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q2-chem-1-module-8-gen-chem

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Q2-CHEM-1-Module 8 - gen chem

General Chemistry II (Zamboanga del Norte National High School)

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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

12 Zest for Progress


Z Peal of artnership

General Chemistry
Quarter 2 - Module 8
Biomolecules

Name of Learner: ___________________________


Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________

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Module
Biomolecules
8
What I Need to Know
A living system grows, sustains and reproduces itself. The most amazing thing about a
living system is that it is composed of non-living atoms and molecules. The pursuit of knowledge
of what goes on chemically within a living system falls in the domain of biochemistry. Living
systems are made up of various complex biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids,
lipids, etc. Proteins and carbohydrates are essential constituents of our food. These biomolecules
interact with each other and constitute the molecular logic of life processes. In addition, some
simple molecules like vitamins and mineral salts also play an important role in the functions of
organisms. Structures and functions of some of these biomolecules are discussed in this module.

In this module, you will learn more about compounds which are essential to life. These
compounds belong to four main classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids. Carbohydrates and lipids are generally made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Proteins and nucleic acids and some derivatives of carbohydrates and lipids also contain nitrogen.
This module has one (1) lesson:
¥ Lesson 1: Biomolecules: The Chemistry of Life

Learning competency:
¥ describe the structure of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, and
relate them to their function. STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-95
¥ describe the preparation of selected organic compounds STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-9

WhatÕs in
In grade 9, you have learned why carbon is so unique that it can form bonds with
hydrogen or oxygen and form long chains of compounds compared to other elements. In this
module, you will understand the structure of biomolecules which are made up mainly of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen as well as proteins and nucleic acids and some derivatives of carbohydrates
and lipids which also contain nitrogen. You will also learn why these biomolecules are important
to all living things and what differentiates them from each other. This module contains activities
that will enhance understanding about the major groups of biomolecules.
Thus, the end of this module, you will be able to answer the following key
question:
¥ What differentiates the biomolecules from each other?
¥ Which are recommended to include in our diet?

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Score ___/6
Activity 1: The Food Pyramid
Direction: Use the picture below to answer the following questions and encircle the letter of
the correct answer. (2 points each)

Figure 1: The food pyramid


Source USDA Food Pyramid. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:USDA_Food_Pyramid.gif (5 November 2016), Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License.

1. Which group will predominantly be carbohydrates?


a. Vegetable group b. Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group

2. Which group will predominantly be proteins?


a. Milk, yogurt, and cheese group b. Meat, poultry, dry beans, eggs, and Nuts
Group
3. Which group will predominantly provide lipids/fats?
a. Milk, yogurt, and cheese group b. Meat, poultry, dry beans, eggs, and Nuts
Group

Activity 2: Box Analogy


Score ___/9
Directions: Underline the word/s that matches its description in the box.

1. Monomer It is a large molecules composed of many repeating units called


Polymer monomers.

2. Monomer A relatively light, simple organic molecule that can join in long
Polymer chains with other molecules to form a more complex molecule
or polymer
3. Lipids
Proteins Identify the four biomolecule by underlining it.
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acid
Phospholipid

4. Fats This provides more than twice the energy per gram as
Proteins carbohydrates and proteins.

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5. lipid bilayer It is a special lipids that make up the cellular membranes of


phospholipid living cells.
6. DNA A single human chromosome consists of a ______ molecule that,
RNA if stretched out, would measure nearly 5 cm.

WhatÕs New Score ___/11

Activity 3: Simple Recall

Study the table below and answer the following questions. Write your answer inside the
box.

Figure 2. Maltose formation and sucrose formation. Retrieved rom https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Maltose_formation_and_sucrose_form ation.png (5 November 2016), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

1. What is the formula of glucose? What is the formula of fructose? What is the formula
of galactose?

2. What do you call compounds with the same formula but different structures?
a. Isotopes b. isomers
3. What is the difference between the structure of glucose and the structure of fructose?
a. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are carbohydrates, and monosaccharides in
particular. The isomers glucose, glactose, and fructose all have the same
chemical formula, C6H12O2. They are structural isomers, which means that
they have the same formula, but the way the elements are bonded is not the
same.
b. Both fructose and glucose have the same chemical formula, C6H12O6, but
their three dimensional structures are different.
4. How many carbon atoms do glucose, fructose, and galactose have?
a. They have 6 carbon atoms. Hence they are called hexoses.
b. They have 5 carbon atoms. Hence they are called pentose.
5. What functional groups are present in glucose, fructose, and galactose?
a. Ketone groups and amine group
b. Alcohol groups and ether group.
6. Label the below lipids as either saturated or unsaturated.

______________________ _____________________
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7. Lipids are found in:


a. Bread b. Oils/Fats/Waxes

8. Which picture below represents a protein?


d.
a. b. c.

9. Both RNA and DNA are made of these monomers (basic building blocks) called?
a. Nucleotides b. polypeptide
10. The Miller-Urey experiment, shown below describes that:

a. showed that the conditions of early Earth were inhospitable to


life
b. demonstrated that amino acids and other organic molecules
form under conditions that may have existed on Earth before life
began
c. proved that life could originate from inorganic chemicals
d. both B and C

What is It
In Activity 1, you have answered which group of foods is predominantly carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Consequently, this lesson will be on biomolecules:
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids which are all found in the food pyramid. These
biomolecules are considered as organic molecules.
What are organic molecules?
Organic molecules are the molecules which exist in all living things. They are lifeÕs building blocks.
All things are formed from these organic molecules.
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are
also known as saccharides. They have the general formula Cx (H2O)y. Carbohydrates function as
the energy source of the body. A simple general classification of carbohydrates is according to the
number of sugar units (saccharides) present in the molecule: monosaccharides, disaccharides,
and polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide

¥ One sugar per unit molecule ● Two sugar units per molecule ● Many sugar units molecule
¥ Ex: glucose, fructose ● Ex: sucrose, lactose ●Ex: cellulose, starch
Figure 3: Classification of Carbohydrates
MONOSACCHARIDE FORMULA STRUCTURE SOURCES
Fruits
Glucose C6H1206

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Fructose C6H1206 Fruits


Honey

Galactose C6H1206 Naturally


occurring

Figure 4: Monosaccharide: their formula, structure and sources

When two monosaccharides join together through a condensation reaction, a disaccharide


is produced along with a molecule of water. For instance, when two glucose units react via
condensation reaction, the disaccharide, maltose, is formed.

Figure 5: Disaccharide: their formula, structure and sources.


Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. Examples of polysaccharides are starch,
glycogen, and cellulose which are all polymers of glucose. Their general properties are given in
the table below.
So, what do you notice about the names of carbohydrates? The answer, they end with Ðose.
Starch is found in plants and used as source of energy. Starch consists of two types of glucose
polymers: amylose and amylopectin which differ from each other in structure. Amylose which
consists of about 20% of all starch polymers has the simpler structure.

Figure 6 : From A Closer Look at Carbohydrates, An Introduction to


Nutrition.Retrieved fromhttp://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/an-
introduction-to-nutrition/s08-01-acloser-look-at-carbohydrates.html
(5 November 2016), Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 license.

The structure shown may be represented more simply by


Glu Ð (OGlu)n Ð OH

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where n is very large (about 1000 glucose units linked together by oxygen bridges). The long chains
of starch are tightly wound in a coil. When amylose reacts with water through hydrolysis, these
oxygen bridges break releasing glucose units.

Most of starch is made up of amylopectin, the molecules of


which are even larger than amylose. Unlike the more linear
amylose, the amylopectin molecule consists of amylose
molecules that are linked by oxygen bridges from the end of one
amylose unit to a site in another amylose chain.
Starch is not found in animals. Instead, animals use glycogen
for energy storage. Glycogen has shorter chains than starch
and is more highly branched. Because of the shorter chains
and branching, glycogen is more readily hydrolyzed than starch
like amylose, cellulose is a straight chain polymer consisting of glucose units. However. In
cellulose. The glyosidic links between the glucose units in cellulose alternate in direction. This
produces a long, straight and rigid molecule. There is no branching in cellulose. Cellulose the
major structural material which plants are made of. Wood is largely cellulose. Humans cannot
digest cellulose but animals can.

What are proteins?

Proteins are natural polymers. They are very large molecules that are critical for the functions
of the human body. They are made from the linkage of monomers called amino acids. Amino acids
have the following structure:

Notice that amino acids have two functional groups. What are they?
a. Carboxylic group (ÑCOOH)
b. Amine group (ÑNH2)

There are 20 kinds of amino acids depending on the ÑR group. The simplest amino acid is
glycine where R is a hydrogen atom. The body cannot make all the amino acids required by the
body and is dependent on protein taken through food.

Two amino acids can link together through a condensation reaction


with the removal of a water molecule. The linkage is called a peptide
bond. Take the case of two amino acids reacting to form a dipeptide.

When many amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds,
the resulting molecule is called a polypeptide. A very large number of amino acids linked together
results in a protein. Some proteins are made up of only one polypeptide while most proteins
involve assemblies of two or more polypeptides. The term polypeptide is usually used for
shorter, unstructured chains while proteins fold into fixed structures.

It is therefore possible to think of a protein as a strong of


beads strung together where each bead is an amino acid.

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Different Levels of Protein Structure


The sequence and the structure of proteins are important in determining their functions.
There are four levels of protein structures: the primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary
structure, and quaternary structure.

The primary structure refers to the linear sequence of


amino acids joined by peptide bonds such as the sequence of
amino acids below.

Gly Ile Val Glu Gln Cys Gly Cys Ala Ser Val Cys Ser Leu

The single bonds in the polypeptide chain allow rotation.


Therefore, the polypeptide chain can twist and fold in a variety
of ways. These folded structures are referred to as secondary
protein structures. The two essential secondary structures are
the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheets. The structures are
stabilized by hydrogen bonds between amino acids. In the
alpha-helix structure, the chain twists like a corkscrew while
the chain takes the form of a folded sheet in the beta pleated structure. Several secondary
structures come together forming tertiary structures. When several tertiary structures come
together, a quaternary protein structure is formed. For example, the protein hemoglobin is a
quaternary structure formed by four tertiary structures.

Primary Protein structure


- Sequence of a chain of amino acid
Secondary Protein structure
- Hydrogen bonding of the peptide
backbone causes the amino acids to fold
into a repeating pattern
Tertiary Protein structure
- Three dimensional folding pattern of a
protein due to a side chain interactions
Quaternary Protein structure
- Protein consisting of more than one
amino acid chain
Figure 7: The four levels of protein structure
From: www.pearsonhighered.com

Protein Functions
Proteins are important molecules in cell. Each
protein in the body has a specific function. Some
of the types of proteins and their functions are:
a. Antibodies - proteins involved in defending the body against antigens. They are the molecules
of the immune system.
b. Contractile proteins Ð responsible for body movement such as muscle contraction
c. Enzymes Ð proteins that catalyze (speed up) or facilitate biochemical reactions
d. Hormonal proteins Ð serve as messenger proteins to help coordinate some body functions. An
example is insulin (which controls blood sugar concentration).
e. Structural proteins Ð are fibrous and provide support. An example is collagen which provides
support to connective tissues.
f. Storage proteins Ð store amino acids like casein in milk.
g. Transport proteins Ð are carrier proteins which move molecules from one place to another in
the body. An example is hemoglobin which transports oxygen.

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Protein Denaturation
Denaturation is a process in which a protein loses its secondary, tertiary, or quaternary
structures. This may be caused by physical or chemical agents like strong acid, base, inorganic
salt, heat, or solvent which disrupt the bonds that hold the protein structures together.
Denaturation does not cause the cleavage of the peptide bond (the primary structure). Note that
a protein will lose its biological activity if it loses its 3-dimensional shape.
Examples of Protein Denaturation
DENATURING AGENT EXAMPLES
Heat Cooking food (boiling egg, frying an egg)
Acids and Bases Acid denatures milk proteins in the preparation of
cheese
Heavy metal ions like Ag+,
Pb2+, Hg2+ Mercury and lead poisoning

Organic compounds Chemicals used in hairstyling or hair straightening or


hair curling
Mechanical agitation Preparation of whipped cream or meringue from egg
whites
What are Nucleic Acids?
Nucleic acids are natural polymers with very large molar masses. The two main types of
nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA and RNA are
polymers made up of monomers in the form of nucleotides. When these nucleotides combine, they
form polynucleotides. DNA carries the genetic information passed on from parents to children.
RNA plays an important role in protein synthesis.
Each nucleotide is made up of three parts:
1. A nitrogen base 2. A five-carbon sugar
a. Purines - adenine (A), and guanine (G) a. Deoxyribose
b. Pyrimidines - cytosine (C) , thymine (T), b. Ribose
uracil (U) c. Phosphate
DNA RNA
Function Repository of genetic Involved in protein synthesis
information
Structure Double helix Usually single-strands
Sugar used deoxyribose Ribose
Bases used C,T,A,G C, U, A, G

What are Lipids?


Lipids are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds distinguished by their
solubility in an organic solvent (and not in water). Lipids are hydrophobic, nonpolar, and
made up mostly of hydrocarbon chains. Some of the more important lipids are: triglycerides
(fats), saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Some of
these are further discussed below.
1. Fatty Acids
a. Fatty acids consist of a long hydrocarbon chain (typically about 12 Ð 18 carbons)
attached to a carboxyl group.
a. Saturated fatty acid Ð contains only single C-C bonds because the carbon atoms
are saturated or filled up with hydrogens. Because their structure is straight, they
can pack well and are solid at room temperature (e.g. fat in butter).

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i. Unsaturated fatty acids Ð contain carbon-carbon double bonds. When there is only
one C-C double bond, it is called monounsaturated; if there are several C-C double
bonds, they are called polyunsaturated. Remember that when there are double
bonds, there will be geometric isomers (cis and trans). Because of the double bonds,
they do not pack as tightly as saturated fatty acids. They are usually liquids at room
temperature. An example of an unsaturated fatty acid is olive oil.

b. Fats and Oils


Fat molecules have two parts: a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains. The
resulting molecule is called a triglyceride.

Glycerol 3 fatty acids Triglyceride


How selected organic compounds are prepared?
• The Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated the
abiotic synthesis of organic compounds.
• Water (H2O), methane (CH4),
ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen (H2) were all sealed
inside a sterile array of glass tubes and flasks
connected in a loop, with one flask half-full of
liquid water and another flask containing a pair of
electrodes.
• The liquid water was heated to induce
evaporation, sparks were fired between the
electrodes to simulate lightning through
the atmosphere and water vapor, and then the
atmosphere was cooled again so that the water
could condense and trickle back into the first flask
in a continuous cycle.
• Within a day, the mixture had turned pink in
color, and at the end of two weeks of continuous
operation, Miller and Urey observed that as much
as 10Ð15% of the carbon within the system was
now in the form of organic compounds.
• Two percent of the carbon had formed amino
acids that are used to make proteins in living cells,
with glycine as the most abundant. Nucleic acids
were not formed within the reaction. But the
common 20 amino acids were formed, in various
concentrations
Figure 8 & 9: Source : RenŽ
McCormickNational Math and
Science. Dallas, TX
Score ___/8
WhatÕs More
Activity 4: Describe it!
Directions: Describe the Miller-Urey experiment based on the picture given
by answering the questions that follow. Encircle the correct answer.
1. Which question were the scientists trying to answer with this experiment?
a. Where do cells come from?
b. What came first the chicken or the egg?
c. How are biomolecules formed?
d. What gave rise to the Eukaryotic cell?
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2. The apparatus in the Miller Urey experiment was used to simulate what?
a. proteins
b. Earth's present conditions
c. early Earth's conditions
d. they didn't mean to mimic anything
in particular
3. What were Miller and Urey able to
demonstrate?
a. That organic compounds have CH
bonds
b. That simple inorganic molecules
could combine to form complex
organic molecules
c. That complex organic compounds
could only be made in a laboratory
d. That ancient Earth did not have the
conditions that would allow for
organic molecules to ever exist
4. Miller/Urey and other scientists have
shown that:
a. Life on early Earth required material
from space
b. Cells survived in the primitive
atmosphere
c. Amino acids could be produced from
inorganic molecules
d. Simple cells can be produced in a
laboratory

Score ___/12
What I Have Learned
Activity 5: Matching Up the Biomolecules
Directions: Study the structural formula in Column B and match/connect it to its
appropriate biomolecule that can be found in Column A and in its fitting function in
Column C then write your answer on the space provided under Column A.
Column A Column B Column C
____1. Carbohydrates A. It performs essential
function; including
regulation of chemical
reactions, structural
support, transport of
materials, and muscle
contractions.
____2. Lipids B. This provide energy and
structural material for
living things.

____3. Proteins C. It stores and transmit


genetic material.

____4. Nucleic Acids D. It has the function of


long-term storage of
energy in the body.

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Score ___/40
What Can I do

Activity 6: You are what you eat!


Figure 1 below depicts food that one must eat for a healthy
body. If an individual does not practice a healthy food diet, what do
you think will happen to his/her body? Is it true that you are what you
eat? Write a 80 words explanation on the spaces provided. A rubric is
given as a guide for your points.

Figure 11. You are What You Eat


Source: https://www.pinterest.com

Write your essay here.


_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

RUBRICS FOR ESSAY:


FEATURES EXEMPLARY PROFECIENT NEEDS 2 (BEGINNER)
IMPROVEMT
Quality of Piece was written in Piece was written in an Piece had little Piece had no
an extraordinary interesting style and style or voice; gives style; gives no
Writing (25)
voice; somewhat some new new information
style and voice; very informative and information but and very poorly
informative and well organized. poorly organized. organized.

organized.
Grammar, Virtually no Few spelling and A number of So many spelling,
spelling, punctuation errors, punctuation and
Usage and spelling,
punctuation or grammatical
minor grammatical punctuation or
Mechanics(15) grammatical errors errors that it
grammatical errors
errors interferes with
the meaning.

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Score ___/15
Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Read and understand each item and encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. What elements make up a carbohydrate?
a. hydrogen, calcium, oxygen c. carbon, magnesium, hydrogen
b. hydrogen, carbon, oxygen d. nitrogen, carbon, oxygen
2. What is the monosaccharide found in starch?
a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Maltose d. Lactose
3. What type of a carbohydrate that cannot be digested by humans?
a. Cellulose b. Starch c. Glucose d. Fructose
4. One function of a carbohydrate is _______________.
a. To provide the body with immediate energy
b. To keep the heart functioning smoothly
c. To store and transport genetic material
d. To control the rate of the biochemical reactions
5. Glucose, galactose and fructose are __________.
a. Disaccharides b. isotopes c. Polymers d. Isomers
6. The small repeating units that make up proteins are called __________.
a. Fatty acids b. Amino acids c. Monosaccharides d. Ethylene
7. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called the proteinÕs __________.
a. primary structure b. secondary structure
c. tertiary structure d. quaternary structure
8. Fats and oils are composed of what two groups of molecules?
a. glucose and fructose b. starch and sugar
c. water and cellulose d. glycerol and fatty acids
9. Which of the following is a polymer of glucose?
a. starch b. glycogen c. cellulose d. A and B and C
10. What kind of molecule is represented by the structure below?
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
a. A sugar c. A disaccharide
b. An unsaturated fatty acid d. A saturated fatty acid
11. Table sugar is a form of what biomolecule?
a. protein b. lipid
c. carbohydrate D. nucleic acid
12. When a protein is boiled, it loses all levels of organization except the primary level. When
this happens, the protein is said to be:
a. hydrolyzed b. dehydrated
c. denatured d. plasmolyzed
13. The group of biologically important organic compounds responsible for storage and transfer
of information is
a. carbohydrates b. phospholipids
c. polypeptides d. nucleic acids
14. The structure on the left is a(n) __________ and the structure on the right is a(n) ________.

a. Lipid, polypeptide
b. Carbohydrate, lipid
c. Carbohydrate, amino acid
d. Nucleotide, amino acid

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15. DNA is a ________


a. Carbohydrate c. Lipid
b. Fatty Acid d. Nucleic Acid

Additional Activities
Activity 7: Concept Mapping

Directions: Identify what are the types of biomolecules and its building blocks. Choose your
answers from the word bank and write it inside the blank boxes.

Biomolecules

WORD BANK

Carbohydrates Nucleotides Lipids

Fatty Acid Sugar Amino Acid


Proteins Nucleic Acid

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Answer Key

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References

Books

Department of Education. Grade 9 science learnerÕs module.


Glencoe The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc,

Website
http://anuratli.exteen.com/category/DairyProduction/page/5

WLHS/Biology/Oppelt

https://www.georgetownisd.org/cms/lib/TX01001838/Centricity/Domain/830/Biomolecules%
20packet%202011.pdf

https://www.wlwv.k12.or.us/cms/lib8/OR01001812/Centricity/Domain/1341/BiomoleculeRev
iewWorksheet.pdf

http://www.ricediversity.org/outreach/educatorscorner/documents/You-Are-What-You-Eat.pdf

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5d5c644952d875001ba83402/miller-urey-and-carbs

Development Team Region IX Hymn


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azada,
Y al fin anuncia el d’a tras l—brego capuz;
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Vierte la sangre m’a, derr‡mala en buen hora El polvo de tu alfombra que vayan a formar.
Y d—rela un reflejo de su naciente luz
Entonces nada importa me pongas en olvido.
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Vibrante y limpia nota serŽ para tu o’do,
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oriente,
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Ensue–o de mi vida, mi ardiente vivo anhelo, Voy donde no hay esclavos, verdugos ni
ÁSalud te grita el alma que pronto va a partir! opresores,
Donde la fe no mata, donde el que reina es
Juliet M. Magallanes, Ed.D ÁSalud! Ah, que es hermoso caer por darte
vuelo, Dios.
CID Chief Morir por darte vida, morir bajo tu cielo,
Y en tu encantada tierra la eternidad dormir. Adi—s, padres y hermanos, trozos del alma
m’a,
Si sobre mi sepulcro vieres brotar un d’a Amigos de la infancia en el perdido hogar,
Florencio R. Caballero, DTE Entre la espesa yerba sencilla, humilde flor, Dad gracias que descanso del fatigoso d’a;
AcŽrcala a tus labios y besa al alma m’a, Adi—s, dulce extranjera, mi amiga, mi alegr’a,
EPS - LRMDS Y sienta yo en mi frente bajo la tumba fr’a, Adi—s, queridos seres, morir es descansar.
De tu ternura el soplo, de tu h‡lito el calor.
JosŽ Rizal, 1896
Sandy R. Albarico Deja que el sol, ardiendo, las lluvias evapore
Y al cielo tornen puras, con mi clamor en
EPS -Science pos;
Deja que un ser amigo mi fin temprano llore
Y en las serenas tardes cuando por m’
alguien ore,
ÁOra tambiŽn, oh Patria, por mi descanso a
Dios!

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