PART B Chapter 1 Contents

Overview 1.1 general design considerations

For many years, concrete masonry has been a mainstay 1.2 design for acoustics
of Australian building. However, unlike its glamorous
sisters, reinforced concrete and structural steel, this 1.3 design for robustness
Cinderella product receives little attention in structural
engineering courses and its aesthetic qualities are 1.4 design for fire
shunned in favour of clay brickwork.
The purpose of this Part of the Manual is to redress 1.5 design for vertical loads
these shortfalls by:
1.6 design for horizontal loads
■ explaining the requirements of the Building Code
of Australia (BCA) and the use of AS 3700 Masonry 1.7 design for movement
structures to design concrete masonry buildings and
building components; 1.8 design for durability
■ providing simple design charts which will assist the
rapid selection of concrete masonry members; and 1.9 design for thermal performance
■ providing comprehensive design examples which
show the origin of the charts and the use of the 1.10 design of footings
Standard.
1.11 glossary

1.12 standard design charts

1.13 MASONRY DESIGN CHECK SOFTWARE

1.14 bibliography

PART B: CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1.1.1 Building Types Of the ten building classes in the Building
Code of Australia (BCA), the most likely
In this manual, buildings are considered
classifications of these buildings are:
under three broad headings:
Class Building Type and Element
A Low-rise commercial and industrial
buildings with large wall panels: Low-rise commercial and industrial
Factories buildings with large wall panels
Warehouses 3 Hotel or motel foyers
Shopping centres 6 Shopping centres and sales show
Auditoriums rooms
Schools and hospitals
7 Warehouses and public car parks
B High-rise and medium-rise commercial 8 Factories
and residential buildings with
9 Auditoriums and assembly halls
loadbearing and non-loadbearing,
fire-rated walls: High-rise and medium-rise
Home units commercial and residential buildings
Office buildings 2 Home units
Hotels Example of Group ‘A’ Building Example of Group ‘B’ Building
3 Boarding houses, guest houses, hotels,
C Residential buildings: motels, aged accommodation
Single dwellings 4 Dwellings within other buildings
Duplexes 5 Offices
Town houses 6 Shops
Villa units
8 Laboratories
Residential buildings
1 Single dwelling houses, multiple
dwelling houses such as town houses,
row houses, villa houses, boarding
houses and group houses
10a Non-habitable out-buildings such as
garages and sheds

Example of Group ‘C’ Building

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.1.2 Masonry Wall Types Table 1.1 Comparison of Masonry Wall types
The main types of masonry wall are as Aspect Single-leaf walls Veneer walls Cavity walls Hybrid walls
follows.
Single leaf: Construction Hollow or cored Hollow, cored or solid Brick or hollow or cored Brick or hollow or cored
concrete block brick or block concrete block concrete block
Unreinforced single-leaf walls Figure 1.1(a)
Reinforced single-leaf walls Figure 1.1(b) Reinforcement Can include vertical Requires structural Not usual, but there is no Diaphragm wall is not reinforced.
reinforcement or support reason why one leaf should Reinforced-cavity wall has horizontal
Veneer: bond beams not be reinforced and vertical reinforcement
Unreinforced veneer walls Figure 1.1(c)
Waterproof No, requires painting Yes, provided Yes, provided Yes, generally
Cavity: or sealing to prevent construction is flashed construction is flashed
Unreinforced cavity walls Figure 1.1(d) water penetration
Cavity walls with one or more Aesthetics Depends on the coating Face masonry does not Face masonry does not Face masonry does not
reinforced leaves Figure 1.1(e) system, painted split or require painting require painting require painting
Hybrid: painted ribbed units are
Diaphragm walls Figure 1.1(f) attractive
Reinforced-cavity walls Figure 1.1(g) Cost Most economical form Structural support adds Approximately 50% more More expensive than
of masonry but must be considerably to cost expensive than single-leaf cavity wall
Table 1.1 compares these wall types.
waterproofed
There are many options open to designers
for the provision of attractive finishes to
concrete masonry. Walls may be face block
or brick (plain face, ribbed or split) or may
be coated with paint, render or other
decorative finishes.
To avoid the ingress of rainwater, single-
leaf masonry walls should be coated with a
continuous membrane such as three coats
of 100% acrylic-based paint. Clear water-
repellents may be satisfactory, provided
reinforcement has been incorporated into
the masonry to control cracking and special
attention has been given to the permeability
of the masonry units and mortar, and quality
of laying. Where practical, large eaves should
be provided to shield walls, with clear
sealers, from rain.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Solid or hollow concrete masonry Hollow concrete blockwork
Vertical steel Masonry-veneer ties
reinforcement Solid or hollow concrete
(optional) masonry outer leaf
Horizontal steel
reinforcement Structural
to bond beams backing
(optional)

Bed-joint Flashing
reinforcement
(optional) Weepholes

(a) Unreinforced Single-leaf (b) Reinforced Single-leaf (c) Unreinforced Veneer

SINGLE-LEAF WALLS VENEER WALLS

Vertical steel
reinforcement (optional) Vertical steel reinforcement
Outer leaf Headers bonded to the in mortar-filled cavity
Outer leaf internal and external
leaves with ties Outer leaf
Inner leaf Cavity ties
Outer leaf Cavity ties
Horizontal steel
reinforcement
Horizontal steel
(optional)
Cavity ties reinforcement
in cavity
Inner leaf
Open perpends
as weepholes
for drainage Inner leaf or Inner leaf or Inner leaf
of cavity outer leaf may Inner leaf or Inner leaf or
outer leaf or both
be solid or hollow Inner leaf outer leaf may outer leaf may
may be reinforced
Flashing concrete masonry Flashing be solid or hollow be solid or hollow
concrete masonry concrete masonry
(d) Unreinforced Leaves (e) Reinforced Leaves (f) Diaphragm (g) Reinforced-cavity
CAVITY WALLS HYBRID WALLS

Figure 1.1 Masonry Wall Types

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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1.1.3 Low-Rise Commercial And frames, concrete beams and columns, steel fixing reinforcement and different Note: The maximum permissible
Industrial Buildings With or timber mullions, steel or timber girts or construction sequences. length of horizontal bond beam is,
LargE Wall Panels masonry piers. 9.12 metres for 190-mm thick walls
Each system is particularly suited to 6.72 metres for 140-mm thick walls
Selection of the appropriate masonry system Notwithstanding the limitations placed on single-leaf construction but can also be
will depend on the wall panel sizes, the the frame spacing by the roof system, the constructed as the structural leaf of a cavity
support conditions and the magnitude of most expedient wall support system will wall.
the design out-of-plane horizontal wind, be determined by the positions of doors,
Each system can be either loadbearing
earthquake or fire loads. windows, shutters, loading docks and
(supporting roof or floor loads) or non-
partition walls.
Once the masonry walling system has been loadbearing, eg contained within a grid of
selected and checked for these out-of-plane Full-height roller shutter openings could supporting members.
horizontal loads, it must be checked for in- negate designs based on horizontal bond Long horizontal
plane horizontal shear load, vertical load and beams. Articulation of the walls could openings, such as
banks of windows, make
combined load. prevent continuity of the bond beams. vertical reinforcement difficult.
A bank of windows could make vertical In such cases, horizontal reinforcement
If masonry walls are continuous over two Reinforcement continuous is preferred (It is usual, however, to provide
reinforcement difficult. All these points past supports.
or more storeys, the fixing of walls to some vertical reinforcement as well)
require consideration. Wall fixed to intermediate
intermediate floors will greatly improve the floor improves structural efficiency
structural efficiency by reducing the wall Two systems of large wall panels are Figure 1.3 Unreinforced Masonry Between
Horizontally-Reinforced Bond Beams
spans. Reinforcement may be continuous available to designers depending on the
at intermediate floors, thus reducing the size of the panels and the horizontal loads Reinforcement lapped at
bending moments at mid span (Figure 1.2). expected. mid-height of large span
Full-height openings, such as for roller
(Suggested max. lift – 3.2 m)
In buildings with large internal clear spans n Unreinforced hollow blockwork shutters, make horizontal reinforcement
difficult.
(eg factories and warehouses), the spacing supported by horizontally reinforced
of portal frames, trusses, beams and columns concrete masonry bond beams. This is Reinforcement continuous
suitable for 190-mm walls up to 6.84 past supports. Wall fixed
will generally be dictated by the roof system. to floor where possible
Historically, the frame spacing has been six metres long between vertical supports
to seven metres. With the more widespread (Figure 1.3). Reinforcement lapped at
use of high-strength deep purlins, frame n Reinforced masonry consisting of mid-height of large span
(Suggested max. lift
spacings of seven to eight metres are more unreinforced blockwork supported by 3.2 m)
likely. vertically-reinforced cores at up to
2-metre centres. This is suitable for Reinforcement In such cases,
Once the roof-beam spacing is determined, continuous vertical reinforcement
190-mm walls up to 6.84 metres high is preferred. (Some
the column spacing logically follows. Thus, in past supports.
and supported at the top (Figure 1.4). Wall fixed to floor horizontal reinforcement
these buildings, walls spanning six to seven where possible is used eg above openings)
metres vertically and seven to eight metres There are several variations on each of these
horizontally could be required. systems employing different block types,
Figure 1.2 Large Wall Panels Continuous Figure 1.4 Reinforced Wall System with
different methods of
Walls may be supported by steel portal Over Two or More Storeys Vertically-Reinforced Cores

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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1.1.4 High-Rise and Medium- Within most commercial and residential
Vertical gravity loads supported
Rise Commercial and applications, two masonry walling systems by beam/column system
Residential Buildings are available to designers:
These buildings commonly incorporate walls ■ Non-loadbearing panels or partitions,
in the range 2.4 to 3.0 metres high although which are supported laterally within a
there could be some applications such as structural frame but receive no imposed
Gap ensures
auditoriums and foyers where larger panels load from it, Figure 1.5. Where non- no vertical load
are involved. Reinforced masonry is ideal for loadbearing walls are built between is transmitted
these large-panel applications. concrete floor slabs, they should be to wall
adequately attached at the top to the Lateral pressures Typical head tie set in
underside of the slab, and at the sides, due to wind, fire full perp joint and fixed
or earthquake, to slab. This permits
to prevent lateral movement, Figure 1.6. Self-weight of wall
distributed to vertical shrinkage and/or
Bonded or tied piers and cross walls will columns through expansion of wall and
provide further lateral support. These masonry wall
deflection of slab while
walls may be either cavity wall or single- providing lateral support
leaf construction.
Control gap, may
■ Loadbearing walls supporting imposed
Figure 1.5 Non-Loadbearing Wall System require fire-rated filler to
vertical loads, commonly used in maintain fire-resistance
buildings up to five storeys high, either level of wall
with or without a reinforced concrete or
concrete masonry shear core to provide
lateral stability, Figures 1.7 and 1.8. Figure 1.6 Tying Non-Loadbearing Walls to Slabs
These walls may be either cavity wall or to Prevent Lateral Movement
single-leaf construction. It is common
for the internal leaf of an external wall to
be loadbearing, while the external leaf is
treated as a non-loadbearing veneer.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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1.1.5 Residential Buildings
Vertical gravity loads
supported by masonry wall The structural design considerations for
houses centres around:
■ Analysis for wind uplift and lateral
pressures in high wind areas,
■ Detailing for earthquake resistance,
■ Selection of a slab or footing system that
is compatible with the proposed masonry
superstructure, and
Lateral pressures
■ Detailing appropriate movement
due to wind, fire
or earthquake, joints to account for movement of the
distributed to foundations, slabs and footing and
wall supports
shrinkage in the masonry.
The most common form of house
construction in Australia is masonry veneer
Figure 1.7 Loadbearing Wall System (usually brick veneer), although single-
leaf reinforced masonry is very popular
in northern Australia due to its ability
to withstand high wind loads and earth
Localised slab stiffening or shallow beam LEGEND movement. The older form of cavity masonry
Loadbearing walls exhibits superior thermal properties and
Using non-loadbearing sound insulation, but is more expensive than
walls in this manner avoids Non-loadbearing walls
the other two forms of masonry for housing.
complicated slab reinforcement

Slab action predominantly

one-way with Two-way One-way
some negative action of action of slab
moments at slab
supports

Localised slab stiffening over windows

Figure 1.8 Typical Layout of Loadbearing Wall System for Commercial and Residential
Buildings

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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1.2 DESIGN FOR ACOUSTICS 1.3 DESIGN FOR ROBUSTNESS
Designing for acoustics is a primary All walls must meet the robustness criteria Residential Buildings
consideration, usually dealt with by the Living Bed Bed
of AS 3700 which provide an upper limit Provided veneer ties are used at the
architect. Selection of a suitable masonry on sensible design. However, compliance spacings specified in AS 3700, masonry
system either with or without cladding must with the robustness criteria must not be veneer construction will meet the
A
be made early in the design process. UNIT 3 considered to be a substitute for rational robustness provisions.
Low-Rise Commercial and Industrial design for calculated wind, earthquake, fire
Except perhaps for unsupported gable end
Buildings with Large Wall Panels C and gravity loads.
Dining Hall walls, most cavity masonry construction will
There are no specific acoustic requirements A Low-Rise Commercial and Industrial also satisfy the robustness requirements.
for these buildings. Kitchen Bath
A
C Buildings with Large Wall Panels
C Single-leaf partition walls may exceed
High-Rise and Medium-Rise Commercial UNIT 4 If large walls of low-rise buildings do not
B B Bath robustness limits and should be checked.
meet the robustness criteria, consideration

Corridor
and Residential Buildings Reinforcement or steel mullions can be
The BCA Vol 1, Part F5 sets out the should be given to using thicker units or
used to ensure that isolated piers between
requirements for airborne sound insulation UNIT 2 cavity construction, increasing the support
window or door openings do not present a
and impact sound insulation between C Living system (perhaps by using steel mullions) or
Living problem.
various parts of Class 2 and Class 3 buildings. A A introducing reinforcement into unreinforced
Living C C Living
elements.
The BCA Vol 1 requires that walls that

Corridor
separate sole-occupancy units or walls that UNIT 1 UNIT 5 High-Rise and Medium-Rise Commercial
separate a sole- occupancy unit from a plant and Residential Buildings
room, lift shaft, stairway, public corridor, The walls of high-rise or medium-rise
A Walls requiring: Rw + Ctr (airborne) not less than 50
buildings that are most likely to fail the
hallway or the like, have certain values of
Rw(Note 1). It also requires that walls between B Walls requiring: Rw + Ctr (airborne) not less than 50, robustness criteria are those where:
a bathroom, sanitary compartment, laundry and Impact Sound Resistance
■ there are long runs without intersecting
or kitchen and a habitable room (other than C Walls requiring: Rw (airborne) not less than 50
cross walls;
a kitchen) in an adjoining unit have higher
■ there are isolated piers between window
values of Rw(Note 1), provide a satisfactory level Figure 1.9 Example of BCA Requirements
or door openings; or
of insulation against impact sound and not for Sound and Impact Insulation in Class 2
incorporate a duct that reduces the Rw value and Class 3 Buildings(Note 1) ■ there are chases or control joints that
of the wall. (Figure 1.9). destroy two-way action which may have
been assumed in the design.
Residential Buildings
There are no specific acoustic requirements In all cases, the top of the wall must be tied
for single dwellings. However, the BCA to the slab or roof above with connectors
Volume 2, Section P2.4.6 and Part 3.8.6, set capable of supporting the applied lateral
out the requirements for airborne sound loads. All intersecting cross walls should be
insulation and impact sound insulation NOTES: bonded or tied into the wall. If the thickness
1 Values given are the basic BCA requirements,
between adjoining dwellings in Class 1 however, different states have elected to of masonry unit can not be increased, the
buildings. The requirements are similar to vary some of these values which will require most practical solution is the inclusion of
those listed above. checking with the local authority. reinforcement or steel mullions into the wall.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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1.4 DESIGN FOR FIRE
Certain walls defined in the BCA Part C must Residential Buildings Table 1.2 Type of Construction Required
meet the three fire resistance levels (FRLs) [Extract from Building Code of Australia
The BCA requires that:
of structural adequacy (stability against Table C1.1]
collapse), integrity (resistance to cracking) ■ In a Class 1 building (residential), any
external walls that are within 1 metre Class of Building
and insulation (resistance to the passage
of an allotment boundary or within 2 Rise (storeys) 2,3 and 9 5,6,7 and 8
of heat). Insulation and integrity can be
improved by using masonry units with metres of another building on the same 4 or more A A
a greater material thickness (measure of allotment (other than a Class 10a shed,
garage or carport) shall be of concrete, 3 A B
the equivalent solid thickness) or by using
units incorporating lightweight materials masonry or masonry veneer construction 2 B C
(usually scoria, blast furnace slag or boiler with a minimum thickness of 90 mm and 1 C C
ash, depending on availability). In large a Fire Resistance Level (FRL) of 60/60/60
wall panels, structural adequacy under fire (ie able to provide structural adequacy,
loading can be a major consideration. If integrity and insulation for 60 minutes).
there are problems, consider using a thicker ■ In a Class 10a garage or shed (excluding
unit, increase the support system (perhaps open garage), any external walls that are
by using steel mullions) or introduce within 1 m of an allotment boundary shall
reinforcement into unreinforced elements. be non-combustible material or lined
Reinforced masonry is usually an effective with non-combustible material.
way of achieving structural adequacy. ■ Any common walls must be of concrete
See Table 1.2 for the type of construction or masonry construction and extend
required by the BCA, then Tables 1.3 to 1.5 to the underside of a non-combustible
for the required fire resistance levels. roof or not less than 450 mm above
a combustible roof. If a common wall
Low-Rise Commercial and Industrial separates a Class 1 residential building
Buildings with Large Wall Panels from another Class 1 residential building
Most single-storey commercial or industrial or from a Class 10 shed or garage
buildings require Type C construction except on a different allotment, it shall have
where area or building volume limitations a minimum Fire Resistance Level of
determine otherwise. 90/90/90 (ie able to provide structural
High-Rise and Medium-Rise Commercial adequacy, integrity and insulation for 90
and Residential Buildings minutes).
High-rise and medium-rise commercial ■ If a common wall separates a Class 10a
and residential buildings require Type A or shed or garage from another Class 10a
B construction except for two-storey non- building, it shall be of non combustible
residential building which may be of Type C material.
construction.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Table 1.3 Fire Resistance Levels (minutes) for Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation in Type A Construction, Excluding Carparks
[Extract from Building Code of Australia Table 3 in Specification C1.1]
Table 1.4 Type B Construction
Class of Building
2, 3 or 4 part 5 or 9 6 7 or 8 Table 1.5 Type C Construction
Building Element (Residential) (Offices) (Retail) (Factories, Warehouses)
External Walls
(including any column and other building element incorporated therein) or other external building element excluding a roof,
where the distance from any fire-source feature to which it is exposed is:
For loadbearing parts –
less than 1.5 m 90/90/90 120/120/120 180/180/180 240/240/240
1.5 to less than 3 m 90/60/60 120/90/90 180/180/120 240/240/180
3 or more 90/60/30 120/60/30 180/120/90 240/180/90
For non-loadbearing parts –
less than 1.5 m –/90/90 –/120/120 –/180/180 –/240/240
1.5 to less than 3 m –/60/60 –/90/90 –/180/120 –/240/180
3 or more –/–/– –/–/– –/–/– –/–/–
Common Walls and Fire Walls
90/90/90 120/120/120 180/180/180 240/240/240
Internal Walls
Fire-resisting lift and stair shafts –
Loadbearing 90/90/90 120/120/120 180/120/120 240/120/120
Non-loadbearing –/90/90 –/120/120 –/120/120 –/120/120
Bounding public corridors, public hallways and the like –
Loadbearing 90/90/90 120/–/– 180/–/– 240/–/–
Non-loadbearing –/60/60 –/–/– –/–/– –/–/–
Between or bounding sole-occupancy units –
Loadbearing 90/90/90 120/–/– 180/–/– 240/–/–
Non-loadbearing –/60/60 –/–/– –/–/– –/–/–
Ventilating, pipe, garbage, and like shafts not used for the discharge of hot products of combustion –
Loadbearing 90/90/90 120/90/90 180/120/120 240/120/120
Non-loadbearing –/90/90 –/90/90 –/120/120 –/120/120
Other Loadbearing Internal Walls; and Internal Beams, Trusses and Columns
90/–/– 120/–/– 180/–/– 240/–/–
NOTE: A dash (eg, 90/–/– or –/–/–) means there is no requirement for an FRL for that criteria.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Table 1.4 Fire Resistance Levels (minutes) for Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation in Type B Construction, Excluding Carparks
[Extract from Building Code of Australia Table 4 in Specification C1.1]
Table 1.3 Type A Construction
Class of Building
2, 3 or 4 part 5 or 9 6 7 or 8 Table 1.5 Type C Construction
Building Element (Residential) (Offices) (Retail) (Factories, Warehouses)
External Walls
(including any column and other building element incorporated therein) or other external building element excluding a roof,
where the distance from any fire-source feature to which it is exposed is:
For loadbearing parts –
less than 1.5 m 90/90/90 120/120/120 180/180/180 240/240/240
1.5 to less than 3 m 90/60/60 120/90/60 180/120/90 240/180/120
3 to less than 9 m 90/30/30 120/60/30 180/90/60 240/90/60
9 to less than 18 m 90/30/– 120/30/– 180/60/– 240/60/–
18 or more –/–/– –/–/– –/–/– –/–/–
For non-loadbearing parts –
less than 1.5 m –/90/90 –/120/120 –/180/180 –/240/240
1.5 to less than 3 m –/60/30 –/90/60 –/120/90 –/180/120
3 or more –/–/– –/–/– –/–/– –/–/–
Common Walls and Fire Walls
90/90/90 120/120/120 180/180/180 240/240/240
Internal Walls
Fire-resisting lift and stair shafts –
Loadbearing 90/90/90 120/120/120 180/120/120 240/120/120
Non-loadbearing –/90/90 –/120/120 –/120/120 –/120/120
Bounding public corridors, public hallways and the like –
Loadbearing 60/60/60 120/–/– 180/–/– 240/–/–
Non-loadbearing –/60/60 –/–/– –/–/– –/–/–
Between or bounding sole-occupancy units –
Loadbearing 60/60/60 120/–/– 180/–/– 240/–/–
Non-loadbearing –/60/60 –/–/– –/–/– –/–/–
Other Loadbearing Internal Walls; and Internal Beams, Trusses and Columns
60/–/– 120/–/– 180/–/– 240/–/–
NOTE: A dash (eg, 90/–/– or –/–/–) means there is no requirement for an FRL for that criteria.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Table 1.5 Fire Resistance Levels (minutes) for Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation in Type C Construction, Excluding Carparks
[Extract from Building Code of Australia Table 5 in Specification C1.1]
Table 1.3 Type A Construction
Class of Building
2, 3 or 4 part 5 or 9 6 7 or 8 Table 1.4 Type B Construction
Building Element (Residential) (Offices) (Retail) (Factories, Warehouses)
External Walls
(including any column and other building element incorporated therein) or other external building element excluding a roof,
where the distance from any fire-source feature to which it is exposed is:
less than 1.5 m 90/90/90 90/90/90 90/90/90 90/90/90
1.5 to less than 3 m –/–/– 60/60/60 60/60/60 60/60/60
3 or more –/–/– –/–/– –/–/– –/–/–
Common Walls and Fire Walls
90/90/90 90/90/90 90/90/90 90/90/90
Internal Walls
Bounding public corridors,
public hallways and the like 60/60/60 –/–/– –/–/– –/–/–
Between or bounding
sole-occupancy units 60/60/60 –/–/– –/–/– –/–/–
Bounding a stair if required
to be fire-rated 60/60/60 –/–/– –/–/– –/–/–
NOTE: A dash (eg, 90/–/– or –/–/–) means there is no requirement for an FRL for that criteria.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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1.5 DESIGN FOR VERTICAL LOADS
1.5.1 General High-Rise and Medium-Rise Commercial
Vertical gravity loads supported Vertical gravity loads
and Residential Buildings
Although masonry walls have traditionally by beam/column system supported by masonry wall
Non-loadbearing Walls
been relatively thick, there is an increasing
High-rise commercial and residential
trend towards thinner loadbearing walls.
buildings are most commonly constructed
While walls were once 230-mm bonded
with concrete slabs and beams supported
brickwork, they evolved to two leaves of
on concrete columns (Figure 1.10). In such Gap ensures
110-mm brickwork separated by a cavity no vertical load
cases, masonry partition walls are non-
and to 110-mm single-leaf masonry. More is transmitted
loadbearing and there is no need to analyse to wall
recently they have continued to evolve to
for vertical load capacity. Lateral pressures
two leaves of 90-mm masonry separated by
due to wind, fire Lateral pressures
a cavity and to 90-mm single-leaf masonry, Loadbearing Walls or earthquake, due to wind, fire
Self-weight of wall
which is now common. Medium-rise commercial and residential distributed to or earthquake,
buildings (up to approximately five storeys) columns through distributed to
Historically, little attention was paid to the masonry wall wall supports
are often designed with loadbearing
vertical gravity loads on masonry walls, but
masonry walls supporting concrete floor
today, as the designs are being refined and
slabs (Figure 1.11). In this case, the walls
the margins of safety are being trimmed, it is
must be analysed for vertical load capacity.
necessary for the design engineer to check Figure 1.10 Non-Loadbearing Wall System Figure 1.11 Loadbearing Wall System
The magnitude of the loads can vary
the loads and wall capacities.
considerably, while loads of approximately
Low-Rise Commercial and Industrial 30 to 35 kN/m per supported floor are
Buildings with Large Wall Panels common.
Most large wall panels are usually non-
Residential Buildings
loadbearing (being supported within
The gravity loads on low rise residential
a grid of loadbearing steel or concrete
buildings are generally of a low magnitude,
members) or are subject to only light roof
thus obviating the need for stringent
loads. If the wall is subjected to externally
analysis provided the robustness limits are
applied vertical loads, it will be necessary
observed, careful engineering judgment is
to check the vertical load capacity. If the
exercised and there is suitable detailing to
walls are reinforced vertically, eccentric
accommodate wind uplift.
vertical loads may be assumed to consist
of a vertical concentric component and a
bending moment, which is resisted by the
reinforced section. However, if the walls are
unreinforced (or reinforced only with
horizontal bond beams) it will be necessary
to determine an eccentricity and calculate
the reduced load capacity.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.5.2 Roof Loads Table 1.6 Permanent Loads of Typical Roofing/ Table 1.7
Ceiling Linings [Extract From AS 1684] Wind Uplift and Downward Pressures
It is necessary to consider the uplift forces
applied by the roof structure to masonry Roof Permanent Working Working Ultimate Ultimate Ultimate
walls, tie down and lintels. In areas of high Type Description Load (kPa) permanent imposed wind load uplift pressure downward pressure
wind, these uplift forces will be particularly A Steel or copper roofing, Roofing load, D load, Q Wu pup = 0.9G + Wu pdown = 1.2G + 1.5Q
severe. This part of the manual is intended to up to 0.55 mm + battens. type (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
give designers a feel for the more common Aluminium roofing, A 0.6 0.25 –1.0 –0.5 1.1
roof loads, rather than cover all options for up to 3.0 mm + battens 0.1 –2.0 –1.5 1.1
the design of roof systems. B Fibre-cement slates or –3.0 –3.5 1.1
corrugated fibre-cement –4.0 –3.5 1.1
AS 1684 gives guidance on suitable timber –5.0 –4.5 1.1
roof structures for housing. Depending on up to 6-mm + battens.
the type of timber and its stress grade, here Steel roofing, 0.90 mm B 0.7 0.25 –1.0 –0.4 1.2
can be a wide variation in permissible spans and 0.70 mm + battens 0.2 –2.0 –1.4 1.2
C Timber decking 45-mm –3.0 –2.4 1.2
of most structural members. Unfactored
thick with roofing of mass –4.0 –3.4 1.2
permanent loads of timber framing or –5.0 –4.4 1.2
trusses should be calculated and will be 10 kg.m2 and battens.
commonly in the range of 0.2 to 0.3 kPa. Timber plank or plywood C 0.9 0.25 –1.0 –0.2 1.5
These may be added to the permanent 45 mm thick covered by –2.0 –1.2 1.5
load for the appropriate roofing/ceiling metal-foil-coated bitumen –3.0 –2.2 1.5
membrane plus 10-mm –4.0 –3.2 1.5
combination given in Table 1.6.
plaster ceiling and battens. –5.0 –4.2 1.5
For non-trafficable roofs, excluding street Roofing of mass 10 or D 1.1 0.25 –1.0 –0.0 1.7
awnings, with an area more than 14 m2, 20 kg/m2 plus 10-mm –2.0 –1.0 1.7
AS/NZS 1170.1 requires an unfactored plaster ceiling, battens –3.0 –2.0 1.7
imposed load of 0.25 kPa to be applied. and lightweight insulation. –4.0 –3.0 1.7
For smaller areas, the load increases. It also Strawboard 50 mm thick –5.0 –4.0 1.7
specifies various concentrated actions. + roofing of mass 10 kg/m2 0.4
E 1.4 0.25 –1.0 –0.3 2.1
Table 1.7 gives the net downwards D Natural slates or terracotta –2.0 –0.7 2.1
or concrete tiles with battens. –3.0 –1.7 2.1
pressures for factored permanent and
imposed loads and the net uplift for factored Timber planks or plywood –4.0 –2.7 2.1
permanent loads and wind loads. 19 mm thick covered by –5.0 –3.7 2.1
bituminous membrane
with gravel. 0.6 Important Note: These tables must not be used as a substitute for proper calculations in
accordance with Australian Standards and the Building Code of Australia.
E Roofing of mass 60 kg/m2
plus 10-mm plaster, ceiling
battens and lightweight
insulation. 0.9

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
A simplified approach for the uplift due to Table 1.8 Wind Pressures on Roof [Extract from AS 4055]
wind loads on housing is given in AS 4055 Ultimate wind Net pressure Uplift pressure
(Table 1.8). speed coefficient on roof, p (kPa)
The formulae given in Figure 1.12 may Wind category Vu (m/s) Cp,u Tile Sheet
be used to calculate the vertical forces N1 W 28 N 34 -1.1 0.04 0.44
on internal and external walls of a simple N2 W 33 N 40 -1.1 0.34 0.74 S1 S2
0.45
building. N3 W 41 N 50 -1.1 0.93 1.33
Bext = S1/2 + 0.45
N4 W 50 N 61 -1.1 1.74 2.14
N5 W 60 N 74 -1.1 2.89 3.29 Bext Bint Bint = (S1 + S2)/2
N6 W 70 N 86 -1.1 4.16 4.56
C1 W 41 C 50 -1.6 1.68 2.08 pup.ext = pup x Bext pdown.ext = pdown x Bext
C2 W 50 C 61 -1.6 2.85 3.25
C3 W 60 C 74 -1.6 4.54 4.94 pup.int = pup x Bint pdown.int = pdown x Bint
C4 W 70 C 86 -1.6 6.38 6.78
Figure 1.12 Vertical Forces on External and
Internal Walls of Simple Buildings

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
It is not uncommon for strong wind or
cyclonic wind to cause sufficient uplift on
a roof to peel off the cladding or even to
remove the rafters or trusses. To prevent
this occurrence, roof structures must be Connector
properly anchored to the walls or, if uplift between
Hoop-iron top plate
is particularly severe, to the footings via Holding-down
strap fixed to
bolt hooked under and truss
the walls. Several alternatives are shown in roof truss
horizontal bars
Figure 1.13. in bond beam
AS 4773.1 provides a comprehensive
Steel bars grouted Hoop-iron
list of roof anchorage details and the into cores at strap hooked
corresponding capacities. 0.8- to 2.4-m under bottom
centres block in wall
■ In reinforced-masonry construction,
the roof structure may be secured by Steel starter bars
from footing
holding-down bolts or brackets to a Bottom
horizontal bond beam tied to the slab Thickness of Mass of Weight of lea
f plate
below via vertical reinforcing bars in the inner leaf units one unit* 2.4-m-high bolted to
(mm) (kg) (kN/m) slab
masonry cores and starter bars set into
the footings. Bar diameter Tensile capacit
y 90 11.0 3.2 10 x bolt
(mm) (kN) 110 11.5 3.4 diameter
Alternatively, the roof anchorages may
16 75 140 12.5 3.7
be fixed to a reinforced hollow concrete 190 14.0 4.1
20 116
blockwork bond-beam, which is, in 75
* 190-mm-high unit
s
turn, tied through the reinforced wall SINGLE-LEAF WALL CAVITY WALL BRICK-VENEER WALL
to the concrete floor slab at convenient
locations. Refer to AS 4773.1 and
AS 4773.2 for full details. Figure 1.13 Roof-Fixing Systems
■ In cavity-masonry construction, roof
anchors may pass down the cavity ■ In masonry-veneer construction, timber
between the two leaves of masonry. The or metal stud walls of masonry-veneer
anchors should be fixed to one leaf of construction may be used to transmit the
the wall before the second leaf is built. roof uplift down to the concrete footings
If there is insufficient weight in the wall, or slab. Connections between the roof
there must be a positive connection to and wall framing and between the wall
the concrete slab or footings. framing and slab must have sufficient
tensile capacity to resist pull-out.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.5.3 Floor Loads Table 1.9 Floor Permanent Loads and Imposed Loads in Self-contained Houses [Extract From AS/NZS 1170.1]
Suspended floors may be reinforced Permanent load unfactored Permanent load factored (1.2 x unfactored)
concrete or timber. This manual is not Floor construction Uniform (kPa) Uniform (kPa)
intended to cover all of the options for floor Concrete slab of thickness:
design but the following information has 100 mm 2.5 3.0
been included to give designers a feel for 125 mm 3.1 3.8
the more common systems. Permanent and 150 mm 3.8 4.5
imposed loads on the suspended floors of 175 mm 4.4 5.3
residential buildings are given in 200 mm 5.0 6.0
AS/NZS 1170.1 and typical values are Timber – including bearers, joists, flooring,
set out in Table 1.9. blocking, ceiling battens and sheeting 1.0 1.3
AS 1684 provides the dimensions of suitable Imposed load unfactored Imposed load factored (1.5 x unfactored)
joists and bearers for timber floors for
houses. Location Uniform (kPa) Concentrated (kN) Uniform (kPa) Concentrated (kN)
General 1.5 1.8 on 350 mm2 2.25 2.7 on 350 mm2
AS 3600 provides the requirements for
the design and construction of concrete Balconies less than one metre above ground 1.5 1.5 per metre-run along edge 2.25 2.25 per metre-run along edge
suspended floor slabs. These may be and 1.8 on 350 mm2 and 2.7 on 350 mm2
designed to span in one direction Other balconies 2.0 1.5 per metre-run along edge 3.00 2.25 per metre-run along edge
(supported on two opposite sides) or in and 1.8 on 350 mm2 and 2.7 on 350 mm2
two directions (supported on at least three,
Stairs and landings 2.0 2.7 3.00 4.05 on 350 mm2
and commonly four sides) by loadbearing
masonry. In both cases they will require steel Parking, driveways and ramps 2.5 13.0 3.75 19.5
reinforcement to be placed near the bottom
Important Note: These tables must not be used as a substitute for proper calculations in accordance with Australian Standards and the Building
face to resist bending tension. This “positive”
Code of Australia.
tensile reinforcement should span between
supports. Transverse reinforcement should
be provided to prevent shrinkage cracking
and to tie together the main bars. “Negative”
tensile reinforcement should be placed in
the top face over (and adjacent to) supports
to prevent cracking of the top face of the
slab.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.6 DESIGN FOR HORIZONTAL LOADS
Wind, earthquake and fire loads will be 1.6.1 Wind Load 1.6.2 EARTHQUAKE LOAD Table 1.11 Hazard Factors
exerted on the masonry walls as out-of-
AS/NZS 1170.2 gives a method of calculating AS 1170.4 gives the method for calculating Hazard
plane horizontal pressures, transmitted
the ultimate horizontal wind pressure acting the loads resulting from earthquakes Factor, Z Location
from any unreinforced masonry to any
on masonry walls. This ultimate pressure acting on masonry buildings and masonry
reinforced sections within the walls and then 0.03 Hobart
may be used to calculate the ultimate components in buildings. The method of
to the supporting structure, footings and
moments and shear loads and compared calculating the horizontal in-plane and out- 0.04 Launceston
foundations. The masonry walls may also
directly with the ultimate capacities given in of-plane earthquake forces is given in 0.05 Brisbane, Gold Coast
contribute to the shear resistance of
Part B:Chapter 6 of this manual. Part B:Chapter 6.
the structure. 0.06 Cairns
A simplified system of calculating wind The loads are influenced by:
pressures on the walls of houses is set out in 0.07 Tamworth, Townsville
n Location - Different parts of the country
AS 4055 and reproduced in Table 1.10. are more susceptible to movements in 0.08 Sydney, Melbourne, Canberra,
the earth’s crust that cause earthquakes. Alice Springs, Rockhampton
Table 1.10 Wind Pressures on Walls of Houses
n Soil type - In general, soft soils magnify 0.09 Perth, Darwin, Wollongong,
[Extract from AS 4055]
earthquake movements more that strong Gosford
Ultimate Net pressure Horizontal wall rock.
Wind wind speed coefficient pressure 0.10 Adelaide
n Building type and geometry – Stiff
category Vu (m/s) Cp,u p (kPa) buildings, such as unreinforced masonry, 0.11 Newcastle, Bundaberg
N1 34 1.00 0.7 magnify the earthquake movements 0.12 Broome, Dampier
N2 40 1.00 1.0 experienced at the base. Thus, the top 0.20 Meckering, Dowerin
N3 50 1.00 1.5 of a building experiences more extreme
N4 61 1.00 2.2 movements than those at the base.
N5 74 1.00 3.3 Ductile buildings, such as fully reinforced
N6 86 1.00 4.4 Table 1.12 Site Sub-Soil Classes
masonry, are able to absorb movement
C1 50 1.35 2.0 due to the ductile nature of the structure, Sub-soil
C2 61 1.35 3.0 the magnification is less. Class Soil type
C3 74 1.35 4.4 Hazard Factors, Z, used to describe ground A Strong rock
C4 86 1.35 6.0
acceleration for a particular geographical B Rock
location, are determined from AS 1170.4 C Shallow soil
Table 3.2. Typical values are shown in
Table 1.11. D Deep or soft soil
E Very soft soil
Site Sub-soil Classes, used with Hazard
Factor to determine the equivalent ground
acceleration for a particular soil type, are
as designated in AS 1170.4 Clause 4.2 (see
Table 1.12).

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.6.3 Fire reinforced cores or bond beams for out-of- to the ground can be designed. Portal structures must be sized and sufficiently
plane horizontal loading including those frames, beams and columns should have embedded in the masonry such as to ensure
The horizontal forces on masonry walls
exerted from the unreinforced masonry. adequate strength to support the masonry that they do not pull out under load. AS
due to fire are difficult to quantify. AS 3700
Finally the combination of reinforced and for the loads given in AS/NZS 1170.0, AS/ 3700 Clause 2.6.4 requires that connections
requires that reinforced masonry walls be
unreinforced masonry should be checked NZS 1170.1, AS/NZS 1170.2 and AS 1170.4. be designed for 1.25 times the calculated
designed for a pressure of 0.5 kPa. Refer to
for in-plane shear capacity. (If the reinforced Additional horizontal loads on supports are load. This is to ensure that the connection
Part B:Chapter 4 of this manual.
cores and bond beams are sized and spaced given in AS 3700 Clause 2.6.3 (ie the greater is unlikely to be the weakest component in
such that the wall qualifies as wide-spaced of 0.4 kPa or sum of the calculated reactions the load path. Many commercially available
1.6.4 design considerations
reinforced masonry as defined in AS 3700 plus 2.5% of vertical load). Supporting head ties and column ties do not have much
Low-Rise Commercial and Industrial Clauses 8.5 and 8.6, it will be unnecessary members should also have sufficient shear capacity and, for large wall panels,
Buildings with Large Wall Panels to check the unreinforced components stiffness to prevent excessive deflection the selection of the appropriate tie and
Typical load paths for large wall panels separately.) which could cause uncontrolled cracking in spacing should be done carefully. It is good
using mixed construction are shown in unreinforced elements. practice to embed connections in reinforced
Once the masonry elements have been
Figure 1.14. The first step is to design any and grouted cores or bond beams where
determined, any supporting structures that Ties, anchors and other connections
unreinforced masonry for out-of-plane possible.
are needed to transmit horizontal loads between the masonry and the supporting
horizontal loading. The next is to design any
High-Rise and Medium-Rise Commercial
and Residential Buildings
NOTE: Diaphragm roof transmits The masonry walls of high-rise and
in-plane roof loads to medium-rise buildings should be designed
Diagonal bracing Diagonal bracing Shear wall
shear walls
for horizontal loads as described above,
Reinforced cores Reinforced cores
Bond beams except that for loadbearing masonry walls,
Bond beam
the compression applied from above
Portal Portal Bond beam
significantly increased the wall’s resistance
frames frames
to bending failure.
Residential Buildings
Wind loads are exerted on masonry walls
as out-of-plane horizontal pressures and
in-plane shears. In northern Australia,
these pressures are commonly of such a
magnitude that reinforced hollow concrete
blockwork superstructures are most
economical.
UNREINFORCED MASONRY PANELS REINFORCED MASONRY WITH REINFORCED MASONRY WITH
SUPPORTED BY BOND BEAMS AND VERTICALLY-REINFORCED CORES DIAPHRAGM ROOF AND
PORTAL FRAMES AND PORTAL FRAMES SHEAR WALLS

Figure 1.14 Typical Load Paths for Large Wall Panels Using Mixed Construction

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.7 DESIGN FOR MOVEMENT 1.8 DESIGN FOR
DURABILITY
Unreinforced concrete masonry is a brittle slab movement does not induce cracking in The durability requirements of AS 3700
material, prone to cracking due to shrinkage, the masonry walls, Figure 1.15. Negative steel in top face Table 5.1 should be checked and the
thermal movement, foundation and appropriate salt attack resistance grade
Low-Rise Commercial and Industrial
other structural movements. Movement of the masonry units, the correct mortar
Buildings with Large Wall Panels
joints should be provided in large type, the corrosion resistance of built-in
Movement joints in the external
unreinforced masonry panels to ensure Positive steel in Slip material components and the required cover to
unreinforced or mixed construction walls bottom face
that indiscriminate cracking does not occur. reinforcement specified.
of low-rise commercial and industrial
It is suggested that movement joints be
buildings should be provided at the Low-Rise Commercial and Industrial
placed at points of weakness such as door or
locations of the supporting frames, ie at Buildings with Large Wall Panels
window openings and at a maximum of
6- to 8-metre centres. Horizontal reinforced SLAB CONTINUOUS OVER A WALL Because many of these buildings are located
8.0-metre centres.
bond beams do not need to be broken at in industrial areas, they may be subject to
Reinforced masonry does not suffer the these centres and may be continuous over a Negative steel at point of support, chemical pollutants that are particularly
same cracking problems as unreinforced greater distance (perhaps up to 16 metres), bent down into hollow block corrosive, cover to reinforcement will require
masonry and it is generally not necessary which would enable them to span over which is filled with concrete particular attention.
to place movement joints in reinforced two panels. For internal walls, the general
High-Rise and Medium-Rise Commercial
masonry or in the reinforced part of mixed recommendations noted above should be
and Residential Buildings
construction. Although it is not normal to observed.
Main tensile steel High- and medium-rise buildings located
break the continuity of reinforced members,
High-Rise and Medium-Rise Commercial in bottom face
Cores blanked close to the sea will require particular
consideration should be given to relieving of slab
and Residential Buildings off to retain attention.
the effects of possible excessive foundation Supporting pier concrete
Movement joints should be placed at points
movement. A limiting maximum of 16.0 Residential Buildings
of weakness in unreinforced masonry such
metres length is suggested for reinforced BALCONY SLAB Masonry houses near the sea and unpainted
as door or window openings and at a
masonry. will require care in specifying the units,
maximum of 6.0-metre centres.
Figure 1.15 Typical Concrete Suspended mortar and built-in components such as
When walls intersect, it is most often a
Residential Buildings Floor Slabs Showing a Structurally- ties and lintels. Most reinforced single-
requirement to provide lateral support,
For houses and similar small buildings, it is Separated and a Structurally- Connected leaf houses should be sealed and painted,
thus rendering it difficult to provide for
suggested that movement joints be placed Detail, Respectively thus eliminating the potential corrosion
movement at the same location.
at points of weakness in unreinforced of the reinforcement and other durability
As buildings move under the action of masonry such as door or window openings problems.
material shrinkage or expansion, soil and at a maximum of 6.0-metre centres.
shrinkage or heave, wind load or earthquake
Since reinforced masonry houses and small
load, there may be a tendency for any
buildings do not suffer the same cracking
suspended concrete slabs to move relative
problems as those of unreinforced masonry,
to their masonry supports. The slabs may be
it is generally not necessary to place
structurally connected to the masonry walls
movement joints in the reinforced masonry
so that they move as one or, alternatively,
or in the bond beams which form part of it.
structurally separated from the walls so that

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.9 DESIGN FOR THERMAL PERFORMANCE
Concrete masonry has good thermal
insulating properties and thermal mass. If
required, the contribution of the masonry
walls to the thermal performance of the
building envelope should be checked.
Considerable cost benefits may accrue
through the thermal mass of dense concrete
masonry and the enhanced insulation of
lightweight concrete masonry.
The Building Code of Australia (BCA),
Volume 1 Section J, sets out the energy
provisions for Class 2 to 9 buildings[1].
The Building Code of Australia (BCA),
Volume 2 Part 3.12, sets out the energy
provisions for Class 1 Buildings (House).
The energy provisions in both parts of the
BCA have been progressively increased
during period 2003-2007.
The energy consumption levels in the BCA Sustainability issues are taking on a major There are various schemes currently being
approximate “5 Star” for houses as defined in focus in building design and certification. promoted in Australia for determining the
the National House Energy Rating Scheme, To date, the approach in the building overall sustainability of building products.
and the energy consumption levels in BCA regulations has been to concentrate on the However, there is a real danger that they
Volume 1 Part JV for Class 2 to 9 buildings. in-service performance of buildings, making may fail to provide enough precise data on
provision for both Deemed-to-Satisfy the in-service performance for each product,
Solutions and Alternative Solutions (based under a range of applications and climates. If
on computer simulation and the published unchecked, this could lead to poor decision-
verification methods). This is a soundly– making and the selection of products, which
based decision, given that, in many cases, appear to be environmentally friendly, but
in-service energy performance far outweighs are, in fact, inappropriate for the actual
the other energy expenditure associated application. Any ecolabelling scheme must
with building products. However, there is be based on the complete life-cycle analysis
now a strong push to consider the energy including both embodied and in-service
Note 1 involved in winning the raw materials, characteristics (accounting for thermal
There are no BCA requirements for Class 7a
buildings (carparks) or Class 7b buildings manufacture, transport, construction and mass), and should be properly benchmarked
(building for storage, or display of goods or demolition of building products. against the most common acceptable
produce for sale by wholesale). alternative form of construction.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.10 DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
When houses and other small buildings footings or rafts are forced by the mass The design must also make provision for the
are constructed on clay or similar soils, of the supported building to deflect. Any control of termite attack. AS 3660 provides
moisture movements in the soils will lead to unreinforced brickwork may crack, moving deemed-to-comply slab, footing and
expansion or contraction of the soil causing sympathetically with the deflected concrete masonry details that are resistant to termites
the building to either cantilever beyond a supporting structures. The design solutions (Figure 1.16).
shrinking soil mound or sag between an adopted in AS 2870 Figure 3.1 cater for this
expanded soil rim. Reinforced masonry scenario by ensuring that the internal and
panels in the ground floor of a building external concrete beams or footings have Protection
may be designed to act compositely sufficient depth to minimise the possible zone
with concrete footings to which they are deflection, and articulating the masonry
connected by starter bars. This form of wall at points of weakness ensuring that
construction can lead to significant savings indiscriminate cracking is minimised. For
in footing costs. relatively stable soils, these systems will Protection
provide effective and economical solutions. zone Protection zone
Low-Rise Commercial and Industrial
Buildings with Large Wall Panels However, there is another practical approach MONOLITHIC SLABS
The piers and footings of large low-rise to house and small-building design that is
buildings are beyond the scope of this common throughout northern Australia. Protection
zone
manual. However, slabs and footings for Walls may consist of strong panels of
relatively small low-rise buildings are reinforced hollow concrete blockwork tied
within the scope of AS 2870 and this monolithically to the concrete footings or
manual. Considerable cost savings are slabs. The strong, stiff combination of wall
Protection
achievable when reinforced masonry walls and slab or footing span discrete distances zones
are structurally connected to footings of over expanding or shrinking foundations, Protection
reduced cross section as described below. without cracking or showing other signs of zones
distress. Integrated footing/wall deep-beam NON-MONOLITHIC SLABS
High-Rise and Medium-Rise Commercial
systems in which the reinforced concrete
and Residential Buildings
slab or footing and the concrete masonry Figure 1.16 Termite Protection Zones
Piers and footings of high-rise buildings are
wall are structurally connected may be Requiring Supplementary Protection by
beyond the scope of this manual.
considered to act compositely to resist the One of the Methods Listed in AS 3660
Residential Buildings loads when soil movement occurs. The
The most common form of construction concrete ground beams or footings may be
for new housing in Australia is unreinforced poured integrally with reinforced concrete
brick walls (either cavity or brick veneer) floor slabs, or they may be separate from the
supported by reinforced concrete strip floor.
footings or stiffened raft slabs. As the
supporting soil contracts or expands,
the cantilevering or spanning concrete

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.11 GLOSSARY
Set out below is a general glossary of permitting the proper hydration of the Bond beam (a) be spaced at centres not exceeding 2000 mm
concrete masonry terms. Where appropriate, cement and reducing the tendency to dry An element of reinforced masonry (b) include an area of at least 100 mm2 within
the definitions have been expanded to out. A water thickener may also include consisting of main reinforcement grouted 300 mm of the edges of the member; and
give more information. These terms are an agent which assists workability of the horizontally into hollow blockwork. Due to
(c) be such that Ast ≥ 0.0013 b d
hyperlinked from the Chapters in which they mortar. cover limitations in thin blocks, the most
are first used. common hollow concrete blocks used in For in-plane shear, if horizontal main
Bed-joint reinforcement
bond beams are 140-mm, 190-mm or 290- reinforcement is incorporated at centres
Small-diameter steel reinforcement placed
1.11.1 GENERAL MASONRY TERMS mm wide. The blockwork may consist of not exceeding 3.0 metres together with
in the mortar joints of masonry walls. Bed-
lintel blocks (U-shaped), H blocks, Double-U vertical main reinforcement at centres
Hollow concrete block joint reinforcement consisting of two 3-mm-
blocks, hollow blocks with knock-out webs not exceeding 2.0 metres, the masonry is
Concrete masonry unit complying with AS diameter galvanized wires held in position
or hollow blocks with rebated webs. considered to be “wide-spaced reinforced
4455 that consists of concrete face shells by smaller cross wires will assist in the
masonry”. The reinforcement requirements
and webs between cores. control of cracking of finished masonry. Mixed construction
specified in AS 3700 Clause 8.6 are:
Masonry walls consisting of a combination
Face shells Main reinforcement The reinforcement shall comply with the following:
of unreinforced masonry and reinforced
The two vertical faces of a hollow concrete The steel reinforcement grouted into (i) The reinforcement shall be located
masonry (reinforced cores and/or bond symmetrically in the cross section.
block that are visible in a completed wall. the masonry to resist the principal loads
beams) where the spacing of the reinforced
Typically the minimum face-shell thickness resulting from wind, earthquake, gravity or (ii) The reinforcement shall be spaced at
elements is greater than the spacing
of 140-mm wide blocks is 25 mm and for soil movement. centres not exceeding 0.75 H and in any case
permitted for reinforced masonry (ie spacing
190-mm or 290-mm-wide blocks is 30 mm. not greater than 2000 mm horizontally.
Secondary reinforcement greater than 2.0 metres for out-of-plane
In all cases the face shells are tapered to Horizontal reinforcement shall be spaced at
The reinforcement used to distribute bending and a horizontal spacing greater centres not exceeding 0.75 L and in any case,
facilitate easy removal of the blocks from
concentrated loads and resist shrinkage than 2.0 metres for vertically-reinforced not greater than 3000 mm vertically.
the moulds during manufacture although, in
or thermal movement. Secondary cores, or a vertical spacing greater than 3.0
some blocks intended for reinforced use, the (iii) The vertical reinforcement shall be such that
reinforcement may consist of steel bars metres for horizontal bond beams for in-
taper is kept to a minimum. As ≥ 0.0013 Ad and the horizontal
grouted into the masonry, or may be plane shear.)
reinforcement is such that As ≥ 0.0007 Ad.
Webs bed-joint reinforcement.
Reinforced masonry If the reinforcement does not meet these
The transverse parts of a hollow concrete
Unreinforced masonry Masonry walls into which specified requirements then the wall shall be designed
block that join the face shells. Webs may in accordance with Clause 7.6.3.
Elements of masonry that do not contain quantities of main reinforcement are
be full height (the same height as the face
main reinforcement. Unreinforced incorporated at centres not exceeding (iv) Reinforcement with an area of at least
shells), rebated (shorter than the face shells
masonry may incorporate steel bed-joint specified limits as follows: 100 mm2 shall be included within 300 mm
by up to 50 mm to allow horizontal steel to
reinforcement if required. of the edges parallel to the main reinforcement.
pass through) or knock out (with planes of For out-of-plane bending, if either
It shall be permissible to omit the reinforcement
weakness which enable them to be partially Vertically-reinforced core horizontal or vertical main reinforcement at an edge of the wall, provided the member is
removed during construction). Some blocks, A masonry element consisting of main is incorporated at centres not exceeding anchored to an abutting reinforced concrete
such as lintel blocks, are reinforcement grouted vertically into the 2.0 metres, the masonry is considered to member.
U-shaped without vertical webs. cores of hollow blockwork. Due to cover be “wide-spaced reinforced masonry”. The
limitations in thin blocks, the most common reinforcement requirements specified in Note: Qualification as reinforced masonry rather
Water thickener than mixed construction affects robustness
hollow concrete blocks used with vertical AS 3700 Clause 8.5 are:
A methyl cellulose additive for mortar limits and the design loads for earthquake.
reinforcement are 140-mm, 190-mm or The main reinforcement in the direction of
to hold the moisture in suspension thus
290-mm wide. bending shall:

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Close-spaced reinforced masonry Decibel The “B” weighting network provides an Noise Reduction Coefficient
A system of reinforced masonry that is The decibel scale is a scale of sound intermediate degree of low frequency sound The sound absorbing properties of materials
fully-grouted and contains reinforcement intensity ratios. Its unit, the decibel (dB), attenuation. Sound measurements using the are compared by measuring absorption
at a maximum spacing of 800 mm both approximates the smallest change of sound “B” network are expressed as dBB. coefficients at frequencies of 250, 500, 1000
horizontally and vertically. The minimum detectable by the human ear. A change of and 2000 Hz. The averaged value over the
The “C” weighting network provides the
area of horizontal and vertical reinforcement 10 dB (1 bel), at any base sound intensity, spectrum, as a proportion of the notional
closest practical approach to equal response
shall be 0.0013 Ad. corresponds to a ten-fold change in sound absorption of an open window (which is
to sounds of all audible frequencies within
intensity, 20 dB to a one-hundred-fold assumed to be 1.0 i.e. 100% absorption)
Wide-spaced reinforced masonry the meter’s range. Sound measurements
change, 30 dB to a one-thousand-fold is termed the Noise Reduction Coefficient
A system of reinforced masonry, satisfying using the “C” network are expressed as dBC.
change and so on. It is a relative, not an (NRC) for the material. Such coefficients
the criteria for reinforced masonry for the
absolute scale. Sound Level Meter range from 0.02 (2% absorption) for hard
particular action being considered, but not
A sound level meter in its simplest form plaster to around 0.8 (80% absorption) for
satisfying the requirements for close-spaced To define an absolute scale of sound
is a microphone and amplifier capable special acoustic materials.
reinforced masonry. intensity level, the average threshold of
of measuring the intensity of a complete
hearing was adopted as the zero point. This Weighted Sound Index, Rw
sound, either as a whole or at each of a
corresponds to an intensity of 10–12 W/ There is considerable advantage in
number of frequency bands or ranges in
m2 and an RMS pressure of 2 x 10-5 Pa. The expressing a wall’s ability to resist the
the audible frequency spectrum, or its
1.11.2 ACOUSTIC TERMS human ear can tolerate a maximum intensity transmission of airborne sound as a single
intensity in a “weighted” scale. The meter
Sound of approximately 120 dB based on this number. The sound transmission loss
is fitted with electronic filters to permit
Sound is created by vibrating bodies. It scale, corresponding to 1 W/m2 and an RMS equals the incident sound at each audible
the exclusion of frequency ranges other
is carried from the source to the receiver, pressure of 20 Pa. frequency less the transmitted sound at the
than that being measured and a calibrated
usually the ear, by a compression and same frequency. The mean of the sound
Weighted Sound Level measuring device. Other filter networks are
decompression wave. The ear is an transmission losses over the audible range
For convenience in defining a measured built into the electronic circuits to enable
extremely sensitive frequency and pressure of frequencies gives a good indication of
or design sound level by a single figure weighted sound level measurements to be
measuring device, capable of responding sound attenuation for concrete masonry
without having to define it in terms of made over the full audible frequency range
to minute variations in both phenomena. and similar massive walls, although it is
a sound spectrum over a number of as an alternative to measurements at each
It perceives sound as a combination of not reliable for many lightweight materials
frequency bands, and to permit single- frequency band.
frequency spectra as a series of pressure at critical speech-privacy frequencies.
figure measurements to be made with
Airborne Sound Therefore, it is more useful to calculate a
variations. Sound audible to humans is sound-level meters, “weighted” sound
Airborne sound results from a source which “weighted mean”, rather than a “mean”, of the
generally in the frequency range from level measurements are often used. Three
is remote from the receiver and which is sound transmission loss.
125 Hz (low pitch) to 5 kHz (high pitch). weighting networks, referred to as “A”, “B” and
transmitted to the receiver through the air
Noise “C”, are used for comparison purposes. The Weighted Sound Index (Rw) for
as pressure waves.
Noise may be defined as unwanted sound laboratory measurements is defined in
The “A” weighting network is designed to
Impact Sound AS/NZS 1276.1 (based on ISO 717-1) and
or sound pollution. With ever-increasing simulate as far as possible the response
Impact sound in a structure such as a wall ISO 140.3. In summary, Rw is determined by
sources of noise and a trend towards higher of the human ear to complex sounds of
results from a body striking the structure comparing the set of laboratory test sample
population densities, noise control has different frequencies. Sound measurements
and causing sound to be transmitted as transmission losses against a set of reference
become an important environmental issue. using the “A” network are expressed as dBA.
vibrations directly through the structure.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
data obtained from ISO 717-1 for the sixteen A-weighted “pink” noise. The Spectrum 1.11.3 ROBUSTNESS TERMS Fire Resistance Level (FRL)
one-third octave bands between 100 Hz and Adaptation Terms (C and Ctr) are defined in The grading periods for structural adequacy
Isolated pier
3150 Hz. The reference data is amplitude AS/NZS 1276.1 (based on ISO 717-1). (stability against collapse), integrity
An isolated pier is a masonry member
shifted in steps of 1 dB by the same amount (resistance against excessive cracking and
Both C and Ctr have negative values, such where neither the thickness nor the length
until the sum of unfavourable readings the passage of flame and hot gasses) and
that when they are added to the Rw, they exceeds one fifth of its height. For example,
determined at each frequency is as large insulation (resistance to the passage of
diminish the combined value. Therefore a member which is 2.4 metres high will be
as possible, but not more than 32 Hz. Rw is heat). FRLs are expressed in minutes in the
relatively small values for C and Ctr indicate considered as an isolated pier if its length
equal to the 500 Hz value of the reference sequence of structural adequacy, integrity
good overall performance whilst large values is less than 480 mm. If it is greater than
data less the number of decibels that the and insulation, eg 90/60/30.
indication a deterioration of performance at 480 mm, it is considered to be a wall.
reference data was shifted.
low frequencies. Typically, concrete masonry Material Thickness
Length, Lr
Previously in Australia, Sound Transmission will have a values in the following ranges: Also commonly referred to as the Equivalent
The length used for robustness calculations
Class (STC), based on an ASTM test Thickness, this is a measure of the amount
C -1 to -2 measured between vertical supports, or, if
procedure, has been used to define a of actual material in a hollow unit. It is
Ctr -3 to -10. an opening is incorporated, from a vertical
wall’s ability to resist the transmission of calculated by dividing the net volume of
support to the edge of the opening.
airborne sound. However, the Building Code Weighted Standardised Level Difference, the unit (gross volume less volume of cores)
of Australia now defines its performance DnT,w by the face area of the unit. Even though
requirements in terms of the ISO based The Weighted Standardised Level Difference hollow blockwork is commonly laid on
1.11.4 FIRE TERMS
Weighted Sound Index (Rw). In practical (DnT,w), for field measurements is defined in face-shell mortar bedding, the material
terms, there is little difference between AS/NZS 1276.1 (based on ISO 717-1) and Basalt thickness of a wall is assumed to be the
the two for concrete masonry, and the test ISO 140-4 in a manner similar to that used During many years of fire testing, the term same as that of the masonry units used in its
results included in this manual are expressed for Weighted Sound Index (Rw). ‘basalt’ has been loosely applied to various construction. If concrete grout or equivalent
as STC values, rather than Rw. AS/NZS 1276.1 basic rocks including Basalt, Dolerite, is placed in all cores of a wall of hollow
Previously in Australia, Field Sound
Appendix ZA provides a comparison of STC Gabbro and Trachyte that contain less units, the material thickness will be equal
Transmission Class (FSTC), based on an ASTM
and Rw. than 10% quartz. Masonry units containing to the total thickness. If some cores are left
test procedure, has been used to define a
them have been shown to have enhanced ungrouted, the material thickness of the wall
Spectrum Adaptation Terms, C and Ctr wall’s ability to resist the transmission of
structural adequacy. From tests using basalt will be regarded as equal to the material
Notwithstanding the fact that a weighted airborne sound in the constructed building.
aggregates this enhancement was analyzed thickness of ungrouted units.
index (eg Rw) can provide an improved However, the Building Code of Australia
and values for units with basalt aggregate
indication of acoustic attenuation of audible now defines its performance requirements
content at least 45% were evaluated on the
frequencies, there are some sources of in terms of the ISO based Weighted
basis of at least 45% of the total aggregate
sound, such as urban traffic noise, that are Standardised Level Difference (DnT,w).
(coarse and fine) being basaltic.
not well accommodated. The Spectrum
Adaptation Term (Ctr) has been introduced
to further describe the performance of a wall
when subjected to sound likely to originate
from A-weighted urban traffic noise. A
similar Spectrum Adaptation Term (C) may
also be used to describe the response to

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.11.5 vertical load terms Reinforced concrete masonry loadbearing In-plane horizontal load a history of surviving under environmental
walls and shear walls must comply with A force that acts in the direction of the plane conditions similar to the site considered.
Concentrated load
AS 3700 and consist of 190-mm or 140-mm of the wall. This includes: Products that fit this category are not
A concrete slab bearing on the top of a wall
hollow concrete blockwork with close- ■ vertical compression resulting from expected to meet the mass-loss criterion
will usually distribute concentrated loads to
spaced reinforcement (horizontal and vertical gravity, or overturning forces and for “exposure category” when tested in
the wall as a relatively uniform load
steel reinforcing bars, N12 or larger, grouted horizontal shear forces in shear walls accordance with AS/NZS 4456.10.
Loadbearing wall into the blockwork at up to 800-mm centres) intended to convey lateral earthquake Exposure Grade
Any wall that supports loads in addition to in concrete of characteristic compressive loads, or Masonry units that, in the supplier’s
its own self-weight. strength at least 20 MPa.
■ wind loads from the top of the structure experience, can be demonstrated to have a
Non-loadbearing wall Nonductile structures to the base. history of surviving in saline environments.
Any wall that supports only its own self- It is assumed in this manual that nonductile
weight. structures include:
1.11.7 movement terms
■ buildings with loadbearing walls or shear 1.11.9 thermal performance
walls consisting of unreinforced masonry, Contraction joints terms
1.11.6 horizontal load terms and Opening joints to cater for shrinkage of
Thermal Conduction
the wall. They usually incorporate a flexible
Ductility ■ buildings with reinforced concrete The heat transfer mechanism whereby heat
sealant at the surface.
The ability of the structure or element to masonry consisting of wide-spaced energy travels through matter. Heat moves
undergo repeated and reversing inelastic reinforcement (greater than 800-mm Expansion joints in the direction of decreasing temperature.
deflections beyond the point of first yield centres either horizontally or vertically). Closing joints that incorporate a
Thermal Convection
while maintaining a substantial proportion compressible material of sufficient thickness
0.1g Heat transfer by fluid flow in liquids and
of its initial load-carrying capacity. to cater for the expansion in the walls
0.1g is the force equal to 0.1 times the gases resulting from density gradients
adjacent to the joint.
Ductile structures gravitational force exerted by a particular caused by temperature variations. In this
It is assumed in this manual that ductile element. A typical 190-mm hollow concrete, Articulation joints context, convection in gases is significant
structures include: reinforced blockwork wall (consisting of Both opening and closing joints to cater for where air can move through openings in
■ buildings with reinforced concrete floors grouted elements and ungrouted elements) movement of the footings or supports. structures.
and reinforced masonry loadbearing would have an average wall density of
Thermal Radiation
walls, and approximately 220 kg/m2 and a gravitational
A form of electro-magnetic radiation
■ buildings with reinforced concrete floors,
force of approximately 2.2 kN/m2. This would 1.11.8 durability terms which does not depend on the presence
beams and columns and reinforced correspond to a lateral working pressure at
of matter to transfer heat energy. It can
0.1g of 0.22 kPa. Protected Grade
masonry shear walls. operate just as effectively in a total vacuum.
Masonry units that would suffer substantial
Concrete floors, beams and columns must Out-of-plane horizontal load Opaque materials interposed between a
and early failure when subjected to the test
comply with AS 3600. A pressure or point load which acts heat radiation source and its object prevent
method in AS/NZS 4456.10.
perpendicular to the plane of the wall. This heat transfer by radiation. Glass and other
includes earthquake loads, wind pressures or General Purpose Grade translucent materials offer little resistance to
suctions on a building wall. Masonry units that, in the supplier’s radiated heat from the sun, its major source.
experience, can be demonstrated to have

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Thermal Conductivity (k) Air Space Conductance (a) an individual homogeneous element of the Structurally Independent Wall/Footing
The thermal conductivity of a material is Air space conductance is the conductance structure, from surface to surface, not taking System
defined as the thermal energy transmitted of an enclosed air space such as wall cavity into account the effect of air films or cavities. Concrete footings and masonry walls that
in unit time through unit area of a slab of or ceiling space. The property is commonly referred to as the are structurally independent of each other.
a homogeneous material of unit thickness ‘U’-factor of a construction. As the soil moves, the footings cantilever
Thermal Resistivity (1/k)
when unit temperature difference is (or span), resisting forces imposed by the
Thermal resistivity is the reciprocal of Thermal Mass
maintained between its surfaces. The unit of structurally independent walls above.
thermal conductivity. It is resistance to Thermal mass (also known as thermal inertia
thermal conductivity is watts per metre per Unable to tolerate any appreciable
heat flow per unit temperature difference or thermal capacitance) is a measure of a
kelvin (W/[m.K]). movement, the walls may crack. The design
and thickness. The unit of measurement is material’s ability to retain its current level of
approach is to limit the footing deflection
Temperature (K) metres kelvin per watt ([m.K]/W). Thermal heat energy when subjected to an external
and limit the deflection ratio so that any
In thermal conductivity calculations, the properties of actual components may be temperature differential.
cracks that form in the walls remain at an
temperature unit adopted is the kelvin. The calculated from these figures by multiplying
acceptable width. Articulation of the walls
kelvin scale is known as the thermodynamic them by their thickness.
may assist in confining movement to areas
temperature scale. Its zero point is - 1.11.10 footing terms
Thermal Resistance (R) within the wall where it is less noticeable.
273.15°C, absolute zero temperature. The
Thermal resistance is the reciprocal of Foundation
freezing point of water, 0°C, is equivalent to Structurally Integrated Footing/Wall
thermal conductance and is designated The ground that supports the building.
273.15 K and a temperature change of 1 K is Deep Beam System
R. It is a measure of the resistance to heat
the same as 1°C. The conversion equation is Footing Concrete footings structurally connected
flow per unit temperature difference of the
K = °C + 273.15. The construction that transfers the loads to reinforced hollow concrete blockwork
full thickness of the heat barrier. The unit of
from the building to the foundation. The walls to form a deep beam system. As
Thermal Conductance (C) resistance is metres2 kelvin per watt
footings referred to in this handbook are: the soil moves, the footing/wall deep
The thermal conductance of a structural ([m2K]/W).
■ reinforced strip footings (independent of beams cantilever (or span), resisting the
component or a structure is defined as the
Thermal Transmittance (U) wall and slab); forces imposed by their own self weight,
thermal energy transmitted in unit time
Thermal transmittance is the heat energy permanent and imposed loads from floors
through unit area of a uniform structural ■ reinforced concrete slabs stiffened with
transmitted in unit time through unit area and roofs. The design approach is to provide
component or structure of particular beams;
of a given composite structure (eg a wall sufficient strength and stiffness in the
thickness, per unit temperature difference ■ reinforced concrete strip footings or slabs
consisting of concrete masonry blocks, air footing/wall deep beams to ensure that they
between surfaces. The unit of thermal and beams connected monolithically with
films, cavities, etc) per unit temperature do not crack when required to cantilever
conductance is watts per square metre per reinforced hollow concrete blockwork
difference between the air films on the two (or span). In large buildings, articulation of
kelvin (W/[m2K]). walls.
sides of the structure. The unit of thermal the walls may assist in confining movement
Film or Surface Conductance (fi and fo) transmittance is the same as the unit of Articulation to areas within the walls where it is least
Film or surface conductance is the thermal conductance (W/[m2K]). It is an Construction in which masonry walls are noticeable. Care must be taken to ensure
conductance of the air film at the inner overall measure of heat transfer from the air divided into discrete panels to permit that articulation does not diminish the
(fi) or outer (fo) surface of a wall or barrier. film on the warmer side of a wall or other wall movement to take place without the strength of the footing/wall deep beams in
Its unit of measurement is W/(m2K). Film structure to the air film on the cooler side. formation of cracks. those areas where it is required.
conductance values thus apply to inner and Thermal conductance on the other hand
outer wall surfaces. is a measure only of heat transfer through

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Movement Joint
An intentional plane of weakness built
into the structure to permit one element
to move relative to another without
diminishing the structural integrity or the
aesthetics of the structure.
Crack
An unintentional plane of weakness in the
structure which opens when subjected
to the stresses caused by thermal or
soil movement, shrinkage, permanent,
imposed, fire or earthquake loads. In
some circumstances cracks may lead to
unacceptable loss of structural integrity
and/or appearance.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.12 STANDARD DESIGN CHARTS
Most chapters in Part B of this manual The design charts may be used for the
include design charts for common loadings rapid checking of masonry walls shown on UNREINFORCED MASONRY – without openings
and applications. The general procedure for drawings by the following procedure:
their use is as follows: ■ Print the appropriate design chart onto 1 of 4
■ Select the required wall thickness an overhead transparency material. Laterally-supported

Height

Height
both ends
(and, if appropriate, the reinforcement ■ Move the transparency over 1:100 scale and top
arrangement) elevations of the walls to be checked
■ Select the appropriate support ensuring that they fall within the
conditions, eg supported on four sides. envelope described by the axes and the Length

■ Project the length of the wall between curve representing the design load. Design pressure, wd (kPa)
vertical supports and the height of OR
wall between horizontal supports to ■ Draw a horizontal line on the 9.0 9.
determine the design point. In the case of transparency at the required height of the
reinforced masonry, a reinforced core or walls, from the vertical axis to the curve
bond beam is considered to be a support. representing the design load. The length 8.0 8.
Treat control joints as unsupported free of this line is the permissible length of
ends. wall between supports. The plan view at 7.0 7.0
■ Select a curve that is above or to the right 1:100 scale of each wall may be rapidly
of the design point. Read off the load checked using the transparency. 6.
6.0
capacity corresponding to the selected
curve. If necessary, interpolate between
5.0 Robustness governs 5.
the curves. in shaded areas
■ Check that the masonry wall is adequate Supporting a

Height of Wall Between Supports (m)

Height of Wall Between Supports (m)
for other loadings, design requirements 4.0 concrete slab 4.
and construction requirements. Not supporting a
concrete slab
3.0 3.

0.5
2.0 2.

wd = 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0

1.0 1.

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Length of Wall Between Supports (m)

Typical
NOTE: It isDesign Chart
the designer's responsibility to allow for the effects of control joints, chases, openings, strength and stiffness of ties and co

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.13 MASONRY DESIGN CHECK SOFTWARE
1.13.1 Background The text, which is highlighted in blue, 1.13.2 Worked Example
represents the values associated with the
The Concrete Masonry Association of The following worked example is taken
specific worked example. The worked
Australia has produced software for use by from the help screens of the Concrete
example deals only with one specific
qualified and experienced structural design Masonry Design Check Software available
structure, and is not intended to provide a
engineers for the checking of designs early 2010, and is intended to demonstrate
comprehensive description of the design of
on concrete masonry elements within the methodology used in the software. It
all structures or of all design cases.
buildings. is arranged in the order that the various
Reference should be made to AS 3700 screens are accessed in the software.
The Concrete Masonry Design Check
Masonry structures for a full description
Software available early 2010 can be used by “Input” indicates that the designer may input
of requirements, formulae and masonry
designers to define and check the capacity data, thus overriding the default values,
properties.
of unreinforced and reinforced concrete which will otherwise be adopted by the
masonry elements for the following loads In worked examples shown elsewhere in this software.
and requirements defined in AS/NZS 1170.0 manual, calculations, for which the Concrete
to 3, AS 1170.4 and the Building Code of Masonry Design Check Software available
Australia: early 2010 may be used, are noted, however,
n Permanent Load (gravity) the nomenclature used in such calculations
may differ a little from the nomenclature
n Imposed Load (gravity)
used in the software and in the worked
n Wind Load example given below.
n Earthquake Load
n Snow (or ponded water) Load
n Fire Resistance
n Sound Attenuation
n Thermal Resistance.

The following worked example is intended

to show the formulae used in the software,
and their use in checking the capacities of
masonry structures.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 1 of 39

Client, Project and Masonry Member Details Wall Types

Client
= “Input”
= Concrete Masonry Association of Australia

Project
= “Input”
= Concrete masonry design software development

Building address or identification

= “Input”
= Hypothetical address Unreinforced Masonry Single-Leaf Wall: No Unreinforced Masonry Cavity Wall: No

Masonry member
= “Input”
= Hypothetical Member No 1

Description of the masonry member

= “Input”
= Hypothetical 190 reinforced or unreinforced masonry wall

Reinforced Masonry Single-Leaf Wall: Yes Reinforced Masonry Cavity Wall: No

Masonry Veneer Wall: No

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 2 of 39

Masonry Wall or Pier Dimensions Masonry Wall or Pier Support –

Summary of Selected Options
Height of wall (or pier)
H = “Input”
Is at least one end of the member supported? Yes
= 2,700 mm
Are both ends of the member supported? Yes
Length of wall (or pier)
Is the masonry continuous past at least one support? Yes
L = “Input”
= 7,300 mm Is the masonry continuous past both supports? No
Is the member laterally supported at the top? Yes
Thickness of wall (or pier)
T = “Input” Is the member loadbearing? Yes
= 190 mm Does the member support a concrete slab? Yes

Length of opening
Lo = 0 or “Input”
= 1,600 mm

Length to opening from end of wall

Lt = 0 or “Input”
= 3,700 mm

Height of opening
Ho = 0 or “Input”
= 1,200 mm

Height to opening from bottom of wall

Ht = 0 or “Input”
= 1,000 mm

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 3 of 39

Masonry Unit Dimensions Major Leaf

External Dimensions of Units in the Major Leaf

Unit length
lu = 390 or “Input”
= 390 mm

Unit height
hu = 190 or “Input”
= 190 mm

Unit thickness
tu = T or “Input”
Single Leaf or Cavity Construction = 190 mm

Is the wall single leaf construction or cavity construction ? Internal Dimensions of Units in the Major Leaf
Construction =
IF (Unreinforced Masonry Single-Leaf Wall =”Yes”, “Single”, Unit type - “Hollow” or “Solid/Cored”
IF (Reinforced Masonry Single-Leaf Wall = “Yes”, “Single”, Unit = “Hollow” or “Input”
IF (Masonry Veneer Wall = “Yes”, “Single”, “Cavity”))) = Hollow
= Single
Unit face shell width
ts = IF(Unit=”Solid/Cored”, tu/2,IF(tu<150,25,30)) or “Input”
Cavity width (cavity construction only)
= 30 mm
tcav = IF(Construction = “Single”, 0, T - tu – tu minor)
= 0 mm
Unit equivalent thickness
te = IF(Unit=”Solid/cored”, tu,IF(tu<150, tu*0.75, tu*0.5)) or “Input”
Unit equivalent thickness
= 95 mm
te = te – te minor
= 95 + 0
Section modulus of the units
= 95 mm
Zu = 1000 tu2 / 6 . [6 (ts / tu) -12 (ts / tu)2 +8(ts / tu)3] , or Input
= 1000 x 1902 / 6 . [6 (30 / 190) -12 (30 / 190)2 +8 ( 30 / 190)3]
Note
= 4,089,000 mm3/m
For cavity construction:
• The robustness and fire structural adequacy considers both leaves; and
• The structural resistance is calculated using only the dimensions of the
major leaf.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 4 of 39

Minor Leaf Masonry Unit Properties

External Dimensions of Units in the Minor Leaf Unit material
Material = Denseweight or “Input”
Unit length = Denseweight
lu minor = IF(Construction = “Single”, 0, lu ) or “Input”
= 0 mm Does basalt comprise more or less than 45% (by mass) of the aggregate?
Basalt = Under 45 or “Input”
Unit height = Under 45%
hu minor = IF(Construction = “Single”, 0, hu ) or “Input” Unit density
= 0 mm r = IF(Material = ”Denseweight”, 2180, 1750) or “Input”
= 2,180 kg/m3
Unit thickness
tu minor = IF(Construction = “Single”, 0, T - 50 - tu) or “Input” Density classification
= 0 mm Class = IF(C8<1800, ”Under 1800”, ”At least 1800”)
= At least 1800 kg/m3
Internal Dimensions of Units in the Minor Leaf
Density of reinforced concrete masonry

rr = 0.5 r + (0.5 x 2,220) or “Input”
Unit type - “Hollow” or “Solid/Cored”
= 2,200 kg/m3
Unit minor = IF(Construction = “Single”, 0 , Unit) or “Input”
=0 Unit compressive strength
f’uc = IF( Material = “Denseweight”, IF(Unit = “Hollow”, 15, 10),”Input”) or “Input”
Unit face shell width = 15 MPa
ts minor = IF(Construction = “Single”, 0, IF(Unit=”Solid/Cored”, tu minor / 2,
IF (tu minor < 150, 25, 30))) or “Input” Unit lateral modulus of rupture
=25 mm f’ut = IF(Material = “Denseweight”, 0.8, “Input”) or “Input”
= 0.8 MPa
Unit equivalent thickness Masonry flexural strength AS 3700 3.3.3
te minor = IF(Unit=”Solid/cored”, tu minor ,IF(tu<150, 0.75 tu minor, 0.5 tu minor)) f’mt = 0.20 or “Input”
+0.0001 or “Input” = 0.20 MPa
= 0 mm
Masonry shear strength AS 3700 3.3.4
Section modulus of the units f’vm = 0.35 or “Input”
Zu minor = 1000 tu minor2 / 6 . [6 (ts minor / tu minor) -12 (ts minor / tu minor)2 + = 0.35 MPa
8(ts minor/ tu minor)3], or Input
Masonry shear factor AS 3700 3.3.5, Table 3.3
= 0 mm3/m
kv = 0.30 or “Input”
= 0.30

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 5 of 39

Fire, Sound & Thermal Performance Characteristics Fire

Is the Fire Resistance Level for Structural Adequacy based on test or tables? (Test /
AS 3700 Table 6.1)
Methodsf = AS 3700 Table 6.1 or “Input”
= Test

For FRL based on “Test”, factor to account for structural adequacy when subject to fire
Cs = Blank or “Input”
= 1.92

Is the Fire Resistance Level for Insulation based on test or tables? (Test /
AS 3700 Table 6.3)
Methodif = AS 3700 Table 6.3 or “Input”
= Test

For FRL based on “Test”, factor to account for insulation when subject to fire
Ci = Blank or “Input”
= 0.033

Sound Attenuation
Masonry weighted sound reduction index
R’w = Blank or “Input”
AS 3700 Table 6.1
= 55 dBA
Slenderness Limit for Fire Resistance Level (minutes) for Structural Adequacy
% Basalt 30 60 90 120 180 240 Masonry weighted sound reduction index & spectrum adaptation term
R’w + C’tr = Blank or “Input”
Under 45% 19.5 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.5 15.0 = 50 dBA
At least 45% 25.0 22.5 21.0 20.0 18.0 17.0
Thermal Resistance
Masonry thermal resistance (excluding air films)
AS 3700 Table 6.3 R’ = Blank or “Input”
Material Thickness Limit for Fire Resistance Level (minutes) for Insulation = 0.21 m2K/W

Density kg/m3 30 60 90 120 180 240

At least 1800 55 80 100 120 150 180
Under 1800 55 75 90 110 135 160

PART A:CHAPTER 1
Application QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 6 of 39

Mortar Joints

Mortar type: e.g. M3 or M4

Net area of section
Mortar = M3 or “Input”
Ab = 2 ts . 1,000
= M3
= 2 x 30 x 1,000
= 60,000 mm2/m
Mortar joint thickness
Tj = 10 or “Input”
Area that cannot be filled by either mortar bed joint or concrete grout
= 10 mm
Abx = Input
=2.5*10*(190-30-30)
Minimum overlap of masonry units in successive courses
= 3,250 mm2/m
sp = (lu + tj)/2- tj or Input
= (390 + 10)/2 – 10
What proportion of the cores spaces are grouted?
= 190 mm
Grout = Input
= 400 / 1200 x 100%
Section modulus of the perpend joints
= 33.3%
Zp = Zu, or Input
Design cross sectional are of grout
= 4,089,000 mm3/m
Ac = (1,000 tu - Ab - Abx). Grout
= ([1,000 x 190] - 60,000 – 3,250) x 33.3 /100
Section modulus of the bedded area
= 42,250 mm2/m
Zd = Zu, or Input
= 4,089,000 mm3/m

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Connections Steel Starter Bars

Does the masonry transmit load to the support via steel starter bars?
Top Starters = “No”, or Input
= No

Steel starter bar diameter

Rdia con t = IF(Top Starters = ”Yes”, 12, 0), or Input
= 0 mm

Steel starter bar spacing

Scon t = IF(Top Starters = ”Yes”, 400, 0), or Input
= 0 mm

Steel starter bar strength

f’sy con t = IF(Top Starters = ”Yes”, 500, 0), or Input
= 0 MPa

Other Connectors
Does the masonry transmit load to the support via other connectors?
Top Connectors = “No”, or Input
Connection at Top = No

Masonry Bond and Friction Specified connector unfactored tensile capacity

Does the masonry transmit load to the support via bond and/or friction? Ftc t = IF(Top Connectors = ”Yes”, ”Input”, 0), or Input
Top Masonry = “Yes”, or Input = 0 kN/m
= Yes
Specified connector unfactored shear capacity
Vsc t = IF(Top Connectors = ”Yes”, ”Input”, 0), or Input
Masonry flexural strength
= 0 kN/m
f’mt t = 0, or Input
= 0.0 MPa Restraint
Lateral restraint provided by this connection
Masonry shear strength Latt = IF(Is the member supported laterally at the top? = ”Yes”, ”Full”, ”Nil”), or Input
f’ms t = 0, or Input = Full
= 0.35 MPa
Rotational restraint provided by this connection
Masonry shear factor for friction Rott = IF(Does the member support a concrete slab? = ”Yes”, ”Partial”, ”Nil”), or Input
kv t = IF(Top Masonry = ”Yes”, 0.3, 0), or Input = Partial
= 0.3

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Connection at Base Other Connectors

Does the masonry transmit load to the support via other connectors?
Masonry Bond and Friction Base Connectors = “No”, or Input
Does the masonry transmit load to the support via bond and/or friction? = No
Base Masonry = “Yes”, or Input
=Yes Specified connector unfactored tensile capacity
Ftc b = IF(Base Connectors = ”Yes”, ”Input”, 0), or Input
Masonry flexural strength = 0 kN/m
f’mt b = 0, or Input
= 0.0 MPa Specified connector unfactored shear capacity
Vsc b = IF(Base Connectors = ”Yes”, ”Input”, 0), or Input
Masonry shear strength = 0.0 kN/m
f’ms b = 0, or Input
= 0.0 MPa Restraint
Lateral restraint provided by this connection
Masonry shear factor for friction Latb =”Full”, or Input
kv b = IF(Base Masonry = ”Yes”, 0.3, 0), or Input = Full
= 0.3
Rotational restraint provided by this connection
Steel Starter Bars Rotb = IF(Does the member support a concrete slab? = ”Yes”, ”Partial”, ”Nil”),
Does the masonry transmit load to the support via steel starter bars? or Input
Base Starters = “No”, or Input = Partial
= Yes

Steel starter bar diameter

Rdia con b = IF(Base Starters=”Yes”, 12, 0), or Input
= 12 mm

Steel starter bar spacing

Scon b =IF(Base Starters = ”Yes”, 400, 0), or Input
= 1,200 mm

Steel starter bar strength

f’sy con b = IF(Base Starters = ”Yes”, 500, 0), or Input
= 500 MPa

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Connection at Left End Other Connectors

Does the masonry transmit load to the support via other connectors?
Masonry Bond and Friction Left Connectors = “No”, or Input
Does the masonry transmit load to the support via bond and/or friction? = No
Left Masonry = “Yes”, or Input
= Yes Specified connector unfactored tensile capacity
Ftc l = IF(Left Connectors = ”Yes”, ”Input”, 0), or Input
Masonry flexural strength = 0 kN/m
f’mt l = IF(Left Masonry = ”Yes”, 0.20, 0), or Input
= 0.20 MPa Specified connector unfactored shear capacity
Vsc l = IF(Left Connectors = ”Yes”, ”Input”, 0), or Input
Masonry shear strength = 0 kN/m
f’ms l = IF(Left Masonry = ”Yes”, 0.35, 0), or Input
= 0.35 MPa Restraint
Lateral restraint provided by this connection
Steel Starter Bars Lat l = IF(Is at least one end of the member supported? = ”Yes”, ”Full”, ”Nil”),
Does the masonry transmit load to the support via steel starter bars? or Input
Left Starters = “No”, or Input = Full
= No
Rotational restraint provided by this connection
Steel starter bar diameter Rot l = IF(Is the masonry continuous past at least one support? = ”Yes”,
Rdia con l = IF(Left Starters = ”Yes”, 12, 0), or Input ”Partial”, ”Nil”), or Input
= 0 mm = Partial

Steel starter bar spacing

Scon l = IF(Left Starters = ”Yes”, 400, 0), or Input
= 0 mm

Steel starter bar strength

f’sy con l = IF(Left Starters = ”Yes”, 500, 0), or Input
= 0 MPa

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Connection at Right End Other Connectors

Does the masonry transmit load to the support via other connectors?
Masonry Bond and Friction Right Connectors = “Yes”, or Input
Does the masonry transmit load to the support via bond and/or friction? = No
Right Masonry = “Yes”, or Input
= No Specified connector unfactored tensile capacity
Ftc r = IF(Right Connectors = ”Yes”, ”Input”, 0), or Input
Masonry flexural strength = 0 kN/m
f’mt r =IF(Right Masonry = ”Yes”, 0.20, 0), or Input
= 0.0 MPa Specified connector unfactored shear capacity
Vsc r = IF(Right Connectors = ”Yes”, ”Input”, 0), or Input
Masonry shear strength = 3.0 kN/m
f’ms r = IF(Right Masonry = ”Yes”, 0.35, 0), or Input
= 0.0 MPa Restraint
Lateral restraint provided by this connection
Steel Starter Bars Lat r = IF(Are both ends of the member supported? = ”Yes”, ”Full”, ”Nil”), or Input
Does the masonry transmit load to the support via steel starter bars? = Full
Right Starters = “No”, or Input
= No Rotational restraint provided by this connection
Rot r = IF(Is the masonry continuous past both supports? = ”Yes”, ”Partial”, ”Nil”),
Steel starter bar diameter or Input
Rdia con r = IF(Right Starters = ”Yes”, 12, 0), or Input = Nil
= 0 mm

Steel starter bar spacing

Scon t =IF(Right Starters = ”Yes”, 400, 0), or Input
= 0 mm

Steel starter bar strength

f’sy con r = IF(Right Starters = ”Yes”, 500, 0), or Input
= 0 MPa

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Engaged Piers Reinforcement Selection

VERTICAL MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Check this option if the main reinforcement is vertical.

Vertical Reinforcement

Other Options

Horizontal Reinforcement
Are engaged piers tied to the walls?
Engaged Piers = No, or Input
= Yes

Pier outstand
tpo = IF(Engaged Piers = ”No”, ””, tu+ tj) or Input
= 190 + 10
= 200 mm

Pier width
bpw = IF(Engaged Piers = ”No”, ””, lu) or Input
= 390 mm

Pier spacing
bps = IF(Engaged Piers = ”No”, ””, 6(lu + tj)) or Input
= 6 x (390 +10)
= 2400 mm

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Reinforcement
VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement Option Details Reinforcement Option Details

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Reinforced masonry member description Average spacing of reinforced members

Bav = IF(N = 1, 0, Round((Bo/a - 200)/(N - 1)/200, 0)*200) or “Input”
Selected Option = Round((5,700 - 200) / (6 - 1) / 200, 0) x 200
= 1,200 mm

Average spacing of main bars within a member

Bi =0 or “Input”
= 200 mm

Average spacing of main bars without a member

Bo = Bav - Bi or “Input”
= 1,000 mm

Design width of masonry supported by reinforced members

B = MAX(Bo, IF(Type = ”Bond Beam”, H, IF(Type = ”Vertical”, L, T))/N)
Type of member (Bond Beam, Lintel or Vetical) = max (Bo, L/N) or “Input”
Type = Vertical or “Input” = max (1,200, 7, 300/6)
= Vertical = 1,217 mm

Direction of main reinforcement Width of masonry contributing to the compression face of each reinforced member
Direction = If(Type = ”Vertical”, ”Vertical”, ”Horizontal”) b = MIN( IF (Type = “Vertical”, 4, IF (Type = “Bond Beam”, 3, 1)).tu + Bi, B)
= Vertical or “Input”
= min ( [4. tu + Bi], B)
Clear span of member = min ([ (4 x 190) + 200], 1, 217)
Lc = If(Type = ”Bond Beam”, H, IF(Type = ”Vertical”, L, Lo + 200)) or “Input” = 960 mm
= 2,700 mm
Average shear width of each masonry member
Aggregate width of all members bw = IF( Type = “Lintel”, tu, Bi + 200 ) or “Input”
Bo/a = If(Type = ”Bond Beam”, H - Ho, IF(Type = ”Vertical”, L - Lo, T)) or “Input” = 200 + 200
= 7,300 – 1,600 = 400 mm
= 5,700 mm
Second moment of area of reinforced section (based on gross section)
Number of reinforced members within a wall I = B D3 / 12
N = IF(C21 = ”Lintel”, 1, Round(Bo/a/1600,0) + 1 + IF(Ho> 0, 1, 0)) or “Input” = 1,217 x 1903 / 12
= Round ([5,700 / 1,600], 0) + 1 + 1 = 0.695 x 109 mm4
=6

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Main reinforcement Total depth of section

Dm = T or “Input”
Direction of main reinforcement = 190 mm
Dir main = Direction
= Vertical Depth to the centroid of the tensile steel from the compression face
d = If(Nt&c T m = Nt T m, Dm/2, Dm - 65) or “Input”
Reinforcement strength grade = 125 mm
fsy m = 500 or “Input”
= 500 MPa For Lintels, the depth for common W or V hangers of top steel from
top of block to underside of supported reinforcement is 75 mm. The
Main reinforcement shear strength (dowel action) inside dimension of common C ligature fitments, from top of supporting
fsv = 17.5 or “Input” reinforcement to underside of supported reinforcement, is 215 mm. Allowing
= 17.5 MPa for 10 mm ligatures, this leads to the following effective depths, d, for the
corresponding overall lintel depths D.
Reinforcement nominal diameter
Rm dia = 16 mm or “Input”
Uplift Load Downwards Load
= 16 mm
Bar diameter: 12 16 20 12 16 20
Number of reinforcing bars in tension in each reinforced member D = 190, d = 86 88 90 104 102 100
Nt m = IF(Bi = 0, 1, IF(Bi< 250, 2, ”Input”)) D = 290, d = 221 223 225 172 166 160
=2 D = 390, d = 321 323 325 272 266 260
Number of reinforcing bars in tension or compression in each reinforced member D = 490, d = 421 423 425 372 366 360
Nt&c m = Nt m or “Input” D = 590, d = 521 523 525 472 466 460
=2

Total number of reinforcing bars in tension in wall

Nt T m = N . Nt m or “Input”
=6x1
=6

Total number of reinforcing bars in tension or compression in wall

Nt&c T m = N . Nt&c m or “Input”
=6x2
= 12

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Secondary reinforcement (perpendicular to main reinforcement in plane of wall) Reinforcement nominal diameter
Is there secondary reinforcement (perpendicular to main reinforcement in plane of Rf dia = If(Fit = ”No”, ””, 10) or “Input”
wall) = mm
Sec reo = No or “Input”
= Yes Number of legs of fitment
Nf = If(Fit = ”No”, ””, 1) or “Input”
Direction of secondary reinforcement = .
Dir sec = If(Sec reo = ”No”, ””, IF(Dir main = ”Vertical”, ”Horizontal”, ”Vertical”))
= Horizontal Spacing of shear fitments
s = If(Fit = ”No”, ””, 200) or “Input”
Reinforcement strength grade = mm
fsy s = If(Dir sec = ””, ””, 500) or “Input”
= 500 MPa Concrete grout properties
Concrete grout specification AS 3700 Clause 5.6, 10.7
Reinforcement nominal diameter Concrete grout shall comply with AS 3700 and have:
Rs dia = If(Dir sec = ””, ””, 16) or “Input” • a minimum portland cement content of 300 kg/cubic metre;
= 16 mm • a maximum aggregate size of 10 mm;
• sufficient slump to completely fill the cores; and
Number of secondary reinforcing bars in in each reinforced member • a minimum compressive cylinder strength of 20 MPa.
Ns = “Input”
=3 Grout strength: e.g. 20 MPa
f’c = 20.0 or “Input”
Shear fitment reinforcement through plane of the member = 20 MPa
(eg, fitments in a pier, pilaster or lintel) > 12 MPa OK AS 3700 Clause 10.7.3
Is there shear fitment reinforcement (through the plane of member)?
Fit = No or “Input” Design characteristic compressive strength of grout
= No f’cg = min (f’cg nom , 1.3 f’uc) AS 3700 Clause 3.5
= min (20.0, 1.3 x 15.0)
Direction of fitment reinforcement
Dir fit = If(Fit = ”No”, ””, ”Horizontal”) = 19.5 MPa
= .

Reinforcement strength grade

fsy f = If(Fit = ”No”, ””, 250) or “Input”
= 500 MPa

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Deflection Limits Point Load Shear Increase

Absolute deflection limit Spacing of point loads (e.g. Spacing of trusses exerting load on a lintel)
Dmax = IF(Type = ”Lintel”, 10, 20) or “Input” AS 3700 J4, J5 Su = IF (Type = “Lintel”, 900, 0) or “Input”
= 20 mm = 0 mm

Span / deflection limit Factor to account for increased shear, moment or deflection due to point loads close
Lc/Dmin = IF(Type = ”Lintel”, 360, 150) or “Input” AS 3700 J4, J5 to a support
= 150 ku = (Lc + Su)/ Lc or “Input”
= (2,700 + 0) / 3.000
Restraint Conditions = 1.00
How is the member restrained at its supports?
Restraint = Simply Supported or “Input” This factor allows for the fact that a point load from a roof truss, supporting
= Simply Supported load over a distance of Su , may be positioned immediately adjacent to
the critical section, thus increasing the shear force on the over the value
Shear coefficient applicable to the uniformly distributed case.
Kshear = IF(Restraint = ”Partially Restrained”, 1.60, IF(Restraint = ”Fully Restrained”,
2.00, 2.00))
=2

Bending coefficient
Kbend = IF(Restraint = ”Partially Restrained”, 8, IF(Restraint = ”Fully Restrained”,
12, 8))
=8

Deflection coefficient
Kdef = IF(Restraint = ”Partially Restrained”, 0.0054, IF(Restraint = ”Fully Restrained”,
0.0026, 0.013))
= 0.0130

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Loads Unfactored Loads Long-term Imposed Load (gravity)

Vertical in-plane long-term imposed gravity line load
Permanent Load (gravity) Yes
Permanent Load (gravity)
Imposed Load (gravity) Yes Wll = epl, or “Input”
Vertical in-plane permanent gravity line load
Long-term Imposed Load (gravity) Yes Wpl = 0, or “Input” = 0.1 kN/m
Wind Load Yes = 21.1 kN/m
Earthquake Load No Eccentricity of line load
Eccentricity of line load ell = 0, or “Input”
Snow (or ponded water) Load No
epl = 0, or “Input” = 31.7 mm
Fire Resistance Yes = 31.7 mm
Sound Attenuation Yes Vertical in-plane long-term imposed point line load
Thermal Resistance Yes Vertical in-plane permanent gravity point load
Ppp = epl, or “Input” Plp = 0, or “Input”
= 0.1 kN = 0.1 kN

Eccentricity of point load Eccentricity of point load

ePp = 0, or “Input” elp = epl, or “Input”
= 31.7 mm = 31.7 mm

Imposed Load (gravity)

Vertical in-plane imposed gravity line load Wind Loads
Wql = 0, or “Input” Horizontal out-of-plane wind pressure
= 8.2 kN/m ww = 0, or “Input”
= 1.00 kPa
Eccentricity of line load
eql = epl, or “Input” Horizontal in-plane shear wind load at
= 31.7 mm top of wall
Sw = 0, or “Input”
Vertical in-plane imposed gravity point load = 0.1 kN
Pqp = 0, or “Input”
= 0.1 kN

Eccentricity of point load

eqp = epl, or “Input”
= 31.7 mm

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Earthquake Loads Concentrated Loads Point load (Long-term Imposed Load)

Horizontal out-of-plane earthquake FL u e = 0, or Input
inertia pressure = 0.0 kN
we = 0, or “Input”
= 0.80 kPa Point load (Wind)
FW u e = 0, or Input
Horizontal in-plane shear earthquake inertia load at top = 0.0 kN
of wall
Sw = 0, or “Input” Point load (Wind Reversal Load)
= 0.1 kN FR u e = 0, or Input
= 0.0 kN
Snow (or Ponded Water) Loads
Vertical in-plane snow gravity Point load (Earthquake)
distributed load FE u e = 0, or Input
Ws = 0, or “Input” = 0.0 kN
= 0.100 kN/m
Point load (Snow etc)
Vertical in-plane snow point load FS u e = 0, or Input
Ps = 0, or “Input” = 0.0 kN
= 0.1 kN
Number of external point loads
External Concentrated Point Load Ncl e = 2, or Input
(ie, closest to the end of a wall) =2

Is an External Concentrated Load Distance from the end of the wall to the point load
(ie, closest to the end of a wall) being checked? (if near the end)
External = Yes a1 e = 0, or Input
= 300 mm
Unfactored Loads
Distance to the closest point load on the right
Point load (Permanent Load) a2 e = Input
FP u e = 0, or Input = 600 mm
= 10.0 kN
Length over which the point load is spread
Point load (Imposed Load) (at the point of contact)
FQ u e = 0, or Input a4 e = 100, or Input
= 5.0 kN = 100 mm

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Internal Concentrated Point Load Number of internal point loads Fire, sound & Thermal Requirements
(with another load to both the left and right) Ncl i = ROUND([(L - 2 (a1 e + a4 e)) / (a3 i + a4 e)], 0) - 1
= ROUND((7,300 – 2.[300 + 100]) / (600 +100), Fire Resistance
Is an Internal Concentrated Load (with another load to 0) - 1 Fire Resistance Level for
both the left and right) being checked? =8 Structural Adequacy
Internal = Yes tf = 0, or “Input”
Distance to the closest point load on the left = 90 mins
Unfactored Loads a2 i = a 2 e, or Input
= 600 mm Fire Resistance Level for Integrity
Point load (Permanent Load) tc = 0, or “Input”
FP u i = FP u e, or Input Distance to closest point load on the right = 60 mins
= 10.0 kN a3 i = a 2 i, or Input
= 600 mm Fire Resistance Level for Insulation
Point load (Imposed Load) tc = 0, or “Input”
FQ u i = FQ u e, or Input Length over which the point load is spread = 30 mins
= 5.0 kN (at the point of contact)
a4 i = a4 e, or Input Sound Attenuation
Point load (Long-term Imposed Load) Weighted sound index
= 100 mm
FL u i = FL u e, or Input Rw = 0, or “Input”
= 0.0 kN = 50 dBA

Point load (Wind) Weighted sound index with spectrum adaptation term
FW u i = FW u e, or Input Rw + Ctr = 0, or “Input”
= 50 dBA
= 0.0 kN
Thermal Resistance
Point load (Wind Reversal Load)
Thermal Resistance (excluding air films)
FR u i = FR u e, or Input
R = 0, or “Input”
= 0.0 kN
= 0.10 m2K/W
Point load (Earthquake)
FE u i = FE u e, or Input
= 0.0 kN

Point load (Snow etc)

FS u i = FS u e, or Input
= 0.0 kN

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Load Factors and Combinations Wind load factor Snow etc load factor
gw 4 = 1.0 or “Input” gs 7 =0 or “Input”
Permanent Load = 1.0 = 1.0
Permanent load factor
gp 1 = 1.35 or “Input” Imposed load combination factor Imposed load short-term factor
= 1.35 yc 4 = 0.60 or “Input” yc 7 = 0.60 or “Input”
= 0.60 = 0.60
Permanent + Imposed Load
Permanent load factor Permanent + Wind reversal Load
gp 2 = 1.2 or “Input” Permanent load factor Capacity Reduction Factors
= 1.2 gp 5 = 0.9 or “Input”
= 0.9 Capacity reduction factor for compression in
Imposed load factor unreinforced masonry AS 3700 Table 4.1
gq 2 = 1.5 or “Input” Wind load factor fc = 0.45 or “Input”
= 1.5 gw 5 = 1.0 or “Input” = 0.45
= 1.0
Permanent + Long-term Imposed Load Capacity reduction factor for bending & shear in
Permanent load factor Permanent + Earthquake + Imposed Load unreinforced masonry AS 3700 Table 4.1
gg 3 = 1.2 or “Input” Permanent load factor fb = 0.60 or “Input”
= 1.2 gp 6 =0 or “Input” = 0.60
= 1.0
Imposed load factor Capacity reduction factor for reinforced masonry
gq 3 = 1.5 or “Input” Earthquake load factor AS 3700 Table 4.1
= 1.5 ge 6 =0 or “Input” fr = 0.75 or “Input”
= 1.0 = 0.75
Imposed load factor for quasi-permanent long-term
actions Imposed load short-term factor Capacity reduction factor tension and compression in
yl 3 =0 or “Input” yc 6 = 0.60 or “Input” wall ties etc AS 3700 Table 4.1
= 0.60 = 0.60 ft = 0.95 or “Input”
= 0.95
Permanent + Wind + Imposed Load Permanent + Snow etc + Imposed Load
Permanent load factor Permanent load factor Capacity reduction factor for other actions in wall
gp 4 = 1.2 or “Input” gp 7 = 1.2 or “Input” accessories AS 3700 Table 4.1
= 1.2 = 1.2 fo = 0.75 or “Input”
= 0.75

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Robustness Criteria
AS 3700 Table 4.2
Vertical robustness coefficient Robustness Coefficients for Walls and Isolated Piers
Cv = IF(MAX( L, T) < H / 5, IF(Vertical Main Reinforcement = ”Yes”, 30, 13.5), Cv Cv
IF(Does the member support a concrete slab? = ”Yes”, IF(Vertical Main
Reinforcement = ”Yes”, 48, 36), Top and bottom edge restraints to Vertically Vertically reinforced or
IF(Is the member supported laterally at the top? = ”Yes”, IF(Vertical Main wall panels unreinforced prestressed
Reinforcement = ”Yes”, 36, 27), Top free 6 12 if reinforcement
IF(Vertical Main Reinforcement = ”Yes”, IF(Base Starters = ”Yes”, 12, 6), 6)))), continuous into support.
or “Input” Otherwise 6
= 48.0
Lateral Load other than 27 36
Horizontal robustness coefficient support concrete slab or
no load
Ch = IF (Are both ends of the member supported? = “Yes”,
IF (Is at least one end of the member supported? = “Yes”,
IF (Horizontal Main Reinforcement = “Yes”, 16, 12), 100000000000)),
Lateral Load of 36 48
or “Input” support concrete slab
= 36.0

Isolated piers
Lateral 13.5 30
support

Ch Ch
Edge restraints on vertical sides Horizontally Horizontally reinforced
of wall panels unreinforced or prestressed
12 24 if reinforcement
continuous past support.
Edge
laterally Otherwise 16
supported Edge free

36 48
Edge Edge
laterally laterally
supported supported

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Calculated Parameters Block height factor AS 3700 3.3.2 & Table 3.3.2
kh = MIN(1.3,(IF(hu/tj <7.61, 1,(IF(hu/tj < 12.001, (1+(hu/tj - 7.6)/4.4*0.15),
j
Type of Masonry (1.15 + (hu/tj - 12)/7*0.15))))))
Is the masonry reinforced or unreinforced? = 1.3
Reinforcement?
= IF(VERTICAL MAIN REINFORCEMENT - Check this option if the main Characteristic masonry strength
reinforcement is vertical. = “Yes”, “Reinforced”, IF( HORIZONTAL
f’m = kh f’mb AS 3700 3.3.2
MAIN REINFORCEMENT - Check this option if the main
reinforcement is horizontal. = “Yes”, “Reinforced”, “Unreinforced”)) = 1.3 x 6.20
= Unreinforced = 8.06 MPa

Is the main reinforcement restrained by ligatures complying with AS 3700 Clause 8.4? Reinforcement Properties
Restrained Reo? Area of each main tensile reinforcement bar
= IF(Fit = “Yes”, IF(Rf dia > 6, IF(s < MIN (400, D), “Yes”, “No”), “No”), “No”) Ast 1 = IF(Rm dia =20,310,IF(Rm dia =16,200,
= No IF(Rm dia =12,110,3.1416* Rm dia^2/4)))
= 200 mm2
Characteristic Compressive Strength
Block type factor AS 3700 3.3.2 & Table 3.1 for face-shell Area of all main tensile reinforcement bars in the member
bedded hollow units in M3 mortar Ast = Nt m . Ast 1
km = IF(Unit = “Hollow”, 1.6, 1.4)
= 2 x 200
= 1.6
= 400 mm2
Equivalent brickwork strength AS 3700 3.3.2
Area of all main tensile reinforcement bars in the wall
f’mb = km (f’uc)0.5
Ast m = Nt T m. Ast
= 1.6 (15.0)0.5
= 6 x 400
= 6.20 MPa
=2,400 mm2
Ratio of block to joint thickness
hu/tj = 190/10 Design area of main tensile reinforcement in the member
= 19.0 Asd = min [0.29 (1.3 f’m) b d/fsy, Ast]
= min [(0.29 x 1.3 x 8.06 x 960 x 95/500), 200]
= min [554, 400]
= 400 mm2

PART B:CHAPTER 1
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Area of each leg of shear fitments Elastic modulus of unreinforced masonry under Pier thickness ratio
Asf 1 = IF(Rm dia = 20, 310, IF(Rm dia = 16,200, short-term loading twp/tu = twp / tu
IF(Rm dia = 12, 110, 3.1416* Rm dia2 s/4))) Eus = IF(Class = ”At least 1800”, 1000*f’m, 750* f’m) = 390 / 190
= 0 mm2 = 1,000 x 8.06 = 2.05
= 8,060 MPa
Area of all legs of shear fitments Pier spacing / pier width
Asf = Nf . Asf 1 Elastic modulus of unreinforced masonry under bps/bpw = bps / bpw
= 0 mm2 long-term loading = 2,400 / 390
Eul = 500 f’m = 6.15
Area of each secondary reinforcement bar = 500 x 8.06
Ast s1 = IF( Rs dia = 20, 310, IF(Rs dia = 16, 200, = 4,030 MPa Thickness coefficient for walls stiffened monolithically be
IF(Rs dia = 12, 110, 3.1416 Rs dia2 /4))) engaged piers
= 200 mm2 VERTICAL IN-PLANE LOAD kt = 1 + 0.002062*(20 - MIN(20, bps/bpw))2. (MIN
Resistance to Compression of Unreinforced (twp/tu, 3) - 1)1.3
Area of all secondary reinforcement bars in the wall Masonry = 1 + 0.002062*(20 - MIN(20, 6.15))2. (MIN
Ast s = Ast s1 Ns Density factor (2.05, 3) - 1)1.3
= 200 x 3 kc = IF(Unit = “Hollow”, IF (r > 2000, 1.4, 1.2 ), 1.2) = 1.42
= 600 mm2 = 1.40
Vertical slenderness coefficient
Elastic Modulii Basic compressive strength capacity av = IF(Lat t = “Nil”, 2.5, IF(Lat t = “Partial”, IF(Rot b
Elastic modulus of reinforced masonry under short-term Fo = fc (f’m Ab + kc (f’cg / 1.3)0.5 Ac ) / 1000 = “Partial”, 1.5, “Base must be restrained”),
loading = 0.45 ([8.06 x 60,000] + [1.40 x (19.5 / 1.3)0.5 x IF(Rot t = “Partial”, IF(Rot b = ”Partial”, 0.75,
Ers = 1,000 f’c 42,250]) / 1,000 0.85), IF(Rot b = ”Nil”, 1, 0.85))))
= 1,000 x 20.0 = 321 kN/m = 0.75
= 20,000 MPa
Overall thickness of the member’s cross section Horizontal slenderness coefficient
Elastic modulus of reinforced masonry under long-term tw =T ah = IF(Lo > 0, 2.5, IF(Are both ends of the
loading = 190 mm member supported = “Yes” , 1.0,
Erl = 3500 f’c IF (Is at least one end of the member
Thickness of pier (wall + outstand) supported? = “No”, 100000000, 2.5)))
= 350 x 20.0
twp = tpo + tu = 2.50
= 7,000 MPa
= 200 + 190
= 390 mm

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 24 of 39

Slenderness for refined calculation Reduction factor (for eccentricity and slenderness) Design compressive strength
Sr = MIN (av H / (kt tw), 0.7(av H ah IF(Lo > 0, Lt, ke,s = IF(e1/tw > 0.499, 0, MAX(0, MIN(1, IF(e1/tw k Fo = k Fo
L))0.5 / tw) > 0.05, 0.5(1+e2/e1)*((1-2.083 e1/tw) - = 0.616 x 321
= MIN (0.75 x 2,700/(1.42 x 190), 0.7 ( 0.75 x (0.025-0.037 e1/tw)(1.33Sr - 8)) + 0.5 = 197 kN/m
2,700 x 2.50 x 3,700)0.5 / 190) (1 - 0.6 e1/tw)(1 - e2/e1) (1.18-0.03Sr),
= MIN (7.49, 15.9) 1.18 - 0.03 Sr)))) Design compressive strength of the whole length of
= 7.49 = IF(0.167 > 0.499, 0, MAX(0, MIN(1, IF(0.167 member
> 0.05, 0.5*(1 + 31.7 / 31.7) x ((1 – [2.083 x k Fo L = k Fo . L / 1,000
Eccentricity at the top 0.167]) - (0.025 – [0.037 x 0.167]) ([1.33 x = 197 x 7,300 / 1,000
e1 = MAX (0.05 tw, (Wp eP + Wq eq + Wl el + 7.49] - 8)) + 0.5 (1 – [0.6 x 0.167]) x = 1,441 kN
Ww ew + Wu eu + We ee + Ws es ) / (1 – 31.7 / 31.7) (1.18 – [0.03 x 7.49]),
(Wp + Wq + Wl + Ww + Wu + We + Ws) 1.18 – [0.03 x 7.49] ))))
= MAX ([0.05 x 190], ([21.1 x 31.7] + [8.2 x 31.7] = 0.616 Resistance to Compression of Reinforced Masonry
+ [0 x 31.7] + [1.0 x 31.7] + [0 x 31.7] + with Restrained Reinforcement
[0 x 31.7] + [0 x 31.7]) / [21.1 + 8.2 + 0 + Reduction factor (for crushing) Reduction factor for slenderness
1.0 + 0 + 0 + 0 ] ) kcrush = IF(Unit = “Solid/Cored”, 1 - 2 e1/tw, ks = MIN(1.0, 1.18 – 0.03 Sr)
= 31.7 mm MIN((1 - ts / tw)/(1 - ts / tw + 2 e1/tw), = MIN(1.0, 1.18 – [0.03 x 7.49])
(1 - 2 e1/tw) / (2 ts / tw))) = 0.955
Eccentricity at the base = IF(Unit = “Solid/Cored”, 1 – [2 x 0.167],
e2 = IF(Is at least one end of the member MIN( (1 - 30 / 190 ) / (1 – 30 /190 + Reinforced masonry design compressive strength
supported? = “Yes”, e1, 0) [2 x 0.167] ), (1 – [2 x 0.167]) / (2 x ks Fo r = fr ks (f’m Ab + kc(f’cg /1.3)0.5 Ac + fsy As)/1000
= 31.7 mm 30 / 190))) = 0.75 x 0.955 ([8.06 x 60,000] + [1.40 x (19.5 /
= 0.716 1.3)0.5 x 42,250] + [0.0 x 0.0]) /1,000
Eccentricity ratio at the top of the wall = 510.4 kN/m
e1/tw = e1 / tw Reduction factor (for eccentricity, slenderness and
= 31.7 / 190 crushing)
= 0.167 k = MIN (ke,s, kcrush )
= MIN (0.616, 0.716 )
= 0.616

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 25 of 39

Resistance to Concentrated Loads Factored point load Effective dispersion area of concentrated load at mid-
(Permanent + Earthquake + Imposed Load) height
External Concentrated Load PP+E+Qe = gp6 FPue + ge6FEue + yc6 FQue Adc e = 2 ts Le e
(ie, closest to the end of a wall) = (1.0 x 10.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.60 x 5.0) = 2 x 30 x 700
Factored point load (Permanent Load) = 13.0 kN = 42,000 mm2
PPe = gp1 FPue
= 1.35 x 10.0 Factored point load Possible error in AS 3700 7.3.5.4.
= 13.5 kN (Permanent + Snow etc + Imposed Load) This has been based on 2 ts
PP+S+Qe = gp7 FPue + gs7 FSue + yc7 FQue
Factored point load (Permanent + Imposed Load) = (1.2 x 10.00 + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.60 x 5.0) Bearing area
PP+Qe = gp2 FPue + gq2 FQue = 15.0 kN Ads e = 2 ts a4e
= (1.2 x 10.0) + (1.5 x 7.0) = 2 x 30 x 100
= 19.5 kN Factored point load = 6,000 mm2
(Maximum value to be checked)
Factored point load Pmax e = MAX(PPe, PP+Qe, PP+Le, PP+W+Qe, PP+Re, Concentrated bearing factor
(Permanent + Long-term Imposed Load) PP+E+Qe, PP+S+Qe) kb e = IF(Unit = “Solid/Cored”, MAX(1,
PP+Le = gp3 FPue + yl3 gq3 FLue = MAX(13.5, 19.5, 12.0, 15.0, 9.0, 13.0, 15.0) MIN(0.55(1 + 0.5 a1e/L) / ((Ads e/Adc e)0.33),
= (1.2 x 10.0) + (0.60 x 1.5 x 0.0) = 19.5 kN 1.5 + a1e/L)), 1)
= 12.0 kN = MAX(1, MIN(0.55(1 + [0.5 x 300/7,300]) /
Total of factored external point loads ((6,000 / 42,000)0.33), 1.5 + 300/7, 300)), 1)
Factored point load Pe = Pmax e Ncl e = 1.0
(Permanent + Wind + Imposed Load) = 19.5 x 2
PP+W+Qe = gp4 FPue + gw 4 FWue + yc 4 FQue = 39.0 kN Compressive strength capacity immediately under
= (1.2 x 10.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 5.0) concentrated load (modified for concentration)
= 15.0 kN Effective dispersion length of the load kb Fo a4e = kb . Fo . a4e / 1,000
Le e = MIN(L, MIN(a1e, H/2) + a4e + MIN(a2e /2, H/2)) = 1.0 x 320.6 x 100 / 1,000
Factored point load = MIN(7,300, MIN(300, 2, 700/2) + 100 + = 32.1 kN
(Permanent + Wind Reversal Load) MIN( 600/2, 2, 700/2))
PP+Re = gp5 FPue + gw5 FRue = 700 mm Dispersed compressive load at mid-height of the wall
= (0.9 x 10.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) Wmid e = Pmax e / Le e x 1,000
= 9.0 kN = 19.5 / 700 x 1,000
= 27.9 kN/m

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 26 of 39

Internal Concentrated Load Factored point load Bearing area

(with another load to both the left and right) (Permanent + Snow etc + Imposed Load) Adse = 2 ts a4e
Factored point load (Permanent Load) PP+S+Qi = gp7 FPui + gs7 FSui + yc7 FQui = 2 x 30 x 100
PPi = gp1 FPui = (1.2 x 10.00 + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.60 x 5.0) = 6,000 mm2
= 1.35 x 10.0 = 15.0 kN
= 13.5 kN Concentrated bearing factor
Factored point load (Maximum value to be checked) kbe = IF(Unit = “Solid/Cored”, MAX(1, MIN(0.55(1 +
Factored point load (Permanent + Imposed Load) Pmax i = MAX(PPi, PP+Qi, PP+Li, PP+W+Qi, PP+Ri, 0.5 a1e/L)/((Adse/Adce)0.33), 1.5 + a1e/L)), 1)
PP+Qi = gp2 FPui + gq2 FQui PP+E+Qi, PP+S+Qi) = MAX(1, MIN(0.55(1 + [0.5 x 300/7,300])/
= (1.2 x 10.0) + (1.5 x 7.0) = MAX(13.5, 19.5, 12.0, 15.0, 9.0, 13.0, 15.0) ((6,000/42,000)0.33), 1.5 + 300/7,300)), 1)
= 19.5 kN = 19.5 kN = 1.0

Factored point load Total of factored external point loads Compressive strength capacity immediately under
(Permanent + Long-term Imposed Load) concentrated load (modified for concentration)
Pi = Pmax i Ncl i
PP+Li = gp3 FPui + yl 3 gq3 FLui kb Fo a4 i= kb . Fo . a4 i / 1,000
= 19.5 x 8
= (1.2 x 10.0) + (0.60 x 1.5 x 0.0) = 1.0 x 320.6 x 100 / 1,000
= 156 kN
= 12.0 kN = 32.1 kN

Factored point load Effective dispersion length of the load

Dispersed compressive load at mid-height of the wall
(Permanent + Wind + Imposed Load) Lei = MIN(a2i / 2, H/2) + a4i + MIN(a3i / 2 , H/2)
Wmid i = Pmax i / Le i x 1,000
PP+W+Q = gp4 FPui + gw4 FWui + yc4 FQui = MIN( 600/2, 2,700/2) + 100 + MIN (600 /2,
= 19.5 / 700 x 1,000
= (1.2 x 10.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 5.0) 2,700 /2)
= 27.9 kN/m
= 15.0 kN = 700 mm
Total of concentrated point loads
Factored point load (Permanent + Wind Reversal Load) Effective dispersion area of concentrated load
Pc = Pe + Pi
PP+Ri = gp5 FPui + gw5 FRui at mid-height
= 39.0 + 156.0
= (0.9 x 10.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) Adce = 2 ts Lei
= 195.0 kN
= 9.0 kN = 2 x 30 x 700
= 42,000 mm2
Maximum dispersed compressive load at
Factored point load
mid-height of the wall
(Permanent + Earthquake + Imposed Load) Possible error in AS 3700 7.3.5.4.
Wmid = MAX (Wmid e, Wmid i)
PP+E+Qi = gp6 FPui + ge6 FEui + yc6 FQui This has been based on 2 ts
= MAX (27.9, 27.9 )
= (1.0 x 10.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.60 x 5.0)
= 27.9 kN/m
= 13.0 kN

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 27 of 39

HORIZONTAL OUT-OF-PLANE LOAD Shear capacity of support at right end Area supported by top connection
f vd r = (fb f’ms r Ab /1000) + (fr 17.5 x 3.1416 Acon 2 t = H. L. Lcon 2 t /Lcon 2 /106
Out-of-Plane Shear Capacity of Connections Rdia con r2 / 4 IF(Scon r = 0, 0, 1000/ Scon r) = 2,700 x 7,300 x 7,300 /20,000 /106
Shear capacity of support at top
/1000) + (fo Vsc r) = 7.19 m2
f vd t = (fb f’ms t Ab /1000 + kv t fd t Ab /1000) +
= (0.60 x 0 x 60,000 /1000) + (0.75 x 17.5 x
(fr 17.5 x 3.1416 Rdia con t2 / 4 IF(Scon t Area supported by base connection
3.1416 x 02 / 4 IF(1200 = 0, 0, 1000/0)
= 0, 0, 1000/Scon t) /1000) + (fo Vsc t) Acon 2 b = H. L. Lcon 2 b /Lcon 2 /106
/1000) + (0.75 x 3.0)
= (0.60 x 0 x 60,000 /1000 + 0.30 x 0.352 x = 2,700 x 7,300 x 7,300 /20,000 /106
= 2.25 kN.m
60,000 /1000) + (0.75 x 17.5 x 3.1416 x = 7.19 m2
02 /4 IF(0 = 0, 0, 1000/0)/1000) + (0.75 x 0) Two-way action
= 6.3 kN.m Length supported by the top connection Area supported by left connection
Lcon 2 t = IF( Is the member supported laterally at the Acon 2 l = H. L. Lcon 2 l /Lcon 2 /106
Shear capacity of support at base top? = “Yes”, L, 0) = 2,700 x 7,300 x 2,700 /20,000 /106
f vd b = (fb f’ms b Ab /1000 + kv b fd b Ab /1000) = 7,300 mm = 2.66 m2
+ (fr 17.5 x 3.1416 Rdia con b2 / 4 IF(Scon b
= 0, 0, 1000/Scon b) /1000) + (fo Vsc b) Length supported by the base connection Area supported by right connection
= (0.60 x 0.35 x 60,000 /1000 + 0.30 x 0.443 x Lcon 2 b = L Acon 2 r = H. L. Lcon 2 r /Lcon 2 /106
60,000 /1000) + (0.75 x 17.5 x 3.1416 x = 7,300 mm = 2,700 x 7,300 x 2,700 /20,000 /106
122 /4 IF(1200 = 0, 0, 1000/1200) /1000) + = 2.66 m2
(0.75 x 0) Length supported by the left connection
Lcon 2 l = IF( Is at least one end of the member Total area supported connections
= (12.6 + 7.97 + 1.23 + 0)
supported? = “Yes”, H, 0) Acon 2 = Acon 2 t + Acon 2 b + Acon 2 l + Acon 2 r
= 21.8 kN.m
= 2,700 mm = 7.19 + 7.19 + 2.66 + 2.66
Shear capacity of support at left end = 19.7 m2
f vd l = (fb f’ms l Ab /1000) + (fr 17.5 x 3.1416 Length supported by the right connection
Lcon 2 r = IF ( Are both ends of the member supported? Capacity of top connection
Rdia con l2 / 4 IF(Scon l = 0, 0, 1000/Scon l)
= “Yes”, H, 0) f Vd 2 t = f vd t Acon 2 t
/1000) + (fo Vsc l)
= 2,700 mm = 6.3 x 7.19
= (0.60 x 0.35 x 60,000 /1000) + (0.75 x 17.5 x
= 45.6 kN
3.1416 x 02 / 4 IF(1200 = 0, 0, 1000/0)
Total length supported by the connections
/1000) + (0.75 x 0) Capacity of base connection
Lcon 2 = Lcon 2 t + Lcon 2 b + Lcon 2 l + Lcon 2 r
= 12.6 kN.m f Vd 2 b = f vd b Acon 2 b
= 7,300 + 7,300 + 2,700 + 2,700
= 20,000 mm = 21.8 x 7.19
= 156.9 kN

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 28 of 39

Capacity of left connection Area supported by top connection Bending in Unreinforced Masonry
f Vd 2 l = f vd l Acon 2 l Acon 1 t = H. L. Lcon 1 t / Lcon 1 /106 All section properties and capacities are based on a
= 12.6 x 2.66 = 2,700 x 7,300 x 7,300 / 14,600 /106 one-metre length of the wall.
= 33.5 kN = 9.86 m2
Torsion strength
Capacity of right connection Area supported by base connection f’t = 2.25 f’mt2
f Vd 2 r = f vd r Acon 2 r Acon 1 b = H. L. Lcon 1 b / Lcon 1 /106 = 2.25 x 0.22
= 2.25 x 2.66 = 2,700 x 7,300 x 7,300 / 14,600 /106 = 1.01 MPa
= 6.0 kN = 9.86 m2
Strength parameters
Total capacity of connections Total area supported connections G = 2 (hu + tj) /(lu +tj)
f Vd 2 = f Vd 2 t + f Vd 2 b + f Vd 2 l + f Vd 2 r Acon 1 = Acon 2 t + Acon 2 b = 2 x (190 + 10) /(390 + 10)
= 45.6 + 156.9 + 33.5 + 6.0 = 9.86 + 9.86 = 1.00
= 242.0 kN = 19.7 m2
Strength parameters
One-way action Capacity of top connection A = (lu + tj) (1 + G2)0.5
f Vd 1 t = f vd t Acon 1 t = (390 + 10) (1 + 1.02)0.5
Length supported by the top connection = 6.3 x 9.86 = 566.
Lcon 1 t = IF(Is the member supported laterally = 62.4 kN
at the top? = “Yes”, L, 0) Height factor
= 7,300 mm Capacity of base connection B = (hu + tj) /(1 + G2)0.5
f Vd 1 b = f vd b Acon 1 b = (190 + 10) /(1 + 1.02)0.5
Length supported by the base connection = 21.8 x 9.86 = 141.
Lcon 1 b = L = 215.0 kN
= 7,300 mm Strength parameters
Total capacity of connections C = B ts /(1.5 B + 0.9 ts) + tu - ts
Total length supported by the connections f Vd 1 = 2 min (C117, C118)*2 = ([141 x 30] /([1.5 x 141] + [0.9 x 30]) + 190 – 30
Lcon 1 = Lcon 1 t + Lcon 1 b = 2 x min (62.4, 215.0) = 178.
= 7,300 + 7,300 = 124.8 kN
= 14,600 mm Torsion modulus for hollow sections
Zt h = 2 B ts C /A
= 2 x 141 x 30 x 178 /566
= 2,661 mm3/m

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 29 of 39

Torsion modulus for solid or cored sections Vertical compressive unfactored stress at base of wall Torsional moment capacity
Zt s = 2 B2 tu2 /(3 MAX(B, tu) +1.8 MIN(B, tu)) fd b = fd t + fd sb Mcd = fb f’t Zt /106
/((lu+tj) (1 + G2)0.5) = 0.352 + 0.091 = 0.60 x 1.01 x 2,661 /106
= 2 x 1412 x 1902 /(3 MAX(141, 190) +1.8 = 0.44 MPa = 1.61 kN.m/m
MIN(141, 190)) /((390 + 10) (1 + 1.002)0.5)
= 3,096 mm3/m Bending moment capacity factor Number of vertical supports
kmt = IF(Material = ”AAC”, 1.3, 1.0) Nvert sup = IF(Is at least one end of the member
Torsion modulus = 1.0 supported = ”Yes”, IF(Are both ends of
Zt s = IF(Unit = ”Hollow”, Zt h, Zt s) the member supported = ’’Yes’’, 2, 1), 0)
= 2,661 mm3/m Perpend spacing factor =2
kp = MIN(sp/tu, sp/hu, 1.0)
Vertical compressive unfactored stress due to external = MIN(190/190, 190/190, 1.0) Is the wall supported at the top?
load (unfactored vertical permanent line load) = 1.0 Ntop sup = Is the member supported laterally at the top?
fd t = 1,000 Wp v /Ab = Yes
= 1,000 x 21.1 /60,000 Vertical bending moment capacity
= 0.352 MPa Mcv = MIN(fb kmt f’mt Zd + fd m Zd, 3 fb kmt f’mt Zd) /106 Design length
= MIN([0.60 x 1.0 x 0.20 x 4,089,000] + Ld = IF(Nvert sup = 1, L, IF(Lo = 0, L/2, Lt))
Vertical compressive unfactored stress at mid height of [0.40 x 4,089,000], [3 x 0.60 x 1.0 x 0.20 x = 3,700 mm
wall due to self weight 4,089,000])/106
fd sm = r H te 9.81/(2 Ab 106) = MIN(0.49 + 1.63, 1.47) Design height
= 2,180 x 2,700 x 95 x 9.81/(2 x 60,000 x 106) = MIN(1.96, 1.47) Hd = IF(Ntop sup = ”Yes”, H/2, H)
= 0.046 MPa = 1.47 kN.m/m = 1,350 mm

Vertical compressive unfactored stress at base of wall Horizontal bending moment capacity Slope factor
due to self weight a = G Ld /Hd
Mch = IF(Material = ”AAC”, fb(0.22 f’ut + 0.33 kmt
fd sb = r H te 9.81/(Ab 106) = 1.00 x 3,700 /1,350
f’mt)Zd /106, MIN(2.0 fb kp f’mt0.5 [1+ fd m /
= 2,180 x 2,700 x 95 x 9.81/(60,000 x 106) = 2.74
f’ut)Zd /106, 4.0 fb kp f’mt0.5 Zd /106,
= 0.091 MPa
fb (0.44 f’ut Zu + 0.56 f’mt Zp) /106)
Restraint factor for first supported edge
Vertical compressive unfactored stress at mid height = MIN(2.0 x 0.60 x 1.0 x 0.200.5 [1+ 0.40 / 0.20 )
Rf1 = IF(Is the masonry continuous past at least
of wall 4,089,000 /106, 4.0 x 0.60 x 1.0 x 0.200.5 x
one support? = ”Yes”, 1, 0)
fd m = fd t + fd sm 4,089,000 /106, 0.60[(0.44 x 0.80 x 4,089,000)
= 1.0
= 0.352 + 0.046 + (0.56 x 0.20 x 4,089,000)] /106)
= 0.40 MPa = MIN(6.58, 4.39, 1.14)
= 1.14 kN.m/m

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 30 of 39

Restraint factor for second supported edge Load case for AS 3700 Table 7.4
Rf2 = IF(Is the masonry continuous past both supports? = ”Yes”, 1, 0) Load Case Conditions
= 0.0 1 - No opening, both edges supported, a ≤ 1 Lo = 0, Nvert sup = 2, a ≤1
2 - No opening, both edges supported, a > 1 Lo = 0, Nvert sup = 2, a >1
3 - No opening, one edge supported, a ≤ 1 Lo = 0, Nvert sup = 1, a ≤1
4 - No opening, one edge supported, a > 1 Lo = 0, Nvert sup = 1, a >1
AS 3700 Table 7.4
5 - Opening, both edges supported, a ≤ 1 Lo > 0, Nvert sup = 2, a ≤1
Coefficients for Out-of-plane Lateral Load Resistance
6 - Opening, both edges supported, a > 1 Lo > 0, Nvert sup = 2, a >1
Vertical Slope
edges factor, LC =6
Opening supported a Aspect factor, af k1 k2
Aspect factor
1 Load Case Formula
Rf1 + Rf2
+1-a a 1+1
1-a
No Both ≤1 1 - No opening, both edges supported, a ≤ 1 1 /(1- a /3)
2 G2
3 2 - No opening, both edges supported, a > 1 a /(1-1 /(3a))
a Rf1 + Rf2 3 - No opening, one edge supported, a ≤ 1 1 /(1 - a /3)
No Both >1 1+1
1- 1 2 G2
4 - No opening, one edge supported, a > 1 a /(1-1 / (3a))
3a 5 - Opening, both edges supported, a ≤ 1 1 /((1- a /3) + Lo (1- a /2) /Ld)
1 6 - Opening, both edges supported, a > 1 a /((1- 1 /(3 a) + Lo /(2 Ld)))
Rf1 a 1+1
1- a
No One ≤1
G2 af = a /((1- 1 /(3 a) + Lo /(2 Ld))) for Load Case LC = 6
3
= 2.74 /((1- 1 /(3 x 2.74) + 1,600 /(2 x 3,700)))
a = 2.50
No One >1 Rf1 1+1
1- 1 G2
3a Continuity factor for bending
1 Load Case Formula
Lo Rf1 a 1+1 1 - No opening, both edges supported, a ≤ 1 (Rf1 + Rf2)/2 + 1 - a
1-a + 1-a
Yes Both ≤1
G2 2 - No opening, both edges supported, a > 1 (Rf1 + Rf2)/2
3 Ld 2
3 - No opening, one edge supported, a ≤ 1 Rf1
a
4 - No opening, one edge supported, a > 1 Rf1
Yes Both >1 Lo Rf1 1+1
1- 1 + G2 5 - Opening, both edges supported, a ≤ 1 Rf1
3a 2Ld
6 - Opening, both edges supported, a > 1 Rf1

k1 = Rf1 for Load Case LC = 6

= 1.00

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 31 of 39

Continuity factor for torsion Lateral load capacity (limited by connection shear of right connection)
Load Case Formula f wd2 vr = f Vd2 r / Acon 2 r
1 - No opening, both edges supported, a ≤ 1 a (1 + 1/G2) = 6.0 /2.66
2 - No opening, both edges supported, a > 1 1 + 1/G2 = 2.25 kPa
3 - No opening, one edge supported, a ≤ 1 a (1 + 1/G2)
4 - No opening, one edge supported, a > 1 1 + 1/G2 Suitability of top connection
5 - Opening, both edges supported, a ≤ 1 a (1 + 1/G2) = IF(f wd2 vt > f wd2 b, “Connection strength is OK”, “Connection strength
6 - Opening, both edges supported, a > 1 1 + 1/G2 should be increased”)
= Connection strength is OK
k2 = 1 + 1/G2 for Load Case LC = 6
= 1 + 1/1.02 Suitability of base connection
= 2.00 = IF(f wd2 vb > f wd2 b, “Connection strength is OK”, “Connection strength
should be increased”)
Two-way action = Connection strength is OK

Lateral load capacity for two-way action (limited by masonry bending) Suitability of left connection
f wd2 b = 2 af (k1 Mch + k2 Mcd) /Ld2 x 106 = IF(f wd2 vl > f wd2 b, “Connection strength is OK”, “Connection strength
= 2 x 2.50 ([1.0 x 1.14] + [2.0 x 1.61]) /3,7002 x 106 should be increased”)
= 1.59 kPa = Connection strength is OK

Lateral load capacity (limited by connection shear of top connection) Suitability of right connection
f wd2 vt = f Vd2 t / Acon 2 t = IF(f wd2 vr > f wd2 b, “Connection strength is OK”, “Connection strength
= 45.6 /7.19 should be increased”)
= 6.33 kPa = Connection strength is OK

Lateral load capacity (limited by connection shear of bottom connection) Lateral load capacity for two-way action (limited by connection shear)
f wd2 vb = f Vd2 b / Acon 2 b f wd2 v = f Vd2 / Acon 2
= 156.9 /7.19 = 242.0 /19.7
= 21.81 kPa = 12.28 kPa

Lateral load capacity (limited by connection shear of left connection) Lateral load capacity for two way action
f wd2 vl = f Vd2 l / Acon 2 l f wd2 = MIN(f wd2 b, f wd2 v)
= 33.5 /2.66 = MIN(1.59, 12.28)
= 12.60 kPa = 1.59 kPa

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 32 of 39

One-way action Lateral load capacity for one way action

f wd1 = MIN(f wd1 b, f wd1 v)
Lateral load capacity for one-way action (limited by masonry bending) = MIN(1.62, 6.33)
f wd1 b = 8 Mcv /H2 x 106 = 1.62 kPa
= 8 x 1.47 /2,7002 x 106
= 1.62 kPa Lateral load capacity
f wd2 = MIN(f wd1, f wd2)
Lateral load capacity (limited by connection shear of top connection) = MIN(1.62, 1.59)
f wd1 vt = f Vd1 t / Acon 1 t = 1.62 kPa
= 62.4 /9.86
= 6.33 kPa
Load Capacity of Reinforced Masonry
Lateral load capacity (limited by connection shear of bottom connection)
f wd1 vb= f Vd1 b / Acon 1 b Shear capacity
= 215.0 /9.86 fr V = fr (f’vm bw d + fvs Ast + fsy f Asv d/s)
= 21.81 kPa = 0.75 [(0.35 x 400 x 95) + (17.5 x 400) + (500 x 0 x 95/0)] /103
= 0.75 (13.3 + 7.0 + 0.0)
Suitability of top connection
= 15.2 kN
= IF(f wd1 vt > f wd1 b, “Connection strength is OK”, “Connection strength
should be increased”) Bending moment capacity
= Connection strength is OK fr M = fr fsy Asd d[1 - 0.6 fsy Asd d /(1.3 f’m b d)]
= 0.75 x 500 x 400 x 95[1 - (0.6 x 500 x 400)/(1.3 x 8.06 x 95 x 960)] /106
Suitability of base connection
= 12.5 kN.m
= IF(f wd1 vb > f wd1 b, “Connection strength is OK”, “Connection strength
should be increased”) Limiting deflection
= Connection strength is OK Da = MIN(Dmax, Lc /([Lc/Dmin])
= MIN(20, 2700/150)
Lateral load capacity for one-way action (limited by connection shear)
= 18.0 mm
f wd1 v = f Vd1 / Acon 1 2
= 124.8 /19.7 Load capacity (limited by shear)
= 6.33 kPa f Wvr = Kshear fr V /(Lc ku).103
= 2 x 15.2 /(2,700 x 1.0) x 103
= 11.3 kN/m

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 33 of 39

Load capacity (limited by bending moment) Minimum in-plane shear strength

f Wbr = Kbend fr M /(Lc2 ku) .106 f vb min = MIN(f vb i, f vcb i)
= 8 x 12.5 /(2,7002 x 1.0) x 106 = MIN(20.6, 21.8)
= 13.7 kN/m = 20.6 kN.m

Load capacity (limited by deflection) Minimum in-plane shear capacity

f WDr = Da E I /(Kdef Lc4 ku) f Vi = f vb min L /1,000
= 18.0 x 20.0 x 103 x 0.695 x 109 /(0.0130 x 2,7004 x 1.0) = 20.6 x 7,300 /1,000
= 362 kN/m = 150.2 kN

Load capacity (limited by shear, bending moment or deflection) In-Plane Load Capacity of Reinforced Masonry
f Wr = MIN(f Wvr, f Wbr, f WDr)
= MIN(11.3, 13.7, 362) Ratio of wall height to wall length
= 11.3 kN/m H/L = H/L
= 2,700 /7,300
Pressure capacity (limited by shear, bending moment or deflection) = 0.370
f wr = f Wr / B .103
= 11.3 /1,217 x 103 Area of reinforcement acting to prevent cracking of shear wall
= 9.3 kPa As = IF(H/L < 1, Ast s L / H, MIN(Ast m, Ast s))
= IF(H/L <1, 600 x 7,300 /2,700, MIN(2400, 600))
= 600 mm2
HORIZONTAL IN-PLANE LOAD
Note:
In-Plane Load Capacity of Unreinforced Masonry In this software, the term Ast s (indicating area of “secondary”
reinforcement) represents the area of horizontal reinforcement in a
In-plane shear strength of masonry shear wall, designated Ash in AS 3700 8.6.2.
f vb i = (fb f’ms b Ab + kv b fd b Ab ) /1,000)
Shear capacity
= ([0.60 x 0.35 x 60,000] + [0.30 x 0.44 x 60,000] /1,000
f Vir = IF(H/L < 2.3, fr((1.5 - 0.5 H/L) Ad L /1,000,000 + 0.8 fsy m As /1,000),
= 20.6 kN.m
fr(f’ms b Ab L /1,000,000 + fsv Asd /1,000 + fsv f Asv d /s)
In-plane shear strength of connection at base = 0.75 ((1.5 – [0.5 x 0.37]) 60,000 x 7,300 /1,000,000 +
f vcb i = 21.8 kN.m Value calculated in association with “connections” 0.8 x 500 x 600 /1,000)
= 612. kN

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 34 of 39

REINFORCED MASONRY LINTELS Bending moment capacity Robustness Limits

fr Mlintel = fr fsy Asd d[1 - 0.6 fsy Asd /(1.3 f’m b d)]
Design span for lintel span = 0.75 x 500 x 200 x 300 [1 - (0.6 x 500 x Height for calculating robustness AS 3700 4.6.2
(anchorage within 100 mm of each end of opening) Hr = H /1,000
200)/(1.3 x 8.06 x 300 x 200)] /106
Llintel = Lo + 200 = 2,700 /1,000
= 20.2 kN.m
= 1,600 + 200 = 2.700 m
= 1,800 mm Limiting deflection
Da lintel = MIN(Dmax, Llintel /([Llintel /Dmin]) Length for calculating robustness AS 3700 4.6.2
Shear width of lintel Lr = IF(Lo > 0, Lt, L) /1,000
= MIN(10, 1,800/150)
bw = 190 mm = 3,700 /1,000
= 12.0 mm
= 3.700 m
Effective width of lintel
b = 190 mm Load capacity (limited by shear)
f Wvr lintel = Kshear fr Vlintel /(Llintel ku ) 103 Thickness for calculating robustness AS 3700 4.6.2
Effective depth of lintel = 2 x 61.8 /(1,800 x 1.5) x 103 tr = IF(Construction = “Single”, tu,
d = 300 mm = 45.8 kN/m MAX( 0.6667 (tu + tu minor), tu,
tu minor)) /1,000
Area of tensile steel Load capacity (limited by bending moment) = 0.190 m
Ast = 200 mm2 f Wbr lintel = Kbend fr Mlintel /(Llintel2 ku) 106
= 8 x 20.2 /(1,8002 x 1.5) x 106 Maximum permissible height based on robustness
Factor to account for increased shear, moment or criteria AS 3700 4.6.2, Table 4.2
deflection due to point loads close to a support = 33.3 kN/m
Hmax = MAX(Cv tr kt, IF(Lr /tr > Ch,
kvu = 1.50
Load capacity (limited by deflection) tr(Cv + Ch /(Lr - Ch tr))1,000, “No Limit”))
Shear capacity f WDr lintel= Da E I /(Kdef Llintel4 ku) = MAX([48 x 0.190 x 1.42], IF(3,700 /0.190 > 36,
fr Vlintel = fr (f’vm bw d + fvs MIN(0.02 bw ds, = 10.0 x 20.0 x 103 x 1.013 x 109 / 190(48 + 36 /(3.700 – [36 x 0.190]))1,000,
Ast) + fsy f Asv d/s) (0.0130 x 1,8004 x 1.5) “No Limit”
= 0.75[(0.35 x 190 x 300) + (17.5 x = 990 kN/m = “No Limit” mm
MIN([0.02 x 190 x 200],
Load capacity
200) + (500 x 79 x 300 / 200)] /103
(limited by shear, bending moment or deflection)
= 0.75(20.0 + 3.5 + 59.2)
f Wr lintel = MIN(f Wvr lintel, f Wbr lintel, f WDr lintel)
= 61.8 kN
= MIN(45.8, 33.8, 990)
= 33.8 kN/m

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 35 of 39

Fire Slenderness Limits and Material Thickness Slenderness limit for Fire Resistance Level for Structural Adequacy
Srf a = IF(Methodsf = ”Test”, Cs ln(720 /tf)+13, Value from AS 3700 Table 6.1)
Height for calculating fire slenderness AS 3700 6.3.2.2 = 17.0
Hf = H /1,000
= 2,700 /1,000 Maximum permissible height based on fire slenderness criteria AS 3700 6.3.2.2
= 2.700 m Hmax f = IF(ah = “Not Applicable”, Srf a tf /avf,
IF(Lf < Srf a tf /ah, “No Limit”, MAX([Srf a tf /0.7]2 /avf /ah /Lf))) 1,000
Length for calculating fire slenderness AS 3700 6.3.2.2 = “No Limit” mm
Lf = IF(Lo > 0, Lt, L) /1,000
= 3,700 /1,000 Material thickness limit for Fire Resistance Level for Insulation
= 3.700 m tm = IF(Methodif = ”Test”, (tc/Ci)(1/1.7), Value from AS 3700 Table 6.3)
= (30 /0.33)(1/1.7)
Thickness for calculating fire slenderness AS 3700 6.3.2.2 = 55 mm
tf = tu /1,000
= 190 /1,000
= 0.190 m

Note:
The software is based on only one masonry leaf being loaded. This may
be conservative if the vertical load is equally shared by two leaves of cavity
construction, such as might occur in tied cavity party walls of multi-story
construction.

Vertical fire slenderness coefficient AS 3700 6.3.2.2

avf = IF(“Is the member supported laterally at the top?” = “Yes”, 0.75, 2)
= 0.75

Horizontal fire slenderness coefficient AS 3700 6.3.2.2

ah = IF(“Is at least one end of the member supported?” = “Yes”,
IF(“Are both ends of the member supported?” = “Yes”, 1, 2.5),
“Not Applicable”)
= 1.00

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 36 of 39

Capacities & Requirements Permanent + Wind Reversal Load Permanent + Imposed Load
W*5 = gp 5 Wp + gw 5 Wu w*2 = gp 2 wp + gq 2 wq
Vertical In-plane Line Load = (0.9 x 21.1) + (1.0 x 0.0) = (1.20 x 0.0) + (1.50 x 0.0)
= 21.1 KN/m OK fW /W*5 = 9.35 = 0.0 KN/m OK fw /w*2 = NA
Common Application - Loadbearing walls
Permanent + Earthquake + Imposed Load Permanent + Long-term Imposed Load
Capacity
W*6 = gp 6 Wp + ge 6 We + ys 6 Wq w*3 = gp 3 wp + yl 3 gq 3 wl
fW = IF(Restrained reo? = “Yes”, ks Fo r, k Fo)
= (1.0 x 21.1) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 8.2) = (1.20 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 1.50 x 0.0 )
IF(MAX(w*1/fw, w*2/fw, w*3/fw, w*4/fw,
= 26.0 KN/m OK fW /W*6 = 7.58 = 0.0 KN/m OK fw /w*3 = NA
w*5/fw, w*6/fw, w*7/fw) > 0.85, 0.85, 1)
= 197.4 KN/m Permanent + Snow etc + Imposed Load Permanent + Wind + Imposed Load
W*7 = gp 7 Wp + gs 7 Ws + yc 7 Wq w*4 = gp 4 wp + gw 4 ww + yc 4 wq
Requirement:
= (1.0 x 21.1) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 8.2) = (1.2 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 1.0) + (0.6 x 0.0)

Permanent Load = 26.0 KN/m OK fW /W*7 = 7.58 = 1.0 KN/m OK fw /w*4 = 9.27
W*1 = gp 1 Wp
Permanent + Wind Reversal Load
= (1.35 x 21.1) Horizontal Out-of-plane Pressure w*5 = gp 5 wp + gw 5 wu
= 28.5 KN/m OK fW /W*1 = 6.93 = (0.9 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 0.0)
Common Application - Walls subject to horizontal
Permanent + Imposed Load = 0.0 KN/m OK fw /w*5 = NA
wind or earthquake loads
W*2 = gp 2 Wp + gq 2 Wq
Permanent + Earthquake + Imposed Load
= (1.20 x 21.1) + (1.50 x 8.2) Capacity
w*6 = gp 6 wp + ge 6 we + ys 6 wq
= 37.7 KN/m OK fW /W*2 = 5.24 fw = IF(Reinforcement? = “Reinforced”, f wr, f wd )
= (1.0 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 0.8) + (0.6 x 0.0)
= 9.3 kPa
Permanent + Long-term Imposed Load = 0.8 KN/m OK fw /w*6 = 11.59
W*3 = gp 3 Wp + yl 3 gq 3 Wl Requirement:
Permanent + Snow etc + Imposed Load
= (1.20 x 21.1) + (0.6 x 1.50 x 0.0 )
Permanent Load w*7 = gp 7 wp + gs 7 ws + yc 7 wq
= 25.3 KN/m OK fW /W*3 = 7.79
w*1 = gp 1 wp = (1.0 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 0.0)
Permanent + Wind + Imposed Load = (1.35 x 0.0) = 0.0 KN/m OK fw /w*7 = NA
W*4 = gp 4 Wp + gw 4 Ww + yc 4 Wq = 0.0KN/m OK fw /w*1 = NA
= (1.2 x 21.1) + (1.0 x 1.0) + (0.6 x 8.2)
= 31.3 KN/m OK fW /W*4 = 6.32

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 37 of 39

Horizontal Out-of-plane Pressure Permanent + Earthquake + Imposed Load Permanent + Wind + Imposed Load
w*6 = gp 6 wp + ge 6 we + ys 6 wq V*4 = gp 4 Vp + gw 4 Vw + yc 4 Vq
Common Application - Walls subject to horizontal = (1.0 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 0.8) + (0.6 x 0.0) = (1.2 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 1.0) + (0.6 x 0.0)
wind or earthquake loads
= 0.8 KN/m OK fw /w*6 = 11.59 = 1.0 KN OK fV /V*4 = 918.67
Capacity
Permanent + Snow etc + Imposed Load Permanent + Wind Reversal Load
fw = IF(Reinforcement? = “Reinforced”, f wr, f wd)
w*7 = gp 7 wp + gs 7 ws + yc 7 wq V*5 = gp 5 Vp + gw 5 Vu
= 9.3 kPa
= (1.0 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 0.0) = (0.9 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 0.0)
Requirement: = 0.0 KN/m OK fw /w*7 = NA = 0.0 KN OK fV /V*5 = NA

Permanent Load Horizontal In-plane Point Load Permanent + Earthquake + Imposed Load
w*1 = gp 1 wp V*6 = gp 6 Vp + ge 6 Ve + ys 6 Vq
Common Application - Shear walls, blade walls, = (1.0 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 0.8) + (0.6 x 0.0)
= (1.35 x 0.0)
pilasters, etc = 0.8 KN OK fV /V*6 = 918.67
= 0.0 KN/m OK fw /w*1 = NA
Capacity Permanent + Snow etc + Imposed Load
Permanent + Imposed Load
fV =IF(Reinforcement? = “Reinforced”, f Vir, f Vi) V*7 = gp 7 Vp + gs 7 Vs + yc 7 Vq
w*2 = gp 2 wp + gq 2 wq
= 612 kN = (1.0 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 0.0)
= (1.20 x 0.0) + (1.50 x 0.0)
= 0.0 KN/m OK fw /w*2 = NA = 0.0 KN OK fV /V*7 = NA
Requirement:

Permanent + Long-term Imposed Load Vertical In-plane Point Load
Permanent Load

w*3 = gp 3 wp + yl 3 gq 3 wl V*1 = gp 1 Vp Common Application - Concentrated beam, bearer
= (1.20 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 1.50 x 0.0 ) = (1.35 x 0.0) on joist loads on walls
= 0.0 KN/m OK fw /w*3 = NA = 0.0 KN/m OK fV /V*1 = NA
Capacity
Permanent + Wind + Imposed Load Permanent + Imposed Load fP = (Vertical In-plane Line Load Capacity –
w*4 = gp 4 wp + gw 4 ww + yc 4 wq V*2 = gp 2 Vp + gq 2 Vq MAX[Vertical In-plane Line Load
= (1.2 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 1.0) + (0.6 x 0.0) = (1.20 x 0.0) + (1.50 x 0.0) Requirement]) x if(Le i = 0, Le e, MIN(Le e,
= 1.0 KN/m OK fw /w*4 = 9.27 = 0.0 KN OK fV /V*2 = NA Le i) /1,000
= (197.4 – MAX[28.5, 37.7, 25.3, 31.3, 21.1,
Permanent + Wind Reversal Load Permanent + Long-term Imposed Load
26.0, 26.0]) x MIN(700, 700)/1000
w*5 = gp 5 wp + gw 5 wu V*3 = gp 3 Vp + yl 3 gq 3 Vl
= 111.8 kN
= (0.9 x 0.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) = (1.20 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 1.50 x 0.0 )
= 0.0 KN/m OK fw /w*5= NA = 0.0 KN OK fV /V*3 = NA Requirement:

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 38 of 39

Permanent Load Vertical In-plane Point Load Over Opening

P*1 = gp 1 Pp Permanent + Earthquake + Imposed Load
= (1.35 x 10.0) Common Application – Lintels W*6 = gp 6 Wp + ge 6 We + ys 6 Wq
This example will only be relevant if Type = Lintel = (1.0 x 21.1) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 8.2)
= 13.5 kN OK fP /P*1 = 8.28
= 26.0 KN/m OK fW /W*6 = 1.28
Capacity
Permanent + Imposed Load
fW = IF(Type = “Lintel”, f Wlintel, 0) Permanent + Snow etc + Imposed Load
P*2 = gp 2 Pp + gq 2 Pq
= 33.3 KN/m W*7 = gp 7 Wp + gs 7 Ws + yc 7 Wq
= (1.20 x 10.0) + (1.50 x 5.0)
= 19.5 kN OK fP /P*2 = 5.74 = (1.0 x 21.1) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 8.2)
Requirement:
= 26.0 KN/m OK fW /W*7 = 1.28
Permanent + Long-term Imposed Load Permanent Load
P*3 = gp 3 Pp + yl 3 gq 3 Pl W*1 = gp 1 Wp
= (1.20 x 10.0) + (0.6 x 1.50 x 0.0) Robustness
= (1.35 x 21.1) Height for purposes of considering robustness
= 12.0 kN OK fP /P*3 = 9.32 = 28.5 KN/m OK fW /W*1 = 1.17 Hr = 2,700 mm
Permanent + Wind + Imposed Load Permanent + Imposed Load Limit on height for purposes of considering robustness
P*4 = gp 4 Pp + gw 4 Pw + yc 4 Pq W*2 = gp 2 Wp + gq 2 Wq Hmax = No Limit mm OK Hmax /Hr = No Limit
= (1.2 x 10.0 ) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 5.0) = (1.20 x 21.1) + (1.50 x 8.2)
= 15.0 kN OK fP / P*4 = 7.46 = 37.7 KN/m Problem fW /W*2 = 0.88
Fire Performance
Permanent + Wind Reversal Load Permanent + Long-term Imposed Load
P*5 = gp 5 Pp + gw 5 Pu Height for purposes of considering FRL Structural
W*3 = gp 3 Wp + yl 3 gq 3 Wl
= (0.9 x 10.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) Adequacy
= (1.20 x 21.1) + (0.6 x 1.50 x 0.0) Hf = 2,700 mm
= 9.0 kN OK fP /P*5 = 12.43 = 0.0 KN/m OK fW /W*3 = NA
Upper limit on height for purposes of considering FRL
Permanent + Earthquake + Imposed Load Permanent + Wind + Imposed Load Structural Adequacy
P*6 = gp 6 Pp + ge 6 Pe + ys 6 Pq W*4 = gp 4 Wp + gw 4 Ww + yc 4 Wq Hmax f = No Limit mm OK Hmax f /Hf = No Limit
= (1.0 x 10.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 5.0) = (1.2 x 21.1) + (1.0 x 1.0) + (0.6 x 8.2)
= 13.0 kN OK fP /P*6 = 8.60 = 31.3 KN/m OK fW /W*4 = 1.07 Material thickness for considering FRL Insulation
te = 95 mm
Permanent + Snow etc + Imposed Load Permanent + Wind Reversal Load
P*7 = gp 7 Pp + gs 7 Ps + yc 7 Pq Lower limit on material thickness for considering FRL
W*5 = gp 5 Wp + gw 5 Wu
= (1.0 x 10.0) + (1.0 x 0.0) + (0.6 x 5.0) Insulation
= (0.9 x 21.1) + (1.0 x 0.0) tm = 55 mm OK te /tm = 1.73
= 13.0 kN OK fP /P*7 = 8.60 = 21.1 KN/m OK fW /W*5= 1.58

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Worked Example of Concrete Masonry Design Check Software available early 2010 Page 39 of 39

Sound Attenuation
Weighted sound index, Rw
Rw = 55 dBA

Required weighted sound index, Rw
R’w = 50 dBA OK Rw /R’w = 1.10

Weighted sound index with spectrum adaptation term, Rw + Ctr

R’w + C’tr = 50 dBA

Required weighted sound index with spectrum adaptation term, Rw + Ctr
Rw + Ctr = 50 dBA OK (R’w + C’tr) /(Rw + Ctr) = 1.00

Thermal Resistance
Thermal resistance of masonry (excluding air films and air spaces)
R’ = 0.21 m2K/W

Required thermal resistance of masonry (excluding air films and air spaces)
R = 0.10 m2K/W OK R’ /R = 2.10

END

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.14 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.14.1 AUSTRALIAN Standards AS 2904 Damp proof courses and 1.14.2 Acoustics Anon. Noise Control with Concrete Masonry
flashings TEK 39, National Concrete Masonry
Structural Masonry Standards BCA 2009 Building Code of Australia, Class 2
Association, USA, 1972
AS 3700 Masonry structures Associated Standards to Class 9 Buildings, Volume One, Australian
AS 3700 Supplement 1 Masonry structures – Building Codes Board, 2009 Anon. Apartments – Design for Economy,
AS 4773.1 Residential Masonry Part 1:
Commentary Noise Control and Fire Safety TEK 51, National
Design BCA 2009 Building Code of Australia, Class
Concrete Masonry Association, USA, 1973
AS 1684 National Timber Framing Code 1 and Class 10 Buildings, Housing Provisions,
AS 4773.2 Residential Masonry Part 2:
Volume Two, Australian Building Codes Anon. Concrete Masonry Blocks Out Noise
Construction AS 3600 Concrete structures
Board, 2009 in Apartments, Twin Houses, and Multiplex
Materials Standards AS 2870 Residential slabs and footings – Building CM226, National Concrete Masonry
AS 1191 Acoustics – Methods for laboratory
AS/NZS 4455.1 Masonry units, pavers, flags Construction Association, USA
measurement of airborne sound insulation of
and segmental retaining wall
AS 3660.1 Termite management – building elements Anon. Reports on Various Sponsored Tests
units Part 1: Masonry units
New Building work Concrete Masonry Association of Australia
AS/NZS 1276.1.1 Acoustics – Rating of sound
AS/NZS 4456 Masonry units and segmental and its Member Companies
AS 3660.2 Termite management – insulation in buildings and building elements
pavers – Methods of test
In and around existing Part 1 – Airborne sound insulation Beranek, LL (Ed) Noise Reduction McGraw Hill
AS/NZS 4671 Steel reinforcing materials buildings and structures - Book Company Inc, USA, 1960
ISO 140.6E Acoustics – Measurement of
Guidelines
AS 3972 Portland and blended sound insulation in buildings and of building Copeland, RE Controlling Sound with
cements Loading Standards elements Part 6 – Laboratory measurements of Concrete Masonry Concrete Products USA, July
AS/NZS 1170.0 Structural design actions – impact sound insulation of floors 1965
AS 1316 Masonry composite cement
General principles
AS 1672.1 Limes for building ISO 717.1 Acoustics – Rating of sound Harris, CM (Ed) Handbook of Noise Control
AS/NZS 1170.1 Structural design actions – insulation in buildings and of building McGraw Hill Book Company Inc, USA. 1957
AS 2758.1 Concrete aggregates Permanent, imposed and elements Part 1 – Airborne sound insulation
Precast Concrete Handbook, Chapter 9,
AS/NZS 2699.1 Built-in components for other actions
Anon. Sound Reduction Properties of Concrete Clause 9.2 Acoustic Properties National Precast
masonry construction - AS/NZS 1170.2 Structural design actions – Masonry Walls Technical Report No.55, Concrete Association Australia and Concrete
Wall ties Wind actions National Concrete Masonry Association, USA, Institute of Australia, 2002
AS/NZS 2699.2 Built-in components for AS/NZS 1170.3 Structural design actions – 1955
Parkin, PH and Humphreys, HR Acoustics,
masonry construction - Snow and ice actions Anon. A Guide to Selecting Concrete Masonry Noise and Building Faber and Faber, UK, 1969
Connectors and accessories Walls for Noise Reduction National Concrete
AS 1170.4 Structural design actions – Stanley, RC Light and Sound for Engineers
AS/NZS 2699.3 Built-in components for Earthquake actions in Masonry Association, USA, 1970
Hart Publishing Company, UK, 1968
masonry construction - Australia Anon. Noise Control with Concrete Masonry
Lintels and shelf angles Weston, ET, Burgess, MA and Whitlock, JA
AS 4055 Wind loads for housing in Multi-Family Housing TEK 18, National
(durability requirements) Airborne sound transmission through elements
Concrete Masonry Association, USA, 1972
AS 1530.4 Fire resistance tests of of buildings Experimental Building Station
AS 2975 Accessories for masonry – Department of Housing and Construction,
elements of building
construction EBS Technical Study 48, 1973
construction

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.14.3 Fire 1.14.4 Vertical Loads Phipps, ME The Design of Slender Masonry 1.14.5 Horizontal Loads
Walls and Columns of Geometric Cross-
Gnanakrishnan, N, Lawrence, SJ and Atkinson, RH, Noland, JL and Abrams, Baker, LR The Failure Criterion of Brickwork
Section to Carry Vertical Loads The Structural
Lawther, R Behaviour of Cavity Brick DP A Deformation Failure Theory for Stack- in Vertical Flexure Proceedings, Sixth
Engineer December 1987, vol. 65A, no. 12,
Walls Exposed to Fire Proceedings of the Bond Brick Masonry Prisms in Compression International Symposium on Load Bearing
pp. 443–44.
8th International Brick/Block Masonry Proceedings, Seventh International Brick Brickwork December 1977, London
Conference Dublin September 1988, Masonry Conference, Melbourne, February Page, AW and Brooks, DS The Design of
Baker, LR Measurement of the Flexural Bond
pp. 981–988 1985 Masonry Members for Vertical Loading. A
Strength of Masonry Proceedings, Fifth
Review of the Provisions of the SAA Masonry
Lawrence, SJ and Gnanakrishnan, N The Fire Francis, AJ, Horman, CB and Jerrems, LE International Brick Masonry Conference,
Code Civil Engineering Transactions The
Resistance of Masonry Walls – An Overview The Effect of Joint Thickness and Other Factors Washington DC, October 1979
Institution of Engineers, Australia, December
Proceedings of the 1st National Structural on the Compressive Strength of Brickwork
1988, pp. 265–277 Curtin, WG, Shaw, G, Beck, JK and Bray
Engineering Conference I.E. Aust., August. Proceedings of 2nd International Brick
WA Structural Masonry Designers’ Manual
1987, pp. 431–437 Masonry Conference, Stoke-on-Trent, April Read, JB and Clements, SW The Strength
Granada, 1982
1970, pp. 31–37 of Concrete Blockwork Walls. Phase III: Effects
Lawrence, SJ and Gnanakrishnan, N The Fire
of Workmanship, Mortar Strength and Bond Edgell, GJ Commentry During Discussion
Resistance of Masonry Walls – A Summary of NSW PWD/ACSE Joint Committee Australian
Pattern Cement and Concrete Association, Seminar on Reinforced and Prestressed
Australian Research and its Relevance to Codes Masonry Manual NSW Public Works
London, 1977 Masonry, London, 1982
and Building Regulations Technical Record Department and Association of Consulting
531, National Building Technology Centre, Structural Engineers Of NSW, 1984 Shrive, NG Compressive Strength and Haseltine, BA Codification of Reinforced and
North Ryde, NSW:‑April‑1988 Strength Testing of Masonry Proceedings Prestressed Masonry Design and Construction
Page, AW A Study of the Influence of Brick
of 7th International Masonry Conference Seminar on Reinforced and Prestressed
Size on the Compressive Strength of Calcium
Melbourne, February 1985, pp. 699–710 Masonry, London, 1982
Silicate Masonry University of Newcastle,
Department of Civil Engineering and Sinha, BP and Hendry, AW Compressive Johnston, RK Partially Reinforced Industrial
Surveying, 1984. Civil Engineering Bulletin Strength of Axially Loaded Brick Walls Stiffened Masonry Wall Systems Proceedings,
CE13 Along Their Vertical Edges Proceedings of Conference of Concrete Institute of Australia,
Fifth International Brick Masonry Conference Sydney, June 1983
Page, AW and Marshall, R The Influence
Washington, 1979.
Of Brick And Brickwork Prism Aspect Ratio Johnston, RK Partially Reinforced Concrete
On The Evaluation Of Compressive Strength Sinah, BP and Pedreschi, R Compressive Masonry Walls in Flexure Thesis (Masters),
Proceedings of 7th International Brick Strength and Some Elastic Properties of University of Sydney, 1985
Masonry Conference, Melbourne, 1985, pp. Brickwork The International Journal Of
Johnston, RK Concrete Masonry to Mortar
653–664 Masonry Construction, Vol 3, No 1, 1983
Bond Strength Technical Report, Sydney,
Page, AW and Shrive, NG A Critical 1983.
Assessment of Compression Tests for Hollow
Lawrence, SJ Behaviour of Masonry Walls
Block Masonry Masonry International
Under Lateral Loading Thesis (PhD), University
September 1988, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 64–70
of New South Wales, 1983

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
Lawrence, SJ and Marshall, R Virtual Work Priestley, MJN and Bridgeman, DO Seismic Sinah, BP An Ultimate Load Analysis Page, A.W. A Note on the Shear Capacity
Method of Designing Unreinforced Masonry for Resistance of Brick Masonry Walls Bulletin of of Reinforced Brickwork Flexural Work of Membrane Type Damp-proof Courses,
Lateral Load the New Zealand Society for Earthquake The International Journal Of Masonry University of Newcastle, Research Report No
Engineering 1974, vol. 7, no. 4 Construction, No 4, pp 151–155 097.05.1994
Mackintosh, A and Dickey, WL Results of
Variation of “b” or Effeftive Width in Flexure in Schneider, RR Investigation of Reinforced Williams, D Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Page, A.W. Earthquakes and Unreinforced
Concrete Block Panels Los Angeles, March Brick Masonry Under Lateral Loads State Masonry Shear Walls Thesis (PhD), University Masonry Structures – An Australian Overview,
1964 (Reprinted 1971) of California, Division of Architecture, of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1971 University of Newcastle, Research Report No
Sacramento, 1956 134.4.1996
Mayes, RL and Clough, RW Cyclic Shear Yokel, FY and Dikkers, RD Strength of
Tests on Fixed-ended Masonry Piers American Schneider, RR Lateral Load Tests on Load Bearing Masonry Walls Journal of the Page, A.W. and Griffith M.C. A Preliminary
Society of Civil Engineers, National Structural Reinforced Grouted Masonry Shear Walls Structural Division, ASCE vol. 97, ST5, May Study of the Seismic Behaviour of Slip Joints
Engineering Convention New Orleans, April State of California, Division of Architecture, 1971. and Joints Containing Membranes in Masonry
1975 Sacramento, 1959 Design of Unreinforced Masonry for Structures, University of Newcastle and
Earthquake University of Adelaide, Research Report No
Meli, R Behaviour of Masonry Walls Under Schneider, RR Shear in Concrete Masonry Piers
160.02.1998
Lateral Loads Proceedings, Fifth World Masonry Research of Los Angeles Doherty, K., Griffith, M., Lam, N. & Wilson, J.
Conference of Earthquake Engineering, Displacement-based seismic analysis for out- Paulay, T. & Priestley, M. J. M. Seismic Design
Scriviner, JC Shear Tests on Reinforced Brick
Rome, 1972 of-plane bending of URM walls, Earthquake of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings,
Masonry Walls British Ceramic Research
Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2002, Wiley, pp 791-800
Padhye, PY and Baker, LR Partially Reinforced Association, Technical Note No. 342, October
21: 833-850
Concrete Masonry Walls Subject to Lateral 1982 Stewart, M. G. and Lawrence, S. Bond
Loads Proceedings, Seventh International Ellingwood , Cornell, Galambos, McGregor Strength Variability and Structural Reliability of
Scriviner, JC Static Racking Tests on Masonry
Brick Masonry Conference, Melbourne, NBS 577 Masonry Walls in Flexure, 12th International
Walls Proceedings of the International
February 1985 Brick/Block Masonry Conference, Madrid,
Conference on Masonry Structural Systems, Lam, N., Griffith, M., Wilson, J. & Doherty, K.
June 2000
Page, AW and Griffith, MC A Preliminary Austin, 1967 Time-history analysis of URM walls in 0ut-of-
Study of the Seismic Behaviour of Slip Joints plane flexure, Engineering Structures, 25, Stewart, M. G. and Lawrence, S. Structural
Scrivener, JC and Williams, D Behaviour of
and Joints Containing Membranes in Masonry 2003, pp 743-754 Reliability of Masonry Walls in Flexure,
Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls Under Cyclic
Structures Research Report No 160.02.1988 Masonry International Vol 15, No 2, 2002
Loading Bulletin of the New Zealand Society Lawrence, S. Stochastic Analysis of Masonry
University of Newcastle and University of
for Earthquake Engineering,‑1971 Structures, in Computer Methods in ISO 2394 General principles on reliability for
Adelaide
Structural Masonry, Ed Middleton, J and structures
Shrive, NG The Failure Mechanism of Face
Roberts, JJ, Tovey, AK, Cranston, WB and Pandle, G.N., Books & Journals International
Shell Bedded (Ungrouted And Unreinforced) ISO/DIS 3010 Bases for design of structure
Beebt, AW Concrete Masonry Designers’ Ltd, pp 104-113, 1991
Masonry International Journal of Masonry – Seismic actions on structures
Handbook Viewpoint Publications, London,
Construction 1982, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 115–128 Lawrence, S. J. and Marshall, R. J. Virtual
1983
work design method for masonry panels under
lateral load, 12th International Brick/Block
Masonry Conference, Madrid, June 2000, pp
1063-1073

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT
1.14.6 Movement Anon. Thermal Comfort in Housing with Clarke, RE, and O’Brien, LF Thermal 1.14.8 Footings
Concrete Masonry Units TEK 26, 1971, Resistance Measurements on Brick Veneer Walls
Anon. Movement Control Joints in Masonry Anon. Articulated Walling (TN61) Cement and
National Concrete Masonry Association, USA Insulated with Reflective Foil, CSIRO Division of
Walls National Building Technology Centre, Concrete Association of Australia, 1998
Building Research, Melbourne.
1971, NSB 57. Anon. Thermal Insulation of Concrete Masonry
Johnston, RK Slabs for Reinforced Single
Walls TEK 38, 1972, National Concrete Delsante, AE A Comparison of the Thermal
NSW PWD/ACSE Joint Committee Australian Leaf Masonry Housing Standards Australia
Masonry Association, USA Performance of Three Types of Domestic
Masonry Manual NSW Public Works Seminars on AS 2870, July 1996
Masonry Construction Proceedings, Seventh
Department and Association Of Consulting Anon. Concrete Masonry Cavity Walls TEK
International Brick Masonry Conference, Mitchell, PW The Structural Analysis of
Structural Engineers of NSW, 1984. 62, 1975, National Concrete Masonry
Melbourne, 1985 Footings on Expansive Soils Research Report
Association, USA
1.14.7 Thermal Performance No 1, 1981 – W Smith, Consulting Engineers,
Draft prEN ISO 10077-2 International
Anon. Tables of ‘U’ Values for Concrete Newton, South Australia
Anon. The GMI Design and Construction Standards Organisation, 2003.
Masonry Walls TEK, 67, 1975, National
Manual GMI Council of Australia, 1984, Symons, MG, Amey, DJ and Johnston, RK
Concrete Masonry Association, USA Lenchuk, P and Ramseur, R New Insights
Section‑10 In-plane Bending of Single-Leaf Block Walls
into Energy Use and Conservation in Structures
Anon. New Findings on Energy Conservation Pacific Concrete Conference, New Zealand,
Anon. Energy Conservation: Thermal CM 227, 1975, National Concrete Masonry
with Concrete Masonry TEK 68, 1975, National November, 1988
Insulation of Brick Buildings Brick Association, USA
Concrete Masonry Association, USA
Development Association (UK), 1980. Design Symons, MG Strength of Masonry Wall
Trethowen, HA R Values that are made-
Guide DG7 Anon. AIRAH Design Data Manual, Australian Panels University of South Australia Business
to-measure Building Research Association
Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning & Development Services – Project No 4508
Anon. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals of New Zealand (Reprinted from ASHRAE
Heating (Inc), Melbourne, 1989. 23rd March, 1995
America Society of Heating, Refrigeration Transactions Volume 91 Part 2 1986).
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, New York Anon. Thermal benefits of solid construction, Walsh, PF Concrete Slabs for Houses Technical
Walsh, PJ, Gurr, TA and Ballantyne, ER A
Cement and Concrete Association of Paper No 48 (Second Series), 1984 – CSIRO
Anon. IHVE Guide Institution of Heating and Comparison of the Thermal Performance of
Australia. Australia, Division of Building Research
Ventilating Engineers, London. Heavyweight and Lightweight Construction
Anon. Insulation Handbook Part 1: Thermal in Australian Dwellings CSIRO Division of
Anon. How to Calculate Heat Transmission
Performance – Total R-Value calculations Building Research, 1982. Technical Paper
Coefficients and Vapour Condensation
for typical building applications, Insulation (second series) No.‑44
Temperatures of Concrete Masonry Walls
Council of Australia and New Zealand,
Concrete Information No. CP68, Second Williamson, T R-values for Timber Framed
November 2007.
Edition, 1949, Portland Cement Association, Building Elements, National Timber
USA Anon. International Energy Conservation Code Development Council and Forest &
2000, International Energy Code Council, Inc., Wood Products Research & Development
Anon. The Concrete Approach to Energy
USA, 2001. Corporation, University of Adelaide, 2001.
Conservation Portland Cement Association,
USA, 1974 Anon. Design of Concrete Masonry Buildings
in accordance with AS 3700-1998, Concrete
Anon. Estimating U-Factors for Concrete
Masonry Association of Australia and
Masonry Construction TEK 12, 1969, National
Standards Australia, MA40, HB124, Section 9,
Concrete Masonry Association, USA.
Second edition July 2000.

PART B:CHAPTER 1
Overview QUIT