IExponents

Similarly, 6 X 6 x 6x
We kn 'six cube'.
6"and is read
as
written as called the base and 5
5'. Here, 6 is
6x6is wr l ds
6 and is read as '6 raised to
the power

and 4 is the
s
called the exponent or power. Likewise in the expression
. i s the base
exponent.
Look at these
2 x 2 x2x 2 x2=
examples
2 (Two raised to the power b)
-5x-5x-5 x-5x-5= (-5}' (Minus five raised to the power )

(Two-third raised to the power 5)

in a short
us, it is Observed that repeated multiplication of numbers can be expressed
form using exponents. In general,
. lfa is a literal number and it is multiplied by itself m number of times, then
a xa xaX ...
X a
(m times) =a
2.
Ifis a fraction, where b = 0 and mis any positive integer, then
This method of expressing the product of a number itself is called the
notation or power notation. by exponential
LOok at the
given representation i.e., 4 1024. Here, 4 is called the
=

power index or exponent and 1024

or base, 5 is called the
is called the
Example 1: Express each of the exponential value.
respective following in exponential notation and identify the
exponents and bases:
a.
-5) (-5) x (-5)
x
b. 7x7x 7 x 7x7
d. a Xa XaXaX a xa
Solution:
a. We have (-5) x
(-5) x (-5) = (-5) b.
Here, base -5 and = We have 7x 7 x 7 x 7 x7=
(7)
exponent 3 =

Here, base =7 and

c. We have exponent 5 =

d. We have a x a x ax axax
Here, base 3 a=a"
=
and
exponent
Here, base =4 =

Example Calculate the value of each of a and

2:
the following:
exponent =6
a. (26
b C.
d. (0.9)
124
Exponents CHAPTER 11

Solution:
27
3x 3 3
. (2 2 x 2 x2 x 2 x 2 = 32
--9 x
7
(0.9)
x

x
7x 7
(0.9) =
343
0.6561
(0.9)' =
(0.9) x (0.9)
266
/d.
Example S: Express each of the following in their simplest form:

a. -5)3 b. (-3)
Solution:
(-3) x (-3) = 81
a. (-5)=(F5) * (-5) x (-5) =-125 b.-3)=(-3)
x (-3) x

Note t h a t (-1)° positve number - 1 and (-1)even positive number = 1

Be Alert

(-3) * - 3
Without the parenthesis, positive 3 is multiplied by itself 4 times i.e., the answ
times i.e., the answer
negative, while with parenthesis negative 3 is multiplied by itself 4
becomes positive.

Example 4: Express each of the following in exponential form:

9 256
a. b. C.
-64 d.
6561
25 27 125
Solution:
a 3x3 -3-(3 b. = 2 x2 x 2 2
25 5 x5 5 27 3 x3x3 13
-64 -4) x (-4) x ( 4 )
(-54
- 5 2564
6561 9x9x
x 4 x 94 x9
x 4. =94 ,
C.
125 5 x5x5
factors:
5: Express each of the following numbers as a product of powers of prime
Example
b. -1331 C. 3600
a. 250
Solution:
10 5 x 5 x5 x 2=5° x 2
a. 2505 x 50 =
5 x5 x =

x 121 =-11 x -11 x -11 =

(-11)3
b. -1331 =-11
6x 100 2 x 2 x3x 3x 100
c. 3600 =6 x 600 =6 x

32 52
= 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 x5 x 5 =2 x x

73?
is greater-3 or
Example 6: Which then
given exponents and
compare.
of the
calculate the value
Solution: First, we
7x 7x 7 343
37=3 x 3x 3 x3x3x 3 x3 =2187 and 73 =
Here,
2187> 343..
37> 7.
Since, calculate the value of
= 4 and y
=
2,
Given that x
Example 7: c. + y
b. (4y) 125
a. ry2
CHAPTER11 E ents
Sation
. 4 4 4 9 2 = 16 x 4 = 64 b. (4y)= (4 x 2= 8 =
8 x 8 x8 =512
4 = 4 4 4+2 x2 *2=64 +8= 72
Exercise 11.1
Hpress the following in exponential form:
. 5 x5 x5x5 b. 7 x 7 x7
9
e. a Xa xa X a xa x a xa x a
. Write the exponent and a xaxb xbx b x c x
the base in each of c xcxc
the following expressions:
. (3) b. (-1)
3. Caleulate the value of each of h. ( )
the following:
a. 3 b. 93 .
4. h. -1)1o
Express each of the following
-64 in,exponential form:
5.

a.
125 b.
729
C.
36
64 49
e.
1
8 1331
h . 343
Express each of the following 10000 27 2197
a. 500 numbers as a product of prime factors: 1024
b. 1372 C. 675 d. 6125 e. 6000
6. Calculate the value and find f. 9000
g. 10000 h. -432
which is greater:
a.
2 or 33 b. 25 or 5
7. Given
C. 3 or 4 d. 5 or4
that p e.
e. 2 or 6.
25 6
a. P t g
=
(-2) and q =
4, caleulate the value of:
f. -2
-2 oFT
or-3(-3
b. (4q) c. p°q
Power with
We know that, Negative Exponents
53 5 x 5 x
5 =125
52 5x 5 25 = 25
5'= 5 = 25 5
5
50= 1 =2
5
Observe that, in each of the following, the
from the following given pattern, we get previous number is divided by the base 5. Thus
126
4 Exponents CHAPTER 11
5=1 +5= -
5
6O .4
5
1
5 6
G -2
Now, similarly find the value 5-7,
where m 18 3
Hence, i general we can say that for anv non-zero integer a, am =
positive integer and am is the multiplicative inverse of
Let us now verity the laws for 'm' and 'n' as integers.
1. a x a" =am*n
Letustake a = 3, m = 4 andn=-5
Then, am xa" = 3 x 3-6 = 34x
3 3
Also, am *n= 34*-) =
3-1 =
.'. 34 x 3- = 34*-5)
+n
Thus, am x a" =
am
2. a" +a" = am-n
Let us take a =-4, m =4 and n=-7
Then, a+a" = (-4) +(-4)-1=( 4 1 = -4)' x (-4)' = (-4)*+1 = (-4)
Now, a-n = (-4)--7 = (-4)*7 =(-4)
(-4)
-4 (-4)-7 = (-4)*--9
.a a" = am -n
3. (am)an
Let us take a = 3, m = 2 and n=-3
1 1 1
Then, (a"" =
(2)-3 =
(2 (2x2 2x2x2x2x2x2
Now, amn = 22x(-3) = 26
'(am"= amn
4. am x bn = (ab)"
Let us take a = 4, b=-2 and m =-5
Then, a" x bn = 4-5 x (-2)
1 1
4x4x 4x 4 x4 (-2) x (-2) x (-2) x (--2) x (-2)
1
(4 x(-2)) x (4 x(-2)) x (4 x(-2) * (4 x(-2) x (4 x (-2)
127
avmnnnano
CHAPTER 11 Exponents

(4x-2)(4 x-2)

4 - x (-2) = (4x-2)-5
.'. a x bm = (ab)

a"

Let us take a = 2, b =5 and m =-3

5 x5 x5-5
Then 222 2x2x2 2

5 55 5
2-3
- 5-3
a""

quotient 1.)
6. a 1
except 0
divided by itself gives
number
We know that, 3-2 +3-2
= 1 (. Any
1
i.e., 3-2- =1 (by second law)3°= is 1.
raised to power 0
number except 0
Thus, any
the following:
the laws, simplify
Example 1: Using C. 97+93
b. (-8)' x (-8)5
a. 23 x 25
f. 26x 56
e. (121)3
d. (7)
Solution: = (-8)°
(-8) x (-8) (-8)*5
=

a. 2 x 26 = 23+5 = 2 b.
d. (75)=74x4 =712
c. 97+93 =97-3 =94
f. 2 x 5 (2 x 5)6 105
= =

e. (12)3 =124*3 = 1212

Example 2: Simplify the following expressions:
a. (3)2 x (3)- b. 42+43 C. (5)-2
e. (7-5)2 f. 95+93
d. (-4)5 x (-4)*

Solution:
4x 4
a. 32 x 3-6 = 3-2+4) = 3-8 b. 43+43 = .

4x 4x 4 4 4
c. (5) = (5)2*-) = 54 d. (-4)5 x (-4) = (-4)-5*3 =(-4)*

e. ( 7 = (7)5*2 = 7-10 f. 969-3 =

9 -395--3 95+3=98 =

9-3

128
e nn
Exponents CHAPTER11

in exponential form:
Simplify and write the following
Peample 3:
(6 x (-3)
C. 3 x 2 +2" x 3
3 x (-6)" b.
9 x 2' 9x6 6 x 3 "x7
( 3 ) ( - 3 )") (-2
x
23x 30 e. 25x 9 x 5
d. (5)-S9
x 3"+
Solution:
3 x(-1 x (3 x 2
3 x (-6)
(3) x 2
9x 2
3x-1 x3 x 2 .. (aby" = a" x b"j
(3) x 2'
integor = 1]
3+2

x1
2
:a" Xa" =
am+n and (-1)even
24
= x 2 - ' [ ' a" +a' = d" *]

3
37-4 x 2-2 = 33 x 2

(5 x(-3)-5** X) *S(:(ar) =a]

.b. 9x5
x 3x5
5 5 =58-3 =5
53 x2+1x3x3x 3 x 3x3 x 3 ['.' a° = 1]
x3 x3x 3
C. 34x2 +2° x 38 =3
162+729 =891
3x 3 x 3 x3x
11= 3* x 11
3+2 x2x2x1[':'
a= 1]
3° =55-9x9x3x
d (5)3-9* x 32 +23 x 5 x 5 x 5 x5 x5 x5-729+8
15625-729 +8 14904

x 3 x3x23
x3
= 2 x 2x 2 x3
23 x 3 x 23

(0-9)x(-2"=|
x
(-2 [ ar*=
=x3x2
= 34-2 x (-2) [: a"* a =a"-
32 x (-2)

x(3) x7
f -5 x3 x 7 -1 x ( x (3** 5
x
25 x 9 x 5 S5

1 7
=and (a"m)* =amn]
-[:(-1)even integer= 1, a" a
3 x5
72
7
x534-3
a"
Xa" = am+n] 129
3 x33 Peeromme
CHAPTER 11 Exponents

7
Example 4: Simplify the following:

(3 x5 -6)" x 10' x 49 (4) x 3

A. b. C.

(-5 x 7 5 x(-4)
Solution:

(3 x 63** x 6 (a")" = amn

a.
3 x5 3x :
30-3x53-2 [ = a"-"]
33 x5=3 x3 x3 x 5= 135

b. (-5 x 10 x 49 = (-5)2-3 x 10* x ' a" +a" = d" -"]

-5) x 7
=(-5) x 103 x 72-1
= (-1) x (5)- x 10 x 7

2
-1 x 0 x 10 * T . - (-)odd integor =-1 and a" =

=-140

(4) x3-3
C x x(-4) 5 x(-4:
a^=
x (4
(-1 x 48E
8
x

5x 42
3 3 x(-1)x48-2-[:(-1)odd integor = - 1 and am a" = a"-"]

52
-1) x3x3x4 -36
5 x5 25
Example 5: Using the laws of exponents, simplify the following:
2
a. b. 3pq3 x 5pq2 c. 12p 6p? d. (5cb

Solution:

a.
(3x (3x* 3pq* x 5pq* = (3 x 5) x (p* x p) x (q* x q)
2y (2 =
15 xp*1 xq3*2= 15p'
( (x*93*9x
2 4y2 4y
2
d. (5ab)* = 53 x (a)3 x (b?13 =125?*3b2*i= 12%u
c. 12p6p?= = -2=2D

130
Exponents CHAPTER 11

Example
6: Express the following in positive Fast Forward
/exponents only:
1, Evaluate the value of cd" 1 when
b. axy xz
-

7x5 c - 1 and d = -6.

b
'xy x z 2. Find the value of the expression 32.
Solution: 3. State the law used to simplify the
expression 22 x 23?
7X=7-2-4)x 52-3 [ a" +a" =a"-"|
N7 73
4. Simplify: ab x ab
7 x 5-1'=
5
y -)xy4-3 x 2-3-5 ['. a" +a" = a"-"]
b xy x2
yiz=-

Exercise11.2

1. Using laws of exponents, simplify and write the answer in exponential form:
a. 23 x 24 x 2-5 b. (-3)x -3 x (-3)* C. a x a

d. (7) e. (5) f. (2122) x 9-5

h. (3)3(6)* i. (45) (4)6

Simplify and express each of the following in exponential form:

a. 25 x 35 b. 30 x 40x 50 C. 60 x 23 x 3-3
d. (20+ 40)2 e. 24x 93 x 4 f. (30+6)90
g. 26 x 24 +2 h. -7)+7)* x (-7)° i. (6)(6)5
3. Simplify:
a. 26-50 x 25 b. 8 x
23-25 +5 C. 2x 35-6 x 6 d. 12+22 + 72 + 24
4 Classify the following as true or false:
a. 23 x 3 6 =
b. 2x 30x 5° 30
=
c. 20+70 +50 1 d. 20x 31x 52 = 303
e. 33> 43 f. 8x 53 = 103 a+0
ax0F1 h. 5x5 =25
5. Fill in the blanks:
a. In
(-2), -2 is called _and 5 is called C0A2
b. For all values
of n, (1)" equals
C. The value of (-5)° equals. d. The value
6.
of (25)° equals
Given that a -2 and b =3, calculate
=
the value of 2a3 + (6")2- a*.