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Unit-4 IGCSE Note - Updated

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16 views

Unit-4 IGCSE Note - Updated

Uploaded by

Kaung Si Thu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHEMISTRY IGCSE

Unit-4 Note

DR.SML
IIP INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
Page |1

Unit-4
Formulae and Equations

Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII


Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0

Valency (from Group I to IV) = no. of electrons in the outermost shell/valency electrons
Valency(from Group V to VIII) = 8 – no. of electrons in the outermost shell

Metals
Oxidation number
Potassium = K = +1 Tin = Sn = +2
Sodium = Na = +1 Lead = Pb = +2, +4
Calcium = Ca = +2 Mercury = Hg = +1
Magnesium = Mg = +2 Silver = Ag = +1
Barium = Ba = +2 Gold = Au = +3
Zinc = Zn = +2 Nickel = Ni = +2
Aluminium = Al = +3
Iron = Fe = +2, +3
Manganese = Mn = +2, +4, +7
Copper = Cu = +1, +2

Tr.Moses/IIP Chemistry IGCSE Unit-4


Page |2

Non-metals
Oxidation number
Oxygen = O = -2 mono = 1 hexa = 6
Hydrogen = H = +1 di =2 hepta = 7
Nitrogen = N = -3, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 tri =3 octa = 8
Fluorine = F = -1 tetra = 4 nona = 9
Chlorine = Cl = -1 penta = 5 deca = 10
Iodine = I = -1
Bromine = Br = -1
Sulfur = S = -2, +4, +6
Phosphorus= P = +3, +5
Carbon = C = +2,+4

Acid Radical

HCl Hydrochloric acid Cl⁻ Chloride


HNO₃ Nitric acid NO₃⁻ Nitrate
H₂SO₄ Sulfuric acid HSO₄⁻ Hydrogen sulfate
SO₄²⁻ Sulfate
H₂CO₃ Carbonic acid HCO₃⁻ Hydrogen carbonate
CO₃²⁻ Carbonate
H₃PO₄ Phosphoric acid H₂PO₄⁻ Dihydrogen phosphate
HPO₄²⁻ Hydrogen phosphate
PO₄³⁻ Phosphate

Tr.Moses/IIP Chemistry IGCSE Unit-4


Page |3

Naming Compounds
1.Binary compounds

(i) Metal + non-metal -------------> metal _________ide


Eg. Sodium + oxygen ------------> sodium oxide

Note: if the metals have more than one oxidation state, put Roman letters (I,II,III) for metals.

(ii) Non-metal + non-metal -------------> non-metal ________ide


Eg. Hydrogen + sulfur -------------> hydrogen sulfide

Note: if the non-metals have more than one oxidation state, put (mono,di,tri) in front of those
non-metals.

2.Compounds with three elements


Metal + non-metal + oxygen -----------> metal non-metal _____ate
Eg. Sodium + carbon + oxygen -----------> sodium carbonate

Base ( metal hydroxide ) ---------> OH⁻


Metal + hydroxyl group = metal hydroxide
Eg. Sodium + hydroxyl group = sodium hydroxide
Na⁺ + OH⁻ = NaOH
Calcium + hydroxyl group = calcium hydroxide
Ca²⁺ + OH⁻ = Ca(OH)₂

Tr.Moses/IIP Chemistry IGCSE Unit-4


Page |4

Some useful symbols for writing equations


= heat s = solid
= reaction l = liquid
= precipitate formed g = gas
= gas is evolved aq = aqueous

Writing Chemical Equations


Types of equations
• Word equation
• Symbolic equation
• Ionic equation
Word equations
- a word equation is a shorter way of describing chemical reactions
A + B --------------------> C + D
Reactants -------------------> products

Some common equations


1. Metal + non-metal -------------------> binary compound
2. Metal + oxygen -------------------> metal oxide
3. Non-metal + oxygen -------------------> non-metal oxide
4. Metal + acid -------------------> salt + hydrogen
5. Metal oxide + acid -------------------> salt + water
6. Metal hydroxide + acid -------------------> salt + water (Neutralisation reaction)
7. Metal carbonate + acid -------------------> salt + water + carbon dioxide
8. Displacement reactions
Balanced chemical (symbolic) equations
- a summary of a chemical reaction using chemical formulae
- the total number of any of the atoms involved is the same on both the reactant and product

Tr.Moses/IIP Chemistry IGCSE Unit-4


Page |5

Balancing equations
1. Metals
2. Non-metals
3. Oxygen/ hydrogen
Note:
If compound ions are present, balance the whole compound ions together(not separately).
The no. of atoms on the LHS = the no. of atoms on the RHS

Ionic equations
- a simplified equation for a reaction involving ionic substances

Substances that are ionized in water or


aqueous solution
1. Ionic compounds
2. Acids
3. Ammonium compounds

Writing ionic equations


Step 1: Write down the balanced symbolic equation with the state symbols.
Step 2: Write down all the ions present in the equation. Any reactant or product that is a solid,
liquid or gas is not split into ions.
Step 3: Cross out the ions that are the same on both sides of the equation. These are the
spectator ions.
Step 4: Write down only the reactants and products that are left to get the ionic equation.

Tr.Moses/IIP Chemistry IGCSE Unit-4


Page |6

Glossaries
1.Valency or combining power= the number of electrons lost or gained to form a complete
electron shell in a covalent or ionic compound.
2.Molecular formula= shows the actual number of each type of an atom present.
3.Empirical formula= shows the simplest whole number ratio of the different atoms present.
4.word equation= a summary of a chemical reaction using the chemical names of reactants
and products
5.reactants= the chemical substances that react together in a chemical reaction
6.products= the substance(s) produced by a chemical reaction
7.state symbols= symbols used to show the physical state of the reactants and products in a
chemical reaction
8.spectator ions= ions that are not take part in the chemical reaction

Soluble Substances - Insoluble Substances -


* All Nitrate *most carbonate (except Group I and ammonium carbonates )
* All Ammonium * most hydroxide (except Group I)
* All Group I *some sulfate (Ba, Ca, Ag, Pb)
* some chloride (Ag, Pb)

Tr.Moses/IIP Chemistry IGCSE Unit-4

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