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JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CIA-1 AY 2024-25 (ODD Semester)

Course : B. Tech. Date : 28.11.2024
Semester : V Subject Code : BEC-501
Subject : INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Max. Marks : 20
Time : 1 Hour

COURSE OUTCOMES
C301.1 Analyze and design basic digital IC circuits using CMOS technology
C301.2 Describe the functioning of application specific ICs such as 555 timer, VCO IC 566 and PLL
C301.3 Examine and design Op-amp based circuits and basic components of ICs such as various
types of filters.
C301.4 Implement the concept of Op-amp to design Op-amp based non-linear applications and wave-
shaping circuits
C301.5 Explain complete internal analysis of Op-Amp 741-IC

Section-A
Attempt all the questions of this section (1 X5=5)
Q. Question Mar CO BL
No. ks
1 a List any two applications of PLL. 1 CO BL
. 1.. Frequency Multiplier: 2 1

2. Frequency Translator (frequency Synthesizer)

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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

b Draw Phase Detector using EXOR Gate. 1 CO BL

2 1
The exclusive OR, XOR phase detector circuit can provide a very useful simple phase
detector for some applications. It comprises of a logic exclusive OR circuit. Being
digital in format it can often fit into a phase locked loop with ease as many of the
circuits associated with the phase locked loop may already be in a digital format.
Alternatively, an exclusive OR can be made from discrete components to give a wider
variety of levels and other options.

c Calculate the quality factor if the center frequency and bandwidth are 1 CO BL
KHz and 80 Hz respectively. 3 1

Ans.The quality factor Q of a resonant system can be calculated using the

formula:
Q=f / BW 1
f = 1 KHz = 1000Hz , BW= 80 Hz
Q = 1000 / 80 = 12.5
So, the quality factor Q is 12.5
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

d Differentiate Active and Passive Filters. 1 CO BL

3 1

e For the all pass filter , the value of RC is 7.95K ohm and 0.2µF respectively. CO BL
If the input frequency is 1.5kHz. calculate the phase shift. 3 2

Section-B
Attempt all the questions of this Section (3X3=9)
2. Describe the working of an VCO with the help of functional block diagram CO BL
of VCO IC566 and block diagram and necessary waveforms and 2 2
mathematical expressions.
VCO is an acronym for Voltage Controlled Oscillator. It is a device that produces
such an oscillating output signal whose frequency can be regulated or altered by the
input dc voltage. VCO generates an output signal having an adjustable frequency
range that is controlled by the dc input voltage. It is a type of oscillator in which the
output frequency obtained is the function of the input signal. Usually, the frequency
of an oscillator is measured by RC time constant. However, there exist some 1
applications where the frequency is to be controlled by the input voltage.
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VCO mainly exists in 2 categories-

1. Linear VCO or Harmonics oscillator

In this type of oscillator, LC tank circuits are employed so as to provide
a sinusoidal waveform. Its operation is such that the capacitance of
the varactor diode is varied by the voltage across the diode.
Thus, the capacitance of LC network changes due to varactors that ultimately
causes change in frequency. This category of oscillator provides much better
noise frequency and temperature stability.

2. Relaxation Oscillator
This category of waveform generates the triangular or sawtooth waveform.
This type mainly shows its applications as an Astable Multivibrator or
Schmitt trigger

The input voltage is applied at the control terminal 5. The frequency of the oscillator
is set by external resistance and capacitance R1 and C1. IC 566 has current sources
shown in the figure above that are responsible for charging and discharging the
external capacitance C1. And the external resistance R1 and dc input voltage decide
the rate for charging and discharging. By making use of Schmitt trigger present in the
circuit, the current sources switches between charged and discharge capacitor. The
schmitt trigger provides square wave and the triangular voltage generated across the
capacitor are the output that is given together through the buffer amplifier. This buffer
amplifier transfers the high impedance to a low impedance output so that the output
impedance of each is 50Ω.
2
During capacitance charging when the voltage at C1 surpasses 0.5 V the output of
Schmitt trigger goes low. at 0.25 V the capacitor starts discharging, due to which
Schmitt trigger’s output will be high. The period of charging and discharging of
Schmitt trigger are same. As the capacitor is charged with the constant current source
∆𝑉 𝑖
, =
∆𝑡 𝐶1
0.25𝑉 𝑖
=
∆𝑡 𝐶1
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

𝐶1
∆𝑡 = 0.25𝑉
𝑖
For triangular wave, the time period is 2∆𝑡

OR
Draw the block diagram of a PLL and explain its operation. Explain lock-
in-range, Capture range and pull-in time of a PLL.

A phase-locked loop (PLL) is an electronic circuit with a voltage or voltage-driven

oscillator that constantly adjusts to match the frequency of an input signal. PLLs are
used to generate, stabilize, modulate, demodulate, filter or recover a signal from a
"noisy" communications channel where data has been interrupted.
A PLL consists of three key components:
 Phase detector (also known as a phase comparator or mixer). It compares the
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

phases of two signals, and generates a voltage according to the phase

difference. It multiplies the reference input and the voltage-controlled
oscillator output.
 Voltage-controlled oscillator. Generates a sinusoidal signal, whose
frequency closely matches the center frequency provided by the low-pass
filter.
 Low-pass filter. A kind of loop filter that attenuates the high-frequency
alternating current (AC) component of the input signal to smoothen and
flatten the signal to make it more DC-like.

PLL operates based on the phase difference between two signals. It detects this
difference, and provides a feedback mechanism to modify the voltage-controlled
oscillator frequency. The PLL compares the voltage-controlled oscillator signal with
the input/reference signal. Because the PLL is both frequency- and phase-sensitive, it
can detect both frequency and phase differences between the two signals. It generates
an error signal that corresponds to the phase difference between the signals. This
difference is passed on to the low-pass filter that removes any high-frequency
elements, and filters the error signal into a varying direct current (DC) level. This
"feedback signal" is then applied back to the voltage-controlled oscillator to control
its frequency.

lock-in-range:- The range of frequencies over which PLL will track the input
frequency signal and remains locked is referred as PLL Lock range. The lock range is
usually band of frequencies above and below the PLL free running frequency.
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Capture range :- The range of input frequencies over which PLL will capture the
input signal is referred as PLL capture range.
Pull-in time: The total time taken by the PLL to establish lock is called pull-in time.
This depends on the initial phase and frequency difference between the two signals as
well as on the overall loop gain and loop filter characteristics
3. In a VCO , if input signal frequency fs=20 kHz, Free running frequency CO BL
f0=21 KHz/V, Voltage to frequency conversion factor KV is 4 KHz/V, find 2 2
the change in dc control voltage VC during lock.

The voltage to frequency conversion factor

∆𝒇𝟎
𝑲𝑽 =
∆𝑽𝒄 3
So,
∆𝒇𝟎
∆𝑽𝒄 =
𝑲𝑽
Frequency shift ∆𝒇𝟎 = 𝟐𝟏𝒌𝑯𝒛 − 𝟐𝟎𝒌𝑯𝒛 = 𝟏𝒌𝑯𝒛
𝟏×𝟏𝟎𝟑
Therefore, ∆𝑽 =
𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟑
=0.25V

OR
Find lock-in-range, capture range frequency and value of RT and CT for a
PLL having Free running frequency 100 KHz, Filter capacitor 2 μF and
supply voltage +6V and -6V.
Given 𝑓0 = 100𝑘𝐻𝑧, 𝐶 = 2µ𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = ±6𝑉
7.8𝑓0
We know that the lock-in- range is given by ∆𝑓𝐿 = ± = ±65𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑉
The capture range, 2∆𝑓𝐶 is given by
∆𝑓𝐿
2∆𝑓𝐶 = ±√
2𝜋(3.6 × 103 )𝐶
Putting the values and solving, we get
2∆𝑓𝐶 = 20397𝑘𝐻𝑧
Further, the free running frequency, 𝑓0 𝑖𝑠
0.25
𝑓0 =
𝑅𝑇 𝐶𝑇
𝑅𝑇 = 10𝐾Ω
𝐶𝑇 = 250𝑝𝐹
4. Derive the impedance offered by a generalized impedance converter. 3 CO BL
Also, calculate the values of resistors and capacitors required to simulate 3 3
an inductor of 1 mH using the converter.
A Generalized Impedance Converter (GIC) is a circuit configuration that can simulate
a wide range of impedances, including inductors, by using active components
(typically op-amps) along with resistors and capacitors.
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Each op-amp Keeps VIN = VNI (voltage at Inverting & Non- inverting terminal must
be Same), we have labelled the voltages at the circuit nodes of both op-amps
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

OR
Derive the expression of voltage gain of low pass Biquad filter. Design a
low pass Biquad Filter with f0 = 8 KHz, BW=250 Hz and a 20 dB response
gain. What is the Value of HOLP.
The term biquad generated from the fact that the Circuit is Capable of realizing a
𝑆2
biquadratic transfer function( 2 ) i.e., one that is the ratio of the quadratic
𝑆
polynomials. After the name of inventors Kerwin - Huelsman Networks (KHN),
The two-integrator loop biquad filter is known as KHN filter. The basic circuit is
as Shown below
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Comparing equ 11 and 12 we get

𝑉𝐿𝑃 𝐾
𝑇𝐿𝑃 = = 𝑊
𝑉𝑖 (𝑆 2 + 𝑆( 𝑄0 ) + 𝑊0 )

To design a low-pass biquad filter with the given specifications, we need to first
understand the parameters involved:

1. Center Frequency (f0): 8 kHz

2. Bandwidth (BW): 250 Hz
3. Gain (G): 20 dB
4.
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

1. Calculating the Quality Factor (Q)

The quality factor Q is a measure of the damping of the filter and is related to the
center frequency (f₀) and bandwidth (BW). It can be calculated using the following
formula:

𝑓0
𝑄=
𝐵𝑊

f0=8000Hz
BW=250 Hz
Q=8000/250=32
Calculating the Gain (Linear Gain)
The gain Klinear is provided as 20 dB. To convert this into linear gain, use the formula:
Klinear= 20 Log10(K)
So, the linear gain is 10.
Biquad Filter Coefficients

For a low-pass filter, the standard form of the transfer function H(s)H(s) for
a biquad filter is:

𝑉𝐿𝑃 𝐾
𝑇𝐿𝑃 = = 𝑊
𝑉𝑖 (𝑆 2 + 𝑆( 𝑄0 ) + 𝑊0 )

where:

 ω0=2πf0
 Q is the quality factor.

We can calculate ω0

ω0=2π×8000=50265.5 radians per second

Section-C
Attempt all the questions of this Section
(6X1=6)
5. Derive the transfer function of second order low pass filter. CO BL
A Stop band response having a 40 dB/decade roll off is obtained with the second 1 3
order low pass filter. A first order low pass filter can be converted into a second order
low pass filter by using additional RC network as shown in following figure
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

The Non-Inv input circuit of second order filter can be written as shown in figure
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

1
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3
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b) Design a band pass filter having f L = 400 Hz & f H = 2 KHz and pass
band gain of 4. Draw the frequency response of the filter and also calculate the
Q-value of the filter.
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
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OR
a) Draw and explain all pass Filter with necessary derivation.
An all pass filter passes all the frequency components of the input signal without
attenuation, while providing phase shifts for different frequencies of the input signal.
When signals are transmitted over transmission lines, such as telephone wires, they
undergo change in the phase. To compensate for these phase changes, all pass filters
are required. The all pass filters are also called delay equalizers or phase correctors.
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JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
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b) Design a LPF at a Cut-off frequency of 10 kHz with a passband gain 2

𝑨 = 𝟐, 𝑭𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑯𝒛
Let C=0.01µF
𝟏
𝑹= =1592 ohm
𝟐𝝅𝑭𝒄 𝑪
𝑹𝒇
𝑨 = (𝟏 + )=𝟐
𝑹
So Rf=R

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