ICT REVISION (2024-2025)

A line indicates where the next part is ( separates vocab & contents of the lesson) - Vocabs are words
that may be hard to understand and forget, doesn’t contain all vocabs
A * indicates that a part needs to be reviewed again

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Vocabulary

UNIT 1 - PRESENTING CHOICES: COMBINING

CONSTRUCTION
TOPICS COVERAGE:
9.1.1 -> 9.1.4: Trace tables, conditional operators, conditional
statements
9.1.5 -> 9.1.9: len(), remove(), append(), upper(), lower(), for i in range,
for item in flavour, arrays, codes

Revison for: ICT end of unit test 1

9.1.1 Chatbots & Data types and collecting data

Vocabulary:
- Concatenation: Joining 2 or more strings in order to make a
single string
- Naming conventions: A set of rules for naming variables,
functions,..
- String: a series of characters surrounded by quotation marks
- Character: a single letter, digit or symbol
- Real/ float: a decimal number
- Boolean: True/ false
- camelCase & snake_case: a kind of formatting for variable
names. Look exactly like how it is spelled out
_________________________________________________________
_________

Data types and more:

Variable Name Data Type
hours Integer
activity String
activityTime Real
timeLeft Real

- String: a series of characters surrounded by quotation marks

- Character: a single letter, digit or symbol
- Real/ float: a decimal number
- Boolean: True/ false

9.1.2 Developing in iterations

Vocabulary:
- Prototype: A first example of something/ The first version of a
developing product
- Iteration: Repetition of a process to improve something until it is
ready to be released/ repeated until the prototype is ready to be
released.
- Trace table: Tables that consist of columns, each representing a
variable, a condition, or an output in an algorithm - helps to keep
track of the code and its outcomes, making spotting bugs easier.

_________________________________________________________
_________
Key information

Steps of an iterative process:

- Requirements: What is needed to finish the product
- Design: Flowcharts, pseudocode/ trace table
- Develop: Program code is written
- Test: Test plan is used to check how good program functions
- Review: Fixing any mistakes or bugs, add potential improvements
for future iteration, seeing if another development cycle is needed
^ where the process can be repeated - where the process can be
repeated^
- Launch: Prototype is released.

9.1.3 - Trace tables

Vocabulary:
- Dry run: A practice run of the code
- Debug: To fix a mistake in the code/ bug in a code
_________________________________________________________
_________

How trace tables work - click on the unit name for more information
and examples

9.1.4 Error processing*

Vocabulary:
- Logic error: The code runs smoothly but however produced an
unexpected outcome
- Syntax error: The code is misspelled or not written correctly
- Runtime error: The code runs but then stops due to an error in
between trials (using a variable that has not been set up, not in the
code)
- Conditional operator: Signs like ==, <= and more which helps a
conditional statement written better, in computer language and

Conditional operator Description

== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
< Less than
programming languages.
- Conditional statement: If-then statements, what-if conditions,...

9.1.5 Loops/ Iteration*

Vocabulary:
- Sequence: To go from one to another in a fixed pattern (one by
one)
- Execute: To run a program
- Count-controlled loop: Used when the number of iterations to
occur is already known (example ⬇️)

Explanation:
- In this case it will add one each time the
loop repeats.
- The for loop will run exactly 10 times for
the values 1 to 10. Each time the code loops it will print the value
of i. This means that the code will print the numbers 1 to 10.
- Loop variable: In computer programming, a loop variable is a
variable that is set in order to execute some iterations of a "for"
loop - ALWAYS STARTS AT 0 & EXECUTED UNTIL THE
VALUE OF THE LOOP VARIABLE == NUMBER IN THE
BRACKETS AFTER range()
→ Basically, FOR i = 0 TO 4 == for i in range (5)
Both will print:
0 1st time
1 2nd time
2 3rd time
3 4th time
4 5th time

Pseudocode: tells u the numbers right away

Python: Tells u how many outputs will be printed (pattern print, then plus
1 until this repeats for 5 times, it stops)
_________________________________________________________
_________

Comparing codes in pseudocode and python program:

Pseudocode
python program
9.1.6 Iterations and arrays
Vocabulary:
- Array: data structure in a program that can store more than one
item of data of the same data type under a single identifier ; data
items can be changed/ a data structure, which can store a fixed-
size collection of elements of the same data type

- List: data structure that stores multiple items of data in a single

variable; the values can be changed
- Data item:piece of information that represents part of the data that
makes up a person, place of thing, e.g. some of the data items that
represent a person are their first name and second name
- Iteration: A process where a set of instructions or structures are
repeated in a sequence a specified number of times or until a
condition is met ( for loop)

- Append function: Allows you to add another data to an existing

array
- Len function: Counts all of the data in a set of array
- For item in …. Function: See below
_________________________________________________________
_________

Examples for arrays in python:

Creating an array:
cars = [“Ford”,”Volvo”,”BMW”]
print(cars)
Or

Using append function and get introduced with how results can be
printed each in a line:
flavours = [“Vanilla”]

for i in range (3):

flavours.append(input(“Enter ice cream
flavour:”))

print(“__________________”)
print(“The ice cream flavours available are:”)

for item in flavours:

print(item)
Output:
9.1.7 Developing the Chatbot Further
Vocabulary:
- One-dimensional array: The simplest form of an array in which
the elements are stored in a sequence.
_________________________________________

Identifying count-controlled iteration & selections:

How to print a data from its sequence number:
- In order to do this, we must look at the array and look for its
position.
- If youre not sure of what index means, look further at lesson 9.1.6
because you would need it to understand
- Template: variablename[index]
E.g:
print(“why not try”,flavours[0])

Output:
Remove function:
- Template: variableName.remove(“what you want to remove from
the list”)
E.g:
flavours.remove("mintchoco")
print(“The new flavours are”,flavours)

Output:

If you dont want the output of flavours to be like this and want to print
them in a more organized way where each flavour is dedicated to 1 line,
you can check out 9.1.6

Look at this code below and answer the questions: (Optional)

1. Describe the use of arrays.
2. How can the data be accessed from the arrays using position
number?
3. From the python program pick out and describe:
a) A sequence code
b) A selection code
c) An iteration code

9.1.8 Testing times

Vocabulary:
- Integrated development environment(IDE): Basically a error
message/ notification that would pop up if a problem/ bug was
detected int the code
- Normal test data: Data that is in range
- Extreme test data: Data that either is the lowest possible value or
the highest possible value
- Invalid test data: Data entered that is not in range
_________________________________________________________
_________
Understanding normal, extreme and invalid data:

Code:
Number = 6
print(“I have chosen a number between 1 and 10”)
Guess = int(input(“What do you think is it?”))
If guess == number:
print(“You guessed correctly!”)
Elif guess > 0 and guess <10:
print(“Not correct”)
Else:
print(“Not a valid guess”)

If you entered:
1 or 10 Extreme data
<1 or 10< Invalid data
2-9 Normal data
This could be represented better on a number line. Draw one in your
notebook if it would help.

9.1.9 Further Challenge - String manipulation

Introduction - Sometimes, an answer can be written correctly, however,
in some circumstances there might be random capitalization that might
lead the code execution to become unexpected. In this chapter, we
would learn how to use a function that makes all input lowercase, which
would contribute and make wonders so that the code can work smooth
as silk.

String manipulation:
upper(): makes all input capital (e.g: Super -> SUPER)
lower(): makes all input lowercase (e.g: OHmygod -> ohmygod)
capitalize(): makes the first letter uppercase and the others lowe (asjdwu
-> Asjdwu)

Len() function - can be used in 2 ways: (basically counts the value

of a given variable or array)

Output = 8 ( Because swimming have 8 letters)

Output = 3 (Because there are 3 data stored in the activity array)

UNIT 2 - PRESENTING CHOICES: COMBINING
CONSTRUCTION
2.1 Understanding Software
Vocabulary:
1. Application Software: Software designed to do a particular task, e.g. a word
processor, spreadsheet, web browser, mobile-phone app.
2. Defragmentation: Organising files stored on a hard drive to ensure that all parts of
the same file are located one after the other on the drive
3. Device drivers: Software program that operates a hardware device connected to a
computer (Plug & play devices)
4. Execute: An output
5. Fragmentation: Situation that occurs when pieces of files are scattered across the
surface of a hard disk when the operating system is storing the file.
6. Operating system: Software that manages all the computer hardware and software ;
it also acts as an interface between computer hardware components and the user,
and provides a platform where applications can run (macOS, windows).
7. Processor (CPU): Electronic circuitry that executes the instructions described in a
computer program; often called the central processor or central processing unit.
8. Random access memory (RAM): Memory used to store programs and data used by
the processor (CPU).
9. Security software: Any type of software that helps to protect the computer from
different threats (Firewalls, antivirus, anti-spyware).
10. Software: Program or set of instructions that tell a computer what to do to complete
a task; aspects of a device you cannot touch
11. System Software: Software that helps a user run a computer
12. Utility Software: Software that helpps maintain the smooth functioning of a digital
device by helping the operating system manage tasks and resources. (Device
drivers, security softwares, disc defragmentation)

Understanding software - Digital devices use a number of different types of software in order
to complete a task:
UNIT 3 - MANAGING DATA
● THIS IS A MINI UNIT & IT WOULD BE CONTINUED WHEN
STUDYING IN UNIT 5
● Presentation is linked to the title
● QUIZLET ( includes all vocabulary)

LESSON 1 - EVALUATING THE USE OF MODELS

Model: Data representing a real-life scenario - they are broken

down into individual attributes, which are represented as data
items in the model.
Data: Raw information, values, facts and figures.
Function: A mini program that can exist as part of a bigger
program
MIN function: Lowest value in a specified range of cells in a
spreadsheet
MAX function: Highest value in a specified range of cells in a
spreadsheet
Count function: checks all the cell sin a specified range in a
spreadsheet and oupputs how many contain a numeric value
IF function: In a spreadsheet, it calculates a condisiton and
returns different values depending on whether it was True or
False.

*Difference between model & simulator

- Model is a replica of an event
- Simulator shows the changes through time, and might be
representing how different kinds of actions would affect
the overall outcome.

Requirements taken into consideration in order to

conclude if a model is good, or bad:
- Accuracy: Margin or error, assumptions, data quality,
limitations
- Cost: Development cost, Scaling Up
- Usability: Execution time, easy to use & update, features,
limitations
- Ethics ( Being Fair, Honest, Safe - Means to not leak
others people private information and respectful - no not
get plagarized or copy others people work): Fairness, bias

LESSON 2 - KEY FORMULAS AND CREATING MODELS

Spreadsheet: Application that uses rows and columns to

organise data and carry out calculations using that data.
Average function: Finding the average among a range of
values
LESSON 3 - RELATIONAL DATABASES; LINKING (JOINING)
AND SEARCHING

Database: Application that organises data for storing,

processing and accessing electronically. (The table shown in
primary key is an example of database)
Primary key: Field in a database table that provides a unique
identifier to a record/ entity.

In this case, The primary key is the customer ID, it is something

that is uniquely identified for one and one customer only.
Address of name cannot be a primary key because it can be
easily replicated, which would make the process of looking for a
specific customer hard.
Foreign key: When the primary key from one table appears in
another table to establish a link between two entities.
For example, you can tell that the customer has repeated
again. This is to indicate which customer this information is
owned by.
Query: A search for data in a database that meets specific
rules or criteria.
(Basically mean to search for a data in a database)
Criteria: A set of rules that must be met
Validation/ Data validation: An automatic check to reduce the
chances of errors being made when data is entered into a
computer system
Relational Database: A database that stores data using two or
more linked tables.

SQL (Structured Query Language): Specialised language for

accessing data in relational databases.

*These are popular a lot of applications such as Tiktok,

facebook, Instagram and so on

(Mean to toggle different kinds of requirements or

characteristics of one product/ data to search for it. For
example:
This would point out “Toaster” Because its product ID is 5)

Additionally, in the query, you can see that it is requisitioning

“Meetings”, meaning you would’hv to look over to the meeting
database. They have provided that this user is “status update”
and has an ID of 2, therefore, it is clear that they are trying to
depict Nam Anh.

LESSON 4 - BIG DATA

Big Data: Datasets that are too large or complex for traditional
data-processing applications, e.g. databases or spreadsheets,
to process
5Vs:The terms used to describe the concept of Big Data:
volume. Velocity variety, value, veracity.

Volume There are massive amounts of data

Veracity Data is accurate
Velocity Data is being made very quickly
Variety There are many types of data
Value The data is worth money - it is very useful
Some examples are (Streaming platforms): Youtube, Netflix,...

We can analyse big data by:

● Artificial Intelligence/ machine learning (Means a computer
learning data, and make decisions, predictions without
being programmed to go so)
● Data visualisation ( PIN & Codes)
● Supercomputers
● Special software designed to find patterns
● Napoleon's Army

This represents 4 kinds of information on a piece of paper.

- The orange line thickness shows the survivors in
napoleon's army the actual count is written by the side
- The Black line shows the pathway that they went back,
and the thickness of the line also depicts survivor rates.
- Names of the city is written in the pathway(s) also acting
as a map
- Further than that, the temperature is also written in the
very down corner, it is clearly represented - the deeper the
line is, the colder the temperature would be. ( There is
also a number line by the region)
=> We can use this method to affectively analyse big
amounts of data

CLASS DISCUSSION:

1. What do these companies do? (What industry is it?)

• YouTube: A video-sharing platform where users can

upload, watch, and share videos. It belongs to the
entertainment and technology industry.
• Netflix: A streaming service offering movies, TV
shows, and original content. It also belongs to the
entertainment industry.

2. What data can they gather?

• User watch history, preferences, search history,
location, device usage, and interaction patterns (e.g., likes,
shares).
• Feedback about app experience

3. How can they use the data?

• Personalization: Recommend videos or shows

tailored to user preferences.
• Content Creation: Identify trends to produce popular
content.
• Marketing: Target users with ads or promotions.
• Analytics: Improve platform performance and user
experience.

MINI LESSON 4 (those parts are in lesson 3) ⬆️

_____________ ACTUAL LESSON 4
_______________

Pin code analysis (an experimental activity)

- There is a pattern, in common passwordsm
they are either countdowns or counting up or
repetitive series of pairs of numbers, whereas
those that are less common are randomized
and are not repetitive, which can be harder to
guess.