Introduction to C++ Programming

1. Introduction to C++

 Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of C, with added object-oriented features.

 Key Features: Multi-paradigm (procedural, object-oriented, generic), efficient, and close to

hardware.

2. Basic Syntax

 Structure:

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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

cout << "Hello, World!";

return 0;

 #include <iostream>: Imports standard input-output library.

 using namespace std;: Uses the standard library namespace.

3. Data Types and Variables

 Basic Types: int, float, double, char, bool.

 Declaration: int age = 25; or double salary = 45000.75;.

4. Operators

 Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %.

 Relational: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=.

 Logical: &&, ||, !.

 Assignment: =, +=, -=, etc.

5. Control Structures

 Conditional Statements:

o if, else, switch.

 Loops:

o for: for (int i = 0; i < n; i++).

o while and do-while: Repeats based on condition.

6. Functions

 Define reusable code blocks.

 Example:

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int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }

 Call by Value vs. Call by Reference (using &).

7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

 Classes and Objects:

o Class: A blueprint (e.g., class Car {...};).

o Object: An instance of a class.

 Key Concepts:

o Encapsulation: Bundles data and methods.

o Inheritance: Reuses code by extending classes.

o Polymorphism: Allows different behaviors in derived classes.

o Abstraction: Hides complexity and shows only necessary details.

SAMPLE C++ PROGRAMS

1. C++ Program to Calculate the Sum and Average of Numbers

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){

int x,y,sum;

float average;

cout << "Enter 2 integers : " << endl;

cin>>x>>y;

sum=x+y;

average=sum/2;

cout << "The sum of " << x << " and " << y << " is " << sum << "." << endl;

cout << "The average of " << x << " and " << y << " is " << average << "." << endl;

2. C++ program to find the area of a triangle based on its base and height

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

float b, h, area;

cout<<"Enter Base length of Triangle: ";

cin>>b;

cout<<"Enter Height length of Triangle: ";

cin>>h;

area = 0.5*b*h;

cout<<"\nArea = "<<area;

cout<<endl;

return 0;

}
3. C++ program to find and print the price to be paid after applying the discount

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

float amount, discount, topaid;

cout<<"Enter Total Amount: ";

cin>>amount;

if(amount<=100)

cout<<"Amount to be Paid: "<<amount;

else

if(amount>100 && amount<=200)

discount = (amount*5)/100;

topaid = amount-discount;

else if(amount>200 && amount<=400)

discount = (amount*10)/100;

topaid = amount-discount;

else if(amount>400 && amount<=800)

discount = (amount*20)/100;

topaid = amount-discount;

else

{
discount = (amount*25)/100;

topaid = amount-discount;

cout<<"Amount to be Paid: "<<topaid;

cout<<endl;

return 0;

4. while loop C++ Program

// C++ Program to print numbers from 1 to 5

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
int i = 1;

// while loop from 1 to 5

while (i <= 5) {
cout << i << " ";
++i;
}

return 0;
}
5. for loop C++ Program

// C++ program to illustrate for loop to print numbers from

// 1 to n

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{

// initializing n (value upto which you want to print

// numbers

int n = 5;

int i; // initialization of loop variable

for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

cout << i << " ";

return 0;

6. C++ program to create a Calculator using the switch Statement

// Program to build a simple calculator using switch Statement

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

char oper;

float num1, num2;

cout << "Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ";

cin >> oper;

cout << "Enter two numbers: " << endl;

cin >> num1 >> num2;

switch (oper) {

case '+':

cout << num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << num1 + num2;

break;

case '-':

cout << num1 << " - " << num2 << " = " << num1 - num2;
break;

case '*':

cout << num1 << " * " << num2 << " = " << num1 * num2;

break;

case '/':

cout << num1 << " / " << num2 << " = " << num1 / num2;

break;

default:

// operator is doesn't match any case constant (+, -, *, /)

cout << "Error! The operator is not correct";

break;

return 0;

7. C++ program using array to find average marks obtained by 5 students

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int i, mark[5];

float sum=0, avg, perc;

cout<<"Enter Marks obtained in 5 Subjects: ";

for(i=0; i<5; i++)

cin>>mark[i];

sum = sum+mark[i];

avg = sum/5;
perc = (sum/500)*100;

cout<<"\nAverage Marks = "<<avg;

cout<<"\nPercentage Marks = "<<perc<<"%";

cout<<endl;

return 0;