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AIR & NOISE POLLUTION (1) (1)

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13 views

AIR & NOISE POLLUTION (1) (1)

Uploaded by

RiÝăż Jç Ým
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AIR POLLUTION

When the impurities or the particles from the


destruction of natural or artificial sources are mixed up
with the atmosphere , such air is toxic to respiration
PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANT:
1.Oxides of sulphur (particularly the sulphur dioxide )
2.Oxides of carbon like carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide
3.Oxides of nitrogen, like NO,
4.Volatile organic compounds , mostly hydrocarbons
5.Suspended particulate matter (SPM)
These primary pollutants often react with one another or with water vapor
, aided and abetted by the sunlight, to form entirely a new set of pollutants ,
called the “Secondary pollutants”
● Carbon Monoxide - Directly affects the oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood by affecting Hemoglobin
● Hydrocarbon -Bronchitis
● Sulphur dioxide - Respiratory problems
● Nitrogen Oxides - (NOx) - lungs oedema
SECONDARY POLLUTANTS :
1. Sulphuric acid
2.Ozone
3.Formaldehydes
4.Peroxyacyl-nitrate(PAN)
Secondary pollutants like ozone , formaldehyde ,PAN, etc are formed by
the Photochemical reactions, say example sunlight between two primary
pollutants
Since PAN and Ozone strong oxidising agent they will cause irritation
while breathing (or) respiratory disease.
SPM - SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTERS :
The particulate matter in air may occur largely in solid form as
particle of dust, smoke , fume etc,. And also in liquid form as mist and
fog.
AEROSOLS :
The particles larger than a molecules but small enough to remain
suspended in air are called ‘Aerosols‘
A.Liquid particles :
1.Mist : Aerosols consisting of liquid droplets(Ex:Sulphuric acid mist)
2.Fog: Aerosols consisting of water droplets
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG :
It is a mixture of smoke and fog
Two types :- 1.Photo chemical & 2.Coal induced
The atmospheric conditions favourable for formation of photochemical
smog are : (i) the presence of high concentrations of hydrocarbon and
nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere
(ii)air stagnation as not to cause dispersal of air
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
1.Natural method :
a.Chimney dispersion
b.Gravitational settling
c.Adsorption
2.By mechanical devices :
a.Electrostatic precipitators
b.Cyclone separators
LAPSE RATE :
The rate of change of temperature increase or decrease with respect
to rise in elevation is known as Lapse rate
1.Normal lapse rate :
When the temperature goes on decreasing w.r.to the rise in elevation
then the prevailing lapse rate is said to be the normal lapse
2.Negative Lapse rate :
When the temperature goes to increasing w.r.to the rise in elevation
then the prevailing lapse rate is called negative lapse rate
3.Adiabatic lapse rate :

It is defined as the constant or deterministic fall in temperature w.r.to rise in


elevation

● For dry air - 1°C fall per 100 m - 10° C fall per km
● For wet air - 1° C fall per 165 m - 6° C fall per km

4.Sub Adiabatic Lapse rate :

When the actual lapse rate prevailing in the atmosphere is less than the
adiabatic lapse rate it is known as sub adiabatic lapse rate.

● Ex : If falling temperature per km is less than 6° C (or) 10° C


5.Super adiabatic lapse rate :
When the actual lapse rate prevailing in the atmosphere is less than the
adiabatic lapse rate it is known as sub adiabatic lapse rate.

6.Isothermal lapse rate :


When the temperature remains constant w.r.to the rise in elevation then the
prevailing rate of lapse is termed as Isothermal lapse.

7.Environmental /Actual lapse rate :


It is the instantaneous rate of lapse prevailing at a point
CHIMNEY DEPRESSION :
PLUME :
It is defined as the continues stream of air pollutants ejected from a
chimney stacks .
1.LOOPING PLUME
It has a wavy character and occurs in super-adiabatic environment, which produces
highly unstable , because of rapid mixing.
2.NEUTRAL PLUME
Neutral plume is the upward vertical rise of the plume from the stack. The upward
lifting of the plume will continue till it reaches an air of density similar to that of the
plume itself

ELR=ALR
v<1.5 m/s
3.CONING PLUME :
The neutral plume tends to cone when the wind velocity is greater than
32 km/hr
● Occurs under subadiabatic conditions

ELR<ALR
v>32 km/hr
4.FANNING PLUME :
Under extreme inversion conditions caused by negative
environmental lapse rate, from the ground and up to a considerable
height
5.LOFTING PLUME:
● When there exists a strong super adiabatic lapse rate above a surface
inversion
● Most ideal case of dispersion by emission

ELR<ALR
6.FUMIGATING PLUME:
● When an inversion layer occurs at a short distance above a surface
inversion above the top of the stack and superadiabatic conditions
prevail below the stack
● Quite bad case of atm conditions of dispersion
7.TRAPPING PLUME :
● When inversion layers exist above the emission source as well as below
the source
● Neither go up or down
● Dispersion cannot go above a certain height
NOISE POLLUTION :

It is defined as the intolerable and unpleasant sound that causes


harmful effect on the environment
Scale used for the determination of noise - Decibel
Tolerable range of noise :
● For humans the tolerable audibility of noise ranges from - 40 to
60 dB
● As a average - 50dB
● If the noise level exceeds 60 dB it causes headache and
dizziness
● When its ranges from 120dB to 150 dB it may cause permanent
deafness
NOISE LEVEL RECOMMENDATIONS

S.NO AREA DAY NIGHT

1 Industrial 75 70

2 Commercial 65 55

3 Residential 55 45

4 Silence zone 50 40
NOISE CONTROL METHODS :

● Reduction in the source of noise


● By avoiding the usage of old vehicles and lubricating the
machine parts
● Using silencers or using proper acoustics
● By planting more trees
● By enforcing laws
E-WASTE
● Electronic waste popularly known as E-waste , can be defined as
electronic and electrical equipments /products (including the
connecting power plugs and batteries ).
● Electronic and electrical equipments are made up of several
components, many of which contain toxic substances, like lead,
chromium, mercury, beryllium, cadmium, acids, and plastics, etc.
● These toxic substances can have highly adverse impacts on
human health and the environment, if not handled properly.
● Often these hazards arise due to improper recycling and
rudimentary processes used for disposal of E-waste
● Land filling of e-waste , one of the most widely used methods of
disposal .
● E-waste management and handling rules- 2011

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