UCSP 4TH QUARTER 2 PRIMARY PURPOSES OF A FAMILY:

TOPIC #1 CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL 1.To orient the individual of the norms of the society.
INSTITUITIONS
2.To provide physical support as individual matures.

TOPIC #1 A: KINSHIP
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
KINSHIP
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
“WEB OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS”
NOTE: One factor that allows an individual to identify another
That humans form as part of a family. Refers to the social and individual as a family member is through CONSANGUINITY,
cultural relationships and connections between individuals or popularly called as BLOOD RELATIVES.
groups based on familial ties, biological descent, marriage,
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
adoption, or other forms of affiliation. It encompasses the
complex network of relationships that bind people together 1.UNILINEAL DESCENT: This allows an individual to be affiliated to
through shared ancestry, blood ties, or social bonds. the descent of ONE SEX GROUP only either male or the female.

THREE TYPES OF UNILINEAL DESCENT

Key aspects of kinship include: 1.MATRILINEAL DESCENT: Leads an individual to trace kinship
relations through the female’s line.
1.Biological and Legal Relationships: Kinship can be based on
biological descent, such as parent child relationships, sibling In Asia, the Minangkabau ethnic group of West Sunatra, Indonesia.
bonds, and extended family connections through common In this society, land and property ownership is passed on from
ancestry. It can also be established through legal or social mother to daughter, leaving the men to deal with political and
recognition, such as marriage, adoption, or affiny ties formed religious affairs.
through social alliances and partnerships.
2. PATRILINEAL DESCENT: Individual traces his or her kinship
2. Kinship Terminologies: Different cultures and societies have through the male’s line only. Chines traditional family. This
distinct systems of kinship terminologies that classify and define promotes a passing down of name and inheritance to male
relationships between individuals based on kinship roles, such as offspring only, while allowing the female offspring to be part of
parent, child, sibling, grandparent, cousin, and so on. These another family through marriage.
terminologies reflect cultural norms, social roles, and patterns of
inheritance and kinship organization within a society. 3. MOIETY: The concept of moiety refers to a division of a society
into two distinct and complementary parts or groups. These
3. Roles and Obligations: Kinship relationships often entail specific groups are often seen as having different roles, functions, or
roles, responsibilities, and obligations between individuals or characteristics, but are interdependent and necessary for the
groups. These may include caregiving, support, protection, functioning of the society as a whole. Moieties can be based on
inheritance rights, reciprocal exchanges, and socialization of various factors such as kinship, social status, or cultural practices.
children. Kinship systems also establish norms and rules governing
behavior, marriage, and social interaction within families and 2.BILATERAL DESCENT: Allows and individual to trace kinship ties
communities. on both sides of the family. This means that an individual can
recognize both his or her parents’ relatives as his or her own
4. Cultural and Symbolic Significance: Kinship carries cultural and relatives.
symbolic significance, shaping personal identity, group
membership, and social status within societies. It influences -Filipino Family is Bilateral
patterns of social organization, group solidarity, and cultural
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
practices, such as rituals, ceremonies, and customs related to
marriage, family life, and lineage. MARRIAGE: “Socially or ritual recognized union or legal contract
between spouses the establishes rights and obligations between
them, between them and their children, and between them and
FOCUS ON FAMILY their in-laws”

Ferraro and Andreatta 2010 Using a Functionalist perspective:

General Claim: A social and economic unit the consists of one or Functions of Marriage
more parents and their children.
1. It regulates mating and reproduction.
1.A FAMILY IS A SOCIOECONOMIC UNIT
2. It creates a system that allows for sexual division of labor.
2.A FAMILY CAN HAVE ONE OR MORE PARENTS
3. It provides for a family dynamics that ensures the provision of
3. A FAMILY CAN HAVE PARENTS WHO ARE NOT MARRIED. needs of children

4. A FAMILY CAN HAVE PARENTS WITH THE SAME GENDER 4 TYPES OF FAMILIES BASED ON MARRIAGE SYSTEM 1.Patrifocal:
Rule of father
5. A FAMILY SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST ONE CHILD.
2.Matrifocal: Rule of mother TOPIC #1B: POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURE

3.Monogamous: Single couple and THEIR CHILDREN POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

4.Polygamous : Several parents and their children FORMS OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

TYPES OF POLYGAMY 1.BAND: Least complex form of political organization. Typically

consists of 20-50 individuals who are usually related to one
1.Polyandry: Women are allowed to marry several men. In Tibet, another by virtue of kinship. Bands are egalitarian in social
women are allowed to marry several husbands who are at times composition. Implies that individuals in the group have equal
brothers. This practice is called Fraternal Polyandry. Reason: need access to resources and values.
to preserve land ownership through generations. If brothers are to
marry different women, they will need to divide the land, which 2. TRIBES: Political organization that consists of segmentary
would have detrimental effects on the entire family that is based lineages. This type of kinship relation is marked by loyalty per
on agriculture. family cluster or segment. Less mobile than bands, as their form of
economic subsistence requires a degree of settlement. *Maasai
2. Polygyny: Allows a man to marry several. In some cases, these tribe of Kenya
women are sisters, making it a sororal polygyny
3.CHIEFDOMS: More complex than a tribe, as this political
5.Extended: Has several married couples and their children living organization consists of a few local communities who subscribe to
in one household. the power and rule of a leader who has absolute power on them.
6. RECONSTITUTED: Current spouses were previously married and As long as the members of the communities believe that their
had children. Upon the dissolution of their previous marriages, leader is a direct descendant of their gods , this leader maintains
these individuals remarried and created a new family by bringing his or her sovereignty in the land.
in their children from their past marriages and often birthing their STATE AND NATIONS
own.
State- A political entity defined by territorial boundaries and
POSTMARITAL RESIDENCY RULES governance structures
Where to live and build a family after marriage? Nations- A cultural community defined by shared identity and
Rule 1: PATRILOCAL RESIDENCE: Upon marriage, the women is characteristics among its people.
expected to transfer to the residence of her husband’s father. 1.Territorial vs. Cultural Identity:
Rule 2: MATRILOCALL RESIDENCE: Upon marriage, the MEN is • A state is primarily defined by its territorial boundaries and
expected to transfer to the residence of her wife’s mother. political institutions. It represents a legal and political entity
Rule 3: NEOLOCAL RESIDENCE: Requires both spouses to leave governed by a sovereign government.
their households and create their own at times even in different • A nation is defined by its cultural identity and shared
locality. characteristics among its people. It represents a community bound
Rule 4: AVUNCOLOCAL RESIDENCE: Complex residency pattern as together by shared values, traditions, language, and history.
it requires two residence transfers . Upon marriage, the couple 2. Political vs. Cultural Unity:
practices a form of virilocality and raises their children in the
household of the husband’s father. However, upon reaching • States are characterized by political unity, where the government
adulthood, these children will have to be relocated with their exercises authority over the territory and population within its
mother’s brother and live with him and his household which may borders.
consist of his wife and young children and other adult male
offspring of his sisters. • Nations are characterized by cultural unity, where people share
a common sense of identity and belonging based on cultural,
Rule 5: NATALOCAL RESIDENCE: Both spouses to remain with their linguistic, or historical factors.
own households after marriage.
3. Recognition and Sovereignty:
Rule 6: MATRIFOCAL RESIDENCE: Reside in mother’s side because
of economic reason. • States are recognized as sovereign entities by other states and
international organizations, and they have the authority to govern
Rule 7: AMBILOCAL RESIDENCE: Allows the couple to choose to their territory and conduct international relations.
livew either with the wife’s mother’s area or the husband’s father’s
area. • Nations may or may not have their own state or sovereign
government. They may exist within the boundaries of a single
Rule 8: TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES: Reside across territories state or span across multiple states.

“POLITICS OF KINSHIP” Being a citizen of a country also entails the enjoyment of a certain
privileges that are labeled as rights.
Politics and kinship are interrelated, allowing the for the creation
of political alliances and dynasties. NATURAL RIGHTS: expected to be enjoyed by all individuals,
regardless of citizenship. Right to life, liberty or freedom and
POLITICAL DYNASTY refers to the continues political rule of the property.
family. This can be in a form of succession of rule in the occupancy
of several political positions by one family.
LEGAL RIGHTS: Awarded to an individual by the state as part of its MARKET TRANSACTIONS
culture, traditions and norms. Right to vote, privacy and to join
formal organization. MARKET: The exchange of goods and services that involves buying
and selling process. Market is about making money, capital,
income, and growth.

AUTHORITY & LEGITIMACY Happen as long as there are buyers, sellers, supplies, and demands
in the society.
The extent of a leader’s power relies on how much his or her
followers accord him or her with it. MARKET & STATE

3 CATEGORIES OF LEGITIMACY OF AUTHORITY ACCORDING TO Basically, market involves all the human actions associated with
MAX WEBER economic aspects. State serves as the institution that protects and
maintains economic balance through its economic laws and
LEGAL AUTHORITY: Achieved by a leader through the process of policies.
following established codes and procedures governing the
allocation and distribution of power and resources within society. ECONOMIC SUBSITENCE

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY: Form of leadership legitimacy that Refers to the minimum level of economic activity required for
highlights the right of a leader to rule based on inheritance of the individuals or households to meet their basic needs for survival. It
title. involves producing or obtaining enough goods and services to
sustain life, including food, shelter, clothing, and other essential
CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY: Based on personal attachment of the necessities
subordinates to the ruler whose characteristics, experiences, or
even skills are believed to be extraordinary, or maybe even
supernatural.

TOPIC #1C ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION

4 CATEGORIES OF ECONOMIC SUBSITENCE
ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION
FORAGING, PASTORAL, HORTICULTURAL, AGRICULTURE
- Structure and arrangement of economic activities within a
society or entity TOPIC #1D NONSTATE INSTITUTIONS

ECONOMIC PROCESS NONSTATE INSTITUTIONS

1.RECIPROCITY: Entails the exchange between of commodities Banks, corporations, cooperatives and trade unions, transnational
parties, often on an individual basis. It is also a binding method advocacy groups, and development agencies, and international
which holds people, peers, and families together. In reciprocity, organizations.
there are no goods and services lost because it is a circular process
wherein you just receive and return the favor. Barter is the most
common form of reciprocity

2.TRANSFERS: Resources from one individual or organization are

given to another with no expectation of return , an economic
transfer is in place. This type of economic process allows for the
redistribution of resources within an economic system.

Some example: transfer of financial aids, government subsidies

and social security.

3.REDISTRIBUTION: Occurs when the resources of one, several

individuals, or groups are collected and distributed proportionally
or equally to participating members. Two of the best examples of
redistribution are progressive income tax system and charity
donations.
degrees. Formal education is usually organized into levels,
including primary, secondary, and tertiary education.

2.Informal Education:

• Informal education occurs outside of formal educational

institutions and is often self-directed or experiential in nature. It
encompasses learning that takes place through daily life
experiences, interactions with others, and participation in
activities such as hobbies, community events, and workshops.
Informal education is not structured by a curriculum or governed
by formal assessment.

3.Non-Formal Education:

• Non-formal education is structured learning that takes place

outside formal the school system but is organized and intentional.
It is often designed to meet specific learning needs or address
particular target groups, such as adult literacy programs,
vocational training courses, or community-based education
initiatives. Non-formal education may lead to the acquisition of
skills, knowledge, or competencies without necessarily resulting in
TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS formal qualifications.
Transnational advocacy groups (TAGs), also known as 4.Distance Learning/Remote Education:
transnational advocacy networks (TANs), are non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), grassroots movements, or coalitions of • Distance learning, also known as remote education or online
individuals and organizations. Transnational advocacy groups have learning, involves the delivery of instruction and learning materials
the potential to exert significant influence on global governance to students who are not physically present in a traditional
processes, shaping international norms, standards, and policies. classroom setting. It utilizes various technologies such as the
internet, video conferencing, and educational software to facilitate
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION communication and interaction between teachers and learners,
allowing for flexible scheduling and access to education from
International organization is a formal and institutionalized
remote locations.
association of sovereign states or other entities, established
through a treaty or agreement, with the purpose of addressing 5.Special Education:
common interests, objectives, or challenges on an international
scale. These organizations serve as platforms for cooperation, • Special education is tailored instruction and support provided to
coordination, and collaboration among their member states or individuals with disabilities, learning difficulties, or special needs.
participants, facilitating interactions and decision-making It aims to address their unique learning requirements and help
processes in various areas of mutual concern. them achieve their full potential. Special education programs may
involve specialized teaching methods, assistive technologies, and
Examples of international organizations include the United Nations individualized education plans (IEPs) to accommodate diverse
(UN), the World International Bank, the Monetary Fund (IMF), the learning styles and abilities.
World Health Organization (WHO), the European (EU), the African
Union Union (AU), NATO Treaty Organization), and many others. 6.Higher Education:

TOPIC #1 E: EDUCATION • Higher education refers to post-secondary education provided by

colleges, universities, and vocational institutions beyond the
EDUCATION secondary level. It includes undergraduate and graduate programs
leading to academic degrees such as bachelor's, master's, and
- Education is a process
doctoral degrees, as well as professional certifications and
of facilitating learning,
diplomas in specialized fields.
acquisition of
knowledge, skills, values, EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
beliefs, and habits.
1.Republic Act No. 9155 (Governance of Basic Education Act of
2001): This law provides the framework for the governance of
basic education in the Philippines, including the establishment of
the Department of Education (DepEd) as the main agency
TYPES OF EDUCATION responsible for overseeing the country's educational system.

1.Formal Education: 2.Republic Act No. 10533 (Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013
or K to 12 Law): This law introduced the K to 12 program, which
• Formal education added two years to the basic education curriculum in the
refers to structured, systematic instruction provided by institutions Philippines. It aims to enhance the quality of education and better
such as schools, colleges, and universities. It follows a predefined prepare students for higher education or the workforce.
curriculum, has set learning objectives, and typically leads to the
award of academic qualifications such as certificates, diplomas, or
3.Republic Act No. 10931 (Universal Access to Quality Tertiary provide social support, a sense of identity, and opportunities for
Education Act): This law provides free tuition and other school fellowship and connection with others.
fees for students in state universities and colleges (SUCs), local
universities and colleges (LUCs), and state-run technical-vocational Cultural Identity: Religion is often intertwined with cultural
institutions. identity, shaping traditions, customs, art, music, and other aspects
of culture. Religious beliefs and practices can influence language,
4.Republic Act No. 8545 (Expanded Government Assistance to cuisine, clothing, and other cultural expressions, contributing to
Students and Teachers in Private Education Act): This law the richness and diversity of societies.
provides financial assistance to students and teachers in private
education institutions through scholarships, grants, and other Ethical and Moral Framework: Many religions provide ethical and
forms of support. moral guidelines for adherents, outlining principles of right and
wrong behavior and promoting virtues such as compassion,
5.Republic Act No. 10157 (Kindergarten Education Act): This law honesty, and justice. These moral teachings help shape individual
mandates the institutionalization of kindergarten education in the character and guide interactions within society.
Philippines as part of the basic education system.
Political and Social Influence: Religion can also have political and
TOPIC #1F: RELIGION social influence, shaping laws, policies, and societal norms.
Religious leaders and institutions may advocate for social justice,
RELIGION human rights, and moral causes, influencing public opinion and
Religion is a complex and multifaceted cultural system that policy decisions.
involves beliefs, practices, rituals, moral values, and a sense of the Conflict and Division: While religion can promote unity and
sacred or divine. It provides individuals and communities with a harmony, it can also be a source of conflict and division, especially
framework for understanding the world, their place in it, and the when different religious groups hold conflicting beliefs or compete
ultimate meaning and purpose of existence. for influence. Religious intolerance, extremism, and sectarian
Religion often involves a belief in a higher power or powers, such violence are examples of how religion can contribute to social
as gods, spirits, or a transcendent reality, and may include discord.
organized institutions, sacred texts, and religious leaders. Social Cohesion: Religion can foster social cohesion and solidarity
TYPES OF RELIGION by promoting shared values, norms, and beliefs among members
of a community. Religious institutions often play a role in
1.Monotheistic Religions: Monotheistic religions believe in the organizing social activities, charitable work, and community
existence of a single, supreme deity or god. Examples include service, contributing to the well-being of society.
Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.
Coping with Adversity: Religion can provide comfort, solace, and
2.Polytheistic Religions: Polytheistic religions involve the worship hope in times of adversity, such as illness, loss, or hardship.
of multiple deities or gods. Examples include Hinduism, ancient Believers may turn to their faith for strength, resilience, and a
Greek and Roman religions, and various indigenous belief systems. sense of purpose during challenging circumstances.

3.Non-Theistic Religions: Non-theistic religions do not necessarily

involve belief in a personal god or gods. Examples include
Buddhism, which focuses on the teachings of the Buddha, and TOPIC #2: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION
Taoism, which emphasizes harmony with the Tao (the Way). SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
4.Indigenous Religions: Indigenous religions are the traditional - Implies the division or classification of members of society in the
belief systems of specific ethnic or cultural groups. These religions different strata, promoting the development of hierarchy among
are often closely tied to the land, nature, and ancestral traditions. social groups.
SEPERATION OF CHURCH AND THE STATE SOCIAL DESIRABLES: Factors that are somewhat accepted or
In the Philippines , the principle of separation of church and state desired in a certain society.
is enshrined in the 1987 Constitution, specifically in Article II, 3 Most Desired Qualities in every society: WEALTH, POWER, &
Section 6, which states: "The separation of Church and State shall PRESTIGE
be inviolable." This provision underscores the importance of
maintaining the independence and autonomy of religious 1.WEALTH: Accumulated economic capital of an individual or
institutions and governmental institutions in the country. group. The extent of the amassed wealth of an individual or group
usually determines its capacity for influence in decision making in
ROLE OF RELIGION society. Marxist perspective argues that the differentiation in
Spiritual Guidance: One of the primary roles of religion is to wealth creates social, economic, and political inequality, which
provide spiritual guidance and meaning to individuals, helping ultimately promotes social suffering among the disadvantaged.
them make sense of the world, their place in it, and the ultimate 2.POWER: Capacity of an individual to influence perform another
purpose of existence. Religion often offers moral and ethical person to an act that he or she would not otherwise do. This
frameworks, guiding individuals in their decision-making and associated with wealth as economic capital permits selected
behavior. members of society to determine the norms that are often more
Community and Belonging: Religion serves as a source of beneficial for the elite than for the majority who are bound to
community and belonging, bringing people together through follow them. Power involves benefits and privileges. The power to
shared beliefs, rituals, and practices. Religious communities determine the course of policies and economy can provide an
individual with distinct advantage as compared with those who GENDER INEQUALITY
cannot wield influence on others.
Violence against women, children and members of the LGBTQI.
3.PRESTIGE: Combination of wealth and power. Level of honor in
human society attached to different groups with reference to the
groups’ occupation. THEORIES OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY
SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM: Shift in social status or rank of an CONFLICT THEORY: Karl Marx’s idea of conflict theory is highly
individual within the frame of a social structure. Individual who based on the modern society which is divided into two classes:
gain position in a certain social class may progress to a higher proletariat- working class and bourgeoisie-landlords.
status.
FUNCTIONALISM: According to Davis and Moore, each member of
the society has specific roles and responsibilities to take
accomplish. Each roles has levels of difficulty, and a task with
higher level of difficulty entails more wealth, power and money.

TOPIC #3 CULTURAL, SOCIAL & POLITICAL CHANGE SOURCES OF

CHANGE

SOURCES OF CULTURAK, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE

1 .INNOVATION: In the form of new scientific knowledge, new

VERTICAL MOBILITY: Involves the upward and downward mobility, beliefs, and additional inventions. When applied to technology,
which means a progression of social status related to class, power new ideas and concepts and revolutionize how p[population
and prestige. It can be from higher to lower and vice versa. behaves in response to their environment.
HORIZONTAL MOBILITY: Movement from one status to another 2 .DIFFUSION: Involves the process of transferring traits cultural
within the same social category. It may be a transfer of position to and concepts from one human group to the other. A specific
another area but with no other changes in the position. For cultural trait can be introduced to another culture through
instance, a government employee at a certain level may transfer to facilitating factors such migration and media. Becomes a factor in
another government organization in the same level of position. social change as it allows for the incorporation of new
perspectives and practices in the existing cultural fabric of a
4 TYPES OF STRATIFICATION SYSTEM
society.
1.Class : Classification of an individual or group of persons having
3 .ACCULTURATION AND ASSIMILATION: Acculturation: Process of
explicit societal status based on acquired characteristics.
learning a culture other than one’s own. Interaction between two
3 Major types of social class: economic, political and cultures. Assimilation: Gradual process of culture change that
occupational. allows indistinguishable cultural similarity between two different
cultural groups.
2.Caste: “Race” in the society. Hindu societal stratification.

SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS AND TENSIONS

Two inevitable circumstances among societies that can be seen in

different form such as issues, problems, struggles, and conflicts.

Collective Action: Any action being taken by a certain group who

shares common aims and goals to achieve specific changes or
objective that would benefit the members of the group.

COMMON EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS AND

TENSIONS

Economic Inequality: Disparities in wealth, income, and

3.Estate System: Identical to the practice of feudalism. The final opportunities between different social groups can lead to tensions
authority in this system was the king. The estate system was based and resentment. Economic inequality may result from factors such
on the existing legal structures that defined members’ status, as unequal distribution of resources, unequal access to education
rights, and duties. and employment opportunities.
4. Slavery: Most extreme form of inequality in society. They have Social Injustice: Injustice and discrimination based on factors such
no rights. as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or disability
SOCIAL INEQUALITY can create social tensions and divisions. These injustices may
manifest in forms such as systemic racism, sexism, homophobia,
One of the dimensions of stratification that concerns the gap xenophobia, or religious intolerance, leading to social movements
between the rich and the poor. and advocacy efforts for equality and social justice.
Political Polarization: Sharp divisions and ideological conflicts
between political factions or interest groups can contribute to
social tensions and gridlock in governance. Political polarization
may result from differences in values, beliefs, and policy
preferences, as well as partisan rhetoric, media bias, and electoral
dynamics that deepen divisions and undermine trust in democratic
institutions.

Cultural Clashes: Conflicts and tensions between different cultural

groups or communities, including clashes over values, norms,
traditions, and identities, can lead to social discord and
fragmentation. Cultural clashes may arise from globalization,
immigration, multiculturalism, or cultural imperialism, highlighting
the need for dialogue, understanding, and respect for diversity.
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?
Environmental Concerns: Disputes and tensions over
environmental degradation, resource depletion, and climate Climate change refers to significant and lasting alterations in
change can arise between different stakeholders, including Earth's climate patterns over an extended period, typically
governments, corporations, communities, and environmental spanning decades to millions of years. It encompasses changes in
activists. These tensions reflect competing interests and values temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other climatic
related to economic environmental stewardship. variables, often resulting from natural processes and human
activities. Climate change is characterized by shifts in average
weather conditions, such as increased global temperatures,
THREE FORMS OF SOCIAL TENSIONS altered rainfall patterns, rising sea levels, and more frequent
extreme weather events.
1.ETHNIC CONFLICT: Ethnic war, and usually characterized by
homogenous cultural groups having armed struggle with each or KEY ASPECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
with other social institutions.
1.Weather Variability: Climate change can lead to changes in
2.ARMED CONFLICTS: Political in nature as nonstate actors clamor weather patterns, including alterations in temperature extremes,
for their rights perceived that to are be withheld from them by the precipitation levels, storm intensity, and frequency of droughts
state. and heatwaves. These variations in weather can have significant
impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, human
3.ACTS OF TERRORISM: Highly political activities that are meant health, and socio-economic systems.
to give a statement to organizations or states that are believed to
have hegemonic power over subjugated territories or sectors of 2.Melting of Ice Caps and Glaciers: Rising global temperatures
the society. contribute to the melting of polar ice caps, glaciers, and ice sheets,
leading to sea-level rise and loss of land ice. This phenomenon
threatens coastal communities, biodiversity, and ecosystems, and
can exacerbate flooding, erosion, and saltwater intrusion into
TOPIC #4 NEW CHALLENGES TO HUMAN ADAPTATION AND
freshwater sources.
SOCIAL CHANGE
3.Ocean Acidification: Increased levels of atmospheric CO2 lead to
1.GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE
the absorption of carbon dioxide by the world's oceans, resulting
WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING? in ocean acidification. This process lowers the pH of seawater,
posing risks to marine life, coral reefs, and ecosystems dependent
United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012: The Erath’s on calcifying organisms such as shellfish and plankton.
climate is fueled by the Sun. Most of the Sun’s energy called solar
radiation, is absorbed by the Earth, but some is reflected back into 4.Impacts on Biodiversity: Climate change affects ecosystems and
space. A natural layer of atmospheric gases absorbs a portion of biodiversity by altering habitats, species distributions, migration
this reflected solar radiation, eventually releasing some into the patterns, and ecological interactions. It can lead to habitat loss,
space, but forcing much of it back to Earth. There it warms the species extinction, shifts in species composition, and disruptions in
Earth’s surface creating what is known as the natural “greenhouse ecosystem services such as pollination, pest control, and nutrient
effect.” cycling.

5.Social and Economic Impacts: Climate change has wide ranging

social and economic impacts, including threats to food security,
water availability, livelihoods, infrastructure, and human health.
Vulnerable populations, such as low-income communities,
indigenous peoples, and marginalized groups, are
disproportionately affected by the consequences of climate
change.
2. TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION AND OFW’S • Examples: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Instagram.
Characteristics:
WHAT IS TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION?
• Focus on building online communities and connecting individuals
Process by which individuals from one country migrate another with shared interests, relationships, or professional affiliations.
country for economic, political, and social reasons.
• Features include profiles, news feeds, friend/follower
TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION connections, messaging, and sharing of user-generated content
One of the best examples of transnational migration is the such as posts, photos, and videos.
condition of OFW’s across different geographical locations. • Used for personal networking, socializing, professional
What do you think is the major factor that drives Filipinos to go networking, and content sharing. 2.Microblogging Platforms:
abroad? • Examples: Twitter, Tumblr.
The root causes of this large number of migration cases among Characteristics:
Filipinos are their families and issues on development .
• Allow users to post short-form content, typically limited to a
For Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who are considering certain number of characters (e.g., 280 characters for Twitter).
alternatives to working abroad, there are several potential
solutions and opportunities they can explore. Here are some • Emphasize real-time communication, trending topics, and quick
suggestions. updates.

1. Entrepreneurship • Facilitate rapid dissemination of information, news, opinions,

and links to external content.
2.Skills Development and Training
3.Image-Sharing Platforms:
3.Job Placement and Matching Services
• Examples: Instagram, Pinterest, Snapchat.
4.Support for Returning OFWs
Characteristics:
5.Promotion of Local Employment Opportunities
• Centered around the sharing and discovery of visual content
6.Community-Based Initiatives such as photos, illustrations, and infographics. • Feature image-
7.Policy Support and Development centric interfaces, user-generated content, and engagement
through likes, comments, and shares.
TOPIC #5 RESPONDING TO SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL
CHANGE • Emphasize creativity, visual storytelling, and aesthetic appeal.

1.INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP & PARTICIPATORY GOVERNMENT 4.Video-Sharing Platforms:

Participatory government, also known as participatory democracy • Examples: YouTube, TikTok.

or participative democracy, is a model of governance that Characteristics:
emphasizes the active involvement of citizens in decision-making
processes, policy development, and public affairs. In participatory • Enable users to upload, share, and discover videos on a wide
government, citizens play an active role in shaping policies, range of topics, interests, and genres.
programs, and initiatives that affect their lives, communities, and
society as a whole. This model seeks to enhance democratic • Support various formats, including short-form videos, long-form
principles by promoting transparency, accountability, inclusivity, content, live streams, and user-generated channels.
and citizen empowerment. • Promote engagement through likes, comments, shares,
NOTE: The opportunity to take part in the political system is such a subscriptions, and algorithm-driven recommendations.
fundamental tenet of the democratic system of government that 5.Messaging and Chat Apps:
its very existence is rarely questioned. People must be able to have
their say to vote, to engage in political debate and to let those in • Examples: WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Telegram.
power know their views on issues which concern them This is
what democracy is about. Characteristics:

Political Efficacy related to an individual’s perception of his or her • Facilitate private or group communication through text, voice,
capacity to influence the political system toward a political end. and multimedia messages.

Political Will is the extent of engagement that an individual has • Offer features such as voice/video calls, file sharing, stickers,
with the political system in the attempt to achieve a goal. emojis, and encryption for privacy and security.

2.NEW FORMS OF MEDIA AND SOCIAL NETWORKING • Used for personal communication, group chats, collaboration,
and customer service.
TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHARACTERISTICS
3. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
1.Social Networking Sites (SNS):
A social movement is a collective, organized effort by individuals
or groups to bring about social, political, economic, or cultural
change. Social movements typically arise in response to perceived
injustices, grievances, or unmet needs within society and seek to
mobilize people to advocate for specific goals, values, or reforms.
Process that involves three elements: individual, group society.

CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

ALTERNATIVE social movements have limited goals that are often

related to specific parts of the structure that specific individuals
would like to alter. When the scope of the change intended is
limited but the membership to the movement is on a wider scale,
then this creates a REFORMATIVE type of social movement. An
example is the group of individuals who joined under the banner
of pro-reproductive health bill during the deliberation process of
the law. The change that this group wanted is the availability of
reproductive health options for everyone in society regardless of
socioeconomic background. REDEMPTIVE social movements tend
to gather participants from specific sectors of the society with a
goal of radically changing the status of individual members.
Religious groups and cults have such impacts. When change that is
expected is radical and the beneficiary includes everyone, a
REVOLUTIONARY social movement is created.