.

4.4.3 Glossaries, abbreviations, signs and symbols

Glossaries should explain words or phrases that may be unfamiliar to the reader and needs a
specialized knowledge. Abbreviations should not be used unless a list of those used, together
with their meanings, is included. Abbreviations should terminate in a full stop. Symbols for
units of measurement shall remain the same in both singular and plural forms and shall not be
followed by a full stop except at the end of a sentence.

4.4.4 Upper case letters

Words set in upper case letters should be used sparingly. It is usually better to use bold lower
case letters to emphasize key words or phrases. When referring to controls which have
identifying titles on them (for example, STOP control) then upper case letters can be used.

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PAES 102 : 2000

4.4.5 Spelling

Spelling should conform to standard practice for the language in which the manual is
published and should be consistent throughout the manual.

4.4.6 Measurements and quantities

All measurements and quantities should be expressed in the International System of units (SI
units) followed, where appropriate, by an equivalent alternative in parentheses.

4.4.7 Numbers

All numbers shall be written in Arabic numerals. The only exception is when a sentence
starts with a number; in such cases, the sentence should be reordered to move the number
from the beginning of the sentence, or, if this proves impossible, the number may be
expressed in words.

Numbers consisting of more than four digits (except dates) should be shown in group of
three, counting from the decimal marker to the left: for example, 21 000. This practice will
void confusion in areas where a comma is used as a decimal marker.

4.4.8 Left-hand and right-hand

Left-hand and right-hand should not be abbreviated in the text, except in charts. For static or
unusual equipment, these terms should be defined. Clockwise and counterclockwise require
an explanation of the direction of view.

4.5 Illustrations

4.5.1 General

Illustrations with supporting text are, in general, a “user-friendly” way of presenting technical
information; good illustrations provide relief in what may be a difficult document for the
reader.

When a manual is likely to be translated into a foreign language, it is important that no words
appear on the illustrations. Use numbers, letters or symbols on the illustration, with an
explanation for each number, letter or symbol used in the text of the manual.

Illustrations should be provided with a descriptive caption. Illustrations should be as simple

as possible with no superfluous information.

Illustrations should be reviewed in detail for consistency throughout the manual and for
agreement with general engineering and technical writing practices.

Where an illustration appears in the text of a manual, it should be referred to as a “figure”.

Components should be identified in illustrations by numbers or letters, which can then be
referred to in the text.

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PAES 102 : 2000

4.5.2 Position

Illustrations in the body of the text should be either adjacent, or as close as possible, to the
related text. If repeated reference to a diagram is made from different parts of the text,
consideration should be given to the use of a foldout diagram. Where possible, illustrations
should be presented in portrait format for easy reading. If, because of its size, an illustration
is presented in landscape format, then the top of the illustration should be on the left side of
the page.

4.5.3 Use of color

Color should be used only if it is necessary to clarify complicated diagrams. Techniques such
as shading, cross-hatching, and screening should be used in preference to color. If color is
used, primary colors are preferable. If black-and-white illustrations in a manual appear in
colored form elsewhere (for example, in colored wall charts or transparencies) the manual
should make use of distinctive shading patterns to delineate the different colors consistently.

4.5.4 Limitations of color

Color blindness, microfilming, photocopying, possible confusion of colors when seen in poor
or colored light, cost and difficulties of reproduction should be taken into account when the
possibility of using color is considered. These considerations apply particularly to safety
notices.

4.5.5 Clarity

Simple line illustrations or good quality photographs provide the best clarity of reproduction.
Shading should be used only if it contributes to the information given in the drawing;
decorative shading should be avoided.

4.5.6 Scale

If an indication of scale is required, it should be given in a form which is independent of the

reproduced size of the drawing. It is sometimes possible to indicate scale by including in the
illustration a ruled measure or some object of known size.

4.5.7 Balance between text and illustrations

Illustrations and text should complement each other and should be prepared together to
shorten and simplify the subject matter. Illustrations should always appear adjacent to the
related text.

A modular approach may be used which links text and illustrations closely together in logical
blocks, groups, or modules, each covering one topic.

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4.5.8 Charts

Information which is required frequently, or which is easier to explain in flow form should be
included as charts. These should be accompanied by a glossary of abbreviations, symbols,
and any unfamiliar terms.

4.5.9 Tables

Tables should be presented with the minimum number of lines required for clarity. Tables
should preferably appear at the appropriate point in the body of the text. Alternatively, tables
may be collected together at the end of the relevant text or form a separate supplementary
document. A title and number shall be provided for each table.

4.6 Instructions

4.6.1 General

Instructions identified as WARNING, CAUTION, and IMPORTANT should be used to

emphasize important points in the manual. WARNING and CAUTION are used for safety-
related information where personal injury may be involved. IMPORTANT is used for
instructions when machine damage is involved. “NOTE” is used for supplementary
information.

4.6.2 Warning and Caution

Instructions identified as WARNING and CAUTION emphasizes important safety points

where personal injury may be involved. These instructions call attention to instructions which
need to be followed precisely to avoid a hazardous situation.

WARNING and CAUTION instructions should be placed immediately before the text to
which they apply and should be signaled in the left-hand margin by the safety alert symbol.
These instructions should be placed in prominent positions that relate directly to any
illustrations to which they apply. The appropriate heading should always be included and set
in bold upper case type.

4.6.3 Important

Instructions identified as IMPORTANT call attention to instructions which must be followed

precisely to avoid damaging the product, process, or its surroundings.

These instructions should be worded or located to indicate their point of application and be
set to the same measure (column or page width) as the related text. The heading should
always be included and set in bold type.

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4.6.4 Notes

Instructions identified as NOTE present supplementary information. These instructions

should be worded or located to indicate their point of application and be set to the same
measure (column or page width) as the related text. The heading should always be included
and set in bold type.

4.7 Numbering of pages, figures and tables

4.7.1 General

Arabic numerals should normally be used for all numbering of pages, figures, and tables
within the manual. Blocks of text (such as clauses and subclauses, divisions and subdivisions,
or paragraphs and subparagraphs) may also be numbered.

4.7.2 Page numbering

Page numbers should be visually separate from the text. The numbering system should be
designed to make selection of the correct page as simple as possible. In short manuals, pages
should be numbered consecutively throughout the manual. In long manuals, pages should be
numbered consecutively within each main division. It may be helpful to identify pages by the
number of the main division followed by a hyphen and then the page number: for example,
“Page 7-12” is the twelfth page of section 7.

4.7.3 Numbering of figures and tables

Figures, tables, and other non-textual material should be cross-referenced to the

corresponding text to eliminate confusion. If such cross-referencing cannot be achieved,
figures and tables should be numbered consecutively in the same manner as pages. In other
words, if each section is page-numbered separately, the first figure in section 1 should be
“Figure 1-1”; the third figure in section 2 should be “Figure2-3”, and so on. Figure and table
numbers should have a prefix (“Figure” or “Table”) to distinguish them from page numbers.

4.8 References and index

4.8.1 References

Different sequences of numbering should be used for footnotes and for references cited in the
text: for example, letters or symbols for one and numerals for the other. Reference
numberings, letters, and symbols should be printed s superscripts or, if on the line, in
parentheses or square brackets immediately following the relevant word or phrase in the text.

4.8.2 Index

The index should include all major topics covered by the manual and indicate the page
number where the indexed information is located.

14
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 103 : 2000

Foreword

This standard is a revision of the Philippine National Standard (PNS) 556:1992 – Method of
Sampling". The revision was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation
Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of AFMA
Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the Bureau of
Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development
of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and
government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This
standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council
(NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing
were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard.

This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for
the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed
below:

- title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of

International Standard; and
- modification of the sampling method and providing example for each step.

In the preparation of this standard, reference was made to Design and Analysis of
experiments 3rd edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 103 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

1 Scope

This standard prescribes the procedures for sampling agricultural machinery and its
components, unless specified in the respective product specification. This applies to the
finished products in the production line.

2 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

2.1
acceptance test
test carried out on samples selected from a lot for the purpose of acceptance of the lot

2.2
lot
in any consignment, all components or equipment under study

NOTE To constitute a lot, all components or equipment of the same kind, type, size, and
manufactured from the same material shall be grouped together.

2.3
routine test
test carried out on each and every component or equipment to check the specifications which
are likely to vary during production

2.4
type test
test carried out to prove conformity to the requirements of the relevant specification

NOTE This is intended to check the general qualities and design of a given type of
component or equipment.
PAES 103 : 2000

3 Procedure

3.1 Acceptance of Test Sampling

3.1.1 Scale of Sampling

3.1.1.1 The sample shall be selected at random from the lot using the following procedure:

3.1.1.1.1 Determine the value of r using the following equation:

N
Let r =
n

where:
r is the upper limit of the set of numbers which will be used in selecting the
components or equipment in the sample.

N is the size of the lot

n is the size of the sample for a given lot size (see Table 1)

Table 1 – Scale of Sampling

For Visual and Dimensional Tests For other Tests

Lot Size
Sample size Sample size
N n n
Up to 10 1 1
11 to 25 2 2
26 to 50 3 2
51 to 100 5 2
101 to 300 13 3
301 to 500 32 5
501 to 1000 50 8
1001 to above 80 13

3.1.1.1.2 Draw any number from 1 to r at random.

3.1.1.1.3 Let this number as z, representing the first sample starting from any component or
equipment in a lot, count them in one order as 1, 2, 3…up to z where the unit corresponding
to z will be the first sample.

3.1.1.1.4 Then start counting from the next until r. Every rth component or equipment thus
counted shall be withdrawn to give the required number of component or equipment in the
sample. (see the following example)
Example:

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PAES 103 : 2000

a) For instance, a lot size (N) equal to 20 shall have a sample size (n) equal to 2 from
Table 1. Therefore,
N 20
r = = = 10
n 2

b) Let say from 1 to 10, the number drawn is 8 which is our z. Since the component H is
the 8th component, it shall be the first sample to be considered.

c) Starting from component I, count them in order up to 10. The 10th component is
component R. Therefore; it is the second sample to be considered.

Components A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
step b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
step c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2

3.1.1.2 The samples from each lot shall be tested for ascertaining the conformity of the lot to
the requirements of the relevant product specification. The number of samples from each lot
shall be taken according to columns 1 and 2 of Table 2.

Table 2 – Scale of Sampling and Permissible Number of Defectives

For Visual and Dimensional Tests For other Tests

Lot Size Permissible Permissible
Sample size Number of Sample size Number of
N n Defectives n Defectives
Up to 10 1 0 1 0
11 to 25 2 0 2 0
26 to 50 3 0 2 0
51 to 100 5 0 2 0
101 to 300 13 1 3 0
301 to 500 32 3 5 0
501 to 1000 50 5 8 1
1001 to above 80 7 13 1

3.1.2 Conformity

3.1.2.1 Tests for visuals and dimensional characteristics – The component or equipment
selected at random according to sub-clause 3.1.1.1 shall be examined for visual and
dimensional characteristics. The component or equipment failing to satisfy any one or more
of these requirements of the specification shall be considered as defective. The lot shall be
considered as conforming to the requirements for these characteristics, if the number of
defective component or equipment in the sample does not exceed the number given in
column 3 of Table 2.

3.1.2.2 Tests for other than the visual and dimensional characteristics – If the lot
conforms to the requirements for visual and dimensional characteristics, a sub-sample of size

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PAES 103 : 2000

given in column 4 of Table 2 shall be taken at random from the component or

equipment selected in sub-clause 3.1.2.1. Each of the component or equipment in the sub-
sample shall be taken at random and shall be tested for the requirements of characteristics
other than visual and dimensional characteristics.

A component or equipment not satisfying any one or more of the requirements shall be
considered as defective. The lot shall be considered as conforming to the requirements if the
number of defectives in the sub-sample does not exceed the number given in column 5 of
Table 2.

Note: If no requirement other than visual and dimensional is specified in an individual

specification, columns 4 and 5 of Table 2 and sub-clause 3.1.2.2 shall not be considered. In
such cases, the lot fulfilling the tests given in sub-clause 3.1.2.1 shall be considered as
conforming to the requirements of the specification.

3.2 Routine tests

Each component or equipment shall be tested for routine tests. Specific tests to be conducted
shall be as given in the relevant specification.

3.3 Type tests

3.3.1 For type tests, the manufacturer or the supplier shall furnish to the testing authority
one sample of product. The test sample shall be selected by the testing authority with
agreement of the manufacturer or the supplier. All the relevant information regarding the
component or equipment along with a detailed specification shall also be furnished by the
manufacturer or the supplier.

3.3.2 The sample so selected, shall be tested for all the requirements specified in the
specification of the product. If the sample passes all the requirements of the specification, the
product shall be considered to be eligible for type approval.

3.3.3 In case the sample fails, two more samples shall be taken in accordance with
sub-clause 3.3.1 and tested for all requirements. If in the repeat test no single failure occurs,
the product shall be considered eligible for type approval. If the sample fails in the repeat
test, the product shall be disapproved. The manufacturer or the supplier shall be asked to
improve the design and resubmit the product for type approval.

4
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 104 : 2000

Foreword

This standard is a revision of the Standard Administrative Order (SAO) 400:1980 –

“Operator’s Controls, Location and Method of Operation for Agricultural Tractors and
Machines”. The revision was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation
Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of AFMA
Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the Bureau of
Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development
of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and
government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This
standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council
(NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing
were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard.

This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for
the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed
below:

- title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of

International Standard; and
- modification of some method of operation and sentence construction..

In the formulation of this standard, reference was made to International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) 3789-2:1982 – Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry,
powered lawn and garden equipment – Location and method of operation of operators
controls- Part 2: Controls for Agricultural tractors and machinery.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 104 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Location and Method of Operation of Operator’s Controls –

Control for Agricultural Tractors and Machinery

1 Scope

This standard applies to the following agricultural machines: agricultural tractors, self-
propelled and pedestrian-operated machines, implements, and combination thereof primarily
used for agricultural operations.

2 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

2.1
agricultural tractor
self-propelled, wheeled, track-laying or semi track-laying machine primarily designed to pull,
push, carry and/or operate trailers or provide power to implements and machines used for
agricultural, forestry and other related works

2.2
pedestrian-operated machine
machine, having an integral power unit but normally operated by a pedestrian, designed to
carry out agricultural operation, and which may also be operated from a seat on an
attachment or trailer

2.3
right-hand and left-hand
designations related to the operator when sitting on the operator’s station

2.4
self-propelled machine
having one or more integral power units which propel and operate the machine, designed to
carry out agricultural operations while on the move

3 Type, Location and Operation of Controls

The type, location and method of operation of the operator’s controls are laid down in
Table 1 for agricultural tractors and self-propelled machine, and in Table 2 for pedestrian-
operated machines.
2

PAES 104 : 2000

Table 1 – Type, Location and Operation of Controls for Agricultural Tractors and Self-Propelled Machines

CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION

1 ENGINE
1.1 Starting The engine may only be started if:
1) the transmission(s) is (are) in the neutral or park position or
2) the traction clutch is disengaged and
3) the operator is in the operator’s seat (station).
1.1.1 Ignition switch Easily accessible from the operator’s Move control to “on” position.
(if separate from seat.
starter switch)
1.1.2 Starter switch Easily accessible from the operator’s Move control to “start” position.
(if separate from seat.
ignition switch)
1.1.3 Starter/ignition switch Easily accessible from the operator’s Rotate switch in a clockwise direction to “positive ignition” position. Any
(spark ignition) seat. auxiliary position provided shall be located between the “off” and
“ignition” positions.
1.1.4 Starter switch Easily accessible from the operator’s Move control to “start” position. If a rotational switch is provided, rotate
(compression ignition) seat. clockwise to operate engine starter. If an engine pre-heater circuit is
provided, this control shall occur before the “starter” position or maybe
activated by rotating the control counter-clockwise.
1.1.5 Recoil type Recoil starter handle should be so Pull grip.
located that it cannot be operated
from the front of the machine.
1.2 Speed
1.2.1 Foot-operated Shall be readily accessible to the Push pedal forward and/or downward to increase engine speed.
operator’s right foot and preferably to
the right of the brake pedal(s).
1.2.2 Hand-operated Within easy reach and preferably in The recommended direction of motion of the control is in a plane generally
front of, or to the right side of the parallel to the longitudinal axis of the propelling vehicle. The direction of
operator. motion shall be away from the operator (generally forward or upward) to
increase engine speed.
Table 1 (continued)

CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION

1.3 Stop
1.3.1 Spark ignition Easily accessible from the operator’s Rotate starter ignition switch counterclockwise to “off” (open circuit)
seat. position.
1.3.2 Compression ignition Easily accessible from the operator’s Move control to “stop” position. Control shall automatically remain in the
seat. Control or the position “stop” “stop” position without the application of sustained manual effort.
shall be red in color or in contrast
with the background and any other
control.
2 STEERING
2.1 Steering wheel In front of the operator When a steering wheel control is provided, a clockwise rotation shall
effect a right turn, and a counterclockwise rotation shall effect a left turn.
2.2 Two levers In front of the operator When two levers are provided for steering to achieve a right turn the right-
hand lever shall move rearward; to achieve a left turn the left-hand lever
shall move rearward.
2.3 One lever In front of the operator When one lever is provided for steering, a lateral motion of the lever to the
right shall effect a right turn and a lateral motion to the left shall effect a
left turn.
3 BRAKES
3.1 Service
3.1.1 Foot-operated The brake pedal(s) shall be located The direction of motion shall be generally forward or downward to
conveniently to the operator’s right engage.
foot. Where separate brake pedals are provided on wheeled tractors for the
independent right-hand and left-hand brake controls, it shall be possible to
obtain combined control such that there is no undue deviation from a

PAES 104 : 2000

straight path of travel.
3
4

PAES 104 : 2000

Table 1 (continued)

CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION

3.1.2 Hand-operated Convenient to the operator. Pull motion to apply is preferred. Where means are provided for
independent right and left hand operations, it shall be possible to obtain
combined control such that there is no undue deviation from a straight path
of travel.
3.2 Parking
3.2.1 Hand-operated Convenient to the operator. A “pull” motion is preferred. A device shall be provided to retain the
brake(s) in the applied position. The device shall not be liable to accidental
release.
3.2.2 Foot-operated Convenient to the operator. Depress brake pedal and lock-in position.
3.3 Braking of trailers or
towed equipment
3.3.1 Foot-operated Combined with the pedal(s) of service The direction of motion shall be generally forward and/or downward to
brake. engage.
3.3.2 Hand-operated Separate right-hand lever Pull motion to apply.
4 TRANSMISSION
4.1 Clutch (includes combined
transmission and power-
take-off)
4.1.1 Foot-operated Convenient to the operator’s left foot. Push pedal forward or downward to disengage.
4.1.2 Hand-operated Within convenient reach of the Move rearward to disengage.
operator. Positive means shall be provided for holding the clutch control in the
disengaged position so that it is incapable of being re-engaged unless
manually operated. It is recommended that the clutch should be operated
only from the operator’s seat.
Table 1 (continued)

CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION

4.2 Combination ground speed
and direction (continuously
variable combined control)
4.2.1 Foot-operated Convenient to the operator’s right The control shall have the effect of a pedal being pivoted under the
foot. operator’s foot and shall remain at rest in the neutral position. Forward
and/or downward motion of the front of pedal shall cause forward motion
and increasing forward speed; downward motion of the rear of the pedal
shall cause reverse motion and increasing reverse speed. Where the control
can pass directly from forward to reverse through the neutral position,
provision shall be made for a secondary motion. A positive “neutral”
location shall be provided.
4.2.2 Hand-operated Accessible to the operator. Forward motion shall increase speed and reverse motion shall decrease
speed. Where the control can pass directly from forward to reverse through
the neutral position, provision shall be made for a secondary motion. A
positive “neutral” location shall be provided.
4.3 Gear Selection
4.3.1 In-line operation Convenient to the operator. From neutral position, move control progressively in an upward and/or
(hand-operated) forward direction to select gears giving increased forward speeds.
From neutral position, move control progressively in a rearward and/or
downward direction to select reverse gears giving increased reverse
speeds. Where the selection control can pass directly from forward to
reverse through the neutral position, a separate “neutral” control shall be
provided. Provision shall be made for secondary motion when passing
through neutral so as to prevent accidental movement of the control.

PAES 104 : 2000

5
6

PAES 104 : 2000

Table 1 (continued)

CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION

4.3.2 Non-in-line Convenient to the operator. Shifting pattern shall be simple and clearly marked. In particular, the
operation neutral position shall be clearly identified and easy to select.
4.4 Direction control Convenient to the operator. Move control generally forward for forward vehicle motion and move
(forward-reverse generally rearward for rearward vehicle motion. If a neutral position is
non-variable speed provided, provision shall be made to prevent accidental movement of the
hand-operated) control from neutral.
4.5 Master implement
header or gathering
unit clutch
(self-propelled machines)
4.5.1 Hand-operated Convenient to the operator. Movement shall be generally rearward and/or downward to disengage.
Positive means shall be provided for holding the clutch control in the
disengaged position so that it is incapable of being re-engaged unless
manually operated. The clutch shall be operated only from the operator’s
seat.
4.5.2 Foot-operated Preferably convenient to the Push pedal forward or downward to disengage.
operator’s left foot.
5 DIFFERENTIAL LOCK Preferably convenient to the Move forward or downward to disengage. There shall be a clear indication
operator’s right foot or hand. when differential lock is engaged.
6 POWER TAKE-OFF
(PTO)
6.1 Clutch
6.1.1 Foot-operated Convenient to the operator’s left Push pedal forward and/or downward to disengage. In the case of a
foot. combined traction-drive/PTO clutch, the PTO shall be disengaged on the
second stage.
6.1.2 Hand-operated Convenient to the operator. Move control downward and/or rearward to disengage. Control should be
operated only with the operator in the operator’s station.
Table 1 (continued)

CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION

6.2 Power-Take-Off (PTO) shaft
disengagement
6.2.1 Lever Convenient to the operator. The disengaged position shall be clearly marked, and visible from the
operator’s seat. Controls shall be operable only with the operator in the
operator’s station.
7 IMPLEMENTS AND
AUXILIARIES
(Hydraulics and Remote
controls)
7.1 Lift mechanism It shall be possible to lock the control lever(s) or mechanism in position
during road transport and servicing, or adjusting of implements in the
raised position, unless other means are provided.
7.1.1 Hand-operated Convenient to the operator’s right Move lever upward and/or rearward to raise; downward and/or forward to
hand. lower.
7.1.2 Foot-operated Convenient to the operator’s right Downward movement of the forward part of the pedal to lower and
foot. downward movement to the rear part to raise.
7.2 Service selector(s) Clearly marked to identify function in each position.
7.2.1 Hydraulic Optional, but readily visible from the
operator’s normal position
7.2.2 Electric Optional

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7
8

PAES 104 : 2000

Table 2 - Type, Location and Operation of Controls for Pedestrian-operated Machines

CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION

1 ENGINE
1.1 Starting The engine may only be started if:
1) The traction transmission is in neutral or “park” position, or
2) The traction clutch is disengaged.
1.1.1 Starter/ignition Situated so that it can only be Rotate switch in a clockwise direction to “positive ignition” position.
switch operated from the normal
operating position.
1.1.2 Starter switch Situated so that it can only be Move control to “start” position. If a rotational switch is provided, rotate
(compression ignition) operated from the normal clockwise to operate engine starter. This “start” position shall always be
operating position. the final position. If an engine pre-heater circuit is provided, this shall
occur immediately before the starter position.
1.1.3 Recoil type Recoil starter handle should be Pull grip.
so located that it cannot be
operated from the front of the
machine.

1.1.4 Inertia type Should not be operated from the Wind handle and release control.
front of the machine It shall be impossible to release the inertia mechanism unless:
1) The traction transmission is in the neutral or park position, or
2) The traction clutch is disengaged.
1.2 Speed
1.2.1 Hand accelerator
1.2.1.1 Throttle lever Accessible to the operator’s Push the lever forward to increase engine speed and pull lever to the rear
right-hand side when at normal to decrease engine speed. The engine can be stopped by moving the lever
operating position to its extreme rearward position
1.2.1.2 Turning handle Accessible to the operator’s Turn counter-clockwise to accelerate
right-hand side
Table 2 (Continued)

CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION

1.3 Stop
1.3.1 Spark ignition Control to be forward and Rotate starter ignition switch counter-clockwise to “off” (open circuit)
within easy reach of the position. With pull switch, pull out; with stop button, press button.
1.3.2 Compression ignition operator in the operator's Move control to “stop”.
position. Control shall be red
in color or in contrast with the
background and any other
control.
2 STEERING
2.1 Right hand steering Right-hand side Gripping the lever toward the handle will disengage the right hand clutch
clutch lever and stop the right hand driving wheel, causing the tractor to turn to the
right. Releasing the lever will re-engage the right hand wheel.
2.2 Left hand steering Left-hand side Gripping the lever toward the handle will disengage the left-hand clutch
clutch lever and stop the left-hand driving wheel, causing the tractor to turn toward the
left. Releasing the lever will re-engage the left-hand wheel.
3 TRACTION DRIVE
3.1 Clutch
3.1.1 Hand-operated Preferably convenient to the Move rearward or upward to disengage. Positive means shall be provided
(main transmission operator's left hand. for holding the clutch control in the disengaged position so that it is
excluding 3.1.2) incapable of being re-engaged unless manually operated.
3.1.2 Hand-operated Preferably convenient to the To engage clutch, move control forward or downward.
(main transmission of the type operator's left hand.
requiring sustained manual
effort)

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9
Table 2 (Continued)
10

PAES 104 : 2000

CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION
3.2 Gear selection As near to the center line of Shifting pattern should be simple and clearly marked. In particular, the
the machine as possible and neutral position shall be clearly identified and easy to select.
within easy reach of the When a reverse gear is fitted, it should only engage as a result of the
operator and clearly visible to operator applying sustained manual pressure to a control.
the operator while in operator's
zone.

3.3 Idler clutch lever Between left and right handle To start forward motion of the tractor, the lever is pulled upward-forward;
to stop the tractor, pull the lever rearward-downward. An over-center
linkage should hold the lever in the forward engaged position.
4 AUXILIARY CLUTCH Convenient to the operator’s Move rearward to disengage. Positive means should be provided for
ELEMENT left hand but mounted to the holding the control in the disengaged position so that it is incapable of
right of the main transmission being re-engaged unless manually operated.
clutch control.
5 ELEMENT ADJUSTMENT
5.1 Screw-operated Optional Clockwise rotation should move components affected upwards, rearwards
or to the right
5.2 Lever-operated Optional For moving components in any plane, the lever should move in the same
general direction as the components.
5.3 Stand control lever Handle bar Push the lever forward to extend the front stand to support tractor when
parked. Pull lever rearward to retract stand before putting the tractor into
motion. An over-center spring holds the stand in the retracted position
when the tractor is parked and left unattended. A locking pin should be
installed to lock the stand in extended position. The locking pin should
always be installed when attaching implements to the tractor and servicing
or repairing machine.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 105 : 2000

Foreword

This standard is a revision of the Standards Administrative Order (SAO) series of 1980 –
“Symbols for operator controls on Agricultural Tractors and Farm Machinery”. The revision
was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under
the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of AFMA Through Improved
Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural
Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development
of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and
government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This
standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council
(NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing
were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard.

This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for
the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed
below:

- title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of

International Standard; and
- definitions of agricultural machines and symbols;

In the formulation of this standard, reference was made to International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) 3767-1:1998 – Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry,
powered lawn and garden equipment – Symbols for operator controls and other displays-
Part1:General.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 105 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Symbols for Operator’s Controls and Other Displays –
Common Symbols

1 Scope

This standard specifies symbols which are commonly used for controls and other displays on
agricultural machinery and equipment.

2 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

2.1
agricultural machines
consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated machines,
implements, and combinations thereof primarily used for agricultural operations

2.2
symbol
visually perceptible figure used to transmit information independent of language

NOTE It may be produced by drawing, printing or other means.

3 General Requirements

3.1 The designation and illustration of symbols are shown in Table 1. Word captions in
the symbols are for reference only. However, suitable descriptive words may be used to
define the application of symbols.

Table 1. Designation and Illustration of Commonly Used Symbols

PAES 105 : 2000

NOTE: 1) Reverse symbol for transmission shift pattern.

2) Replace block with appropriate machine symbol correctly oriented to arrow.
3) Control Lever Operating Direction symbol may be used in conjunction with other symbols to
designate lever motion.
4) Captions within the symbols are for information, and should not be reproduced with the
symbol.

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PAES 105 : 2000

Table 1 (Continued)

NOTE: 5) Framed area of this symbol may be solid.

6) It is permissible to separate the left and right arrows.
7) Symbol for use at controls and not at temperature measurements.

A-52
PAES 105 : 2000

Table 1 (Continued)

3.1.1 The values (1-3-2-4) indicated in the symbol are only for illustration. While using this
symbol, actual firing order shall be indicated.

3.1.2 For symbols representing speed, clearance and height, the recommended values shall
be properly indicated.

3.2 Symbols, which are shown in outline form, may be shaded in actual use for clarity of
reproduction and improved visual perception by the operator, except as otherwise noted for
individual symbols.

3.3 Limitations inherent in some reproduction and display technologies may require
increased line thickness or other major modifications of symbols. Such modifications are
acceptable provided the symbol remains unchanged in its basic graphical elements, and easily
discernible by the operator.

3.4 To improve the appearance and perceptibility of a graphical symbol or to coordinate

with the design of the new equipment to which it is applied, it may be necessary to change
the line thickness or round off the corners of the symbol. The graphical designer is normally
free to make such changes provided that the essential perceptual characteristics of the symbol
are maintained.

3.5 For actual use, all symbols shall be produced large enough to be easily discerned by
the operator. Symbols shall be used in the orientations shown in Table 1 unless otherwise
noted for individual symbols.

3.6 Symbols on controls and displays shall have good contrast to their background. A
light symbol on a dark background is preferred for most controls. Displays may use either a
light symbol on a dark background or a dark symbol on a light background, depending upon
which alternative provides the best visual perception.

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PAES 105 : 2000

3.7 Symbols shall be located on or adjacent to the control or display that is being
identified. Where more than one symbol is required for a control, the symbols shall be
located in relation to the control such that movement of the controls towards the symbol shall
effect the function depicted by that symbol.

3.8 Letters and numerals may be used as symbols. Letters and numerals have the meaning
indicated when used in association with transmission gear controls and displays on tractors
and machinery for agriculture.

3.9 When used on illuminated displays, the following colors have the meanings indicated:

a) red : failure or serious malfunction; requires immediate attention;

b) yellow or amber : outside normal operating limits; and
c) green : normal operating condition.

3.10 Certain colors are used for specific functions such as:

a) blue : headlight main- / high- beam display;

b) red : hazard warning display; and
c) green : turn signal display.

3.11 If color is used on symbols for the heating and/or cooling systems, the color red shall
be used to indicate hot, and the color blue shall be used to indicate cold.

3.12 Color combinations and sizes of all symbols shall be adjusted to its particular unit. It
is desirable to use colors, such as red, amber and green to indicate the urgency of action(see
Figure 1).

Figure 1 – Symbols with colored lights

A-54
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 106 : 2000

Foreword

This standard is a revision of the Philippine Standard Administrative Order (SAO) 397:1980-
“Terminology for Tillage Equipment”. The revision was initiated by the Agricultural
Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing
the Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which
was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development
of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and
government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This
standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council
(NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing
were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard.

This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for
the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed
below:

- title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of

International Standard; and
- modification of tillage terminologies to make it comprehensible.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) EP291.2:1993 Terminology and

Definitions for Soil Tillage and Soil-Tool Relationships

American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) S414.1:1997 Terminology and

Definitions for Agricultural Tillage Implements.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 106 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment – Terminology

1 Scope

This standard includes the definitions used in the general classification, design, construction,
operation and performance of tillage equipment and soil-tool relationships.

2 Definitions

2.1 Basic tillage goals

2.1.1
tillage action
action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation

EXAMPLE soil cutting, shattering and/or inversion

2.1.2
tillage objective
desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations

2.1.3
tillage requirement
soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary based on
utilitarian and/or economic considerations

2.2 General tillage terms and kind of tillage

2.2.1
broadcast tillage
overall tillage
tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips

2.2.2
deep tillage
primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm

NOTE It may be accomplished with a very heavy-duty moldboard or disc plow which
inverts the soil, or with a chisel plow or subsoiler which shatters the soil.

2.2.3
earthmoving
tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil
PAES 106 : 2000

2.2.4
land forming
tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations

NOTE Forming may be done on a large scale such as contouring or terracing, or on a small
scale such as ridging or pitting.

2.2.4.1
land grading
tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope

EXAMPLE leveling, contouring, cutting, and filling.

2.2.4.2
land planing
tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined surface
condition

2.2.5
oriented tillage
tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun,
prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines

2.2.6
rotary tillage
tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil

2.2.7
soil cultivation
shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil
condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control

2.2.8
tillage
mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose

NOTE In agriculture the term is usually restricted to the changing of soil conditions for the
enhancement of crop production.

2.2.8.1
primary tillage
tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to
reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates

2.2.8.2
secondary tillage
tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed growth and to create
specific soil surface configurations before seeding

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PAES 106 : 2000

2.2.9
tillage depth
tool depth
vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of penetration of the tool

2.3 Tillage systems

2.3.1
conservation tillage
system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting or
maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface during
the critical erosion period (see also item 2.3.4)

2.3.2
conventional tillage
system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given
geographical area

2.3.3
minimum tillage
system wherein least soil manipulation is performed

2.3.4
mulch tillage
system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant residue
is specifically left on or near the soil surface (see also item 2.3.1)

2.3.5
optimum tillage
idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given
conditions

2.3.6
precision tillage
subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage

2.3.7
reduced tillage
system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special
planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations

2.3.8
reservoir tillage
system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to hold rain or
sprinkler applied water

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PAES 106 : 2000

2.3.9
ridge tillage
system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and maintained from
year to year in the same location

NOTE Seeding is done on the ridge top.

2.3.10
strip tillage
system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled

2.4 Specific tillage operation

2.4.1
anchoring
tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant residues or
artificial mulches

2.4.2
bedding
ridging
listing
tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration

2.4.3
bulldozing
pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade

2.4.4
chisel plowing
tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used

NOTE Chisel plowing at depths greater than 350 mm is termed subsoiling (see item 2.4.12).

2.4.5
combined tillage operations
operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of tillage tools or implements
(subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the
number of trips over a field

2.4.6
harrowing
operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting

NOTE It is commonly used before seeding.

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PAES 106 : 2000

2.4.7
incorporating
mixing
operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers or plant
residues into the soil

2.4.8
middlebreaking
hilling-up
operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow midway between two
previous rows of plants

2.4.9
off barring
operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants

NOTE This is the reverse of middlebreaking or hilling-up.

2.4.10
moldboard plowing
operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil inversion

2.4.11
residue processing
operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction with soil
manipulation

2.4.12
subsoiling
deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water
movement (see item 2.4.4)

2.4.13
vertical mulching
operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit immediately
behind a tillage tool shank

2.5 Tillage equipment

2.5.1
general-purpose tillage implement
implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting, breaking and
pulverizing the soil

5
PAES 106 : 2000

2.5.1.1
plow-harrow
implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and harrow

NOTE It has a frame, wheel arrangement and depth adjustment of the disc plow but the disc
are assembled on a single shaft and turn as a unit similar to a gang of disc harrow.

2.5.1.2
rotary tiller
implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and as
row crop cultivator

NOTE It consists of power-driven shaft, transverse to the direction of travel, equipped with
curved knives that slice through the soil, chop surface residue and mix all materials in the
disturbed layer.

2.5.1.3
spiral plow
rotary plow
implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral flanged shafts which rotate
vertically

NOTE The two shafts are placed end-to-end and oriented to throw the soil outward.

2.5.2
primary tillage implement
implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil strength and to
bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer

2.5.2.1
chisel plow
implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials

NOTE Multiple rows of staggered curved shanks are mounted either rigidly, with spring-
cushions, spike, or shovel tools are attached to each shank.

2.5.2.2
disc plow
implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or completely
invert a layer of soil to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil

NOTE Blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the frame and to the
direction of travel for proper penetration and soil displacement.

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PAES 106 : 2000

2.5.2.3
moldboard plow
implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to bury surface materials,
and pulverizes the soil

NOTE It consists of cutting edge, stabilizer and curved surface.

2.5.2.3.1
right-hand plow
turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow

2.5.2.3.2
left-hand plow
turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow

2.5.2.3.3
two-way plow
eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation

NOTE It consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plows, with one type being used at a
time.

2.5.2.4
subsoiler
implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers

NOTE It is equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or staggered on a V-shaped
frame.

2.5.3
secondary tillage implement
implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements,
provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the
soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds

2.5.3.1
comb-tooth harrow
implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent operations prior to
transplanting and for puddling and leveling
NOTE It consists of a row of teeth that works like a rake.

2.5.3.2
disc harrow
implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination and
growth

NOTE It consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc.

7
PAES 106 : 2000

2.5.3.2.1
single-action disc harrow
consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which throw the soil in opposite
directions

2.5.3.2.2
double-action disc harrow
tandem disc harrow
consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs and
is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction
(usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite directions

2.5.3.2.3
offset disc harrow
consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the
harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor

2.5.3.3
field cultivator
implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation subsequent to
some form of primary tillage

NOTE It is equipped with spring steel shanks or teeth (generally spaced 150-230 mm in a
staggered pattern) which has an integral forged point or mounting holes for replaceable
shovel or sweep tools.

2.5.3.4
packer
implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil

NOTE It consists of one or two in-line gangs of rollers such as lugged wheels or any one of
various shaped ridged wheels.

2.5.3.5
roller-harrow
implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms the
soil surface

NOTE It consists of an in-line gang of ridged rollers, followed by one or more rows of
staggered spring cultivator teeth, followed by a second in-line gang of ridged rollers.

2.5.3.6
rotary hoe
implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is used for
fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge

-8
PAES 106 : 2000

NOTE Rigid curved teeth mounted on wheels toll over the soil, penetrating almost straight
down and lifting soil as they rotate. Hoe wheels may be mounted in multiple gangs or as
short gangs on spring loaded arms suspended from the main frame.
2.5.3.7
row crop cultivator
implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass through
standing crop rows without crop damage

NOTE Gangs of shanks are often independently suspended on parallel linkages with depth-
controlling wheels to provide floatation with the soil surface.

2.5.3.8
spike-tooth harrow
implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain
maximum stirring and raking of soil

2.5.3.9
spring-tooth harrow
implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel

NOTE The teeth are fastened to cross bars with the other end pointed to give good soil
penetration.

2.5.4
cultivating tillage implement
implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by loosening the soil and/or
by mechanical eradication of undesired vegetation

2.5.4.1
continuous-tool bar cultivator
implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, which allow lateral
adjustments of the tools for different row spacing

2.5.4.2
separated gang cultivator
implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to provide maximum
vertical clearance for the plants

2.6 Nomenclature for tillage tools and implements

2.6.1
bed shaper
soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes

2.6.2
blade
soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut
through the soil

9
PAES 106 : 2000

EXAMPLE rotary tiller blades, anhydrous ammonia blades

2.6.3
coulter
circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil

2.6.4
draft
force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to drawbar
pull

2.6.5
effective operating width
operating width excluding overlap (see 2.6.18 and 2.6.19)

2.6.6
edge clearance angle
effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line drawn through the back
or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its immediate edge

2.6.7
ground clearance
minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing machine
element

2.6.8
hitch
portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source

2.6.9
implement width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost edges of
the implement

2.6.10
injector
implement used to insert materials into the soil

2.6.11
jointer
miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow slice directly ahead
of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in covering trash

2.6.12
lateral tool spacing
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on adjacent tools when projected
upon a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel

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PAES 106 : 2000

2.6.13
line of travel
line and direction along which the tillage implement travels
2.6.14
lister-planter
combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting attachment to
permit a single listing-seeding operation with the planter normally being operated in the
furrow

2.6.15
longitudinal tool spacing
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two tools when projected upon
a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel

2.6.16
mechanical tillage implement
single or groups of soil-working tools together with power transmission structure, control,
and protection systems present as an integral part of the machine

2.6.17 Moldboard plow clearances

2.6.17.1
horizontal clearance
distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow bottoms

EXAMPLE diagonal (rake), tip of share to tip of share; fore and aft, width of cut or furrow
slice; throat width, minimum distance from face of moldboard to projecting member of
preceding bottom

2.6.17.2
vertical clearance
distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially obstructing member such
as main truss (backbone), frame, beam, release mechanism, etc

2.6.18
operating overlap
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement reworks soil previously
tilled

2.6.19
operating width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function

2.6.20
protected zone
soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, tool spacing or evasive
tool movement

11
PAES 106 : 2000

2.6.21
scouring
shedding
soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool without significant
adhesion

2.6.22
shank
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard

2.6.23
shovel
spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks, cultivators,
grain drills, and soil scarifiers

2.6.24
side force
side draft
horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of motion

2.6.25
soil-additive applicator
machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by means of tillage

EXAMPLES Granular herbicide applicator, lime or manure spreader, fumigation and

fertilizer distributor, or chemical incorporator are examples of soil-additive applicator.

2.6.26
soil-additive incorporator
machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material into the soil

2.6.27
soil opener
tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the insertion of material such
as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers

EXAMPLE disc, knife, and runner

2.6.28
soil roller
rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing or compacting

2.6.29
soil-sliding path
path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool

-12
PAES 106 : 2000

2.6.30
soil-sliding path length
length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides
2.6.30.1
soil-ascending angle
angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along the sliding path

2.6.30.2
soil-sliding angle
angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path and a horizontal
contour line constructed through the surface of the tool

2.6.31
soil-tool geometry
configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the overall shape is usually oriented with the
direction of travel of the tool and the soil surface

2.6.32
soil-working surface
portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soil

2.6.33
specific draft
unit draft
draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section

2.6.34
standard
beam
upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame

2.6.35
sweep
type of cultivator shovel which is wing-shaped

2.6.36
teeth
projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil

2.6.37
tillage tool
individual soil-working element

2.6.37.1
complex tillage tools
tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying boundary and contact area to
the soil

13
PAES 106 : 2000

EXAMPLE clod breakers, notched discs, rotary hoes

2.6.37.2
dynamic tillage tools
tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are in direction other than
along the line of travel

2.6.37.3
multi-powered tillage tools
tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft and rotating power, or
draft and electrical power

2.6.37.4
simple tillage tools
tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to the soil

2.6.38
tool clearance
minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool and the nearest
potentially obstructing implement element

2.6.39
tool-operating width
maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over which a tool performs
its intended function

2.6.40
orientation, tool
position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is usually oriented with the
soil surface and the direction of travel

NOTE Orientation is specified in side, tilt, and lift angles as a minimum.

2.6.40.1
lift angle
rake angle
angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the soil
surface

2.6.40.2
side angle
angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is perpendicular to the
direction of travel

2.6.40.3
tilt angle

-14
PAES 106 : 2000

angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the
soil surface

2.6.41
tool overlap
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating width coincides
with the operating width of another tool

2.6.42
tool-skip area
area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool

2.6.43
tool width
maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the line of motion

2.6.44
vertical tool spacing
vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools when projected upon a
vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel

2.6.45
wings
projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the volume of soil which can be
disturbed, or to control the nature and distance of soil movement. Wings usually have lift, tilt,
and side angles which are different from those found in the orientation of the main tool and
standard

2.7 Soil reaction nomenclature

2.7.1
soil abrasion
scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil

2.7.2
soil adhesion
sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels

2.7.3
soil compaction
act of reducing the specific volume of soil

2.7.4
soil cutting
separation of a soil mass by a slicing action

2.7.5

15
PAES 106 : 2000

soil failure
alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical forces such as in
shearing, compression, or tearing

2.7.6
soil heaving
lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing

2.7.7
soil reaction
soil response to the application of mechanical forces

2.7.8
soil shatter
pulverization
general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the action of tillage forces

2.7.9
soil sliding
sliding of soil across a surface

2.7.10
throw
movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy imparted to the soil by the
tillage tool

2.8 Soil nomenclature

2.8.1
additive, soil
foreign
materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or incorporated in soil for directly
influencing the soil condition or environment

EXAMPLE pesticides, fertilizers, mulches, or conditioners, but not foreign bodies such as
drain tiles, which have an indirect influence

2.8.2
adhered soil bodies
masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion) which adheres on soil-
working surfaces and act as a part of the tool

EXAMPLE soil cone, an adhered soil body which resembles a cone; soil sheet, an adhered
soil body which covers a large area of tool like a sheet; soil wedge, an adhered soil body
which resembles a narrow wedge

2.8.3
compacted layer

-16
PAES 106 : 2000

hard pan
plow pan
plow soil
dense layer of soil immediately below tillage depth created by mechanical pressure and/or
soil-shearing forces
2.8.4
concretions
soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together

2.8.5
covering depth
thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement

2.8.6
foreign materials
all materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil additives, and foreign bodies
that have not originated in the soil's development

2.8.7
mechanical impedance
resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through soil that is caused by the
mechanical strength of the soil

2.8.8
mechanical stability
mechanical strength
degree of resistance of soil to deformation

2.8.9
shear blocks
clods
blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass by tillage tool action

2.8.10
shear surface
failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared

2.8.10.1
primary shear surfaces
initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are caused mainly by shear

2.8.10.2
secondary shear surfaces
shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or tumbling of the soil after or during
the initial displacement

NOTE Secondary shear surfaces are often perpendicular to the primary shear surfaces.

2.8.11

17
PAES 106 : 2000

soil aggregates
soil peds
agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced by natural processes

2.8.12
tillability
degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific purpose

2.9 Soil and surface characteristics

2.9.1
back furrow
raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started from center to side

NOTE It is formed when a furrow slice is lapped over another slice.

2.9.2
dead furrow
open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the adjacent strips of
land after finishing of plowing
NOTE It is formed when two adjacent furrow slices are thrown opposite each other.

2.9.3
furrow
trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice

2.9.4
furrow crown
peak of the turned furrow slice

2.9.5
furrow depth
ditch depth
pit depth
trench depth
depth of depression below a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface

2.9.6
furrow slice
soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom

2.9.7
furrow wall
undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow

2.9.8
head land
unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip

-18
PAES 106 : 2000

2.9.9
land
unplowed soil

2.9.10
ridge height
bed height
hill height
windrow height
height of soil above a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface

2.9.11
root bed
soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots

2.9.12
root zone
part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants

2.9.13
seedbed
soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds

2.9.14
soil density
weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis (including soil and water) or
on a dry basis (soil only, most common)

19
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 107 : 2000

Foreword

This standard is a revision of the Philippine National Standard (PNS) 50:1984 "Specification
for Hitch for Walking Type Agricultural Tractor". This revision was initiated by the
Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled
"Enhancing the Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering
Standards” which was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the
Department of Agriculture (DA).

This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development
of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and
government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This
standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council
(NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing
were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard.

This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for
the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed
below:

- title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of

International Standard;
- definitions of hitch assembly were included;
- types of hitches based on primemover size were modified; and
- dimensions and materials of the hitch were modified.

In the preparation of this revision, a survey on the specifications of axle and wheel
hub was conducted. Major local agricultural machinery manufacturers greatly
contributed on the completion of this revised standard. Also, the following
documents/publications were consulted/considered:

Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) B9209:1986 Dimensions of Hitch for Walking Tractors

Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers 10th edition by Eugene Avallone and
Theodore Baumeister III. 1997.

Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME) Code 1993

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 107 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Hitch for Walking-type Agricultural Tractor - Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the classification, dimensions of hitch and pin, requirements, and
materials of hitch for walking-type agricultural tractor (which is commonly known as hand
tractor).

2 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:
2.1
hitch assembly
structure made for attaching and/or supporting the implement

NOTE It consists of hitch frame, pin sleeve and hitch pin (see figure 1).

Hitch pin

Pin sleeve

Hitch frame

Figure 1 – Hitch Assembly

PAES 107 : 2000

2.2
size of primemover
rated power rating of the primemover as specified by the manufacturer

2.3
walking-type agricultural tractor
pedestrian controlled tractor
hand tractor
self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or
mounted agricultural implements and machinery

3 Classification

The hitch for walking-type agricultural tractor shall be classified into the following types:

3.1 One-Hole Hitch

3.2 Three-Hole Hitch

4 Materials

4.1 Cold-rolled steel which is commonly known as CRS with 0.37-0.44% carbon content
(eg. AISI 1040) shall be used in the manufacture of pin sleeve and hitch pin.

4.2 Mild steel plate with 0.18-0.23% carbon content (eg. AISI 1020) shall be used in the
manufacture of hitch frame.

2
PAES 107 : 2000

5 Dimensions and Tolerance

5.1 The principal dimensions of the One-Hole Hitch shall be as specified in Table 1 and
shown in Figure 2.

Table 1 – Dimensions of One-Hole Hitch for Walking-type Agricultural Tractor

Dimensions in millimeters
Size of primemover H h b c l di do t r
Gasoline :
+0.5
< 3.7 kW (< 5.0 hp)
100 16 24 to 26 26 to 36 130 18 28 to 48 4 to 5 9 max
Diesel :
0
< 3.4 kW ( < 4.5 hp)
Gasoline :
3.8 kW to 11.9 kW +0.5
( 5.1 hp to 16.0 hp) 10
115 18 24 to 28 28 to 36 130 21 32 to 48 7 to 9
Diesel : max
3.5 kW to 10.8 kW 0
( 4.6 hp to 14.5 hp)

o i

A
h

r
t
H

A
l c b

Figure 2 – One-Hole Hitch

3
PAES 107 : 2000

5.2 The principal dimensions of the Three-Hole Hitch shall be as specified in Table 2 and
shown in Figure 3.

Table 2 – Dimensions of Three-Hole Hitch for Walking-type Agricultural Tractor

Dimensions in millimeters
Size of primemover H h a a1 b c di do l l1 t r
Gasoline :
< 3.7 kW +1 +0.5
20 14
(< 5.0 hp) 26 100 4.5 9
75 18 60 + 0.5 30 to to 16.5 -
Diesel : min min min max
26 22
< 3.4 kW 0 0
( < 4.5 hp)
Gasoline :
3.8 kW to 11.9 kW +2 +0.5
27 17
( 5.1 hp to 16.0 hp) 26 130 160 4.5 10
95 18 90 + 0.5 45 to to 16.5
Diesel : min min min min max
33 25
3.5 kW to 10.8 kW 0 0
( 4.6 hp to 14.5 hp)

a do
a1 a1
di
A

r
t
H

A c b
l , minimum (for hitch without sides)

l 1 , minimum (for hitch with sides) Section thru A-A

Figure 3 – Three-Hole Hitch

6 Hitch Pin

4
PAES 107 : 2000

6.1 Hitch pin for both types of hitch shall have dimensions as specified in Table 3 and
shown in Figure 4.
Table 3 – Dimensions for Hitch Pins for the Two Types of Hitches
Dimensions in millimeters
One-Hole Hitch Three-Hole Hitch
Size of primemover
dp lp ls dp lp ls
Gasoline :
0
< 3.7 kW (< 5.0 hp)
16 + 0.2 145 minimum 138 16 125 minimum 117
Diesel :
- 0.2
< 3.4 kW ( < 4.5 hp)
Gasoline :
3.8 kW to 11.9 kW 0
( 5.1 hp to 16.0 hp)
19 + 0.2 165 minimum 157 16 145 minimum 137
Diesel :
3.5 kW to 10.8 kW - 0.2
( 4.6 hp to 14.5 hp)

Handle

ls
lp

dp Spring Pin

Figure 4 – Hitch Pin

6.2 The bottom end of the pin shall be slightly tapered to facilitate insertion.

6.3 An ample space shall be provided above or below the hitch so that insertion of the pin
is not obstructed.

6.4 Spring pin (with nominal size of 5 x 105 mm) shall be used as locking device for
hitch pin.

6.5 A hitch pin handle shall be provided to facilitate in inserting and pulling out the hitch
pin from the pin sleeve.

5
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 108 : 2000

Foreword

This standard is a revision of the Philippine National Standard (PNS) 145:1988-

"Specification for Hexagonal Axle and Hub for Power Tillers". The revision was initiated by
the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project
entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural
Engineering Standards" which was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of
the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development
of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and
government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This
standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council
(NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing
were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard.

This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for
the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed
below:

- title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of

International Standard;
- definitions of axle and wheel hub were included;
- types of axle based on primemover size were modified; and
- dimensions and materials of axle and wheel hub were modified.

In the preparation of this revision, a survey on the specifications of axle and wheel
hub was conducted. Major local agricultural machinery manufacturers greatly
contributed on the completion of this revised standard. Also, the following
documents/publications were consulted/considered:

Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers 10th edition by Eugene Avallone and
Theodore Baumeister III.1997.

Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME) Code 1993

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 108 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery - Hexagonal Axle and Hub for Walking-type Agricultural
Tractor - Specification

1 Scope

This standard specifies the materials and dimensions of hexagonal axle and hub (including
their fasteners) for walking-type agricultural tractor (which is commonly known as hand
tractor).

2 Classification

Hexagonal axle shall be classified based on primemover size of walking-type agricultural

tractor as follows:

2.1
type 1
hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of up
to 3.4 kW (4.5 hp) using diesel engine and up to 3.7 kW (5.0 hp) using gasoline engine

2.2
type 2
hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of 3.5 kW
to 10.8 kW (4.6 hp - 14.5 hp) using diesel engine and 3.8 kW to 11.9 kW ( 5.1 hp - 16.0 hp)
using gasoline engine

3 Material

3.1 Hexagonal shaft which is made of cold-rolled steel (also commonly known
as CRS) with 0.37-0.44% carbon content ( eg. AISI 1040) shall be used for axle of walking-
type agricultural tractor.

3.2 Mild steel plate with 0.18-0.23% carbon content (eg. AISI 1020) shall be used in the
manufacture of the axle hub.
PAES 108 : 2000

4 Dimensions

4.1 Axle

The dimensions of the axle for walking-type agricultural tractor shall be as specified in Table
1 and shown in Figure 1.

Table 1 – Dimensions for Hexagonal Axle for Walking-type

Agricultural Tractor

Dimensions in millimeters

Criteria Type 1 Type 2

Width across flats (w), minimum 25 32

Overall length of shaft (l),

500 500
minimum

Figure 1 – Hexagonal Axle

4.2 The dimensions of the hub to fit the hexagonal axle specified in this standard shall be as
specified in Table 2 and shown in Figure 2.

2
PAES 108 : 2000

Table 2 – Dimension of Axle Hub for Walking-type Agricultural Tractor

Dimensions in millimeters
Criteria Type 1 Type 2
Width across flats (w),
27 34
minimum
Length of hub
150 150
(l), minimum
Thickness of hub (t) 3 + 0.2 5 + 0.2

w
t

Figure 2 – Axle Hub

3
PAES 108 : 2000

5 Fasteners

The fastening of hexagonal axle and wheel hub shall be made using either locking bolt or pin
as shown in Figure 3.

Axle

Axle Hub

Locking Bolt

a) Using locking bolt

Pin

Axle

Axle Hub

b) Using pin

Figure 3 – Fasteners for Axle and Hub

5.1 Locking bolt with size M 10 x 1.25 or pin made of 3 mm diameter spring wire shall
be used as fasteners for axle and hub.

5.2 The clearance between the hole and the pin shall be 1 mm.

4
PAES 108 : 2000

5.3 The hole of the hub for pin fastener in Figure 3b shall be located 24 mm from its
outermost side.

6 Other Requirements

6.1 Hexagonal axle and hub shall be free from sharp edges which may cause harm or
serious injury.

6.2 The ends of the hexagonal axle shall be chamfered to facilitate insertion of the hub.

6.3 The head of locking bolt shall be designed for manual fastening.

5
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 109 : 2000

Foreword

The formulation of this Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and
Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of
AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards” which was funded by the
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development
of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and
government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This
standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council
(NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing
were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard.

This standard has been formulated in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for the
Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

AMTEC Test Reports on walking-type agricultural tractor

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 109 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Walking-type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications
Part 1 : Pull-type

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for walking-type agricultural tractor which is
classified as pull-type. This includes tractors with chain and sprocket transmission system,
gear transmission system and combination thereof.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling.

PAES 107:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hitch for Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor –

Specifications.

PAES 108:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hexagonal Axle and Hub for Walking Type
Agricultural Tractor –Specifications.

PAES 111:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Methods of

Test.

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
walking-type agricultural tractor
hand tractor
pedestrian tractor
self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or
mounted agricultural implements and machinery

3.2
pull type
traction type
capable of pulling various kinds of implements
PAES 109 : 2000

4 Construction

The basic construction and components of the tractor is shown in Figure 1.

Main clutch lever

Engine Belt guard
Input shaft pulley
Throttle lever
Handle bar
Engine pulley Handle bar adjustment

Engine
mounting frame
Hand grip

Hitch Assembly
Idler pulley Transmission assembly
Mud guard
Stand assembly

Axle
Cage wheel

Figure 1 – Components of Walking-type Agricultural Tractor (Pull-type)

5 Materials of Construction

5.1 The tractor shall be generally made of steel bars and sheet metals.

5.2 At least ISO chain number 10A-1 (ANSI chain number 50) shall be used for the chain
and sprocket transmission system.

5.3 The handle bar shall be made of Black Iron (BI) pipe (schedule 40) with a minimum
diameter of 25 mm.

6 Controls

6.1 Throttle Lever

6.1.1 This shall be accessible to the operator’s right-hand side of the handle bar.

6.1.2 Types of throttle levers

6.1.2.1 Vertical type

For this type, the throttle lever is pushed forward to increase engine speed and pulled
rearward to decrease engine speed.

2
PAES 109 : 2000

6.1.2.2 Horizontal Type

For this type, the throttle lever is pulled to the left to increase engine speed and to the right to
decrease engine speed.

6.2 Main Clutch Lever

6.2.1 This shall be accessible to the operator’s-left hand side of the handle bar.

6.2.2 In the case of a vertical lever, the lever shall be pushed forward to start the forward
motion of the tractor and shall be pulled rearward to stop the tractor. An over-center linkage
shall lock the lever in the forward engaged position.

6.2.3 In the case of a horizontal lever, the lever shall be pushed upward to start the forward
motion of the tractor and shall be pulled downward to stop the tractor. A lock shall be
provided to hold the lever in the upward engaged position.

7 Performance Requirements

The tractor when tested in accordance with PAES 111 shall conform to the following
requirements:

7.1 The peak transmission efficiency of the tractor shall be at least 85%.

7.2 The manufacturer’s specified minimum field capacity of the tractor shall be attained.

7.3 The noise emitted by the tractor measured 50 mm away from the operator’s ear level
shall not be more than 92 db (A). *

8 Other Requirements

8.1 For operator’s safety, the following shall be provided:

8.1.1 Belt guard or cover

8.1.2 Mud guard

8.1.3 Rubber hand grip

8.2 Mechanisms for transmission belt adjustment shall be provided.

8.3 Mechanism for handle bar height adjustment shall be provided.

8.4 The hitch of the tractor shall be in accordance with the specifications of
PAES 107.

_________________________
*
Allowable noise level for six (6) hours of continuous exposure based on Occupational Safety and Health Standards,
Ministry of Labor, Philippines. 1983.

3
PAES 109 : 2000

8.5 The hexagonal axle of the tractor shall be in accordance with the specifications of
PAES 108.

8.6 When the tractor is in transport mode, agricultural rubber tires shall be used.

9 Workmanship and Finish

9.1 The tractor shall be free from manufacturing defects that may be detrimental to its
operation.

9.2 Any uncoated metallic surfaces shall be free from rust and shall be painted properly.

9.3 The tractor shall be free from sharp edges and surfaces that may injure the operator.

10 Warranty for Construction and Durability

10.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services except on consumable maintenance parts such as belts within six (6) months from
the purchase of the tractor.

10.2 The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components (i.e. transmission systems, etc) within six (6) months from purchase by the first
buyer.

11 Maintenance and Operation

11.1 Each tractor unit shall be provided with the following basic hand tools: three (3)
pieces open wrenches; one (1) piece each of Philips and flat screw driver; and one (1) piece
adjustable wrench.

11.2 An operator’s manual, which conforms to PAES 102, shall be provided.

12 Sampling

The tractor shall be sampled for testing in accordance with PAES 103.

13 Testing

The sampled tractor shall be tested in accordance with PAES 111.

4
PAES 109 : 2000

14 Marking and Labeling

Each tractor shall be marked with the following information using a plate, stencil or by
directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

14.1 Registered Trademark of the Manufacturer

14.2 Brand

14.3 Model

14.4 Serial number

14.5 Name and address of the manufacturer

14.6 Name and address of the importer, if imported (optional)

14.7 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

14.8 Power requirement, kW

14.9 Safety/precautionary markings

5
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 110: 2001
Agricultural Machinery – Walking-type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications
Part 2: Rotary Tilling-type

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation
of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards” which was funded by the
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

AMTEC Test Reports on Walking-type Agricultural Tractors (tilling-type)

A research paper on Power Tiller by S.H. Mahmud. Taxila, Pakistan. 1979

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 3789-2:1982 – Tractors, machinery for

agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment – Location and method of
operation of operator’s controls- Part 2: Controls for Agricultural tractors and machinery.

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.

A-1
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 110: 2001
Agricultural Machinery – Walking-type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications
Part 2: Rotary Tilling-type

1 Scope

This standard specifies the minimum requirements for walking-type agricultural tractor which
is classified as rotary tilling-type.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 107:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hitch for Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor –

Specifications

PAES 108:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hexagonal Axle and Hub for Walking Type
Agricultural Tractor –Specifications

PAES 111:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Methods of

Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
rotary tilling type
a type of walking-type agricultural tractor equipped with rotary tiller which cuts, breaks up,
and mixes the soil and/or plant residues

3.2
walking-type agricultural tractor
hand tractor
pedestrian tractor
self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or
mounted agricultural implements and machinery

A-2
PAES 110: 2001

4 Construction

The basic construction and components of the tractor is shown in Figure 1.

Speed change levers

Engine Main clutch / Brake lever

Drive pulley
Throttle lever
Driven pulley
Handle

Steering clutch lever

Front stand Tillage depth

Chassis control handle

Depth wheel

Wheel

Transmission
gear box
Rotary blades

a) PTO-driven rotary tiller

Throttle lever
Handle

Engine

Clutch lever

Counterweight
Transmission box
Rear skid

Rotary blade

b) Axle-driven rotary tiller

Figure 1 – Walking-type Agricultural Tractor (rotary tilling-type)

A-3
PAES 110: 2001

5 Materials of Construction

5.1 The tractor shall be generally made of steel materials.

5.2 Chain and sprocket and/or gears shall be used to transmit power from the transmission
drive shaft to the axle.

5.3 The handle bar shall be made of steel pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 3 mm
and with a minimum outside diameter of 25 mm.

6 Controls

6.1 Throttle Lever

6.1.1 This shall be accessible to the operator’s right-hand side of the handle bar.

6.1.2 Types of throttle lever

6.1.2.1 Vertical type

For this type, the throttle lever is pushed forward to increase engine speed and pulled
rearward to decrease engine speed.

6.1.2.2 Horizontal Type

For this type, the throttle lever is pulled to the left to increase engine speed and to the right to
decrease engine speed.

6.2 Main Clutch Lever

6.2.1 This shall be accessible to the operator’s left-hand side of the handle bar.

6.2.2 In the case of a vertical lever, the lever shall be pushed forward to operate the tractor
and shall be pulled rearward to stop the tractor.

6.2.3 In the case of a horizontal lever, the lever shall be pushed upward to operate the
tractor and shall be pulled downward to stop the tractor.

6.3 Steering Clutch

6.3.1 In the case of right-hand steering clutch lever, the lever shall be gripped toward the
handle to disengage the right-hand clutch and stop the right-hand driving wheel, causing the
tractor to turn to the right. Releasing the lever will re-engage the right-hand wheel.

6.3.2 In the case of left-hand steering clutch lever, the lever shall be gripped toward the
handle bar to disengage the left-hand clutch and stop the left-hand driving wheel, causing the
tractor to turn toward the left. Releasing the lever will re-engage the left-hand wheel.

A-4
PAES 110: 2001

7 Performance Requirements

The tractor when tested in accordance with PAES 111 shall conform to the following
requirements:

7.1 The peak transmission efficiency of the axle-driven rotary tiller shall be at least 80%.

7.2 The manufacturer’s specified minimum field capacity of the tractor shall be attained.

7.3 The noise emitted by the tractor measured 50 mm away from the operator’s ear level
shall not be more than 92 db (A). *

7.4 The tractor shall have no breakdowns/malfunctions (i.e. failure of components, etc)
during 5-hour continuous running test.

8 Other Requirements

8.1 For operator’s safety, the following shall be provided:

8.1.1 Belt guard or cover

8.1.2 Mud guard

8.1.3 Rubber hand grip

8.2 Mechanism for transmission belt adjustment shall be provided.

8.3 Mechanism for handle bar height adjustment shall be provided.

8.4 Mechanism for automatic disengagement of power transmission shall be provided.

8.5 Mechanism that minimize/reduce vibration shall be provided.

9 Workmanship and Finish

9.1 The tractor shall be free from manufacturing defects that may be detrimental to its
operation.

9.2 Any uncoated metallic surfaces shall be free from rust and shall be painted properly.

9.3 The tractor shall be free from sharp edges and surfaces that may injure the operator.

_________________________
*
Allowable noise level for six (6) hours of continuous exposure based on Occupational Safety and Health Standards,
Ministry of Labor. Philippines.1983.

A-5
PAES 110: 2001

10 Warranty for Construction and Durability

10.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services except for consumable maintenance parts such as belts within six (6) months from
the purchase of the tractor.

10.2 The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components within six (6) months from purchase by the first buyer.

11 Maintenance and Operation

11.1 Each tractor unit shall be provided with the following basic hand tools: three (3)
pieces open wrenches; one (1) piece each of Philips and flat screw driver; and one (1) piece
adjustable wrench.

11.2 An instruction manual, which conforms to PAES 102, shall be provided.

12 Sampling

The tractor shall be sampled for testing in accordance with PAES 103.

13 Testing

Sampled tractor shall be tested in accordance with PAES 111.

14 Marking and Labeling

Each tractor shall be marked in English language with the following information using a
plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

14.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer

14.2 Brand

14.3 Model

14.4 Serial number

14.5 Name and address of the manufacturer

14.6 Name and address of the importer, if imported (optional)

14.7 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

14.8 Power requirement, kW

14.9 Safety/precautionary markings

A-6