Pathology questions for the University exam.

1.Cell injury
1.Define necrosis mention the six pattern/ type with the suitable example and three types of
nuclear changes that can be seen in necrosis with diagram. (2+3+5)
2. Dystrophic calcification.4
3.Metastatic calcification 2
4.Morphology of apoptosis2
5.Types of necrosis with example3
6.Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
7.Define metaplasia and give examples
8.Define apoptosis. describe the mechanism of apoptosis and enlist the differences between
necrosis and apoptosis. (2+4+4)
9. mention differences between dry and wet gangrene.
10.Differences between necrosis and apoptosis.
11. define apoptosis and discuss its mechanism
12. define necrosis describe . different type of necrosis with example for each type
describe the mechanism of phagocytosis
13. pathology of calcification
14. Hyperplasia
15. Types of Infarct.2.
16. Briefly discuss the factors that influence development of an infarct.

2.INFLAMMATION
1.describe the steps in phagocytosis occurring in acute inflammation.
2.Define inflammation. what are the cardinal sign of inflammation.
3. discuss the detail the process of phagocytosis what are the factors which delay wound
healing.
4.role of aracdonic acid metabolites as chemical mediators .
5.discuss the mechanism of healing by primary intention. discuss the factor affecting wound
healing. (6+4)
6. steps in picture healing. factor affecting wound healing.
7. define acute inflammation list its cardinal sign discuss the vascular event and the various
mechanism for increased vascular permeability in acute information. (long question)
8. mechanism of healing by first intention local and systemic factors that influence wound
healing
9. briefly explain the anti-thrombin property of endothelium
10. list factor influencing and complication of cutaneous wound healing
11.Enumerate four important prostaglandin and their role in acute inflammation.
12Factor affecting wound healing .
13.define acute inflammation. discuss the mechanism of phagocytosis and killing of microbes
(2+8)
14. steps involved in phagocytosis with the help of a diagram
15 role of vaso active and amines in acute inflammation
16.chemotaxis in acute inflammation
17.stages of fracture healing.
18. briefly describe the vascular change in acute inflammation
19. healing by first intention
20. granulation tissue .
21.factor affecting wound healing.
22define acute inflammation describe the cardinal sign of acute inflammation using suitable
illustration describe the cellular event of acute inflammation ( 2+2+6 )
23.factor influencing wound healing
24.steps involved in phagocytosis with help of a diagram.
25.chemotaxis
26.factor influencing wound healing describe the sequence of event in process of healing of a
fracture discuss the cause of delayed union (6+4) .
27.define granuloma. Enumerate the types with example
28. aracdonic acid metabolites in inflammation and their action with flowchart.
29.discuss interaction between the endothelium and leukocyte adhesion molecules.
30. biological function of compliment systems
31.mechanism of injury Genesis describe the complication of wound healing.
32.Describe the sequence of events in the process of healing of a fracture. Discuss the causes
for delayed union.
33.granuloma.
34. Enumerate FAB Classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
3.HEMODYNEMIC
1. Fate of thrombus
2. Etiology and pathogenesis of the inflammation.
3.Virchow tried .
4. diagrammatic representation of pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular
coagulation
5. fate of thrombus3
6. Pathogenesis of septic shock with help of a diagram.
7. amniotic fluid embolism
8. diagrammatic representation of pathogenesis of septic shock.
9.define edema. describe the pathophysiology category of edema . tabulate the differences
between the exudate and the transudate.( 1+5+4)
10. pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
11discuss the pathogenesis and morphology of thrombus add a note on antiphospholipid
syndrome (4+4+2)
12. define shock. mention the type of shock .what are the stages of shock discuss the
pathogenesis of septic shock (1+2+2+5)
13fat embolism
14.Air embolism
15.Describe thromboembolism types with examples.
16. Describe pathways leading to systemic oedema
17.Mechanism of edema in congestive heart failure
18. Discuss the pathogenesis and morphology of thrombus. Add a note on antiphospholipid
Syndrome.(4+4+2 = 10 marks)
4.GENETIC DISORDER
1.Turner syndrome4.
2. down syndrome 3
3.list the clinical manifestations and disease associated clinical features of the Klinefelter
syndrome.
4.Mention the chromosomal abnormalities and features of Klinefelter syndrome.
5. Etiology, clinical features, organs involved and microscopy of Niemann Pick disease in
brief.3.

5.IMMUNE SYSTEM
1.Type-1 hypersensitivity reaction
2.immune deficiency virus and CD4 +T cells.
3. mechanism of type-3 hypersensitivity reaction
4.pathogenesis of type-3 hyper sensitivity reaction.
5. chronic graft vs host disease .
6.type-2 hypersensitivity reaction .
7.classify amyloidosis. List two special stain used in detection of amyloid mechanism of
immune complex mediated hyper sensitivity
8.describe delayed type hypersensitivity reaction with example .
Biological function of complement system.
9.Stains for demonstration of amyloid.
10. Mechanism of type Ill hypersensitivity reaction.2.
11. Physical and chemical nature of Amyloid.
12. Spectrum of autoantibodies in SLE.
13. Tests for demonstration of amyloid.
14. Pathogenesis of Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction.
15. A 28 year old pregnant female presented with pallor and severe paraesthesia in both the
lower limbs. On examination her tongue showed a shiny and glazed appearance.
A. Give your diagnosis.
B. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of the condition.
C.Discuss the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disorderassociated with this condition.(2+5+3
= 10 marks)
6.NEOPLASM
1.List the different route of spread of malignant tumour with example.
2. mention the various technique used in laboratory diagnosis of tumours.
3. List the various types of carcinogenesis.)Enumerate the DNA viruses involved
carcinogenesis. Write a brief note on their role in carcinogenesis.(3-2-5 = 10 marks)
4. radiological and morphological features of design cell tumour
5. radiation in carcinogenesis.
6.difference between the benign and malignant tumours.
7. define neoplasm .a tablet differences between benign and malignant tumour. describe the
role of P 53 in maintaining the integrity of genome with help of a diagram(1+6+3)
8.mechanism of basement membrane invasions by tumour cell.
9. steps in initiation of cell by chemical carcinogenesis steps
10.define neoplasm. discuss the detail steps involved in mechanism of innovation and the
meta stasis( 10 marks)
11. tablet differences between benign and malignant tumours diagrammatic representation
of role of P 53 gene in maintaining the genomic integrity.
12. Enumerate AIDS . defining opportunistic infection and neoplasm in HIV infection.
13. mechanism of tumour invasion of the extra cellular matrix .
14.mechanism of human papilloma virus carcinogenesis
15. para neoplasmic syndrome.discuss causal mechanism of endocrinopathy presented as
the para new plastic condition with two examples each. 5 marks
16. involved in chemical carcinogenesis along with flowchart.
17. mechanism of metastasis in malignant tumour pathways of spread of tumours with
examples.
18. Mechanism of basement membrane invasion by tumour cells.
18. define tumour marker and give four examples differences between a benign and
malignant tumour with one example of each.
19.Define neoplasia. Mention three DNA viruses that cause human cancer. give one example
of a disease caused by each virus. discuss the mechanism of action of one of the DNA viruses
(2+3+5)
20.role of rb gene in tumour separation.
21. Steps involved in metastatic cascade with the help of a diagram.
22. Defin& Tumor)markers and give four examples.

6.WBC
1.Peripheral blood smear finding in chronic myeloid leukaemia.
2.Reed stanberg cell and it’s variants4.
3. Classification of Hodgkin lymphoma. Enumerate FAB classification of acute myeloid
leukaemia.
4.the microscopic picture in Burkitt’s lymphoma.3
5. acute Idiopathic thrombocytopenia pur Pura.
6. The lab diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia.
7. The molecular pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukaemia
8. agranulocytosis .
9.Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura
10. enlist and describe the microscopic subtypes of classical Hodgkin lymphoma
11. classify Hodgkin limphoma and describe the microscopic any one subtype.
12. Laboratory diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia 2 times
13. clinical presentation and morphology of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma.
14. acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura.2.
15. Peripheral smear picture in the chronic myeloid leukaemia.
16. A 4-year-old male child is brought to the hospital with ecchymotic patches, fever and
bone pain. He had generalized lymphadenopathy and mild hepatosplenomegaly. His
peripheral blood smear and bone marrow examination were diagnostic.
2A.What is the diagnosis in this case?
2B. Classify this condition based on the WHO classification.
2C. Describe the peripheral blood and bone marrow findings in this patient.(2-4-4 = 10
marks)
17.A 6 year old male child presented to the pediatric unit with one week history of fever,
fatigue and vague bone pains. On examination, the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes
were significantly enlarged. Mild hepatosplenomegaly was also present. The laboratory
investigations revealed the following: hemoglobin-7.2g/dl, total leucocyte count-
45×10%u,mm and platelets- 23×10°/cu.mm. The peripheral smear showed abnormal cells
A..What is your diagnosis in this case?
B. Enumerate the WHO classification of this condition.
C. Describe the additional laboratory investigations useful in the diagnosis of this condition.
D. Add a note on the prognostic factors. (1+2+4+3 = 10 marks)
18.A 55-year-old female presented with fever and easy fatiguability for two months.
On examination, cutaneous petechiae and ecchymoses were seen all over the body, along
with gum hypertrophy and bone pain. Her laboratory parameters were as follows:
hemoglobin 6g%, total white cell count 1.54.000/mm? and platelet count 22.000/mm
2A.What is the diagnosis? Why?
2B. Describe the peripheral smear and bone marrow findings in this condition.
2C. Mention the WHO classification for this condition.(2+4+4 = 10 marks)
19.A 50 year old male presented with long standing history of weakness, easy fatigability,
weight loss and dragging pain in the left hypochondrium. On examination, he had a massive
splenomegaly. Peripheral smear examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis. He was
admitted in the oncology ward for further management.
2A.What is your diagnosis?
2B. Discuss the pathophysiology.
2C. What are the peripheral smear and bone marrow findings in the course of this disease?
(2+2+6 = 10 marks)
20.A lady aged 50 years presented with easy fatigability, weakness, weight loss and
dragging sensation in the abdomen. On examination, she was having pallor and marked
splenomegaly.Her total WBC count of 82.500/mm? and the LAP score was low. She was
admitted tooncology ward for treatment.
2A. What is your diagnosis?
2B. What are the possible peripheral smear and bone marrow findings in the different stages
of-this disease?2+8 = 10 marks)

7.RBC
1.peripheral blood smear in megaloblastic anaemia
2.Hemophilia A -mode of inheritance in the laboratory findings
3.List the methods of ESR estimation and clinical significance of ESR
4.Laboratory diagnosis of aplastic anaemia
5. Pathogenesis of sickle cell anaemia
6.Von willebrand disease
7.Define anaemia list the causes of megaloblastic anaemia discuss the pathogenesis of
anaemia in vitamin B12 deficiency and laboratory findings that helps in confirmation of
diagnosis 1+2+2+5
8.pathogenesis of vaso occlusive crisis in sickle-cell anaemia
9.Diagnosis and clinical features of haemophilia A
10.Laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemiaLaboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic.
11.anaemia haemolytic Bee Gees all new ball newborn genetics clinical and laboratory.
12.features of haemophilia A laboratory investigations in case of hereditary spherocytosis
13.Coombs test
14.Principal and interpretation of osmotic fragility test
15.The laboratory diagnosis of B12 deficiency anaemia etiopathogenesis of iron deficiency
anaemia.
16.Peripheral smear and bone marrow findings in megaloblastic anaemia
17.Stages and significance of ESR.
18.Laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia call laboratory diagnosis of iron
deficiency anaemia.
19.A 50-year-old male presents with weakness, fatigability and abdominal discomfort for the
last 7 months. On examination he was anemic and had massive splenomegaly. His peripheral
blood smear examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis. He was admitted to the oncology
ward for further treatment.
2A. What is the probable diagnosis?
2B. Describe the chromosomal abnormality associated with this disease.
2C. Describe the peripheral smear finding of the above condition.
(2+4+4 = 10 marks)
20.Major and minor cross matching of blood and their importance.
21.A 60 year old lady complains of generalized weakness and tingling in the hands and feet
Patient had undergone surgery 5 years back for gastric ulcer. Her hemoglobin levels are
8 ems./dL Serum iron levels are normal
2A.What is your diagnosis?
2B.Enumerate 2 causes for the above condition.
2C Describe the laboratory investigations, peripheral smear picture and bone marrow
features in-the above condition1+1+8 = 10 marks)

8.lung disorder
1. etiology morphology and complications of lung abscess.
2.Factors that contribute to and complication of lung abscess.
3. pathogenesis of Emphysema.6
4.Protease anti-protease imbalance hypothesis in pathogenesis of emphysema.
5.Clinical presentation and morphology of small cell carcinoma of lungs.
6. Silicosis.
7.Define bronchiectasis mention the etiological condition associated with it.4
8.Laboratory diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of lung.
9.morphology of chronic venous congestion of lung.
10.stages of Lobar pneumonia.2
11.pathogenesis of asbestosis related lungs disease.
12.Different sites of primary tuberculosis, its components and fate.
13.A 70 year old male, living in an old age home. presents with abrupt onset of high fever,
shaking chills, productive cough with blood tinged sputum and chest pain. Percussion
revealed dullness and on auscultation breath sounds were decreased with pleural friction
rub. Chest X-Ray shows opacity in lower lobe of right lung. What is the diagnosis in this case?
What are the causative agents and etiological factors for this disease? What are the gross
features in different stages of this disease? Enumerate the complications of this
disease.(1+4+3+2 = 10 marks)
14.A man aged forty presented to the Medicine clinic with a history of persistent cough with
evening rise of temperature over a period of 4 months, with associated loss of appetite and a
reduction in weight. Examination revealed matted cervical lymph nodes. An X ray chest done
showed a small radiopaque focus in the apex of the upper lobe of right lung
2A.What is your diagnosis?
2B.Describe in detail the pathogenesis of this disease.
2C. Describe the microscopic features associated with this lesion.
2D. Enumerate the complications associated with this condition(.1+4+3+2)
15.Macroscopic differences between primary and secondary pulmonary tuberculosis.
16.Causes of acute tubular necrosis.
17.What are the components and fate of Ghon complex? Describe the morphology of lung in
secondary pulmonary tuberculosis. Discuss in brief the complications of pulmonary
tuberculosis.(2+1+4+3 = 10 marks)
18.65-year-old male presented with hemoptysis, chest pain and supraclavicular
lymphadenopathy of two months duration. Clinical examination revealed mass lesion in the
hilus and upper lobe o(Jung Lobectomy was performed following several investigations.
2A.What is the diagnosis?
2B.List the investigations done to confirm the lesion
2C.Discuss the etiopathogenesis.
2D.Describe both gross and microscopic morphology?(1+2+3+4 = 10 marks)
19.A 35-year-old male presented with severe, persistent cough and copious foul smelling
purulent sputum. He gets paroxysms of cough particularly when he rises in the morning and
with changes in position. He also has dyspnoea. His radiological investigations revealed a
functionless left lung and a pneumonectomy was performed. There was no abscess found in
the pneumonectomy specimen but it showed characteristic morphological features
consistent with the history. Patient was completely relieved of the symptoms.
2AWhat is your clinical diagnosis?
2B.Discuss the actiopathogenesis of this disorder.
2C Describe the morphology of the lung in this condition
2D. List the complications that can develop in this patient.(1+3+4+2= 10 marks)

9.CVS
Evolution of microscopic changes and complications in myocardial infarction
Mechanisms of angiogenesis
A 55-year-old male complained of severe chest pain radiating to the left jaw and arm. His
serum showed an increase in MB fraction of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase.
2A.What is your diagnosis?
2B.Describe the evolution of morphologic changes in the above condition.
2C. List six complications of the above condition. (2+5+3 = 10 marks)
Morphology of heart in infective endocarditis.
Light microscopic changes of a myocardial infarct in the first 3 days
. Morphology of cardiac changes in acute rheumatic fever.
.Rheumatic carditis.2
Complications following acute myocardial infarction.
Aortic aneurysms.
Classification of vasculitis.
Vegetations in heart valves.2.
Causes and morphological differences of cardiac vegetations
. Morphology and complication of a aortic aneurysm.
Morphology of dissecting aneurysm.2.
An otherwise healthy 72 year-old-man develops severe chest pain radiating down his left
arm,sweating and nausea. The patient is hospitalized, progresses to congestive Cardiao
failure and expires after 21 days without improvement of his general condition.
2A.What is your diagnosis?
2B. What will the morphology of the heart be at autopsy in this condition?
2C.What is the morphology of the lungs, liver and spleen in this condition?(1+4+5 = 10marks
Define acute myocardial infarction. List the types. Discuss the morphology, laboratory
diagnosis and complications of myocardial infarction.(2+2+6 = 10 marks)
Using labeled diagrams illustrate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.3
Evolution of gross morphologic changes and lab diagnosis in Myocardial infarction.
Morphology of atheromatous plaque.2.
. Complication of subacute bacterial endocarditis
Clinical features and morphology of tetralogy of Fallot.
A 25 years old lady, with history of chronic rheumatic carditis came to the out patient
department with a history of fever with chills and pain in the left hypochondrium. She gives
history of dental extraction 3 weeks back.
2A.What is your diagnosis?
2B.Discuss the pathogenesis of the condition.
2C.Describe the gross and microscopic features oCheart )in this condition.(2+4+4 = 10 marks)
Atherosclerotic Aneurysm
Morphology of Acute Rheumatic carditis.
Pathogenesis of Edema in Congestive heart )failure with flow chart.
A 10 year old student comes to the hospital with complaints of fever and initial sweiling of
the left knee joint, which was followed by swelling of the right knee joint. There was history
of pharyngitis 6 weeks back. On examination there was tachycardia, weak heart sounds and
a pericardial friction rub. Laboratory investigation revealed elevated acute phase reactants.
2A.What is your diagnosis?
2B. Discuss the pathogenesis and morphology of the target organ in the above condition.
(2+3+5= 10 marks)
Enumerate the risk factors for atherosclerosis and describe the morphological complications
of atheroma

10.GIT
O A 35 year old male presented to the outpatient department with history of recurrent attacks
of bloody mucoid diarrhea. On colonoscopy, the distal colon revealed multiple ulcers with
pseudopolyps.
2A. What is your diagnosis?
2B. Describe the gross and microscopic features of this disease.
2C. List the complications of the same. (2+6+2 = 10 marks)
O Linitis Plastica
O List the etiological factors of peptic ulcer disease. Discuss its pathogenesis. List the
complications of gastric ulcers.(2+5+3 = 10 marks).
A 60-year-old man was diagnosed to have diffuse infiltrating adenocarcinoma of the

·
stomach on gastroscopic biopsy. On examination he had enlarged liver with multiple
umbilicated nodules. He also had an enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node. Describe the
likely histopathological features in the liver and lymph node. Define the phenomenon
-

I
responsible for the same. Discuss the cascade of events that occur in this
phenomenon.(2+2+6 = 10 marks)
Macroscopic features that help to differentiate ulcerative colitis and crohn disease.
Tabulate the features useful to distinguish ulcerative colitis from crohn disease.3
Differences between distal and proximal colonic carcinomas. Mention the two most
important prognostic factors in these tumors.
Carcinoid tumour of small intestine.
Enumerate differences between benign and malignant gastric ulcer.
Elucidate the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in Colorectal carcinogenesis.
List the causes for ulcers in the intestines. Discuss the differential diagnosis of the two
conditions that have granulomatous inflammation.(4+6 = 10 marks)
Morphology of pleomorphic adenoma.3
Helicobacter pylori associated (gastritis
A 30 year old male presented to the outpatient department with history of recurrent attacks
of mild diarrhea and abdominal pain. Endoscopic examination revealed apthous ulcers in
ileocaecal region with luminal narrowing.
2A.What is your diagnosis?
2B.Describe the gross and microscopic features of this disease
2C. List the complications of the same(2+6+2 = 10 marks)
Morphology of gastric carcinoma.
Morphology of gastriçadenocarcinoma.
Etiopathogenesis of colorectal neoplasia.
Morphology of Crohn disease.
G A 50 year old male presented with bleeding per rectum, weight loss, abdominal pain,
anorexia, and altered bowel habits. Examination revealed a mass in the left iliac fossa.
Colonoscopy revealed ulceration and narrowing of the lumen in the sigmoid colon. The
proximal and distal mucosa was normal.
2A. What is your diagnosis?
2B. Discuss in detail the etiopathogenesis of this condition.
2C. Discuss the morphological features of this condition.(1+5+4 = 10 marks)
O Describe the etioparthogenesis of inflammatory bowl disease. Tabulate the morphological
differences between Ulcerative colitis and Crohn Disease. Mention two complications of
Ulcerative Colitis.(3+5+2 = 10 marks)
a Define Peptic ulcer. Discuss the pathogenesis and morphology of Peptic ulcer.(1+5+4 = 10
marks)2
11.LIVER ,GALL BLADDER &PANCREAS
Using labeled diagrams illustrate morphological features of acute hepatitis.
Hepatocellular carcinoma- morphology and types.
Sequence of serologic markers for chronic hepatitis B viral infection.
Pathogenesis of cholesterol gall stones.
Hepatic fibrolamellar carcinoma.
Hepatitis E virus.
Pathogenesis of pigment stones of the gall bladder.
Potential outcomes of Hepatitis B infection.
Classification of cirrhosis.
Types of gall stones.
Morphologic features of Laennec cirrhosis.
Etiopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.2.
Sequence of serologic markers for acute hepatitis B Virus infection using appropriate
diagram.
List the types of gall stones. Discuss the risk factors, pathogenesis and morphology of gall
stones.1+2+4+3)
Definition and etiology of chronic pancreatitis.
Define cirrhosis. Mention the types. Discuss the pathophysiology of Laennec cirrhosis. List
the complications.(2+2+4+2 = 10 marks)
A 40 year old male, habitual alcoholic, presented with gross ascitis, jaundice and
hematemesis. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed shrunken liver and splenomegaly.
Liver function tests showed elevated levels of serum AST, ALT, y-glutamyl transpeptidase
and serum bilirubin. The patient succumbed despite supportive treatment.
2A. Mention the diagnosis and define it.
2B. Discribe the etiopathogenesis and consequences of the condition.
2C. Mention the laboratory clue that points towards the etiology of the condition
2D. Describe the morphology of liver on autopsy. (2+4+1+3 = 10 marks)
Morphology of Alcoholie cirrhosis.-pathogenesis
Fulminant Hepatitis.
Gross and microscopy of Fatty liver.
50 yr old known chronic alcoholic was brought to the casualty with hematemesis. On
examination, he had pallor, mild jaundice and ascites. He had moderate splenomegaly and
liver was not palpable.
2A. What is your diagnosis?
2B. Discuss the pathogenesis of this disease.
2C. Discuss the lab diagnosis.
2D. Describe the morphology of the organ involved.1+3+3+3 = 10 marks)
12.KIDNEY
Minimal change disease.
Types of renal stones
Glomerular lesions in diabetic nephropathy3.morphology
Morphology of classical renal cell carcinoma.
Etiology, morphology and electron microscopy of minimal change disease.2
Morphology of kidney) in acute proliferative glomerulonephritis.
Causes and types of renal calculi.
What is nephritic syndrome? Discuss the etiopathogenesis and morphology of acute post
streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Mention any two other glomerular diseases that cause
nephritic syndrome ?(1-7-2 = 10 marks)
Enumerate the major types of (renal cell carcinoma with their cytogenetic and genetic
abnormalities. What are the gross and microscopic features of renal clear cell
carcinoma?(5+5 = 10 marks).
Differential diagnoses and salient differentiating features of granular contracted kidney.
Morphology of Diabetic Nephropathy.
Renal lesions in diabetes mellitus.
Granular contracted kidney and its morphology.
A 26 year old female presented with complains of fever and joint pains for last 6 months. She
also gives history of development of skin rashes on exposure to the sunlight. On examination
the clinician found a butterfly rash over the face and oral ulcers. Serologic investigations
were performed for diagnosis.
2A.What is the diagnosis of this patient?
2B.Describe the etiopathogenesis of this disorder
2C.Describe the morphology of kidney in this condition(1+4+5)
Clinical features, eytogenetics and microscopy of Wilm's tumor.2.
Morphology of urothelial tumors.
Gross and microscopic findings in Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis.
Causes of nephrotic syndrome.
List the cystic diseases of (kidney and describe the gross morphology of adult polycystic
kidnev disease.
Morphology of kidney in diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis.
Morphology of renaDcell carcinoma.2
Krukenberg tumor.
Morphology of chronic pyelonephritis.
Laboratory diagnosis of Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
Light microscopy of lupus nephritis.
A male smoker aged 60 years presents with costovertebral pain and mass in the right lumbar
region associated with weight loss. Investigations revealed haematuria and polycythemia.
Radical nephrectomv was done.
2A.What is the probale diagnosis?
2B. Describe the actiopathogenesis.
2C. Describe the morphology of the nephrectomy specimen.1-3-6= 10 marks)
13.MALE REPRO.
Morphology and types of Seminoma. 6
Pathogenesis of nodular hyperplasia of prostate.2
Microscopic features of nodular prostatic hyperplasia.
Classification of testicular tumors.2.
Classify Testicular tumors. Describe the gross and microscopy of Classical Seminoma(4+6=10
marks)

14.FEMALE REPRO.
Tabulate the differences between complete and partial mole.2.
Morphology of leiomyoma.
A 48 vear old lady para 5 presented with complaints of white discharge per vagina and post
coital bleeding. On examination abdomen normal. Per speculum examination showed
irregular cervix. Pap smear showed cells with high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, hyperchromatic
pleomorphic nuclei and tadpole cells in a necrotic background.
2A.What is your diagnosis?
2B. Discuss the pathogenesis of this disease.
2C.Discuss the morphology of cervix in this disease. (1+5+4 = 10 marks)
Morphology of complete hydatidiform mole.-pathology
Dermoid cyst of Ovary.
HPV in cervical carcinoma.
List the germ cell tumors of the ovary) Discuss the histogenesis and interrelationship of these
tumors. Which is the commonest tumor in this category? Describe its gross and microscopic
features. (2+2+1+5 = 10 marks).
Microscopic features of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Mention the WHO classification of ovarian tumors.2
A 50-year multiparous lady presented with postcoital bleeding. She was married at the age
of 13 years. Per speculum examination showed an ulcer with induration and granular surface
that bled on touch. What is the diagnosis in this case? Discuss the etiopathogenesis and
morphology of this lesion. Describe cervical precancerous lesions and the role of PAP smear.
(1+4+2+3 = 10 marks)
Teratoma.
Teratoma of ovary
HSIL of cervix.
Tabulate the differences between type 1 and type 2 endometrial carcinoma.
Classification of germ cell tumour with serum markers.
Types and morphology of endometrial hyperplasia.
Describe etiopathogenesis and morphology of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Mention
the role of Pap smear in cervical cancer screening.(4+4+2 = 10 marks)
Krukenberg tumor.
A 26 year old pregnant lady presents with history of easy fatiguability and weakness of 3
months duration. On examination, she was pale and had spoon shaped nails.
2A. What is your diagnosis?
2B. Describe the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow aspiration findings in this case.
2C. Discuss the laboratory investigations you would like to do to confirm your diagnosis.
(2+4+4 = 10 marks)
Classify Ovarian amours and describe the morphological features of Dysgerminoma.
(5+5 = 10 marks)
Morphology and prognosis of Choriocarcinoma.

15.BREAST
Discuss the prognostic and predictive factors of carcinoma(breast.(10 marks)2.
Morphology of fibroadenoma.
Enumerate four major prognostic factors of breast carcinoma.
Any four major prognostic factors in breast carcinoma.
Morphology of Phyllodes tumor.
Cystosarcoma Phyllodes.
60-year-old woman came with a lump in the upper outer quadrant of her right breas) On
examination the lump was hard and fixed to the overlying skin. There was nipple retraction
and multiple hard ipsilateral axillary nodes
2A.What is your diagnosis?
2B.Classify the lesion.
2C.Describe the morphology of the commonest type of this lesion.
2D. Enumerate the major and minor prognostic factors.(1+2+3+4 = 10 marks)
Morphology of invasive ductal carcinoma.
Morphology of medullary carcinoma of breast.
List the histologic types of breast carcinomas. Enumerate the risk factors for breast
carcinoma. Discuss its etiology and pathogenesis. Describe the morphological features of
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (No Special Type)(2+2+3+3 = 10 marks)

16.ENDOCRINE
Classification and WHO criteria for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
Pathogenesis of complications of Diabetes Mellitus5.
Briefly discuss pathogenesis and morphology of Hashimoro thyroiditis 2nde
Morphology of Papillary carcinoma thyroid.2
Morphology of pleomorphic adenoma.2
Etiopathogenesis of multinodular goiter.
Pathogenesis of Type-1 diabetes mellitus.
Microscopic features of papillary carcinoma thyroid.2
Pathogenesis and complications of Hashimoto thyroiditis.7
Pathogenesis of Grave's disease.
"Rule of 10's" related to phaeochromocytoma.2
Papillary carcinoma thyroid.
17.SKIN
Morphology of vesicular mole.
Clinical features and morphology of basal cell carcinoma
. Morphology of basal cell carcinoma.7
Microscopy and growth phases of malignant melanoma.
Prognostic factors of melanoma.
Morphology of rodent ulcer.
Etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of thé skin.
Morphology of lepromatoús leprosy.2.
Differences between Tuberculoid and Lepromateusteprosy.
Pre-cancerous lesions of skin.

18.BONE
Giant cell tumor 6
Laboratory diagnosis of multiple myeloma -4
Radiologic and morphologic features of giant cell tumor.
Pathogenesis of acute pyogenic ostcomyelitis.2.
Morphology of osteoclastoma.2.
Giant cell tumour of bone.
Discuss the etiopathogenesis and morphology of pyogenic osteomyelitis. List four
complications of chronic osteomyelitis.(3+5+2 = 10 marks)

19.CNS
Tabulate the differences between tuberculous and pyogenic meningitis3.
CSF findings in pyogenic meningitis.5
CSF findings in TB meningitis6
Morphology of meningioma.2.
Tabulate the differences in CF analysis findings of bacterial, viral and tubercular meningitis.
Others
A 40 year old labourer, a non smoker, presented to the medicine out patient department
with low grade remitting fever and progressively increasing productive cough since one
month.His chest X-ray revealed bilateral apical consolidation of the lungs.
What is your diagnosis?
Discuss the pathogenesis of the above condition.
What are its complications? (1+6+3 = 10 marks)
Mechanism of T cell immunodeficiency in HIV infection -2
Human immunodeficiency virus and CD4+T cells.
Discuss pathogenesis of lysosomal storage disorder, List two examples with fundamental
Defects.
Morphology of oligodendroglioma.
A 45yr old lady presented with a 4 month history of lower abdominal mass with pain and
significant weight loss. Examination showed the presence of a large. multiloculated,
predominantly cystic lesion with focal solid areas in the uterine right adnexa which was
confirmed by radiologic investigations. Mucinous ascitis with multiple peritoneal implants
was also noted.
2A. What is your diagnosis?
2B. What are the morphologic features of this entity?
2C. Discuss the classification scheme of tumors in this organ.(2-3-5 = 10 marks)
-A 26 year old pregnant female presented with complains of weakness and fatigue for last 2
months. She also gives history of consuming non-food stuff like clay. On examination she
was pale and had koilonvchia.
2A.What is the diagnosis of this patient?
2B.Describe the lab findings of this disorder.
2C. Mention the eriological factors responsible for this condition.(1+7+2=10)
Morphology of Lepromatous leprosy.
Caisson disease.
Gaucher disease.
A 55-year-old man presented with severe chest pain radiating to the left upper limb, profuse
sweating and breathlessness. On examination the patient had a rapid weak pulse. He was
shifted to the intensive care unit. Relevant investigations were done and medical
management of his condition was initiated. His general condition stabilised and he
progressively improved.
2A. What is the diagnosis in this case?
2B.What are the relevant tests required to diagnose this condition?
2C. Discuss the evolution of morphological changes in this condition.
2D. List the complications of this condition.(1+4+4+1 = 10 marks)
A 55 year old lady presented with progressive fatigue and tiredness for last one month. She
also complained of tingling and numbness in the lower limbs. On examination she had pallor
and her tongue had a glossy appearance.
2A.What is your diagnosis?
2B. What is the cause for neurological symptons in this condition?
2C. What are the peripheral smear and bone marrow findings in this condition?
2D. Which specific tests would you like to do to diagnose this condition?2+2+4+2 = 10 marks)
A 18 year old boy presented to the OPD with acute pain in bones, clinically mimicking acute
osteomyelitis. On examination, he had mild jaundice and spleen was not palpable.
Investigations revealed unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with reduced hemoglobin levels.
Serum iron levels were normal.
2A. What is your diagnosis?
2B. What is the molecular basis of this disease?
2C. Discuss the peripheral smear and laboratory diagnosis.(1+2+3+4 = 10 marks)
Enumerate AIDS defining opportunistic infections and neoplasms in HIV infection.
Mechanism d{HIV chtry into host cells.
A 60 yr old male patient was brought to the hospital with history of weakness and lethargy
since 6 mths. On examination he had mild pallor and massive splenomegaly extending upto
the umbilicus. He had no palpable lymph nodes. Lab reports showed a total WBC count of
1.5 lakh cells/ mm?
2A.What is your diagnosis? Justify
2B. Discuss the lab diagnosis of this condition
2C. Name the molecular test that you would do to confirm your diagnosis(2+7+1 = 10 marks)