TENSION MEMBER

BY
Dr. R. Baskar, Ph.D(Struct.);FIE
Professor,
Dept. of Civil & Structural
Engineering
Annamalai University
SECTION 6 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

6.1 Tension Members

6.2 Design Strength due to Yielding of Gross Section

P
6.3 Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical Section
6.3.1 Plates
6.3.2 Threaded Rods
6.3.3 Single Angles
6.3.4 Other Sections

6.4 Design Strength due to Block Shear

6.4.1 Bolted Connection
6.4.2 Welded Connection
P
6.1 Tension Members
The factored design tension T, in the members

T < Td

Yielding of gross Section 6.2

Tdg cross section

Td Minimum Rupture Strength

Of Tdn of critical section
Section 6.3

Design strength of
member
Rupture due to Section 6.4
Tdb Block Shear
6.2 Design Strength due to Yielding of Gross
Section

Tdg = fy Ag /m0

mo = 1.1
6.3 Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical
Section
6.3.1 Plates  The design strength in tension of a plate, Tdn,
Tdn =0.9 fu An / m1 m1 =1.25
 pi2 
An  b  nd h   t
 i 4 gi 
6.3 Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical
Section
6.3.2 Threaded Rods 

The design strength of threaded rods in tension, Tdn,

Tdn =0.9 fu An / m1

6.3 Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical
Section
6.3.3 Single Angles  The design strength, Tdn, as governed by
shear lag

Tdn = 0.9 fu Anc / m1 + Ago fy /m0

 = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (fu/fy) (bs/L ) [≈ 1.4-0.52(bs/L)]

Alternatively, the tearing strength of net section may be taken as

w
w
Tdn =  An fu /m

w1 bs=w+w1 bs=w
P

Distribution of forces due to shear Tension

lag carrying
section

Rupture
plane
Example

Yielding due to
gross cross section
Example

Rupture Strength
of critical section
Example

Rupture due to
Block Shear
Tension member design: Example -1
Tension member design: Example -1 cont….

An (section 1 1) = (200 - 3 x 22) x 10= 1340 mm2 (governs) Section 6.3.1

An (section 1221)=[200 - 4 x 22 + (2 x 502) / (4 x 30)] x10
=1536.67 mm2
An (section 12321)=[200 – 5 x 22 + (4 x 502) / (4 x 30)] x 10
=1733.33 mm2
Factored design tension in members by
i) Yielding of gross section, Tdg =fy Ag / γm0 Section 6.2
= (250 x 200 x 10) / 1.10
=454545.45 N
= 454.4 kN
Tension member design: Example -1 cont….

Section 6.3.1
ii) Rupture of net section, Tdn = 0.9 fu An / γml
= (0.9 x 420 x 1340)/ 1.25
= 409752 N
= 409.8 kN

Check for minimum edge and end distance:

Provided minimum edge and end distance = 40 mm
which is greater than 32 mm (As per code)

The design tensile strength of the plate = 409.8 kN

The efficiency of the tension member, =(409.8x100)/(454.45)
= 90.17%
Tension member design: Example -2
Tension member design: Example -2 cont….

a)The 100mm leg bolted to the gusset :

Anc = (100 - 8/2 - 22) x 8 = 592 mm2.
Ago = (75 - 8/2) x 8 = 568 mm2
Ag = ((100-8/2) + (75 - 8/2)) x 8 =1336 mm2 Section 6.2
i) Strength as governed by yielding of gross section:
Tdg = Agfy/γm0 = 1336 x 250 / 1.10 = 303636 N =
303.6 kN
Tension member design: Example -2 cont….
ii) Strength as governed by rupture of critical section:
Section 6.3.3
Tdn =0.9x fu x Anc/ γml+ β x Ago x fy/ γm0
β = 1.4 - 0.035 (w/t) (fu/fy) (b/L)
= 1.4-0.035((75-4) /8)(420/250)((46+71)/250)=1.156
Tdn = [(0.9x420x596/1.25)+(1.156x568x250 / 1.10)]
=329459 N =329.5 kN
Tension member design: Example -2 cont….
iii) Strength as governed by block shear: Section 6.4.2
Tdb = [(0.577 x fy x Avg/ γm0) + ( 0.9 x fu x Atn x fy/ γml)]

= [(0.577 x 250 x (5 x50 + 50) x 8/1.10)

+ (0.9 x 420x (50-22/2)x8/1.25)]
= 337407N = 337.4 kN
T db [(0.52 x f u x Avn / γml)+ (A tg f y / γm0)]
=[(0.52x 420x (5 x 50 + 50 -5.5 x 22) x 8/1.25)
+(50 x250 x 8/ 1.10)]
= 341108 N = 341.1 kN

The design tensile strength of angle member = 303.6 kN

The efficiency of the tension member = 303.6 x 1000
x100)/(1336 x250/1.10)
=100 %
Tension member design: Example -2 cont….

The 75 mm leg is bolted to the gusset:

An=(75 - 8/2 - 21.5) x 8= 396 mm2
A0=(100 - 8/2) x 8= 768 mm2

i) Strength as governed by yielding of gross section:

Tdg=Agfy/ymo = 1336 x 250 / 1.10= 303636.36 N Section 6.2
= 303.6 kN
ii) Strength as governed by tearing of net section:
Tdn =0.9 x fu x Anc/ γml + β x Ago x fy/ γm0 Section 6.3.3
β = 1.4 — 0.035 (w/t) (fu/fy) (b/L)
= 1.4-0.035(100/8)(420/250)(125/250)=1.03

Tdn=0.9x420x396/1.25+1.03x768x250 / 1.15
=291715.6 N=291.7kN
Tension member design: Example -2 cont….
Strength as governed by block shear:
Tdb = [(0.577 x fy x Avg/ γm0) + ( 0.9 x fu x Atn x fy/ γml)]
=[(0.577x250x(5 x50+50)x8/1.10)
+ (0.9x420x(40-22/2)x8/1.25] Section 6.4.2
=384884.07 N
= 384.9 Kn
T db [(0.52 x f u x Avn / γml)+ (A tg f y / γm0)]
=[(0.52 x 420x (5x50 +50 -5.5 x 21.5)x8/1.25)
+(40x250x8/1.10)]
= 322926 N =322.9 kN
The design tensile strength of angle member = 290.4 kN
The efficiency of the tension member
=(290.4x1000x100)/(1336x250/1.10)
=100 %
3.Design a tension member to carry a a load of 300 kN. The two angles placed
back to back with long leg outstanding are desirable. The length of the member is
2.9 m.
Given Data:
= 300 kN, Length = 2.9m
Solution
Area required from the consideration of yielding

(Refer table-5 of IS 800:2007)

Assume (partial safety factor) = 1.1

Assume (partial safety factor) = 1.25

= = 1320 mm²
Try 2 ISA 75 X 50 X 8mm thick which has gross area = 2 x 938
= 1876 mm²
Strength of 20 mm black bolts:
(a) In double shear =[ [ x 20² + 0.78 x 20² ] x x 20² ] x

x x = 103314 N

(b) Strength in bearing:

Taking e = 40 mm , p = 60 mm

Where , is smaller of , (- -0.25) , , 1.0 ;

is smaller of ,( - 0.25), ,1.0;

is smaller of 0.606, 0.909, 0.97,1.0.

Therefore = 0.606

= 2.5. . d.t.

= 2.5 x x 20 x 8 x 400
= 96960 kN.
The design bearing strength of the bolt,

= = = 77568 N

Number of bolts required = =0.39

Provide 5 bolts in a row as shown in fig

Checking the design

(a) Strength against yielding, =

=
= 426364 N > 300 x 1000
(b) Strength of plate in rupture , = +

Area of connected leg, = 2( )x8

= 784 mm²

Area of outstanding leg, =2 x8

=736 mm²

=1.4 - 0.076 x x x

=1.4 – 0.076 x x x
= 1.307

Therefore, = +

= +

=450062 >300000

(c) Strength against block shear failure

Per angle:

= (40 + 60 x 4) x 8 = 2240 mm²

= (40 + 60 x 4 - 4.5 x 22) x 8 = 1448 mm²

= (75 – 35) x 8 = 320 mm²

= (75 – 35 – 0.5 x 22) x 8 = 232 mm²

Strength against block failure of each angle is the smaller of the following
two values:
As per IS 800 – 2007 clause 6.4.1,

i) = +

= +

= 362410 N
ii) = +

= +

= 319515 N
Strength of two angles against block failure = 2 x 319515 N
= 639030 > 300000 N O.K.
Hence use 2 ISA 75 X50X8 mm with 5 bolts of 20 mm diameter.
4. A tie member in a bracing system consists of two angles 75x75x6 bolted
to a 10mm gusset one on each side using a single row of bolts [see given
fig.A] and tack bolted.Determine the tensile capacity of the member and the
number of bolts required to develop full capacity of the member. What will
be the capacity if the angles are connected on the same side of gusset plate
And tack bolted [see fig B].What is the effects on tensile strength if the
members are not tack bolted?

Connected to gusset Connected to the same side of

one on each side –(a) of the gusset – (b)
(c)

(d)
Solution:
(a) Two angles connected to the opposite side of the gusset as in
Fig (a)
(i) Design strength due to yielding of gross section
Tdg = fy (Ag/γm0)
Ag = 866 mm2 (for single angle)
Tdg= 250 x 2 x (866/1.10) x 10-3
Tdg= 393.64 kN.
(ii) The design strength governed by tearing at net section
Tdn = α An (fu/γml)
Assume a single line of four numbers of 20mm-diameter bolts
(α = 0.8)
An = [(75-6/2-22)6 + (75-6/2)6]2
An = (300+432)2=1464mm2
Tdn = (0.8x1464x410/1.25) = 384.15 kN
Therefore, Tensile capacity =384.15 kN
Design of bolts
Choose edge distance =35mm
capacity of bolt in double shear (table 5.9)
= 2x 45.3 = 90.6kN.
Bearing capacity of bolt does not govern as per table 5.9
Hence,
Strength of a single bolt = 90.6 kN.
Provide 5 bolts then,
Total strength of the bolts = 5 x 90.6 = 453 kN > 384.15 kN.
Hence the connection is safe.
Minimum spacing =2.5t = 2.5 x 20 = 50mm.
Hence ,provide a spacing of 50mm.
The arrangements of the bolts are shown in fig (c).
Check for block shear strength :(clause 6.4)
Block shear strength Tdb of connection will be taken as
Tdb1 =[( Avg fy /√3γmo)+ (0.9Atnfu/γml)]
or
Tdb2=[(0.9fuAvn /√3γml)+ (fyAtg/γm0)]
Whichever is smaller
Avg = (4 x 50 + 35)6 =1410mm2
Avn = (4 x 50 + 35)6 =1410mm2
Atn = (35.0 – 22/2)6 =144mm2
Atg = (35x6) = 210mm2

Tdb1= {[1410 x 250)/(√3 x 1.10)] +[0.9 x 144 x 410/1.25}]

x10-3
=227.5kN.
Tdb2= {[0.9 x 410 x 816)/(√3 x 1.25)] +[(250 x 210) 1.10]}x10-3
=186.8kN.
For double angle ,
Block shear strength = 2 x 186.8 = 373.6 kN.
Therefore,
Tensile capacity = 373.6 kN.(least of
393.64kN,384.14kN,373.6kN.)
(b) Two angles connected to the same side of the gusset plate (fig
–b)
(i) Design strength due to yielding of the gross section
= 394.64kN.
(ii) Design strength governed by tearing at the net section
= 384.14 kN.
Assuming 10 bolts of 20mm diameter ,five bolts in each
connected leg
Capacity of an M20 bolts in single shear = 45.3kN.
Total strength of bolts = 10 x 45.3 =453 kN >394.64kN.
Hence the connection is safe.
The arrangements of bolts is shown in fig (d).Since it is similar
to the arrangement shown in fig (c),the block shear strength will
the same i.e., 373.6kN.
Hence the tensile capacity =373.6kN.
The tensile capacity of both the arrangements (angles connected
on the same side and connected to the opposite side of gusset)
are same as per the code though the load application is eccentric
in this case .Moreover the number of bolts are ten whereas in
case (a) we used only five bolts since the bolts were in double
shear.
(c) If the angles are not tack bolted ,they behave as single
angles connected to gusset plate
In this case also the tensile capacity will be the same and we
have to use ten M20 bolts.This fact is confirmed by the test and
• FEM results stating that ‘ the net section strength of double
angles on opposite sides of the gusset and tack connected
adequately over the length is nearly the same as that of two
single angles acting individually.
• current design provisions indicating greater efficiency of such
double angles are not supported by the tests and FEM results.
5.Select a suitable angle section to carry a factored tensile force
of 210kN assuming a single row of M20 bolts and assuming
design strength as fy = 250 N/mm2.
Solution:
Approximate required area = 1.1 x 210 x 103/250 =924mm2
Choose 65 x 65 x 8 angle with A = 976 mm2
Strength governed by yielding = [976 x 250 /1.1]x10-3
= 221.81 kN
Anc= area of connected log = (65-4-22)x8 = 312 mm2
Ago= (65-4) x 8 = 488 mm2
Required number of M20 bolts (Table 5.9) = 170 /45.3 = 3.75
Provide four bolts at the pitch of 60mm.
Strength governed by rupture of critical section
Tdn = 0.9fuAnc/ γml + βAgofy/γmo
β = 1.4 - 0.076 x (65/8)(250 /410)(61 + 35)/(3x60)
= 1.199
Tdn = (0.9x410x312/ 1.25 + 1.199x488x250/1.10)x10-3
= 225.08 kN.
Alternatively,
Tdn = αAnfu/ γml
= [0.8 x (312 + 488) x 410 / 1.25]x10-3
= 209.92 kN.
Strength governed by block shear
Assuming an edge distance of 40mm.
Avg = 8x(3x60+40) = 1760mm2
Avg = 8 x (3 x 60 + 40 – 3.5x 22) =1144mm2
Atg = 8 x 35 =208mm2
Atn = 8 x (35 -0.5 x 22 ) = 192 mm2
Tdb1 = [ 1760 x 250 /(√3 x 1.1) + 0.9 x 410 x192/1.25]x10-3
= 287.61 kN.
Tdb1 = [ 0.9 x 410 x 1144 /(√3 x 1.25) + 250x 280 /1.1]x10-3
= 258.61 kN.
Tension capacity of the angle =209.92 ~ 210 kN.
Hence the angle is safe
Thank You
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

by
Dr. R. Baskar, Ph.D(Struct.);FIE
Professor,
Dept. of Civil&Structural Engineering
Annamalai University
BEAMS
• One of the frequently used structural members is a beam
whose main function is to transfer load principally by means
of flexural or bending action.

• In a structural framework, it forms the main horizontal

member spanning between adjacent columns or as a secondary
member transmitting floor loading to the main beams.

• Normally only bending effects are predominant in a beam

except in special cases such as crane girders, where effects of
torsion in addition to bending have to be specifically considered.
LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAM

• When the lateral support to the compression flange is

adequate, the lateral buckling of the beam is prevented and the
section flexural strength of the beam can be developed.
• The strength of I-sections depends upon the width to thickness
ratio of the compression flange.
• When the width to thickness ratio is sufficiently small, the
beam can be fully plastified and reach the plastic moment,
such sections are classified as compact sections.
• However provided the section can also sustain the moment
during the additional plastic hinge rotation till the failure
mechanism is formed. Such sections are referred to as plastic
sections.
LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAM
• When the compression flange width to thickness ratio
is larger, the compression flange may buckle locally
before the complete plastification of the section
occurs and the plastic moment is reached.
• Such sections are referred to as non-compact sections.
• When the width to thickness ratio of the compression
flange is sufficiently large, local buckling of
compression flange may occur even before extreme
fibre yields.
• Such sections are referred to as slender sections.
LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS
• Under increasing transverse loads, a beam should attain
its full plastic moment capacity.

Two important assumptions have been made

therein to achieve the ideal beam behaviour.
They are:
• The compression flange of the beam is restrained from
moving laterally; and
• Any form of local buckling is prevented.
1.Design a continuous beam of spans 4.9 m, 6 m, and 4.9
carrying a uniformly distributed load of 32.5 kN/m and the
beam is laterally supported.
Factored load calculation
Factored uniformly distributed load = 1.5 x 32.5 = 48.75 kN/m
The bending moment and shear force distribution are shown
below
Maximum bending moment = 146.25 kN m
Maximum shear force = 146.25 + 146.25 = 292.5 kN
Plastic section modulus required
6
zp = 𝑀𝑥 𝛾𝑚 𝑜 = 146.25𝑥10 𝑥 1.10 = 643.5x103 mm3
𝑓𝑦 250
Selection of suitable section
Choose a trial section of ISLB 350 @0.495 kN/m.
Overall depth (h) = 350 mm
Width of flange (b)= 165 mm
Thickness of flange (tf) = 11.4 mm
Depth of web (d) = h - 2(tf + R) = 350 - 2(11.4 + 16) = 295.2 mm
Thickness of web (tw) = 7.4 mm
Moment of inertia about major axis I, = 13158.3 x lo4 mm4
Elastic section modulus (Ze) = 75 1.9 x 103mm3
Plastic section modulus (Zp) = 851.11 x 103 mm3
Section classification
𝑏 82.5
𝑡
=
𝑓 11.4
𝑏 = 295.2 =39.9 < 84
𝑡𝑓 7.4
Hence the section is plastic.
Check for shear capacity of section
𝑓𝑦 250
Vd = x h x 𝑡𝑤 = 1.1 x √3 x 350 x 7.4 =340 kN
m x √3
o
0.6 vd = 204 kN < 292.5 kN
This shows a high shear condition.
Check for moment capacity of the section [Eqn 6.8(a)]
Mdv=Md - β (Md-Mfd) ≤ 1.09 x Ze x fy
where Mfd is the plastic design strength of the area of cross
section excluding the shear area.
𝑣 2 292.5 2
β = [2 𝑥 (v ) x 1 ] = [2 𝑥 ( 340 ) x 1 ]
d

Calculation of section modulus of flange

𝑍𝑓𝑑 = 𝑍𝑝 - 𝐴𝑤 𝑦𝑤
350
= 851.11 x 103-(350
x 7.4 x )
4
= 624.485 x 103 mm3
𝑍𝑓𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑦
Therefore, Mfd =
𝛾𝑚𝑜
624.485 𝑥10 3 𝑥250
=
1.10
= 141.93 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Moment capacity of the section
𝑍𝑝 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 851.11 𝑥10 3 𝑥250
Md = =
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.10

= 193.43 kNm
therefore, Mdν = 193.43 - 0.52(193.43 - 141.93)
1.2 𝑥 𝑍𝑒 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 1.2 𝑥 751.9 𝑥 10 3 𝑥250
= 165.65 kN m < =
1.10
𝛾𝑚𝑜

= 205.06 kN m > 146.25 kN m

Hence the section is safe.
2. Design a laterally unrestrained beam to carry a uniformly
distributed load of 30 kN/m. The beam is unsupported for a
length of 3 m and is simply placed on longitudinal beams at its
ends.
Calculation of load
Factored load = 1.5 x 30 =45 kN/m
Calculation of bending moment and shear force

𝑤 𝑙2 45 𝑥 32
BM = = 8 =50.625 kN.m
8
𝑤𝑙 = 45 𝑥 3
SF = 2 = 67.5kN
2
Initialization of section
Assume λ = 100; ℎ = 25 and hence from
𝑡𝑓
table 14,fcr ,b = 291.31 N/mm2
λLT = 𝑓𝑦 = 250 = 0.926
𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑏 291.31
ΦLT = 0.5[1 + αLT(λLT - 0.2) + λLT2 ]
= 0.5[1 + 0.21(0.926 - 0.2) + 0.9262] = 1.005
χLT = 1
≤ 1.0
𝛷𝐿𝑇 + [𝛷 2 𝐿𝑇 − 𝜆2 𝐿𝑇 ]0.5
1
= 2 2 0.5
= 0.716 ≤ 1.0
1.005 + [1.005 − 0.926 ]
fbd =
𝜒𝐿𝑇 𝑓𝑦 0.716 𝑥 250 = 162.7 N/mm2
=
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.10 50.625 𝑥 106
Therefore required z of section = 162.7
= 311.1x103mm3
Choose a section of ISMB 225 @ 0.3 12 kN/m.
Overall depth (D) = 225 mm
Width of flange (bf) = 110 mm
Thickness of flange (tf) = 11.8 mm
Thickness of web (tw ) = 6.5 mm
Depth of web (d) = D - 2(tf + R) = 225 - 2(11.8 + 12) = 177.4 mm
Moment of inertia about major axis Izz = 3440 x104 mm4
Moment of Inertia about minor axis Iyy = 218 x 104 mm4
Elastic section modulus (Zez) = 305.9 x 103 mm3
Plastic section modulus (Zey) = 348.27 x 103 mm3
Minimum radius of gyration (ry) = 18.6 mm
Section classification
Outstand of compression flange = (1 10/2)/11.8 = 4.66 < 9.4
Web with neutral axis at mid depth = 177.4/6.5 = 27.3 < 84
Therefore the section is plastic.
Calculation of lateral-torsional buckling moment
Mcr = 𝜋²𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑤
(𝐾𝐿)²
(𝐺𝐼 𝑡 + 𝐾𝐿 2 ) (from clause 8.2.2.1)/p-54
5
𝐸 2 𝑥 10
G= = =76.923 x 10 3 N/mm²
2(1 + 𝜇) 2(1 + 0.3)
𝑏𝑖 𝑡𝑖 3 2𝑥110𝑥11.83 225 − 2𝑥11.8 𝑥6.53
It =
3
= +
3 3
= 138.926 x 103mm3
Iw = (1-βf) βf Iy h²f
βf = 𝐼𝑓𝑐 = 0.5
𝐼𝑓𝑐 + 𝐼𝑓𝑡
hf = 225-11.8 = 213.2 mm
Iw = (1-0.5) x 0.5 x 218x104 x 213.22 = 24.77x 109mm6
Mcr = 𝜋 2 𝑥2𝑥10 5 𝑥218𝑥10 4
3000 2
76.923𝑥103 + 138.926𝑥103

𝜋²𝑥2𝑥105 𝑥24.77𝑥109
+
²
= 87.79kNm
λLT = 𝑍𝑝 𝑓𝑦 = 348.27𝑥10 3 𝑥250 = 0.9959
𝑀𝑐𝑟 87.79𝑥10 6
𝛷𝐿𝑇 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 𝜆𝐿𝑇 − 0.2 + 𝜆2 𝐿𝑇 ]

𝛼𝐿𝑇 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 𝜆𝐿𝑇 − 0.2 + 𝜆2 𝐿𝑇 ]

𝛼𝐿𝑇 = 0.21
𝛷𝐿𝑇 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 𝜆𝐿𝑇 − 0.2 + 𝜆2 𝐿𝑇 ]
1
𝜒𝐿𝑇 = 2 2 0.5
= 0.6685 ≤ 1.0
[𝛷 𝐿𝑇 + 𝜆 𝐿𝑇 ]

𝜒𝐿𝑇 𝑓𝑦 0.6685x250
𝑓𝑏𝑑 = = = 151.93N/mm2
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.10
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑍𝑝 fbd = 348.27x103 x151.93 = 52.91kNm
> 50.625kNm
Calculation of shear capacity of section
Vd = 𝑓𝑦 250
x D xt w = x 225 x 6.5
𝛾𝑚𝑜 √3 1.10 x √3

=191.kN
0.6 Vd= 115 kN > 67.5 kN
Calculation of deflection
5𝑤 𝑙 4
𝛿𝑏 = 384𝐸𝐼
, 𝑤 = 30𝑘𝑁/𝑚
5 𝑥 30 𝑥 30004
𝛿𝑏 = 5 4
= 4.6𝑚𝑚
384 𝑥 2 𝑥 10 𝑥 3440𝑥10
𝑙 3000
Allowable deflection = = = 10mm
300 300
Hence the section is safe against deflection.
Check for web buckling:
Assuming that longitudinal beams are of the same size,
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑏1 + 𝑛1 𝑡𝑤 = 4.6𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑓 − 𝑡𝑤 110 − 6.5
𝑏1 = = = 51.75𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝐷 225
𝑛1 = = = 112.5𝑚𝑚
2 2
Ab = (51.75+112.5) x 6.5 = 1067.6mm2

rmin = 𝐼 1184
= = 1.88𝑚𝑚
𝐴 336.4
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 0.7𝑥177.4
λ = = = 66.18
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 1.88
therefore, fcd = 158.36N/mm2(from table 9c of the code)
Strength of the section against web buckling = 158.36 x 1067.6
= 169.07 kN > 67.5 kN
Check for web bearing:
Fw = (b1 + n2)twfy/γmo
b1 = 51.75 mm
n2 = 2.5(tf + R) = 2.5(11.8+12) =59.5mm
Fw = (51.75+59.5) x 6.5 x 250/(1.10 x 103)=164.35kN > 67.5 kN
Hence the section is safe against web bearing.
PROBLEMS
3.A simply supported beam of span 6m is subjected to
end moments of 202 kN.m (clockwise) and 112 kN.m
(anticlockwise) under factored applied loading. Check whether
ISMB-450 is safe with regard to lateral buckling.
Design check
For the end conditions given,it
Is assumed that the beam is
simply supported in a vertical
plane,and at the ends the beam is
fully restrained against lateral
Deflection and twist with
no rotational restraints in plan at its ends.
Section classification of ISMB 450
The properties of the section are:
Depth, h = 450mm
Width, b = 150 mm
Web thickness,tw = 9.4 mm
Flange thickness, tf = 17.4 mm
Iy = 834 X 104 mm4
Depth between fillets,d = 379.2 mm
Radius of gyration about minor axis,
ry = 30.1 mm
Plastic modulus about major axis,
zp = 1533.36 X 103 mm3
Assume fy = 250 N/mm2 , E = 200000 N/mm2 , γm = 1.10
Type of section
Flange criterion:
b= B/2 = 150/2 = 75mm
b/tf = 75.0 /17.4 = 4.31
b/tf = 9.4ε where ε = √250/fy
Hence , O.K
Web criterion:
d/tw = 379.2/9.4 = 40.3
d/tw < 84 ε
Hence, O.K
Since, b/tf = 9.4ε < d/tw < 84 ε ,the section is classified as
‘plastic’ Table 3.1(section 3.7.2 of
I.S 800)
Check for lateral torsional buckling :
Check for slenderness ratio:
Effective length criteria:
With ends of compression flanges fully restrained for torsion
at support but both the flanges are not restrained against
warping, Effective length of simply supported beam, LLT = 1.0 L
Where L is the span of the beam. (Table 8.3 of I.S.800)
Hence,LLT = 1.0 x 6.0 M = 6000mm , LLT/ r = 6000/30.1
=199.33
Since the moment is varying from 155 k-Nm to 86 k-Nm,there
will be moment gradient .So for calculation fbd , critical moment
,Mcr is to be calculated
Now, critical moment
Mcr = C1 {[ +( (C2yg – C3y1 )² - (C2yg

– C3yt)}
Where ,
C1, C2 , C3= factors depending upon the loading and end restraint
conditions
K,Kw = effective length factors of the unsupported length
accounting for boundary conditions at the end lateral supports,
Here,both K and Kw can be taken as 1.0 and
yg = y distance between the point of application of the load and
the shear centre of the cross-section and is positive when the
load is acting towards the shear centre from the point of
application
yj = ys – 0.5 ∫A(z² -y²)y dA/Iz
ys = coordinate of the shear centre with respect to centroid,
positive when the shear centre is on the compression side of the
centroid.
Here,for plane and equal flange I section,
yg = 0.5 x h = 0.5 x 0.45 = 0.225 M =225mm.
yj = 1.0(2βf -1 )hy/2.0 (when βf ≤ 0.5)
hy = distance between shear centre of the two flanges of the
cross-section) = h – tf
Here, βf = 0.5 and hy = h – tf = 450- 17.4 = 432.6mm
Hence, yj = 1.0 x( 2.0 x 0.5-1)432.6/2.0 = 0 and ys = 0
I t = ∑ biti3 ,for open section
= 2 x 150 x 17.43 + (450- 2 x 17.4) x 9.43
The warping constant, Iw is given by,
Iw = (1- βf) βf Iy hy2 for I sections mono-symmetric about weak
axis,
=(1-0.5) x 0.5 x 834 x 104 x 432.62 = 39019265.46 x 104mm6
Modulus of rigidity ,G = 0.769 x 105 N/mm2
Here, ψ = 86/155 =0.555 and K =1.0 for which,
C1= 1.283, C2= 0 and C3= 0.993
Hence, critical moment
Mcr = C1 {[ +( (C2yg – C3y1 )² - (C2yg – C3yt)}

2
𝜋²𝑥200000𝑥834𝑥104 1 39019265𝑥104 0.769𝑥105 𝑥192.527𝑥104 𝑥60002 0.5
=1.283 (1.0 𝑥 6000)²
{[
1 834𝑥104
+
𝜋²𝑥200000𝑥834𝑥104
]

= 357142.72 x10 3 N-mm.

Calculation of fbd:
Now λLT =√βbzpfy/Mcr = √1.0x1533.36x103x 250/357142.72x103
= 1.036 (clause 8.2.2 of I.S 800)
For which,Φ LT= 0.5 x [1+αLT(λLT – 0.2)+ λLT2 ]

= 0.5 x [ 1 + 0.21(1.036-0.2)+1.0362 ] = 1.124

1
For which ,χLT =
{ΦLT [Φ2 LT − λ2 LT ]0.5 }
1
=
{1.124[1.1242 − 1.0362 ]0.5 }

fbd= χLT fy /γmo =0.641 x 250 /1.10 = 145.68 N/mm2

Hence,Md =βbzpfbd = 1.0 x 1533.36 x 145.68 / 1000
= 223379.88/1000 ~ 223.38 kN-m.
Max. Bending moment Mmax = 202 kN-m
Hence, Md > Mmax = (223.38 > 202)
Therefore,ISMB 450 is adequate against lateral torsional
buckling for the applied bending moments.
(ii) If the ISMB 450 is subjected to a central load producing a
maximum factored moment of 202kN.m ,check whether the
beam is still safe
For this problem with zero bending moments at the supports and
central max bending moment being 202kN-m.
For the valur of K = 1.0,C1= 1.365; C2 =0 .553 and C3 = 1.780
Mcr=C1 {[ +( (C2yg – C3y1 )² -

(C2yg – C3yt)}
𝜋 2 𝑥2𝑥104 𝑥834𝑥104 1 2 39019𝑥109 0.769𝑥105 𝑥192.527𝑥104 𝑥60002 0.5
= 1.365 1.0 𝑥 6000 2 {[ 1 834𝑥104 + 𝜋 2 𝑥2𝑥105 𝑥834𝑥104
]

−0.553𝑥225}

=310158.31x103N-mm
Calculation of fbd:
Now, λLT =√βbzpfy/Mcr = √1.0x1533.36x103x250/310158.31x103
= 1.112 (clause 8.2.2 of I.S 800)
For which,Φ LT= 0.5 x [1+αLT(λLT – 0.2)+ λLT2 ]

= 0.5 x [ 1 + 0.21(1.112-0.2)+1.1122 ] = 1.214

1
For which ,χLT = {Φ [Φ2 − λ2 ]0.5 }
LT LT LT
1
= {1.214[1.2142 − 1.1122 ]0.5 }

fbd= χLT fy /γmo =0.588 x 250 /1.10 = 133.64 N/mm2

Hence,Md =βbzpfbd = 1.0 x 1533.36 x 133.64 / 1000

= 204918.23/1000 ~ 204.92 kN-m.
4. Design a purlin on a sloping roof truss with the dead load of
0.15 kN/ m2 (cladding and insulation), a live load of 2 kN/m2
and wind load of 0.5 kN/m2(suction). The purlins are 2 m centre
to centre and of span 4 m, simply supported on a rafter at a
slope of 20 degrees (see Fig).
(a) Provide channel section purlin
(b) Provide channel purlin with a sag rod at mid span
(c) Provide angle purlin
Solution:
Load calculation
Dead load = 0.15 x 2 = 0.3 kN/m
Live load = 2 x 2 = 4 kN/m
Wind load = 0.5 x 2 = 1 kN/m (suction)
wd, = 0.3 X COS 20" = 0.282 kN/m
Wi, = 4 x cos 20" = 3.76 kN/m
W,, = -1 kN/m
Wiy = 4 x sin 20" = 1.37 kN/m
wdy = 0.3 X Sin 20" = 0.103 kN/m
Note that Wwy is zero as wind pressure is perpendicular to the
surface on which it acts, i.e., normal to the rafter.
Factored load combination:
Z-direction:
WL + DL + LL = (1.2 x 1 .0) + (1.2 x 0.282) + (1.2 x 3.76) =
6.0552 kN/m
DL + LL = (1.5 x 0.282) + (1.5 x 3.76) = 6.063 kN/m
Y-direction:
DL + LL = (1.5 x 0.103) + (1.5 x 1.37) = 2.21 kN/m
Bending moment and shear force calculation:
Mz = 6.063 x42/8 = 12.126 kN m
My = 2.21 x 42/8 = 4.42 kN m
Fz = 6.063 x 4/2 = 12.126 kN
Fy = 2.21 x 4/2 = 4.42 kN
(a) Channel section purlin
Assume an ISMC 200 channel.
Plastic section modulus required
𝑀𝑧 𝑥 𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑑 𝑀𝑦 𝑥 𝛾𝑚𝑜
= + 2.5 𝑥 𝑥
𝑓𝑦 𝑏 𝑓𝑦
12.126𝑥106 𝑥1.10 200 4.42 𝑥106 𝑥1.10
= + 2.5 𝑥 𝑥
250 75 250

= 183 x 103 mm3

Choose a channel section ISMC 200 @ 0.22 kN/m with plastic
section modulus of
Zpz = 211.25 x l03 mm3 and Zpy = 40.716 x l03 mm3.
Section Properties:
Cross sectional area A = 2821 mm2
Depth of the section h = 200 mm
Width of flange b = 75 mm
Thickness of flange t f = 11.4 mm
Thickness of web tw = 6.1 mm
Depth of web d = h - 2(9+ R) = 200 x 2 (11.4 + 11) = 155.2 mm
Elastic section modulus Zez = 181.7 x l03 mm3
Elastic section modulus Zey = 26.3 x l03 mm3
Plastic section modulus Zpz = 2 11.25 x 103 mm3
Plastic section modulus Zpy = 40.716 x l03 mm3
Moment of inertia Izz = 1830 x l04 mm4
Moment of inertia Iy = 14 1 x 104 mm4
Section classification:
𝑡 75
= = 6.58 < 9.4
𝑏𝑓 11.4

𝑑 155.2
= = 25.44 < 42
𝑡𝑤 6.1
Hence the section is plastic.
Calculation of shear capacity of the section Z-direction

𝑓𝑦 250
vd = 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 𝑡𝑤 = 𝑥 200 𝑥 6.1 = 160.18 𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚 𝑜 𝑥 √3 1.1 𝑥 √3

0.6Vd = 96 kN > 12.126 kN

Y-direction 250 11.4
Shear capacity = 11.1 𝑥 √3 𝑥 2 𝑥 75 𝑥 103 = 224.4 𝑘𝑁 > 4.42𝑘𝑁.
Note that in purlin design, the shear capacity is usually high
relative to the shear force.
Design capacity of the section
𝑧𝑝𝑧 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 211.25 𝑥 10 3
Mdz = = = 48𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.1 𝑥 10 6

𝑧𝑝𝑧 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 1.8𝑥 181.7 𝑥 10 3 𝑥250

≤ = = 49.55𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.1 𝑥 10 6

Hence,Mdz = 48 kN.m > 12.126 kN.m

𝑧𝑝𝑦 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 40.716 𝑥 10 3 𝑥250

Mdy = = = 9.25𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.1 0
𝑟 𝑓 𝑥 𝑧𝑒 𝑦 𝑥𝑓𝑦 1.5𝑥 26.3 𝑥 10 3 𝑥250
≤ = = 8.96𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.1 𝑥 10 6
Since the ratio zp / ze is greater than 1.2,the constant in the
preceding equation is replaced by the ratio of γf =1.5 ,Hence
Mdy = 8.96 kN.m > 4.42 kN.m
Overall member strength (local capacity)
To ascertain the overall member strength, the following
interaction equation should be satisfied.
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
+ ≤ 1
𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦
12.126 4.42
+ = 0.75 ≤ 1
48 8.96
Hence,the overall member strength is satisfactory
Check for deflection
5𝑤 𝑙 4 5 𝑥 3.76 𝑥40004
𝛿 = 384𝐸𝐼 = 384𝑥2𝑥105 𝑥1830𝑥104
𝑙 4000
Allowable deflection = = = 22.22𝑚𝑚
180 180

(Table 6 of I.S 800)

Hence, the section is safe.
Check for wind suction:
The effect of wind suction has not been considered till now; it can
become critical in some situations. It has to be combined with dead
load
Factored wind load Wz = 0.9 x 0.282 – 1.5 x 1 =-1.246kN/m
Wy = 0.9 x 0.103 =-0.0927kN/m
Buckling resistance of section
Equivalent length le = 4 m
Moment = Mz = w12/8 = -1.246 x 42/8 = -2.492 kN m
My = 0.0927 x 42/8 = 0.1854 kN m
The value of Mz is much lower than the value 12.126 kN m
earlier, but the negative sign indicates that the lower flange of the
channel is in compression and this flange is unrestrained. Hence
the buckling resistance of the channel must be found.
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝑤
Mcr= √ (𝐺𝐼𝑡 + )
𝐾𝐿2 𝐾𝐿2

𝐸 2𝑋105
𝐺= )= = 76.923𝑋103 𝑁/𝑚𝑚²
2 1+𝜇 2(1 + 0.3)
3 3 3
It = ∑ 𝑏𝑖 𝑡𝑖 = 2𝑋75𝑥11.4 + 200 − 11.4 𝑥6.1 = 88346.77𝑚𝑚4
3 3 3

Iw = (1-βf) βf Iy h²f
hf = 200-11.4 = 188.6mm
𝐼𝑓𝑐
βf =
𝐼𝑓𝑐 + 𝐼𝑓𝑡 = 0.5

Iw = (1-0.5) x 0.5 x 141x 104 x 188.6²

= 1.2538 x 1010mm6

𝜋 2 𝑥2𝑥105 𝑥141𝑥104 4
𝜋 2 𝑥2𝑥105 𝑥1.2538𝑥1010
Mcr = 40002
(76.923𝑥10 𝑥88346.7 +
40002

= 38.09 kN m
λLT = 𝛽𝑏 𝑧𝑝 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑐𝑟

= 1.0 𝑥 211.25𝑥103 𝑥250 = 1.1775

38.09𝑥106

ΦLT = 0.5[1+αLT (λLT – 0.2)+ λ²LT ]

= 0.5[1+0.21(1.1775-0.2)+1.1775²]
= 1.296
χLT = 1.0
2 ≤ 1.0
ΦLT + [Φ LT − λ2 LT ]0.5

= 1.0
2 0.5 ≤ 1.0
1.296 + [1.296 − λ LT ]
=0.544 ≤ 1
χLT fy 0.544 X 250
fbd = = = 123.71 N/mm2
γm0 1.10
Mdz = zpfbd
= 211.25 x 103 x 123.71
= 26.13 kNm > 2.492 kNm
The buckling resistanve Mdy of the section need not be found
out,because the purlin is restrained by the cladding in the z-plane
and hence instability is not considered for a moment about the
minor axis .
Overall member strength
To ascertain the overall member buckling strength,the following
interaction should be satisfied .
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
𝑀𝑑𝑧
+ ≤1
𝑀𝑑𝑦
2.492 0.1854
+ = 0.097 < 1
26.13 8.96
Hence the overall member strength is satisfactory.
• It has to be noted that the maximum buckling moment occurs at
the centre of the beam and the maximum shear force at the supports.
• Hence it is not necessary to check the moment capacity in the
presence of shear force.
• Also purlins are not normally checked for web bearing and crippling
as the applied concentrated loads are low (note the low value of
Shear force)
(b) Channel section purlin with one sag rod at mid span
Since the channel section purlin is provided with a sag rod at
mid – span,the bending moment in the y- direction will be
reduced considerably .
My = 2.21 x 42/ 32 = 1.105kN m
Mz = 12.126 kN m
Required section modulus = (Mz x γm0/fy) + 2.5(d/b)(My xγm0/fy)
Assuming ISMC 100 with d = 100mm and b = 50 mm,
Required Z = (12.126 x 106 x1.1/250)
= 77.66 x 103mm3
Provide ISMC 150 with following section properties
Depth of section h = 150mm; ry = 22 mm
Width of flange b = 75 mm
Thickness of flange tf = 9.0 mm
Thickness of web tw = 5.7 mm
Elastic section modulus zez = 105x103mm3
Elastic section modulus zey = 19.5 x 103mm3
Plastic section modulus
zpz=119.5 x 103mm3 > 77.66 x 103mm3
Moment of inertia Ipz=788 x 104mm3
Section classification
b/tf = 75/9.0 = 8.33 < 9.4
d/tw =[150-2(9.0 + 10)]/5.7 = 19.65 < 42
Hence the section is plastic.Shear capacity is not being checked
since the shear foece is small and hence the section will be
adequate.
Design capacity of the section
Mdz = (zpz x fy/γm0)
= (119.83 x 103 x 250/1.1 x 106) =27.23kN m
≤ (1.2 x zezfy/γm0) = [(1.2 x 105 x 103 x 250)/(1.1 x 106)]
= 28.63

Zpy = 2tf b2f/4 + (h- 2tf) t2w /4 = 2 x 9.0 x 752 /4 + (150-2 x 9.0)
5.72/4 = 26384.6 mm3
Mdy = (zpyfy/γm0)
= (26384.6 x 250/1.1 x 106) =6.0 kN m
≤ (1.5 x zeyfy/γm0) =1.5 x 19.5x 103 x 250)/(1.1 x 106)]
= 6.6 kN m
Hence the section is safe.
Overall member strength
For overall member srength ,the following interaction equation
must be satisfied.
(Mz/Mdz) + (My/Mdy) ≤ 1.0
(12.126/27.23) + (1.105/6.0) = 0.629 < 1.0
Hence the member strength is satisfactory.
Check for deflection
δ = (5wl4/ 384EI) = ( 5 x 3.76 x 40004 ) /(384 x 2 x 105 x
788 x 104)
= 7.95 mm < 22.22 mm
Hence the section is safe.
Check for wind suction
From part (a) , Mz = 2.492 kN m
My = 0.0927 x 42/32 = 0.0464 kN m
fcr =[ 1473.5/ (KL/ry)/(h/tf )]2}0.5
KL/ry = 4000/22 = 181.8
h/tf = 150/9.0 = 16.67
Thus, fcr = (1473.5/11.8)2 {1+(1/20) [181.8/16.67]2}0.5
=173.1 N/mm2
fbd = 120.0 N/mm2 ( from table 13a of the code)
Mdz = Zpz fbd =119.82 x 103 x 120.0/106 = 14.38 kN m
Overall buckling strength
For overall buckling strength,the following interaction equation
should be satisfied.
(Mz /Mdz) + (My /Mdy) = (2.492/14.38) + (0.0464/6.0)
= 0.18<10
Hence the overall buckling strength is satisfactory.
Hence by using one sag rod ,it was possible to reduce the section
from ISMC 200 to ISMC 150 (about 25% reduction in weight).
(c) Angle Section Purlin (as per BS 5950-1:2000)
From part (a) Mz = 12.126 kN m; Wp = (1.0 +0.282+3.76) x 4
=20.168 kN
Moment at working load = 12.126 /1.5 = 8.084 kN m
Let us assume that bending about z-z axis resists the vertical
loads and the horizontal component is resisted by the sheeting.
Design strength fy = 250 Mpa
Applied moment = moment capacity of single angle
8.084 x 106 = 250 x Zez
Required Zez = 8.084 x 106 /250 = 32.33 x 103 mm3
Provide ISA 150 x 75 x 10 angle @ 0.17 kN/m,
With Zez = 51.9 x 103 mm3 > 20.168 x 4 x 106 / 1800 = 103 mm3
=44.817 x 103mm3
d/t = 150/10 = 15.0 > 10.5 but < 15.7
The section is semi – compact.
Leg length perpendicular to plane of cladding
= 4000/45 = 88.88 mm < 150 mm
Leg length parallel to plane of cladding
= 4000/60 = 66.66 mm < 75 mm
Deflection need not be checked in this case.
Thank You
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

by
Dr. R. Baskar, Ph.D(Struct.);FIE
Professor,
Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering
Annamalai University
COMPRESSION
MEMBERS
TYPES OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
The types of column is based on the slenderness ratio or the length to
diameter ratio of the columns.
They can be divided as follows:
(a) Short columns:
• The columns which have height less than eight times their
diameter or slenderness ration less than 32 are called short column.

• In short columns bending or buckling is negligible and hence short

columns fail by direct crushing or compressive stress.
(b) Medium columns:
• The columns which have length varying from 8 to 30 times their
diameters or the slenderness ration lying between 32 to 120 are called
intermediate or medium columns.
• In this types of columns, buckling and compressive stress are
both considered for their failures.

(c) Long columns :

• Columns having their length more than 30 times their diameter

or slenderness ratio more than 120 are called long columns.

• In such types of columns failure will occur due to

buckling or bending but direct compressive stress is very small as
compared to buckling stress.
SLENDERNESS RATIO
• The slenderness ratio of amember is the ratio of the effective length to
the appropriate radius of gyration (KL/r).

•This valid only when the column has equal unbraced height for both
axes and end condition are same for both axes. The appropriate radius of
gyration is one which is minimum for a particular section.

• For example a section asymmetrical about the centroidal axes will

bend about the principal axis for which the radius of gyration is
minimum.

•On the other hand, a section symmetrical about both the centroidal axes
(I-section) or even with one axis of symmetry (channel section, two
angles back to back) will bend about one of the centroidal axis giving
lesser radius of gyration.
•This is because for such section the principal axes coincide with the
centroidal axes.
SLENDERNESS RATIO

The slenderness ratio of compression member is limited because

of the following reason:

1. The effect of accidental and construction (fabrication,

transportation, and erection) loads are automatically taken care of.

2. The bracing members may be used as a walkway for

workmen or to provide temporary support for equipments.

3. To take care of the probability of member being subjected

to unexpected vibrations.
.
CODAL PROVISIONS

• Design compressive stress cannot be more than fy.

•Reduction in fy due to all the above adverse factors is

difficult to quantity.

•Based on statistical test data, lower bound curves are

proposed as shown in above Figure.

•The curves a, b, c and d represent considering the

effects of cumulative degree of imperfection due to
cross-sectional layout, presence of residual, initial
curvature and eccentric loading.
CODAL PROVISIONS

Buckling Curves
1
0.9
0.8 a
0.7 b
c
0.6
fcd/fy

d
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Lamda

TABLE 1 IMPERFECTION FACTOR, α

Buckling Class a b c d
 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
DESIGN STRENGTH

The design compressive strength of a member is given

by Pd  Ae f cd f y /  m0
fcd    f y /  m0  f y /  m0
2 0.5
   2   
  0.5[1   (  0.2)   2 ]

 
2
  f y fcc  f y KL r  2E
fcd = the design compressive stress,
1
λ = non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio, 

   2   2  
0.5
fcc = Euler buckling stress = 2E/(KL/r)2  
 = imperfection factor as in Table 1
= stress reduction factor as in Table 8
γmo = partial safety factor for material
KL/r = Effective slenderness ratio
1.Obtain factored axial load on the column section ISHB400. The
height of the column is 3.0m and it is pin-ended.
[ fy = 250 N/mm2 ; E = 2 x105 N/mm2 ; m = 1.10]
CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES:

Z d h
t
3.0 m

Y
Flange thickness = T = 12.7 mm
Overall height of ISHB400 = h = 400 mm
Clear depth between flanges = d = 400 – (12.7 x 2)
= 374.6 mm
Thickness of web = t = 10.6mm
Flange width = 2b = bf = 250 mm
Hence, half Flange Width = b = 125 mm
Self –weight = w = 0.822 kN/m
Area of cross-section = A = 10466 mm2
Radius of gyration about x = rx = 166.1 mm
Radius of gyration about y = ry = 51.6 mm
(i)Type of section:
b 125
  9.8  10.5
T 12.7

d 374.6 (Table 3.1 of IS: 800)

  35.3  42
t 10.6

250 250
where,     1.0
fy 250

Hence, cross-section can be classified as “COMPACT”.

(ii)Effective Sectional Area, Ae = 10,466 mm2

(Since there is no hole, (Clause 7.3.2 of IS: 800)
no reduction has been considered)
(iii) Effective Length:
As, both ends are pin-jointed effective length
(Clause 7.2 and Table 7.5 of IS:800 )
KLx= KLy = 1.0 x Lx = 1.0 x Ly = 1.0 x 3.0 m = 3.0 m
(iv) Slenderness ratios: 3000
KLx / rx   18.1
166.1

3000
KLy / ry   58.1
51.6
(v) Non-dimensional Effective Slenderness ratio,  :
 = f y f cc = f KL 2  2 E = 250 x 58.12  2 x 2 x10 5
y r
= 0.654 (Clause 7.1.2.1 of IS: 800)
(vi) Value of  from equation  = 0.5[1+ ( - 0.2)+ 2]:

Where,  = Imperfection Factor which depends on Buckling

Class

Now, from Table 7.2 of Chapter 7, for h/bf = 400 / 250 = 1.6 >
1.2 and also thickness of flange, T = 12.7 mm, hence for z-z axis buckling class
‘a’ and for y-y axis buckling class ‘b’ will be followed.
(Table 7.1 of IS: 800)

Hence,  = 0.34 for buckling class ‘b’ will be considered.

Hence,  = 0.5 x [1+0.34 x (0.654-0.2)+0.6542] = 0.791

(Table 7.1 of IS: 800)
 
(vii) Calculation of  from equation  =  1 


 
 
   2  2 0.5  
 

 
 1   1 
 =  
     2
  2
 
0.5  
 
= 
 0
.791  0.7912
0.654 2

0.5



 
=0.809
(vii) Calculation of fcd from the following equation:
f y /  m0
f cd    f y /  m 0  0.809 x 250 / 1.10  183.86 N/mm2
    
2

2 0.5

(ix) Factored axial load in kN.

pd = Ag fcd = 10466 x 183.86/1000 = 1924.28 kN.
2. A double angle discontinuous strut ISA 150x75x10mm long leg back to
back is connected to either side by gusset plate of 10mm thick with 2 bolts.
The length of the strut between the intersections is 3.5m. Determine the safe
load carrying capacity of the section.

Ref. CL 7.5.2.1, P48, IS800:2007

Effective length factor is between 0.7 and 0.85
Assume k=0.85
Effective length of the member = 0.85x3500
=2975mm

From steel table ( P 45) A= 4312mm2 ; rmin= 29.0

KL/rmin = 2975/29.0 = 102.58

From Table 10/IS 800/ P 44

The given section is belonged to Buckling Class C

Therefore Design Compressive stress, from Table 9(c)/P42

fcd = 107- 2.58 x 12.4/10 = 103.8

Strength of member = (103.8x4312)/ 1000 = 447.58kN

3. Calculate the safe load of a bridge compression member of two channels
ISMC 350 @ 421.1 kg/m placed toe to toe. The effective length of member is
7m. The widths over the back of the channel are 350mm and the section is
properly connected by lacings.

A = 2(53.66) = 107.32cm 2
Izz = 2(10008) = 20016cm 4
Iyy = 2[430.6 + 53.66(17.5 − 2.44)2 ]
= 25201.7cm 4
γmin = √Imin/A
= 13.6 cm

KL/γ = 700/13.6 = 51.2 (Table 9c of code)

fcd = 183 − 1.2/10 x15 = 181.2 N/mm2

Strength of the member = 181.2 x 10732 = 1944.6kN

4. Design a simple base plate for a ISHB400 @ 0.822 kN/m column to carry a
factored load of 1800 kN.
[fcu = 40 N/mm2; fy = 250 N/mm2;m = 1.10] ISHB 400
300
mm

450
mm
Thickness of Flange for ISHB400 = T = 12.7 mm
Bearing strength of concrete = 0.4fcu = 0.4 x 40 = 16 N/mm2

Area required =1800 x 103/16 = 112500 mm2

Use plate of 450 X 300 mm (135000 mm2)
Assuming projection of 25 mm on each side, a = b = 25 mm
w  1800  103 450  300   13.33 N/mm2
Now thickness of Slab Base, ts
Clause 7.4.3.1 of IS: 800
t s  2.5 w (a 2  0.3b 2 ) m 0 / f y  T


 
2.5w a 2  0.3 b 2  1.10

 
2.5 13.33  252  0.3  252  1.10
 8.01 mm
fy 250

< T = 12.7 mm, Hence provide a base plate of thickness not less than 12.7 mm
and since the available next higher thickness of plate is 16 mm

Use 450 X 300 X 16 mm plate.

5. Design a laced column 10-m long to carry a factored axial load of
1100 kN.
The column is restrained in position but not in direction at both ends.
Provide single lacing system with bolted connection.
(a) Design the column with two channels back-to-back
(b) Design the column with two channels placed toe-to-toe
(c) Design the lacing system with welded connections for channels
back-to-back.
Solution:
Design of column:
P = 1100 x 103 N
L = 1.0 x 10 = 10m
Assume design strength of 125MPa
Required area = 1100 x 103 / 125 =8800mm2
Select two ISMC 300 at 363 N/m. The relevant properties of ISMC 300
are
A = 4630 mm2, rzz = 118.0 mm , ryy = 26.0 mm
Cyy= 23.5mm, Izz = 6420 x 104mm4 , Iyy = 313 x 104mm4
Area available = 2 x 4630 = 9260 mm2
Built up sections will be economical, when the radius of gyration of the
y-y axis is increased in such a way that it is more or less equal to the radius of
Gyration about the z-z axis .This is achieved by spacing the sections in such a
way that rzz becomes r min .Let us first check the safety of the section and then
Workout the required spacing between the two channels.
L/rzz= 10 x 103/118.0= 84.74
The L/r of the built-up column should be taken as 1.05 x (L/rzz) =1.05 x 84.74
=88.98

For L/rzz= 88.98 and fy= 250MPa,using table 9c of the code ,

fcd= 122.53 MPa,
Load carrying capacity Aefcd = 9260 x 122.53/1000
= 1135 kN > 1100 kN.
Hence the column is safe.
(a ) Let us provide two channels back to back and connect them by lacing and
denote S as the spacing between two channels[ See fig below].
Spacing of channels:
2Izz= 2 [Iyy + A(S/2) + cyy)2
Thus, 2 x 6420 x 104 = 2 x [313 x 104 +4630
(S/2+23.5)2
=13190
S = 182.70mm
Let us keep the channels at a spacing of 183mm.
Lacing system
Using single lacing system with the inclination of
lacing bar =45 ̊ (gauge length for a 90 mm flange = 50mm)
Spacing of lacing bars, Lo = (2 x 183+ 50 +50) cot 50̊
= 2 x 283 x 1 = 566 mm
Lo /ryy should be < 0.7 x L/r of whole column.
21.77 < 0.7 x 88.98 =62.3
Hence safe.
Maximum shear = (2.5 /100) x 1100 x 103 = 27,500N.
Transverse shear in each panel =(V/N) = 27500/2 =13750N.
Compressive force in the lacing bar = (V/N) cosec 45 ̊
= 13750 x 1.414 = 19445 N.
Assuming 16-mm diameter bolts,
Minimum width of lacing flat (clause 7.6.2 of the code)= 3x 16,say 50mm
Minimum thickness = (1/40) (183+50+50)cosec 45 ̊ =10.01 mm
Provide 12 mm thick plate with a width of 50 mm
Minimum r = t / √12 =12/√12 = 3.464 mm
L/r of the lacing bar = 283 x cosec 45 ̊ /3.464=115.5 <145
Hence safe.
For L/r = 115.5 and fy = 250MPa ,using table 9c of the code
fcd= 88.6 Mpa
Load carrying capacity = 88.6 x 50 x 12=53,163N>19,445N.
Hence the lacing bar is safe.
Tensile strength of lacing flat = 0.9(B-d)tfu/γml or fy Ag/γmo
Thus 0.9(50-18) x 12 x 410/1.25 or 250 x 50x 12/1.1
113,356N or 136,363N.
Thus, the tensile strength of the lacing flat = 113,356 N > 19,445N
Hence ,the lacing flat is safe
Check,
r min of the built -up column =118mm
r min of the individual chords=26.0mm
Lo / r = 566/26 =21.77
λ of the built up column
λ e = √{84.742+3.142(9260/600)x400.223/(566x2302)}
= 86.64 < 88.98
Hence , the column is safe.
Connection:Assuming that the 16mm bolts of grade 4.6 are connecting both
lacing flats with the channel at one point and that the shear plane will not pass
through the threaded portion of bolt.
Strength of bolt in double shear = 2 x Asb(fu/ √3)/γmb
=2 x π x 162/4 x (400 /√3)/1.25 = 74,293N
Strength in bearing = 2.5 kbdtfu/γmb
= 2.5 x 0.49 x 16 x 12 x 410/1.25
= 77,145 N
Hence ,Strength of bolt =74,293N >19,445N
Hence one 16-mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6 is required.
Connection Assuming that the 16mm bolts of grade 4.6 are connecting both
lacing flats with the channel at one point and that the shear plane will not pass
through the threaded portion of bolt.
Strength of bolt in double shear = 2 x Asb(fu/ √3)/γmb
=2 x π x 162/4 x (400 /√3)/1.25 = 74,293N
Strength in bearing = 2.5 kbdtfu/γmb
= 2.5 x 0.49 x 16 x 12 x 410/1.25
= 77,145 N
Tie plates:
Tie plates must be provided at the ends of the laced column
Effective depth = 183 + 2 x Cyy > 2 x bf
= 183 + 2 x 23.5 =230mm > 2 x 90 = 180mm
Hence ,
Required overall depth of tie plate =230 + 2 x 25 =280mm (edge distance of
16-mm diameter bolts = 25mm)
Provide a tie plate of 300 mm depth
Length of tie plate = 183 + 2 x 90 = 363mm
Required thickness of tie plate =1/50 (183 +2g) = 1/50(183+2x50) =5.66mm
(where g = gauge distance –(see appendix D))
Hence ,provide a tie plate of 6-mm thickness
Provide a tie plate of size = 363 x 300 x 6 mm at both ends with six 16-mm
diameter bolts .
(b) Consider the case of laced columns with two channels provided toe – to –
toe
Spacing:
2Izz = 2 [Iyy + A (S/2) –Cyy )2] = 13190
S = 276.7mm
Let us place the channel at a spacing of 280mm
Connecting system
Assuming single lacing system is provided with an inclination of 45̊ ;gauge
length for 90mm flange = 50mm
Lo= (280-50-50)cot 45 ̊ =360mm
Lo/ryy = 360/26 =13.8 < 50
Hence Lo/ryy ratio is fine
0.7(L/r) of combined channel = 0.7 x 88.98 = 62.3 >13.8
Hence, L/r ratio is ok.
Compressive force in lacing bar =19,445N.
Minimum width of lacing flat for 16mm bolt (clause 7.6.2 of code)
= 50mm
Minimum thickness = 1/40 (280-50-50) x cosec45̊
= 6.36 mm
Hence ,Provide a 50 x 8 mm flat
Check rmin= t/√12 = 8/√12 = 2.309mm
L/r = 180 x cosec 45̊ /2.309 = 110.2 < 145
Hence, the chosen flat is safe.
For , L/r = 110.2 and fy =250 MPa ,from table 9c of the code
fcd = 94.4 N/mm2
Capacity of the lacing flat = 94.4 x 50 x 8
= 37,760 N > 19,445N.
Tensile Strength of lacing flat = 0.9(B – d)tfu/γml or fyAg/γm0
= 0.9 (50-18) x 8 x 410/1.25 or 250 x 50 x 8/1.1
= 75, 571N or 90,909N both > 19,445 N
Hence ,the lacing flat is safe .
Connection:
Strength of bolt in double shear {from a }=74,293N
Strength in bearing = 2.5kbdtfu/γmb = 2.5 x 0.49 x 16 x 8 x 410/1.25
= 51,430N
Hence,Strength of bolt = 51,430N > 19,445N.
Therefore,provide one 16-mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6
Tie plate:
Effective depth of tie plate = S-2Cyy
= 280-2x23.5 =233mm > 2 x 90 = 180mm
Required overall depth = 230 +2 x 25 =280mm (edge distance of 16 mm
diameter bolt =25mm)
Provide a 300mm plate .
Length of tie plate = 280mm
Thickness of tie plate = (1/50)(280-2 X 50) = 3.6mm
Provide 6 mm
Provide a tie plate of size 280 x 300x 6 mm and use six of bolts 16-mm
diameter and grade 4.6 to connect it to the channels.The arrangement is shown
in fig (b)
It is seen that by providing channels toe-to-toe ,the lacing size and the tie plate
Size are reduced.
(c) From part (a)
Spacing of the channels =183mm
Compressive force in the lacing = 19,445N.
Effective length of lacing flat (welded) = 0.7 x 183 x cosec 45̊ = 181.16mm
Minimum thickness of flat = 1/40 x (183 x cosec 45̊ )
= 6.47 mm
Provide 50 x 8 mm lacing flat.
Minimum radius of gyration ,r = t/√12 = = 8/√12 =2.31 mm.
L/r = 181.16 /2.31 = 78.4 <145.
Hence the L/r ratio is ok.
For L/r = 78.4 and fy =250MPa,Using table 9c of the code
fcd = 138.56 N/mm2
Capacity of lacing bar =138.56 x 50 x 8 =55,424 N > 19,445N
Hence, the lacing bar is safe.
Overlap of lacing flat = 50mm > 4 x 8 = 32 mm
Hence, the lacing flat is safe.
Connection:
Thickness of flange of ISMC 300 = 13.6mm
Minimum size of weld = 5 mm (Table 21 of code)
Strength of weld/unit length = 0.7 x 5 x 410/(√3 x 1.5)
= 552 N/mm
Required length of weld = 19,445/552 = 35.2 mm
Adding extra length for ends,the weld length to be provided
= 36 + 2(2 x 5 ) = 56mm
Provide 100mm weld length at both ends.
Tie plate:
Overall depth of plate = 183 + 2 x Cyy
=183 + 2 x 23.5
=230mm > 2 x 90mm
Let,length of tie plate =183 + 2x 50 = 283 mm
Thickness of tie plate = 1/50(183 + 2 x 50 ) = 5.66 mm
Provide a 8mm plate to accommodate a 5 mm weld.
Provide a tie plate of 283 x 240 x 8 mm size and connect it with 5 mm welds
as in fig (c).
Thank You