Misr University for Science and Technology

“Engineering”
(Phy_101)

Presented by:

Dr. Dalia Abdrabou Saad

Email:[email protected]
Chapter 2: Elastic properties of solid
Outlines:
❑ Definition of Matter and States of matter
❑ Structure of solids and Elastic properties of matter
❑ Hooke’s law
❑ The deformation of solid
❑ Stress and Strain
❑ Elastic modulus
❑ Young’s Modulus: Elasticity in Length:
❑ Poisson's ratio: v
❑ Shear Modulus: Elasticity of Shape
❑ Bulk Modulus: Volume Elasticity
❑ Compressibility, k:
❑ Energy stored in a stretched wire (Elastic Potential energy):
❑ Thermal stress

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Are you stressed in your life?

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What is the Matter?
❑ Matter is anything that has mass space and made up of called atoms.

❑ Atoms is electrically neutral as the number of protons is equal to the number of

electrons. Therefore, the negative and positive charge cancels out.
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States of matter
❑ Matter exist in different physical forms, called states (solids, liquids, gases , plasma).

Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Definite shape Indefinite shape Indefinite shape Indefinite shape
Definite volume Definite volume Indefinite volume Indefinite volume
Strong bonds Weak bonds No bonds Ionization
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Structure of solids
❑ Solids can be classified as either crystalline or amorphous.

o Crystalline solid : the atoms have an ordered structure .

o Amorphous solid: the atoms are arranged almost randomly (glass, plastic).

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Elastic characteristics of matter
❑ Elastic material is one that returns to its original shape after removal force (No permanent deformation).

❑ Inelastic (plastic) material is one that does not return to its original shape after removal force (permanent deformation).

1. Elastic material such as ( stress ball)

Applied Remove
Object Deformation Object
Force Force

2. In elastic material such as ( Pencil)

Applied Remove Object

Object Deformation
Force Force

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Deformation of Solids
❑ All solids are subject to deformation, changing shape or size (or both), when an
external force acts on them. A sufficiently large force will permanently deform or break
any object.

❑ The elastic properties of solids are discussed in terms of stress and strain.

Deformation

In In In
Length Shape Volume

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Stress
❑ The force per unit area causing a deformation.
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = [N/𝒎𝟐 ] or Pa
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

❑ Stress is related to the force causing deformation

(a). Elongation (Tension) , ∆ L is positive value

(b). pressure , ∆ L is nagtive value

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Strain
❑ The results of the stress is strain , which is a measure of the degree of the deformation.
𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = [ no unit]
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔

❑ Strain is proportional to stress. (Strain α Stress)

Strain

Young Shear Bulk

The ratio of the change in length The ratio Δx /h, where Δx is The change in volume
ΔL to the original length 𝑳𝟎 . horizontal distance that the ΔV divided by the
sheared face moves and h is initial volume 𝑽𝟎 .
∆𝑳
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = the height of the object.
∆𝑽
𝑳𝟎
∆𝑿 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 =
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽𝟎
𝒉

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Elastic modulus
❑ The elastic modulus is the constant of proportionality between stress and strain.
❑ For sufficiently small stresses, the stress is directly proportional to the strain.
❑ The constant of proportionality depends on the material being deformed.
❑ The elastic modulus can be thought of as the stiffness of the material.

𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
Elastic modulus =
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏

Young’s Modulus [Y ] Shear Modulus [S] BULK MODULUS [B]

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Young’s Modulus :Elasticity in length
❑ Measures the resistance of a solid to a change in its length.
𝑭 ∆𝑳
𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 =
𝑨 𝑳𝟎

❑ 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 = 𝐘 × 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧

𝑭 ∆𝑳
= Y×
𝑨 𝑳𝟎
∆𝑳
Y : Young’s Modulus [𝑵/𝒎𝟐 ] ∴F=Y A
𝑳𝟎

❑ The force required to produce a given change in length of a solid is directly proportional
to the cross- sectional area and inversely proportional to its original length.

❑ Young’s Modulus depends on type of material (e.g Iron, Copper, wood and so on).
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Young’s modulus (Y) and Hook’s law
❑ Hooke’s law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the force used to stretch the spring,
[𝐹 𝛼 ∆𝐿].
Force applied(N) 𝑭 = 𝑲∆𝑳 Extension of spring (m)

Spring const.(N/m)

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Young’s modulus (Y) and spring constant (k)
❑ There is a straightforward connection between tensile force F and Hooke’s law for a
spring. Compare two equations
𝒀𝑨
1. F = ∆𝑳
𝑳𝟎

𝟐. 𝑭 = 𝑲∆𝑳
We find that: 3. k = YA/L0

❑ The force constant of a spring depends on:

o The Young’s modulus, Y, of the material from which it is made.
o The cross-sectional area A of the wire.
o The length of the wire, 𝐿0 .
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Example
❑ A vertical steel beam in a building supports a load of 6×104 N. (a) If the length of the
beam is 4.0 m and its cross-sectional area is 8×10-3 m2, find the distance the beam is
compressed along its length. Young's modulus (2 × 1011 Pa)

Solution:

𝑭 Δ𝐿
=𝑌
𝑨 𝐿0

𝐹𝐿0
𝜟𝑳 =
𝑌𝐴

(6 × 104 𝑁)(4.0𝑚)
=
(2 × 1011 𝑃𝑎)(8 × 10−3 𝑚2 )

= 1.5 × 10−4 𝑚
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Example
❑ An aluminum wire 3 mm in diameter and 4 m long is used to support a mass of 50 kg.
What is the elongation of the wire? Young's modulus for aluminum is 7 × 1010 Pa.
o What if The elastic limit of aluminum is 1.3 × 108 Pa. What is the maximum mass that
the wire can support without exceeding its elastic limit?
Solution:

𝐹𝐿0 Fmax = A × 1.3 × 108 = (7.07 × 10-6

𝜟𝑳 =
𝑌𝐴
(790𝑁)(4.0𝑚) m2)( 1.3 × 108 Pa)=919 N
=
(7 × 1010 𝑃𝑎)(7.07 × 10−6 𝑚2 ) Fmax = mg = 919 N
= 3.96 × 10−3 𝑚 = 3.96𝑚𝑚
m = (919N)/ (9.8 m/s2) = 94 kg
Attention:
𝑭
Elastic Limit = Ultimate Strength = Force per unit Area
𝑨
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Shear Modulus :Elasticity of shape
❑ Measures the resistance to motion of the planes within a solid parallel to each other.
𝑭 ∆𝒙
𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 =
𝑨 𝒉
Shear 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 = 𝐒 × 𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧

𝑭 ∆𝑿
= S×
𝑨 𝒉

S : Shear Modulus [𝑵/𝒎𝟐 ] ∆𝑿

∴F=S A
𝒉
∆𝒙
❑ The force required to produce a given amount of
slant is directly proportional to (∆𝒙), the tangent
surface area (A) and inversely proportional to its
original height ,𝒉.
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Example
❑ A block of gelatin is 60 mm by 60 mm by 20 mm when unstressed a force of 0.245 N is
applied tangentially to the upper surface causing a 5 mm displacement relative to the
lower surface. Find (a) the shear stress, (b) the shear strain and (c) the shear modulus S?
Solution:

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Bulk Modulus : Volume Elasticity
❑ Measures the resistance of solids or fluids to changes in their volume.
∆𝑭 ∆𝑽
𝑩𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = ∆𝑷 = 𝑩𝒍𝒖𝒌 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 =
𝑨 𝑽𝟎

Bulk 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 = −𝐁 × 𝐁𝐮𝐥𝐤 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧

∆𝑽
∆𝑷 = -B ×
𝑽𝟎

B : Bulk Modulus [𝑵/𝒎𝟐 ]

❑ The change in pressure required to produce a given amount in volume is directly

proportional to ∆𝑽 and 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒚 proportional to its 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆, 𝑽𝟎 .
❑ An object subject to this type of deformation undergoes a change in volume
but no change in shape.
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Various Modulus for different Materials

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Example
❑ A solid lead sphere of volume 0.50 𝑚3, dropped in the ocean, sinks to a depth of 2.0 × 103
m, where the pressure increases by 2.0 × 107Pa. Lead has a bulk modulus of 4.2 × 1010
Pa. What is the change in volume of the sphere?

Solution:

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Poisson's ratio: v
❑ Poisson's ratio v is defined as the negative ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain.

Δ𝑑/𝑑0 laterial strain

𝑣= =
Δ𝑙/𝑙0 longitudinal strain

l > l0  l = l-l0
d > d0  d = d-d0,

Compression

1. In case of compression ,,,,,, Poisson's ratio v is positive value

2. in case of tension ,,,,,,, Poisson's ratio v is negative value Tension

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Compressibility (k):
❑ The compressibility (k) is the reciprocal of bulk modulus (B)
F

F
𝟏 ∆𝑽/𝑽
𝒌= =−
𝜷 ∆𝑷

F F

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Energy stored in a stretched wire (Elastic Potential energy):
❑ The work done is stored in the wire as a potential energy U. as the external force F is F
= - Fr (restoring force), F = k∆l.

1 2
1
𝑼 = 𝑊 = 𝑘(Δ𝑙) = 𝐹Δ𝑙
2 2

❑ The elastic potential energy per unit volume u:

1 1 𝑌
𝒖 == Stress×𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = (𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) = (𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛)2
2
2 2𝑌 2

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Thermal stress
❑ The stresses induced in a bar due to change in temperature are called thermal stress.

1. The raise in temperature causes the dimensions to increase.

2. The lowering of temperature causes the dimension to decrease.

❑ The thermal stresses are produced when this extension or contraction is prevented.
Δ𝑙 = 𝑙0 𝛼Δ𝑇 = 𝑙0 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )

tensile stress 𝐹/𝐴

𝑌= =
tensile strain Δ𝑙/𝑙0

𝑌𝐴 𝑌𝐴
𝐹= Δ𝑙 = 𝑙 𝛼Δ𝑇 = 𝑌𝐴𝛼Δ𝑇
𝑙0 𝑙0 0

Thermal stress:
𝐹
Thermal stress = = 𝑌𝛼Δ𝑇
𝐴
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Example
❑ While at 00C a square steel bar of 20 cm side is fixed at both ends so that it cannot
expand. If the temperature is raised to 200C what force would be exerted on the support
at the ends? Given that (Y = 2×1011 N/m2 and the coefficient of linear expansion of steel
α = 1.2×10-5 0C-1)
𝐹
Solution: stress = Y strain=
𝐴
= 20 × 10 × 2.4 × 10−4
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𝜟𝒍 = 𝑙0 𝛼Δ𝑇
= 4.8 × 107 𝑁/𝑚2
Δ𝑙 𝑙0 𝛼Δ𝑇
longitudinal strain= = 𝐹
𝑙0 𝑙0 stress =
= 𝛼Δ𝑇 𝐴
= 1.2 × 10−5 × 20 = 2.4 × 10−4 𝑭 = 𝐴 × stress
= 20x 20 × 10−2 × 4.8 × 107
= 19.2 × 105 𝑁
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Relation between Y, S, v and B:
𝑌 𝑌
❑ 𝑺= ❑ 𝑩=
2(1+𝑣) 3(1−2𝑣)

3𝐵−2𝑆
9𝑆𝐵 ❑ 𝒗=
❑ 𝒀= 2(𝑆+3𝐵)
3𝐵+𝑆

❑ If bulk modulus B and the shear modulus S are both positive quantities
if ( 2v < 1 or v < 0.5)
❑ If v is to be negative quantity
This is possible only if 1 + v is positive or v is not less than -1.
The limiting values of v are -1 and 0.5.
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Misr University for Science and Technology

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Ref.: College Physics (Serway, Faughn).

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