EXPERIMENT NO-

TITLE:PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Aim: 1) How to perform parallel operation of Single-Phase Transformers

2) To determine the sharing of loads between the transformers.
Theory: -
Transformers are said to be connected in parallel when their primary windings are connected to a common voltage
supply and their secondary windings are connected to a common load.
Reasons for parallel operation
For large load it is economical to have a multiple transformers connected in parallel.
Parallel operation reduce the spare capacity of this substation.
For future expansion of load, parallel operation of transformers is required.
If transformers are connected in parallel then they are is no interruption of power supply for essential service if one of the
Transformers is taken out of the maintenance and inspection.

The conditions for proper parallel operation of single-phase transformers are as follows :
Necessary condition -
1. The polarities of the transformers must be the same.
2. Identical primary and secondary voltage ratings.
Desirable conditions -
3. Impedances inversely proportional to the kVA ratings.

4. Identical ratios in the transformer impedances.

The conditions above apply equally to the paralleling of the two or more three-phase transformer banks but
with the following additions :
5. The phase sequence must be the same.
6. The phase shift between primary and secondary voltages must be the same for all transformers which are to
be connected in parallel. It follows that all transformers in the same main group can be connected in parallel.

a) Test of Polarity :
Polarities can be checked by a simple test requiring only voltage measurements with transformer on no load. In this test, rated
voltage is applied on one winding, and electrical connection is made between one terminal from one winding and one terminal from the
other, as shown in Fig. 1. The voltage across the two remaining terminals (one from each winding) is then measured. If this measured
voltage is greater than the input test voltage , the polarity is additive. If the measured voltage is smaller than the input test
voltage , the polarity is subtractive. The terminals are then marked accordingly.

b) Single-Phase Transformers in Parallel :

Fig. 2 shows the circuit diagram of two transformers A and B in parallel.

Let = turns ratio of transformer A

= turns ratio of transformer B

= equivalent impedance of transformer A referred to secondary

= equivalent impedance of transformer B referred to secondary

= load impedance across the secondary

= current supplied to the load by the secondary of transformer A

= current supplied to the load by the secondary of transformer B

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= load secondary voltage

= load current

By KCL, ….(1)

By KVL, ….(2)

….(3)

Solving Eqs. (2) and (3), we get

….(4)

….(5)

Each of these currents has two components; the first component represents the transformer’s share of the load current and the
second component is a circulating current in the secondary windings. Circulating currents have the following undesirable effects :
a) They increase the copper loss.
b) They overload one transformer and reduce the permissible load kVA.

In order to eliminate circulating currents, the voltage ratios must be identical. That is, = .

Under this condition,

….(6)

….(7)

….(8)

Equation (8) shows that the transformer currents are inversely proportional to the transformer impedances.

Also, ….(9)

Multiplying Eqs. (6) and (7) by common load voltage changes currents into voltamperes. Hence writing

= total load VA

= VA of transformer A

and = VA of transformer B, we get

….(10)

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….(11)

From Eqs. (10) and (11)

….(12)

Thus, the voltampere load on each transformer is inversely proportional to its ohmic impedance. Hence to share the load in
proportion to their ratings, the transformers should have ohmic impedances which are inversely proportional to their ratings. In terms of
per-unit values, the above statement may be expressed as follows :
The transformers should have equal per-unit impedances in order to share the load in proportion to their voltampere ratings.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
a) Test of Polarity :

Fig-1
b) Parallel Operation:

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Fig -2

APPARATUS TABLE:-

SL. Apparatus Name Range /Rating Type Quantity Maker’s Name

No.
1. Transformer
2. Variac
3. Voltmeter
4. Multifunction Meter
5. Load Box

Procedure :
1. Make connections according to the circuit diagrams by properly choosing the current and voltage ranges of
the wattmeter, also keeping in mind about the polarities of the transformers to avoid short-circuiting.
2. Set the secondary voltage of the transformers at rated value without connecting any load. This will indicate
the no-load secondary voltage of both the transformers.
3. Now gradually connect the loads upto the capacity of the transformer in steps keeping primary voltage
constant. Note down the secondary voltage, current shared by each transformer, total secondary current and wattage in each
case. Readings of the voltmeter and ammeter connected across the load will indicate the load voltage and load current.
4. Enter the results in a tabular form according to the table given later.
5. Verify the load sharing among the two transformer

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READING TABLE:-
a) Polarity Test :

Reading of Reading of Reading of

Transformer Remarks
Voltmeter 1 in Volt Voltmeter 2 in Volt Voltmeter 3 in Volt

T1

T2

b) Parallel Operation of Transformer A and Transformer B :

Sl. Connected Load Load Load TRF1 TRF2 TRF 1 TRF2 TRF 1 PF TRF2 Pf Cal. Load
No. Load Voltage Current in Power in Current Current Power power Sharing
in Volts Amps Watt Ratio(W1
/W2)

Discussion : Verify and comment

Questions :

1. State the requirements for satisfactory operation of a number of transformers in parallel.

2. Discuss the essential and desirable conditions to be fulfilled for operating two single-phase transformers in parallel.
How can you check these conditions ?

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