UNitT- Equili briuas DiagwarnsVy Aly er, A substance wali ts Conposecl of Roe or mote charsteol Clenmentty gurls Prerk metallic ators predonanore Ne tompoctPlon — ovel _ Hing rreretiic. bend ptuclorinosteds 4. teatteedl en ection a System in ty As a gubsnce —_isetated foi Ww — Sree und, gi th, ah be sic, \quid, gees nD Comper > Thue mee Hae Subsmentes in system. defied oe ea Ps ve oo arr ponenh cotteal_ unig Syston tte romponen ane ltrwinn as es eee a aystery oy thee ok by phate) tte a: phytaity 4 shelly of 4 _aycktny” stperetect Rom by 9 iabirface , Aunfooe mr tan] inten force ee“ Mormgneous Tag. solos tingle gle sy cheng 4 ewentisteinee of Tiquid alloy 4 its crystal confided hwo phase syiheny —— oe Phas Ds Daiguaro sf uj lion ure Doipeonn ie A geaptical eprserrtation of Yaar nhs - saotonttip _betwten fhe Viamts of com posiPioy a Aeenprthure wttig _ualnicly, VY OFIOUS cont Aw ents = 4 ghoser ck ony tychem one stole, = Dy Aeperterce D_ srows oF A glance the phase wlich tetihe "Vn tqulorwo fea sy Combination sf Hop # Aloy. Cousp ea. thee© vray vt bain the _corspetttion ; Hemp oad _tetins , oe Pela pooh phos a ee atakiniy es 0 funeHes ob yermp, aaa oo My. @_t powib _te__shely 4 tontel — an phere seperation pur'et Leastion 0 7 peli VFleablon of metals end allows, feria geuth £ dofig > of deg le__cryctale AL st Ut hing changes’ preckiced by Wtol~ | hreatanesh 4: c09 Hing | ©. hose _ equitioriue’ sh_vsinte sk. cysfrn using, any Oe Ne _phese choroctorig es eimai Vadehi nite diane period, —- Cite Niquid ‘le ome pose _€ atid it onottey phuy In aqel library, ohio, Phove / Equilits curs ® _voany € me conoponent). rose dalgpeam se Te is plotted oy feosurde on “Merticlk oni +¢ tenp: 09 Werixonbal — oacis nie Chet Pleot Low t ® 1s Temp. @D Binoy ~ Choe component) ghare Miageonrns + Th flndy M+Hen dine WOK @ Tern 2 G4 Bmp Phare AOigomny ~ equal Morhyery daig perros OPE Astra win Tee Content ran, ay Ta Ghsrisen 4 Boe ae. : aren P.O the frnpott so conceFume Rutrers utd for soled Aolubiliy DQ Aronie Sieve o me tou ORG Aime feo hoy ue be Wihin \v ee see yweetoa within Aare cnyrtad lat toe (ie Bee or Fre we ep len Orke Moree Vkely Yo fom Aolid ton, Naleroy feetor i a A wet WHA low votes te Worm Vkely te Lasole wih a melat oF Wiguye welerey 6 Brot WN Re wih, A metal ef fower wontiney, BU gt WA igh vobney vy Wes selabinty Chemical AMIAirY 7 Terabe leas chemical abfiniry wT plisslee mere fo Paws rollcl wins,s aHGibbs Plase Rule: Or Phare Qules~ The Gibbs aq WV brhues pneoe mule epatea Peet unclear Conclh ora 4 ft Following | wel my be web shdeocl. + &F a 2 where P= na of phos, \n eq Vilerl Ur G = nor of Components in the syste. FT 10, gh Acyrees gl Freecloan, te Mee no. of Nowlaloles auth 09 d@np, prey¢ or Concentsortion fhe con be change ‘indepordadty, A tne Di wepeesents any dwo vores eup of He Haree Te MEP, PERE OF Concannon Bince —moer a The Studies done ok tonthest prus: b Nace Prets. fa mer considered a wt owtalate « Bo, \p+ fF ecee Ta bh Oe ayo. the | Wt Pwtrene my One Vvoriable out of emi ree Ne demp # concenmahon ,of Solidification of Pure Metals and Alloys - 1.3 Concept . Most metals are melted and then cast into semifinished or finished Shape, © Solidification of a metal can be divided into the following steps : 1. Formation of a stable nucleus 2. Growth of a stable nucleus. Liquid Liquid [> Nuclei Gon Crystal which will a form grains ean (a) Formation of stable nuclei (b) Growth of erystals © Fig. 1.3.1 1.3.1 Solidification of Pure Metals : Thermocouple Melt Allotropic ransformation3 Specific volume m/kg __, Temperature (°C) © @) Fig. 1.3.2 The temperature remains constant while grains grow. Some metals undergo allotropic transformation in solid state. For example on cooling BCC 6-iron changes to FCC iron at 1400°C, which again to BCC at-iron at 906°C. Temperature °© —> Time (sec) —» B-c B-C: Under cooling is necessary for nucleation to occur. C-D: Recalescence Fig, 1.3.3 Fig. 1.3.3, cooling curve for a pure metal that has not been well inoculated, Liquid cools as specific heat is removed (between points A and B). Undercooling is thus necessary (between points B and C). As the nucleation begins point C, latent heat of fusion is released causing an increase in the temperature of the liquid.. a inues to solidify ‘This process is known as recalescence (Point C to Point D). Metal continu: y at a constant temperature (T-melting). At point E, solidification is complete.Gonsteuctlon of quilibYiuso dasigzaea= Severo} woys of pinrtlng t+ Themed erorysis 2) Bilatomatey- S Ciectieal resiariy hy OpM ea) HF MerhOg esi eorcopy, [Fs TMegnehe menunmorerds a FMM elton ld RFraction Ss. Thomedynousic choke drolytrs T= Matty — hermed tratyiig mortar is cued f Orheee mnethaoly wed be elimian ke! hy AMBLgaal HOS. anisying iA dhe daigran pleted bby the ‘oboe amctlosl « “The tonnskee 2 Binerey Gu = Bayt, Cue Ni home 100% Schubilt hy jn be Neg. d Solel rete Prey Boren tedeg 9% Sell sole, saps . YD Prepare Large no ef alleys oF _Yitryleg, compositions / Ssoy duty yeriotion of 107 Nj 4 mark den, ee 1 4 [100 [90 | 20/70 [eo [se |-40{ 30/20/19 Jo ym | © | te] | 2¢ [40] sof co | 70] €/ G0] too ——— alals|el7 tla tof ow] see) FoI age pore meals eotbie B80 eke Mlloys, BD vrer coeting Curr oy Foneus, ©B Mar down Ave Tguides g Aslishus op of Masse meaterolt + Liquidus <3 means stor coli 2} certion from Teyr eds mens end of Aaliditi cotton. = Uigutides forps nee meted oy ty a ts La wy 4, £288" pore medals AMY sore hy Taquiay 4 seliclus esp - Sy ZL solids deep, eee morked or Sire moteielt 4 1) aaa conten, temp. # hiner there + by SS ane some: tee La = A) Panastey Pts temps do hemp ME __ Coenen yieg raph: Mer Ca 4 Nj Ate pace f° two painde — beowus-e Me moteh oy 1 dott se toly en pom & eres se eh solid 2014 ojtoys — Swl'tliPt es avOr A THnye of TP: SD BAW dmooky caer _theagn poris by me Ly # i bey vole, rep tcses Vi quices 4 solidus 06 fee diag con. The Asselin —reop hype oF cee Ve cotted cos phos or equifibtatery dlieg-2omy . cits B DAR oy Heenps Sih wT, Mae Orta composiFlow of dhe geist Vequict bs —sportcy by 4 solid Sie given Hee poet AY. The amounts of add # Keg Td tay be cattrtetec) BY Weg lever vey prac) ple. or len rele. ty Sy Class? o>Lever Rule. + — Leves ule is used for Finding cut fhe AM On ES, of phaser encisting jam Slaamy tio Sy hon for 0 _gintn alloy oF tiny mp: under — Con syd enot Ov Liquid A ' 8 contin ketion weigh Rk > SS At hemp. Te commpatitinn 2 I B hes phos sold + Viguid Z Veh Amount of soled be 2 Wate Viquid amount ‘ig Ars oral —Conrpor'tton mb Fig sete] we ttnowe Hhadm Tec pment of = Anouk of 2p Anour oF 8 Bix te tog I te solid Va We Tiquid . Now thx acasurk 9p BR iw Wat plore ts aqual ty fey uw oat oF phore multiplied by TR compotion tn perms oh RB, Ay Mis temp TAL werrpos' Non af somid ls Dd tompartto of Viquid is C- TePace , Zoe se Cesc zest Ge a Zr-e = $ Co-0) S= Z-f 2 FC = fewm_lengh CF D-e ae fem apt edTOR Neng of aren Now, Amout of iq. Ls \rs S\~ Ann C.F Arm OD SB Ap FD Aim length ep <8 pp: Vugth of van Tord) lophh of Crm feb OF tolid Mr CF / arm Gb Amr of Ty. tw FD Jaye OD = Atm CF Arm FD F » \ Henee €& i leer eee hes ty fen ar nore co. Se Bek of solid X Oey FD 5 Aay. of Nags X arm OF » Vt \ Hed. oP said x Vhs Heme aren = bots of Tig, x Shy last tot Sa2.2 lron-Iron Carbide Equilibrium Diagram : PU - May 2007, Dec. 2007, May 2008, ‘Dec. 2008, May 2013, Dec. 2013) . The iron-iron carbide Equilibrium diagram describe the iron-carbon system of alloy; containing upto 6.67% of carbon, discloses the phase compositions and thei transformations occur with the alloys during their cooling or heating. The diagram is as follows : Liquid (L) 1400 Temperature °C —> 2%C > Eutectic 910 y+Fego ———________] 768 Austenite + Cementite +Ledeburite | Cementite + Ledeburite >» @ f i 727°C (0.025%C 1.28 : { g } Eutectoid } + : 2 t a+ FegC i + { Pearite | 9 } i ¢ + ig Cementite + Pearlite + Transformed Ledeburite 210 3 i a ny 6.67 ome g, os 1 2 3 4 5 6 e& 7 ee oa Cast Iron ahi Weight % Carbon ———+ Fig. 2.2.1 : Iron-Iron carbide equilibrium diagramTon dvon catbide diagzam: the temp. ot wrath alloneplic change. (Cercle mF) dawes plate is Safluencesl by cAleying cterments. She cute emp: is er abtected by alieying elements - Carbon is the mat commen alloying element in the iron whith Significantly affects tee otrerophy - Cabructiee , and ptopentes of Wow, — CanrenPonmlly ttn compiere Fe“ ding tan. shout} entnd From from = 1007, Fe to 00 carhon Coytnpy Wet Wks formally studied. wphe 6:67 op. Courbor> Cfesc) — veeause wos allio of — prenctical Sno waked \mportacce, contaln nok move, then Sop turbo os — Fer FeyC te mot a true equi Wostua diary , Mose _fe,c Cette simble> — decempares lobo joy corben with taleg a very long Aime of wom Fernp- and even at TOO*%c. if Takes Ekveredt Yeo, to fonren gteaplite. — When carboo cootent becomes More Hho solubit thy ‘reoiks of lyon Hhough cambon should be Present a5 grupbite , yet cementite Forms because Me formation of cementite is mose prmbabie leimetcaly teh le easter tho form Wh, O only BOT CS Kar 40 diffuse M& segregate fe fora Cemnendi be whereas 190% G segregation ts required 49 nuctente at aguite. Definndon of shuchiees or phases dn Fe-fe,c diadyun Fevsit pecite - ty is 09 Interctial solid olution of carbon 4 K-1W9y (BCC) . — The mendeuns Selubility of carbeo5 iy Resetyo is 0.02 pork Ot T27*e ard Me Mioimuny is0-00005 wt of 20°C, — The size of largest atom that con Fir ‘in octohedyal Ord As O19 F — wohich is much emodler Than caveon atone COT) A). 50 the sctubuity is enctsremely — \invittedl - — dk is soft and duetite . — Fexrite ls Fewro magnetic upto atc becomes Parameanure Moove tis temp. Austere: _ = | eo # is an intencheiot solicl solutton of, ctirbo5 in Y-won Cree). = The manticrum Solubi tity of cartoon is 2+) poy. at W2e6PC. eohich decreases to O77 ost y at 727%. — the sree of the lamest oon that can Fir 14 octahedra “tcl is o.s2 nv, correspondingly We Solubiliry is larger here compact to fesr te, — tb is soft, ductile , metterble . tough 4 Aon- magnet. Be wm Tt is stable obove 727°¢ in plain carbon steels but can be obtained even at soon temp by adeling elements Wke Ni or Mo in steels, C~ Fevsite : ee T Bb Ns 09 Jorenstito solic sdution of casbon 19 Bivon Cece) , : ~ THE mmanchrnu sotulsility of caren ig eBh uty. ar kt IE Qe % | aa at ois PATA MMABMEKIC « — St is igh temp. version of &K-\ron-Cementite :- — tt is a Antensdidlol intermetaltite _compoutoch having F\medl catben content of: 667 coth « — MA hat a Complex — arthorhombig structure , uot, 12 Fe otomeg and 4e atoms, per uot cell. — VW has wigh howdoess . bitte . very low te, Stength $ Wh compreasve srengty, — Ft is dhe Nhawdest phase that Appears on fhe ghase agra, Ledebusite g- 7 Y = It is eutectic micture of austenite ancl cementite. — Ft contains 4S wtih G and is formed ot 1146 PC This is very fine _ wixrye : Pear|ite - Tk is eurtectoid mixture of fessibe ane cementite containing 0-8 cob AS and ic forrest at 727 %, It is a very Fire plotelike or lameltour eclinet Oty=e ooore«— lOO Teanifamotivn Repatio fe- fe,c dicgzomn 4. Pesitectio Teans for mohioos The. pemitect drains fornotion ove ah Fo\loux a is F ceo aR solide Solid agireree: Sp Bq won Carbon pelos syste — Hoe ttansformation occtiss 2s pe tsquiel oye ne Bace Isso oe nase oy Counc) @ss He) Conk xO) | = The amouots of & £ L may be found by Opplying lever rule _ fot. of FC = OSS -O1g PA nel Fae oe OSs— oO] Te dmb of L = otge ONES CO) x ing Ime XK oss~ oF Fon npt© Zn #2 Obove TeRnSH on PH of-oy nc ss odded wit tiguid 0F OS y Cet ute 4gn, W952 Ae get oF oe yn : for _hypoperitectig steels Cig, steels voit carbon ————Senktoh—tstt thang O18 “dre reaction may be Sth Mase oy = : tec : eee AEEIG_scteels Cie. combon cOokend Mdee = 1k nm J the 2roeton may be a5 _— — Al) steels coniajng carban zange OF _0") 0 ae exbibir peritectic — teans fer motion 7 P —~ —_ = > Eutectsid Teancfer mations —— = __The _eutectoid teansformotio reaction ove 04 solid, —— =" . adid, + Solid, = a — < re 1 fewa Cr cornet A tate e Temp °6. / K+ Peahite EP peaslite + Cementite ral —— 2-008 oe “wotA The eutectic ts ancforrmotiow js oS sea aaa Y ars, ® +c Cf OB CD (oF 0.025% CD 667 20) cree) cBce) Carthorhornb ce) eo. ~The auiteo'the is teansformed to mixture oF Tt n= ferrite (e092 7G) and cementite 66) no) — the cutectoid mmcturee of Fansite 4 cementite (K+ Feat) ig known a6 Peowlite. cl = The _propesties oF petrctite depends upma _is intorlarellan Aistance. Smatier the distance hightr will be tne mechon'icol propentivos = The in teslomealar_ spacings depo 00 cooling, rate -t Ms a om eas Ing, Tete Increeoach, = “he Mosdoes of pemslite wilt be | 2 BHN- — _—tx évtectic Asi cformechiou 2 — The eutectic transformation reaction is ac Liquid Comsks) soled, + salty TEP = tn t90n- CanbOn syceem, dhe PROeHiON bcCermt at 11297 % sack conbon | 4.8 ' @ t Aucteni he {| Comentirte. + > stemme Comentite | pedibustte. IE 2% 4.57 667% ho its Tho seanstornehl0n @da 04 -Folfras . ° , & U4e7 OG r he Fey ASS RG = LE EBT NE 4 The liquid ¢tzargferms to eatetic ihe Oustnite 2 7G + camentipe (Fea CY) Cas winture is Ienewn ay leddouelpe . Sib gets dzonsformed 4 peawlihe — o'thty S109 Fates oF coslimg at er %¢ ond Wenre ext * 00M se MMthuree caniche OE perlite f Camentite ‘Thos > { Muze collade oF tronformed ledlsustke., foto. __\ Ns howd brittle. 2 oF Wit 607 7.0)Criven| tempretures io Fe fest Dingyeren. iy =the temp: ab which the. t2ansformoctions 10 = cold stode qoxe place ave colted cvitice aempretices — er evticle pants. 4 they hart given in _aymbde. __ ) As 210 °% temp.) + os Ad This temp —_camentite changes fro! FerrOn oop eK’ ¢ 49 _powamnoaperic chart ekeye 2) A, CT27%e temp. _Lewer criticle s~p- a =A fas temp. earteebsiel dreonaformadion 6 cous» —___— eo — At tis gene, peaaljt is converted fo austenite / r aon = Below Has Amp auttente dees not emnd : S) Az (768 °C temp. = Ep is onan as cami sbermpy _ Ke ferrite chonget £m ferBoemagnetic bo poweenaopetic chore.n aw) _ Az (S10 °C temp ot ONC te “emp 727 *c at OF 7.0) - Bb thie indicuter upper critical temp kergin vol, K-forrite Stents to FOra> as a vesalhef eyentipn Fao ___ayhesite. 19 the, _bypaeutecterd Sheet - os = Pe the temp: free | ferrite see dissaenacl to fawn oursteotte - : S> Aco CPPS oF oa pe te NAT %C por are) ~ att _indicotes epper critical demp- below solvict, _camantite starts te fore o> A rewuit oF eleation — fom auitenvte, in the hyper eutectorc ag a+ Fege 00025 04 08 Weight % C | —»> Fig. 2.5.1 : Non-equilibrium cooling of steels The pearlite becomes fine, due to the increase in nucleation rate because of decrease in transformation temperatures. The cooling rate exceeds a specific value called as critical cooling rate. Austenite does not transform to pearlite. Itis transformed to a phase called as martensite. Bainitic transformation is one form of transformation. It will be obtained if austenite is cooled isothermally at some temperature below the lower critical temperature.“ 4 7 Tt 7 Poa Corben help { _-Riley steels tt T lous Toediues Yat Lato i 7 Serbon Contes earn au: + auto srexy Srey rests spenty Stee ae re OBOE PO HN Sey st 1 Sebyo entet 08S A234 +p) ¢ TCE ae ny Wa Mo, We. fe Gm Si, PS), Lew conten: steeke i z= ftoss less dhow > 9. “hb — Luckg handen abiliry. ie : - co Gunely femethe 4 peomlitey -/ F : j = Posses gre weldodlithy, CAs. carton +). Nn ewtases: =treve ig litte viivadaent ot ees relay — Roted ot SS) - 60 4 machi abi Vity » Apolicections + — of —°S EO 8 Sed fixe SHH steele Me, parts. case Wevedtned machine posts £ creas Ale Use] forMedtucn corsipon steele, @y 0. — 0'8 Ys Covsbon Cony, 4 ___Pavonbegent = = Better mechinabs\ity = Good TWughness ancl ductility —_* geed bolence, of propestres. — = Extremely poputars ancl hare numerous epprictrt ogy Applications: : e.3-— OF CG + cromechefts | gears ancies , mao dots stor\ shanks | heat trecched mechine posts ete. : High Combo stéels § 1 over 08! y, cowboy 2 eas thoy Dol 7% casboo + Arse coted 420|: steels 5 . ’ ; > Pavan 2a 7 Jit : , » — High hosdoess - Han weer Fesicten Ce. a feo fem iy. Baadvertoaey ~ Nok tecommendes| fer coating, Cign ec » caeetsing ) TF Seining ys bearing, ~ Applicoctions — Cuaring sools roiling. cutters punsding olity, ate, Anoy sreels: q _ do the Noy steets The principe lloy) Ed Ns see netthine, —gtherr then’ carbon Aime OME NEI gp mnstybdsnua tungsten ete. — _Stouoless steetp 4 Tod: steclo ces common: erlasnpl Dug Por wheel bladles eneel exp “pf auttnibe stele @ A_sterdond Wigh speed steel : 1 . Face milling cutter. —~/ 9Chaeipet one ee > Aecoreling to, Dumber of otteyin oy _Rlenpe nts @ three _commpavent ste ©). four _componont~_sheat Fe, Gat Fe, C,) 49 » According be ths Woe oF Antemol seeehue: @ peairic steets G pol sree @ period alloy cheek @) According be pucpese and capovicotios: _ @.struckwod reels ® Tol ares @ Rpecial Alloy shexs a) According Ae principle oloynn element: few ec. @ Nickel sreel G Mangoneve amet @) Tugs steel @ covatt sreel. 7© cutting -steels ze Ss pes are hheee pies gett oe eae Spee] | ot tree pig mactrinobiti hy _ “ew _combon chee peduce rough susfce an. and ees ponible. fer heoting the tool: te Megneium — sulphur # ___phoghomse ave added te improve _maetanekili = Mognersser— combines with sulphur and _belpe Foy : chip formation = = — The amount oF sulphur — 3 is 06% and age phophors : ig O12 th wobile _ Meqneiun i to R she dimes Me ompink of sulphur. @ = Sy High: caneno steers lead ig added adoo —___*t8__‘ncrease. _ mochinob aa = High steenoth {ovo frlloy steel WSLAD + ——=__Ik__conrains CameOo _0-0F Ye — ONS Yr with OS fp AL. ce good duet iN mel\eabils ow SV Uby = toughsers acd eseldobiliky 1 because tue fo Movin ts stength) lacweases up-top. 50°80 4 Jmm* and sidel ect "1 automotive indus i Alieying clemenks' ave osleled’ in tower _percentege (less tnon 5%) 40 joewee. teen gth or lnerden erin larger percentage, Cover 5°47) am _ achiewe spend Properties auch 05 _cerrpiion Yerictonce. “herve ave ditfernt soy ing R\ements 58h AK aluminrum 8278p, Chearsium, Lendl, con , Nickel epe. By addling ehrOreum ‘increowes har denabi liry , 7M si, Mi 4 Cu ove added mo increase strenaty by tower colin s0le— ip fersite, os _____ Managing steals + 7 = - = They posses _supeoior strength £ toughness without | ———_lesiag__matleate: iby. a oe 7 They ceotnio (0.05 7.)o , Nid W-2S"K) mo (3-5 A Co (8-8 2K Ti fo2-6 smi amount oF a fe —Posses strenght) upto BNO alone + whieh is= When chromium (ito 2 or moze) jg ctelded to steer a fine ile ef ecereomlium iconicle te —-farr~el eee—— i Owrols é, precipitation of jo ten medeHlic —— le a a we “ow Carean p-easent . frees she Idol thy oacaee _ ma.cbinebei tiny 4 good we ae 78 = due _*e high alloy content recy | - “the ete: can be pohshed toa 710% 7 _£ con pe oiteide to _increate— case horsdoreas a : a — Applications: roclkeent engines “components presses MN vetselc, surgical compocents + Yrasclerats yp, L surface fini Peep swistng sees Se Steels | wane rempreturs. 7 aaa , — high _cerrecien. vance gig ete o_eeiaten = __Tempreture -peradance, is increased by adlelition e- of Wo Me vw + Lo . - = _Appheadlens:- Therma) £ ‘nydvo pewer pleibs. __ Stainess Steele pies visntewe ‘ 7 = when chromium (45 2 of moze) jg added to steel a fine film of chromivan omicle is formed en __ jhe surface ocpoied 42 air. = This cheommiturn onide weclurtes fustner coxmDsion of Group ¢ Austenitte stainless _stee = = at onrajns Get Nit My = 24 th to with Ce IRx. - - wickets added tn__subficient ammount to kabiliZe He austenite, structure Cie ‘ut increases @ dhe austenite -segion) so ry is colted as - DUSHSMNG skainlere steel a = These steek ave conemegnetig & ighly common = ssesiskarh, ott oluctle 4 mellertie. . = These stee)s canna be, bardoed sv ‘beot cfreated. ~ _Applicationt:— Household vtenci|s_-FR9ed_4 chemical _- plants worist yooterer, 4. san deny fittiags. : 4) Precipitotio Hardenabie stainless “cree! 7 = tt contains Me, Algy Nin» addition to Cy 2 Ny - BD — _preciptiotiog ef combon compound eovied out duc te - wohich ishrength ic increaged and mainiaing spo B60 %. ° = Applications Used i aiserofr £ missile jnducrsien os motesials for" Rios , 9ib. balleheads 4 other atruckunl components. - 5S) Duplex staioleec steel: — These avs rom = emolybdenucy — fenss'ithe Stoves eel ro which gulFicient aroun k oF aetetoni he Siobilizess ane added. = At wom temp. a balanced stmecture of acisten'ate,_ _ aod femtibe is precent + — These steels ishOd 2ucelleat +oupgho.“Tou) steels © — ae _ These ave special qualiry steels used for cutting or Ee Foray eperotions + + 7 —__PrOpeoties: . - © non- deforesing ® Wgh coughets a = . We enw es istanee sigh _cnochinote IFy D Gesis tony 49 cecambuni codtion. = @___ tigh wed / hot. nardness CiassiPiccetlon . qhey may be ctaniPyed os per oe @® quenching mectia used BG otwy cookat Z — @ Apprleetions . — Teal steets genereiiy. used. for shoping £ cutting _ of metals £ they area classiPieol ay a GB Cold wore. too} steel = @ Hot wore real sreels - © _wWrgh speed tool sreels ns E ® epeciod pueprse tool Arete, © Cold worte too) steels = These, nehteys. vee. geneably Usrol for cold wort ee mevais They have good hodoes, wear sresistance of love _demp+ as —__-pependiing, poo _ tine. hovrdesi ion srowtatests#1o, toy — aree clarified a “ne cae oe Water hardening steelore = these age plain carbon sheelg usith Cm 06+ 7 lewer corb20 cookent avect for shee reetstance, _— ~ thee wee hardened _uwedey so _colted ai woot norceniny ¢eOl stecty. a hommes wivets | Chiseow Howdening sheet = The. beets entaing emnott amounts of Laying elements like WM Cr v of Me = _Posces _gted hamden ability Tr vsed for Cutting fools 4 gauges cj Ai _Hawdening steelsre pescer igh hasden ability due to addition ef voor elleying, elements such a1 Mn Cx, Mo ft We = Toll conker of altoying element re thon £ * = useeks for wong £2 dvawing alwen, cmraster a aucyes * High CaeboO high chemium steele 1 on b Cryrpepiurys 12% est mol amount of Wi Me, Vv. = Due fo high howdnest , thes = used for catriag ore lifPicwr te to moore stools» gauges wolling £ forms di b> Hef work +o} Steels >> These are generally used hor _eworleinro.. S They POsceS god. “_sArerat Fog biness hhandnese 2. weor Rerisdanag et hegh cen. @ _ ges contain -combon 1035-06 4 checifleal accord ky principle alroy 4 plamends DP chromium ty pete ar csokelas clrorsursy 3-7 Y__eart_ether oloyina grements Mb, WV. 7 Posse, | Wig _dusebi \ihy < Used for alursinium £ magoatiurn dig casting dees mendeds 4 forging cer, My Tungsten reel _steelere Fk contains 9-18 7 “= Posses lod £2 a-wey or, high hesdoas f wens weistan ce. Use for extrusen dies fener 503 nreles P&S Fee |ED Meiybdenacs tool _ steels : = Tt contains [eer 2O Y. - MO = Used for high to eas . required - ©) High speed too) steels :- oa these steels ove used for cating of D2toly — oe high. speeds . — —__They _posse» Hoh wear wresjstonce 4 high _ cottsd _abulRy. — au, Sey moictaln high hor: hawdners upto SSD “c. - = sed fo milling cu tren meomerss, deills ere. — “they aze chysified of, D Tungsten | Wiegtn speed fool steels $ . - 1 de conkoos Wigh) omounk of WW 4 orher _aements ax Cy Vi- wach Co iq smal} amount» YW) Molyledemrm areal 2 : — these. are cheoper bur comot used widely Suerte they “subjected ro _onidedion — & : Aecorbusizotion dusing eof treatment « _ TL Used for milling cathe, lathe tools 2 ipunchM®. A) Spectol purpose too] steele = a They axe charsiPiel oS, 2 os Wy Shocks Tesi ginny aol sbeets+ . — — tt cantodes camo les thon oF 'f — these steels shows ese howdress £ weoe re otantt and ‘te ‘inmreagues Wir addiFion of ™ er A ee Ne st, : — e > _Islnure Si + Me inoreaseds touninnete , shreng Ha Shot. wesisting PwOPadjef sowie other elec? joore arses hawlnerc f as20ur resistance. :HS Low alley cteelss — Soller water hordenina hoo! steels. = Used adhere Wah mesistan= wear raistene 4 Mougnoers wequreeds Wi) Canoon sungsten tol eter lr. eG) = TA _candtios “canoes less than Or oh catty tuagten Or oNering, element. —_dr__posses Wigher wens reistance. (WD Meld beets: — _Vsed for plastic moulds: = _Ni_2 ce aided fo inoreae 43 mould abilihy J__metrod of _ beat thetoteronh specifications oF =e —_ steels Pa ee 2 mooufe chume. chemicol - compos tFion __-mechanical_propesties , quality eke: ———— = Every country has different —voary oF speci ‘Pradionn. But major of speci@icotions - ame based on t Chemical compo He — These _speciFic at lon helps i. selectia proper yee. : of shee! for particular service vequirement . i A Aodian standard Derigoction systens : Gs = Te is adopted by indian stuncowd institute CESTD-— ey “1964 ‘ in 1974 these stetnclowAs Gree revised iq A090 parts - = Post i: ae coverc the designation of steel based on letter mnbols- 2 = Port 2: Tt covers dhe designation of sree} bosed en numtrols . for the purpose 6F code deiignalle, ___atee]l have. been classified 00 ‘tne baric of mechanical properties — bare on tensile sbeength oF __ ghd steerpinyyc bee outs — —__dSymbol F ig for minimum teosiie sarength an FeE 40 designate _minicmtay yield stwenaty ‘2 1h | Bur when tensile speengty £ yield strength are in — keg fenn™ it vs _denoked ag “st” ¢ SSE 7%. ___Designation of sreels on the oasis ef chemical Composition consists of mechanical Figures incl'icot 100 times the average «of Cason content: ~ Letter * ‘ \s_used for plain comben steels + T*__is__used for too) steele. Letter cos T is foljeoed by Figure caialicoting—s¢ 86 tienes The. —— avenge percent of Symes See ee 7 peeeed Parson tigen a : ecli cote, free__cutting Steels foltovsect by a Pguce _esotent of theEramp\es 4. Fe 400 = Stee] with minienum tensile _shrength bf = 7 400 A}ma*. : Q. FeE S30 — Stee) with minimums yield steength of . a 3SO Nienen®, . : B&B st4ao = steel With minimurn tensile Strength of oF 42 ¥9 | nm. A, SLE SZO ~ steel with minimum yeild strength of SBO_ kg |r. = cao ~ sskee) with average carbon of 2 25 C5 - Steel with average carbon of O26 eo aod Mn of 05's %. 30 Tli = Teol steel. ith average carbon of OB 4% and pt 7% Ma B20 Niss cys50 more — stee] with average Combo: ot O26 /% Nir oss y Insorsiun = OSB 4 _ ANA Motybdenurn = ©:20 yp 2 AZSI SAE pesignoty: syste —_Amesican avon ancl steel anctitute (AFSL) fF Society of Automotive Engineers CSAE) hove at Sleilay _merhed ee ef steel boxed 0p the. chemical _compos'irign oF see ( — These metnede consists of designation of sree! with Feur or five _‘numesicol ohigits . : + —_ {u® corbon steel Gr-V steel De Nickel ree! GO Ni= Cr shee} & Molybdenum steel BS: Clhrorsium sree} Tungsten steel Nie Cr“Me sree} Si-Ma_ steel 3 oo ya ln 3. British standard Desiqnerctieg _systenn é = British _systern OF _clesignadion of sreels —) kooun os En series — —__En number of stee} has no relotiOn voit the, composition eT mechanical propertien of dhe Steel. En No Comper ition Eni CF 8:07 te PIS A Mor OR — Dy - S + o-2- 039% Pr 9.07 + Sir olin eo Pes. Cr O35- O45 » Bla Pi S6 = JK SAP 7 8906 F S$} 7 90-0 BS 4 G> O35 -o4s » En 24 Ma > ous - &70 * Mie Soe et GH a oh - VY ’ Me > 6.2 — 9830 y% Siro) - 138s3.2 Time Temperature Transformation (T.T.T) Diagram : i i i ire versus T (Time), T (Temperature), T (Transformation) diagram is a plot of temperatui sus ite composition. It is used to determine the logarithm of time for a steel alloy of definit treatment of a when transformation begin and end for an constant temperature heat previously austenitized alloy. When austenite is cooled slowly to a temperature below lower critical aaa the metal structure which is obtain at room temperature is ferrite, pearlite etc. The microstructure of a metal is significantly altered as the cooling rate increases, we get martensite phase at room temperature. . TIT diagram indicates when a specific transformation starts and ends and it also shows what percentage of transformation of austenite, at a particular temperature 1s achieved (Refer Fig. 3.2.1). Austenite + bainite Bainite Temperature(°C) —» Martensite Time (sec) —> Fig. 3.2.1: TTT-DiagramTTT curves are also known as S-curve or C-curve or isothermal transformation diagram this diagram also involve non - equilibrium rates of cooiing, At very high rates of cooling or quenching, a metastable phase called martensite is formed in steels. TTT diagram is the main source of information for the decomposition of austenite under non equilibrium conditions. Lower criticial temperature Austenite + lite Austenite + bainite Temperature(°C) —> Time (sec) —> Fig. 32.2: TTT diagram and microstructures obtained by different types of cooling rates Cooling rates in the order of increasing severity are achieved by quenching from elevated temperature and fallowed by furnace cooling, air cooling, oil quenching, liquid salts water quenching and brine water. If these cooling rates are superimposed on the TIT diagram, the end product structure and the time required to complete the transformation may be found as shown in Fig. 3.2.2. {As shown in the Fig. 3.2.2 the area on the left of the transformation curve represents the austenite region. Left curve indicates the start of a transformation and right curve represents the finish of @ transformation. The area between the two curve indicates the transformation of austenite to different types of crystal. As shown in the Fig. 3.2.3 the cooling rates A and B, which indicate two rapid cooling processes. In this case curve A will cause a higher distortion and a higher internal stresses than the Cooling rate B. The end product of both the cooling rates will be martensite, Cooling rate B is also known as critical cooling rate, which is represented by cooling curve that is tangent to the nose of TTT diagram.= . Critical cooling rate is defined as the lowest cooling rate which Produces 100% Martensite with minimum internal stresses and distortion. 2.1 and 3.2.2 austenite is stable above A, temperature ie, 795, tt can transform into different Products Such a, a * As shown in Figs. below this the austenite is unstable i pearlite, bainite, or martensite. . The transformation to martensite takes place between Ms and My lines Which aye (generally known as martensite transformation start and Martensite transformation finish line). Hence the final micro-structure will be entirely Martensite of high hardness Re 64. Peariite Temperature °C —> = My ae \ Martensite = Time in sec —> Fig. 3.2.3 : Product of cooling curves (A) and (B) martensite * Any cooling rate lower than CCR (Refer Fig. 3.2.3) will form softer transformation product such as pearlite or bainite, but any cooling rate equal to or faster than CCR will form only martensite. 3.2.1 Difference between T.T.T. and C.C.T. Diagram PU - May 2006, May 2008, Ma} a sr. T.T.T. diagram C.C.T. diagram No. pees ation 1. | It is a time temperature transformation It is a continuous cooling transform: curve or diagrams. diagrams, 2, | Itis useful only hardening process. It is useful in all heat teatmett| _ Processes, ee FfTemperature —> T.T.T. diagram Time —» Fig. 3.2.4 Temperature —> Time —> Fig. 3.2.5