PUNCTUATION (Shi) Lie z rite ALLL Ae l(punctuatioin sour tL LE ueoP Al! PG th wie IL GUS Ue IW punctuationyty HALe teOredad I saw a little cat which was beautiful it mewed and mewed i patted. it and i want you to get me a similar cat i would love to have a cat at home. Ai oe bh ny tJ punctuation rt Atiait Lb Ae toh oe nn tHe iepFE SAL punctuation ot At The word ‘Punctuation’ has been derived from a Latin word ‘punctetum’. ‘Punctetum’ means the right use of points or stops in writing. The stops are inserted according to the length of a sentetice and grammatical needs of a certain sentence. Punctuation helps to avoid any ambiguity of meaning in a sentence. The following examples would help to understand the need of punctuation in writing, 1) He wishéd to give his students a deeper interest in their studies and mischief, idleness and, ignorance less scope. A semi-colon after studies is necessary because giving his students a deeper interest in their studies and mischief would be self-contradictory. The word ‘mischief should, therefore, be separated from the first part of the sentence to bring out the correct meaning. The sentence properly punctuated would stand thus: + He wished to give his students a deeper interést in their studies; and mischief, idleness and ignorance less scope. 2) An ornamental table, the property of a lady with three finely carved legs, is for sale. The omission of a suitable punctuation mark after the word ‘lady’ makes the meaning of the sentence ridiculously ambiguous. It gives the impression that the ‘three finely carved legs’ belong to the lady instead of an omamental table. It seems a pity to deprive this celebrated lady of such finely carved supports, but it has to be done in the interest of justice, and punctuation will perform this delicate operation. A pause is essential after the word ‘lady’ to convey the real sense of the sentence. A comma will serve the purpose and make the meaning clear. +An ornamental table, the property of a lady, with three finely carved legs, is for sale. 3) The shopkeeper says the inspector is a fool ‘The sentence can be interpreted in two ways: i) The shopkeeper says, “The inspector is a fool.” Here punctuation reveals the inspector to be a fool. ii) “The shopkeeper,” says the inspector, “is a fool.” Here punctuation reveals the shopkeeper to be a fool 4) The meaning of a sentence may change radically according to the pauses in it. Presumably, some intimate person or somebody in authority is speaking to a judge about an accused person. He says: “Hang not, spare him.” which means: “Do not give him capital punishment; spare his life.” This is quite different from, “Hang, not spare him.” which means: “Give him capital punishment; do not spare him.” Thus, the meaning is reversed by the change in punctuation.PUNCTUATION MARKS, @ Full-stop Gi) Comma Gi Semi-colon Gv) Colon (v)___ Sign of interrogation (v1) Sign of exclamation (vii) Apostrophe (vii) Inverted commas or Quotation marks (x) Hyphen (x) Dash (xi) Three dots (xii) Capitals (xiii) Brackets or the parenthesis THE FULL STOP Full stops are pauses in a piece of writing. They allow us to draw breath if we are reading a passage aloud. ‘There are three types of punctuation used fo end a sentence: the period (full stop), the question mark, and the exclamation mark. 1) A period is used at the end of a complete sentence that makes a statement (a declarative sentence) ~ positive or negative, command and request, or mild exclamation. Exampl + Norma stared at the small man, (declarative) + Gorgios went into politics. (declarative) + Please let me know if you agree or riot. (request) + How odd it isto see Ali sitting in his father's place. (a mild exclamation) Note: A question mark is used after a direct question. A period is used after an indirect question. Examples: Direction Question: Would you like 10 go home? Indirect Question: I want to know whether you would like to go homie. 2) Ifa question is asked as a courtesy, use either a question mark or a full-stop. (The period makes the question more routine-like and general; the question mark more direct and personal.) Examples: + Would you please take your seat before the bell rings. + Would you please take your seat before the bell rings? 3) Most common abbreviations end in a period: Mr., Mrs., a.m., etc., Fri., Sept. Note: You can omit periods for abbreviations written in capital letters: FBI, ISI, MCB THE COMMA The comma is used: 1) To set off words in a series; to separate items ina lst. Use a comma between words in a series when three or more elements are presént. The elements may be words, phrases, or clauses. Examples: + By that time-two or three people passed, stopped, turned to look, and some stood watching. (Thank You, M’am) + At the end of market day, the rick people with vehicles of all kinds, carts, gigs, wagons, dumpcarts gathered at a great big hall for a great meal. (The Piece of String) + Up and down the main road there was an unending stream of cars, buses, tongas and bicycles while the pavement thronged with pedestrians. (Overcoat) + Hand in your rifles, bullets, bayonets, gas-masks, helmets and backpacks, + Ahmad is a good friend, a serious worker, and a cooperative employee. «Anjum wanted to go out to eat, see a movie, or stay home and watch television. B932) Before coordinating conjunctions and, but, nor, or, for that join two independent clauses. Examples: + There was no use.of Mr. Hubert's protesting, for nobody believed him. (The Piece of String) +Thope that my suggestions will help you, and Lam willing to meet you to discuss your work «It snowed two days ago, but I couldn't go skiing until today. Note: If the independent clauses are short, the separating corhma may be omitted. Example: + The bell rang and the contest began. 3) To set off non-restrictive (non-essential), parenthetical, and appositive elements. (A non-restrictive, non-essential, element, often signaled by who or which, supplies material not essential to the sentence and which, if removed, will not change the meaning of the original séntence.) Examples: «Mr. Manana, who is a man of worthy credence, mistook-the cord for a pocketbook. (The Piece of String) + Lahore, which has a big population today, is the second largest city in Pakistan. +Mr. Arslan, whom I told you about , will preside over the meeting. (A parenthetical element is one that is added to a sentence without changing its meaning. Some common parenthetical elements are to tell the truth, believe me, it appears to me, Iam sure, and as a matter of fact, as far as I know.) Example; + Its, as far as I know, the only one of its kind growing in our country. (Clearing in the Sky) (An appositive element describes a noun or pronoun but is not grammatically necessary for the sentence.) Examples: + The mayor, a stout serious man, was waiting for Hubert. (The Piece of String) + Nushirvan, a king of Persia, was famous for his justice. (The Gulistan of Sa'adi) + Shrill and loud, the alarm disturbed our sleep. Note: In the first two examples, the appositive phrase follows the noun it describes The mayor and ‘Nushirvan; in the third, the appositive phrase precedes the noun it describes alarm. 4) To set off introductory words ~ clauses and phrases. Examples: + After dinner, Arthur went into the living room. (Button, Button) + However, I assure you the organization is of international scope. (Button, Button) + If he ever received some extra money, this bonus would usually be locked up in a tin box. (God be Praised) + On the other hand nobody could restrain Shamim Ahmed from celebrating his ‘marriage any way he desired, (God be Praised) 5) To separate two coordinate adjectives that precede the noun they describe Remember: Coordinate adjectives are adjectives of equal importance. Examples: + We walked down the long, narrow path, + She is an intelligent, talented executive. Note: In both these examples, ‘and’ can be substituted for the comma. If ‘and? cannot be substituted without the meaning being changed, the adjectives are not coordinate, and no comma is needed, Examples: + The sharp iey gusts of wind struck like steel (Overcoat) + want a pair of blue suede shoes. (Thank You, Mam) Note: If we use comma or and between non-coordinate adjectives or change their order (sequence), the sentence will make no sense. (394)6) To set off nouns in direct address, The name of the person addressed is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. Examples: + What about them, Harry? (Dark they were, and Golden-Eyed) + For heaven's sake, Cora, let's buy tickets for home! * Mr. Hubert, will you please accompany me to the mayor's office? (The Piece of String) + “You have only to select, sir,” said the carpet dealer amiably. (Overcoa) 7) With dates and addr Different parts of a date and an address’are separated by commas, including a comma after the last item. Examples: + She was born on July 9, 1998, just before midnight. * Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Lewis, 217-E, Thirty-seventh Street, New York, New York, 10016. (Burton, Button) Note: Using a comma where it is not needed is as confusing as omitting one when it is required. THE SEMICOLON ‘The most common use of the semicolon is to join two independent clauses without using a coordinating conjunction like ‘and’. Semicolons let us clearly share two or more related ideas in one sentenice. It creates a stronger pause than a comma, but doesn’t demand a complete stop like a period. Remember: Semicolons are not interchangeable with commas or periods. Instead, they’re somewhere in between stronger than a coinima but not quite as divisive as a period. 1) We use semicolons to join two closely related independent clauses. In other words, the group of words that comes before the semicolon should form a complete sentence, and the group of words that comes after the semicolon should.also form a complete sentence, and the two sentences should share a close, logical connection. Examples: + Sweat poured from his face and his’ hands and his body; he was drenched in the hotness of his fear. (Dark they were, and Golden-Eyed) + Thave paid my dues; I expect to get my roll number slip tomorrow. +All has gone to the library; his brother has gone to play cricket. ‘The examples above are made up of two complete, grammatically correct sentences glued together. Note: + John likes orange juice; Bill went to the park after dinner, (Iitcorrect) These two sentences should not be put together with a semicolon because they are not similar. They are about two different subjects. They have nothing in common. Note: We.do not begin.a sentence with a capital letter followed by a semi-colon unless it is a proper ion. nouri or an acronym or an abbrevia (An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as a word. e.g. NAB, AIDS, FBR, CIA, etc.) 2) Use a semicolon between two independent clauses that are connected by conjunctive adverbs or transitional phrases. (Some common conjunctive aiverbs include moreover, nevertheless, however, otherwise, therefore, then, finally, likewise, consequently, similarly, and transitional phrases e.g, in fact, as a result, on the contrary, in addition to, for instance, after all as a matter of fact, tc.) Examples: + like’ cake; however, ice cream is my favorite dessert + Heavy snow continued to fall; consequently, all flights were cancelled. + He has published several novels; in addition, he has published a volume of poetry. 395Remember: A semicolon can be used between two closely related independent clauses, provided they are not already joined by a coordinating conjunction for, and, nar, but, or, yet 50. Examples: = / went to the northern areas during winter; and it was a wonderful experience. (incorrect) + Iwent 10 the northern areas during winter; it was a wonderful experience. (correct) Or you may deiete the semi colon. + Iwent to the northern areas during winter and it was a wonderful experience. (correct) Note: A semicolon cannot combine an independent clause with a dependent clause. ‘As mentioned, when combining sentences you can only use semicolons to put independent clauses together, not to combine an independent clause with a dependent clause Examples: « Yesterday after work; I had lunch with my friends. (incorrect) Yesterday after work, I had lunch with my friends. (correct) + Although they tried; they failed. (incorrect) Although they tried, they failed. (correct) 3) A semicolon may be used between independent clauses joined by a connector, such as and, but, or, nor, etc., when one or more commas appear in the first clause. Examples: + Of course he made speeches, and fine ones, on many other subjects; but all the while hie stuck to his one idea. (The Reward) + There were seven patches of bared soil, yellow colour and pink, where the new mealies were just showing, making a film of bright green; and around each drifted up thick clouds of smoke. (A Mild Auack of Locusts) 4) If a sentence contains detailed information or a list of items that has internal punctuation, we use semicolons to divide the parts of the sentence or the items given in the list. It helps keep track of the divisions between the items. Example: + Every day, the meteorology center collects weather statistics for the major cities: Lahore, Punjab; Karachi, Sindh; Quetta, Balochistan; and Peshawar, KPK. THE COLON The colon is use 1) To introduce a list of three or more items. Examples: «went to the market 10 buy a few items: butter, sugar, jam and bread. + He opted for three subjects: politics, sociology, and economics. 2) To inttroduce a long, extended quotation. Examples: + An old woman, whose throat was swollen to.a frightful size, exclaimed: “O my son, if you could only cure my goitre, I would bless you for evermore!” (The Foolish Quack) + Mehrun said: “Yés, Abba, what a sweet perfume. The whole house is full of it. (God be Praised) Caution! Avoid using the colon directly after a verb, Avoid using the’ colon to interrupt the natural flow of language. Example: Poor: We consumed: Pizza, soda, ice cream, and peanuts. Better: We consumed pizza, soda, ice cream, and peanuts, Remember: ‘Do not capitalize the first word after the colon unless itis a proper noun, [396]Example: «J don't have much time to join the course: my new job will start next week. + If what follows the colon is closely related to, what precedes it, there is no need for a capital..But if what follows is.a general or formal statement, many writers and editors capitalize the first word. Examph + Remember the old saying: Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom. + Capitalize the first word of a complete or full-sentence quotation that follows a colon, Example: + He made an announcement: “All the members are requested to get their cards before leaving.” + Capitalize the first word after a colon if the information following the colon requires two or more complete sentences. Examples: + There are a few things to keep in mind: Work hard. Be honest. Alivays act like a responsible person. + The rules were inflexible: No runniiig in the corridors. No shouting. No gathering in the lawns. 3) Use colons between two sentences if the secdnd sentence emphasizes or illustrates the first. Examples: +A dolphin is not fish: itis a warm-blooded mammal. + The research is conclusive: climate change is a reality. 4) Use colons to separate hours from minutes, with no space before or after the colon, e.g. 11:35 a.m, + To express a ratio of two numbers, with no space before or after the colon. e.g. 1:3 ‘+ In religious book references, we use colons to separate chapter from verse, with no space before or after the colon. e.g. 1:31 (chapter 1, verse 31) 5) Use a colon rather than a comma after the salutation in a business letter. eg. . Dear Mr. Ahmed: Dear HR Manager: To: Human Resources From: Khalid Ahméd ‘A comma is used after the salutation in more informal correspondence. THE QUESTION MARK 1) Use a question mark only after a direct question. Note: Avoid the common trap of using question marks with indirect questions, which are statements that contain questions. Use a period after an indirect question (reported questions). Examples: « Why are you getting so upset? (direct question) Norma asked Arthur why he was getting so upset. (indirect question) + Will you help me build a rocket? (direct question) Harry asked Sam if he would help him build a rocket. (indirect question) «When a quoted question (direct question) occurs within a larger sentence (midsentence), it takes a question mark. Examples: “Will you buy my hair?” asked Della. (The Gift of the Magi) + “Could you tell us a case like that?” asked one of us. (The Rewara) 4 Requests that are phrased as questions should end with a period. These are really requests. or commands, and not true questions. Example: + Would you please forward this application to the principal. 2) Use a question mark when a sentence is half statement and half question (a tag question). A tag question isa statement followed by a mini-question, It turns a statement into a question. Although it begins as a statement, the tag question prevails when it comes to the end-mark —a questionmark, Notice that when the statement is positive, the tag question is expressed in the negative; when the statement is negative, the tag question is positive. We use tag questions to ask for confirmation. Examples: «It's cold (positive), isn‘ it (negative)? Ir isn’t cold (negative), is it (positive)? + You do care, don't you? + You don't really think they'd kill somebody, do you? (Burton, Bution) + My hair will grow again. You won't care, will you? (The Giftof he Masi) + Capitalize the word that follows a question mark. Remember: Not all questions are phrased as questions. In speech, the way. your voice rises at the end of the sentence usually makes it.clear that you're asking a question and not just making a statement. But in writing, we need a question mark to signal that the sentence should be read as a question. Phrasing a question as an imperative or declarative statement is an emphatic way to express surprise, doubt, or disbelief. Examples: « “Let's get back on the rocket.” said Harry. "Go back to Earth?" (Dark they were, and Golden-Eyed) + Axrocket, Harry? To go back to all that trouble? Oh, Harry! + What would you like to do? Get the button back and push it? Murder someone? (Buron, Button) Note: If the question is a quotation, put quotation marks after the question mark. Examples: + He asked, “May I have this dish?” + “How do I look?” she asked. « If the question is not part of the quotation, put the question mark after the quotation marks. Examples: + What do you think of “No new taxes + Do you believe in. “an eye for an eye” THE EXCLAMATION MARK ‘The exclamation mark (the exclamation point) is used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volumeé (shouting), or to show emphasis, and often marks the end of a sentence. 1) Use exclamation mark after an exclamatory sentence. (An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong or forceful emotion, such as ager, surprise, or joy.) Examples: + What exceptional paintings these are! + She said, “You a lie!” (Thank You, Mam) + What foolish nien you must be! (The Fooltsk Quack) +A piece of string, a piece of string! (The Piece of String) 2) Exclamation mark after an imperative sentence. (An imperative sentence issues an order. It ends in an exclamation matk to show forcefulness. It also expresses an advice, a direction, or a request.) Examples: + “Wait, Harry!” his wife ¢ + “Get out!” he yelled. + Please sit down. (This‘is an imperative sentence, but it does not end with an exclamation mark because the order is not forceful.) 3) Exclamation mark.with an Interjection, (nterjections are words used to express strong fe Dear, Uh-huh) Examples: » Hooray! I got the job! «Hey! Stop messing with me!» Alas! I failed the exam! 399] ied. (Dark they were, and Golden-Eyed) ig oF sudden emotion. e.g. Oh, Oops, Hurrah, Wow, Alas,THE APOSTROPHE 1) We use apostrophe to make possessive case. Examples: + As he left the Mayor's office, people surrounded and questibried him, (The Piece of String) + English scholars used Sadi's translated parables in their divine books. (The Gulistan of Sa'ai) + For most singular nouns, add apostrophe+s (’s). Examples: + Sweat popped out on the boy's face and he began to struggle. (Thank You, M’am) + You did all this against your doctor's orders! (Clearing inthe Sky) + For most plural nouns, add only an apostrophe. Example: « Everything there, the uniforms and the ladies’ brilliant dresses, was utterly put in the shade. (The Reward) + For plural nouns that do not end in s, add apostrophes. Example: + The children’s room was painted yellow. + For a singular proper noun that ends in s. (Some grammarians recommend adding only an apostrophe, while others prefer to add apostrophes.) Examples: + Charles Dickens’ novels are doubtlessly all-time great classics. (Charles Dickens’s novels) + Keats’ poetry is among the very finest in the English language. (Keats's Poetry) 2) Contractions In a contraction, an apostrophe represents missing letters. The most common contractions are made up of verbs, auxiliaries, or modals attached to other words: Examples: he would = he'd) ‘Ihave = I've they are = they're we arewere = we're we do not = we don't it’s = it is, was or has * We can't go to the show tonight. +t's a beautiful day. 3) Usually the apostrophe is used to make plurals of letters, abbreviations, and numbers. i) Plural of lowercase letters (a’s, b’s, c's, etc.) ii) Plural of abbreviations (Ph.D. ’s, MNA's) iii) Plural of numbers (3's, 6's) Examples: + How many e's are there in your name? + Four MPA’s abstained from voting. INVERTED COMMAS or QUOTATION MARKS Quotation marks are used: 1) To enclose the actual words of the speaker or writer. +Itwill be a great favour,” the king said. (The Gulstan of Sa’) + ‘What is the réason for your planting this patch up here?’ Lasked. (Clearing in the Sky) 2) To emphasize words used in a special or unusual sense. + If only they wouldn't use the word "hurt" I might be able to get somewhere. (The Use of Force) Examples: Examples: + Some people appear “bright” until you hear them speak. + How do you make holy water? You boil the “hell” out of it 3) To set off titles of short works or parts of a large work. Exampl + “The Vanishing Glass” is an interesting chapter from one of the Harry Potter books. + When an entire sentence is. quoted, use a comma before the opening quotation tarks, capitalize the initial word of the quotation, and place full-stop or a comma inside the closed quotation marks.Examples: + “can cure the goitre,” answered the quick. (The Foolish Quack) ; + Shamim said, “You have graciously become my first customer. I consider it a good omen.” (God be Praised) + Do not use quotation marks for indirect quotations. + He answered that “he would like to go home." (incorrect) He answered that he would like to go home. (correct) + Periods and commas are placed inside quotation marks; colons and semicolons are placed outside quotation marks. Examples: + Today we discussed “My Wood,” aii essay by A.H. Khyaal. + Today we discussed “My Wood”; this work is an essay by A.H. Khyaal. If you're splitting a quote to insert a reporting speech, you should not capitalize the second part of the quote. Examples: “Look here,” I said to the child, “we're going to look at your throat.” (The Use of Force) + “Della,” said he, “let's put our Christmas gifts away and keep them a while. They're 100 nice to use now.” (The Giftof the Mogi) + Use single quotation marks for quotations within quotations. Examples: + He told me, “In the college outside the main office, 1 saw ‘All students get their library cards’ written on the notice-board.” + Ahmed told me, “Baber said, ‘Iwill not forget this insult.’ ” If the question is inside, the double quotation marks, place the question mark between the single and double quotation. marks. Example: + Ali asked, “Did Anjum say, ‘Iwill not participate in the cricket tournament’ ?” THE HYPHEN 1) Generally, we hyphenate two or more words when they come before a noun they modify and act as a single idea. This is called a compound adjective. Examples: + Inside the carton was a push-button unit fastened to a small wooden box. (Button, Button) + She dragged the boy into a large kitchenette-furnishéd room. (Thank you, M’am) + This isa 17th-century painting. + state-of-the-art machinery +a family-owned farm + off-road vehicles *chocolate-covered peanuts +a one-way street sa well-known singer +4 three-and-a-half page report + second-biggest industry + With compound nouns: e. Examples: + Commander-in-chief + Mother-in-law + Editor-in-chief *runner-up + self-esteem «It happened that one of the animals entered a melon-field. (The Foolish Quack) + My best plan surely is to return to the camel-men. + Mr. Spelding thinks that John has no get-up-and-go. (Visit toa Small Planet) + A modifier made up of an adverb and an adjective does not need a hyphen. (with words ending in ly) Examples:’ + Do you expect me to.believe this clearly-impossible story? (incorrect) *Do you expect me to believe this clearly impossible story? (correct) beautifully decorated office + ridiculously long play + When a compound adjective comes after the noun it describes, a hyphen is usually not necessary, Examples: + The singer performing tonight is well known. + The peanuts are chocolate covered. {400}2) Hyphen in a compound expression with a noun and past participle. Examples: + The organization requires volunteers for community-based social work. + Here milk is obtained from farm-fed cows. 3) With numbers 21 through 99 Use a hyphen when writing out numbers twenty-one through ninety-nine, and everything between. + thirty-two books + nventy-one dollars eighty-nine rupees 4) When using numbers, hyphenate spans or estimates of time, distance, dr other quantities. eg. 3:15-3:45 p.m. 1999-2016 300-325 people 5) With some prefixes when the word is a proper noun or a proper adjective. + mid-June + Afro-American + pre-Chrisimas + pre-Civil War + Use a hyphen in words beginning with the prefixes all, anti-, ex- (meaning ‘former’), and self- and in words ending with the suffix -eleet: + all-knowing + ex-manager + self-assured +mayor-elect + all-inclusive + mid-1980s 6) Hyphens are often used to tell the ages of people and things, if the ages are being used as adjectives. Examples: + The five-year-old boy is ready for school Don’t hyphenate if the age comes after a noun and a verb. “The boy is five years old. 7) A fraction (e.g. half or quarter) as part of a compound adjective, should be hyphenated. +a quarter-million dollars + three-fifths majori +a one-third share Remember: + two-hundred-fifiy-six (incorrect) «two hundred fifty-six (correct) (hyphen between tens and units only) THE DASH A dash is used: 1) Before a word or word group which indicates a summation or reversal of what preceded it. Examples: + Patience, sensitivity, understanding, empathy-these are the marks of'a friend. + Quietness and value~Jim and the chain both had quietness and value. (The Gift of the Magi + Roger looked at the door-looked at the woman-looked at the door-and went to the sink (Thank you, M'am) Note: The material following the dash usually directs the attention of the reader to the content preceding it. 2) Before and after material of a parenthetical nature. Examples: + He was not pleased with-in fact, he was completely hostile to-the take-over. + Everything else-trees, buildings, bushes, earth-was gone under the moving brown masses. (A Mild Attack of Locusts) 3) To emphasize the conclusion of a sentence. The dash is less formal than the colon Examples: + But now I.also had grown furious-at a child. (The Use of Force) + Whereupon she turned him loose-at last. (Thank you’M’am) + And then there are the hoppers-it might go on for two or three years. (A Bfild Attack of Locusts) Depending on the context, the dash can take the place of commas, parentheses, or colons. [407THREE DOTS _ The ellipsis is three periods in a row. It signifies that words or figures are missing. , Examples: + Ifwe can make enough smoke, make enough noise tll the sun goes down, they'll settle somewhere else perhaps.... (the last dot isa full stop) (A Mild Attack of Locusts) + What is it, son? I don't quite understand. You wish me to accept you ds..? (God be Praised) An ellipsis can also indicate-hesitation, changes of inood, or suspense. + My request is, please accept me as your sldve. I mea + Well, what I mean... see, the thing is. I didn't mean it. +I.don't know... I'm not sure. (God be Praised) CAPITALIZATION ‘The five chief rules for the use of capital letters. 1) Capitalize the first word of a sentence. Capitalize the first word of every line of poetry. iii) Capitalize the first word of quoted speech, even single words of reph iv) Capitalize the first word and main words of titles but not the preps articles, Examples: The Mouse and the Lion. Fundamental English for Effective Speaking and Writing Y) Capitalize all proper nouns. Proper nouns include: i).the names of God God Almighty is the most Merciful, the most Beneficent. Allah is the Hearer, the Seer, the Knower. i) names of people ‘Muhammad Ali Jhinah, Muhammad Igbal, Syed Ahmad Khan ji) names of places, rivers, seas, oceans, mountains, mountain ranges The Sahara Desert, The Indus, The Arabian Sea, The Atlantic, K2, The Himalayas iv) names of political, educational and social organizations University of Engineering and Technology, King Edward Medical University, World Health Organization vy) names of days of the week, months of the year Sunday, Monday, June, July vi) names cities, countries, nationalities, and languages Lahore, Barcelona, Pakistan, Spain, Turkish, Ainerican, English, Spanish, Urdu vii) capitalize.time periods and events The World War Il, Early 181h Century, The French Revolution, The Reformation, The Middle Ages viii) titles of people, Secretary General, Quaid-e-Azam, Prince of Wales, Vice President, Admiral of the Fleet jons and conjunctions or the ix) books and movie titles War and Peace, Hamlet, The Dark Knight, Star Wars, Titanic x) names of heavenly bodies-stars’and planets Jupiter, Sun, Earth, Venus, Sirius xi) names of departments Finance Department, Deparment of Research and Development, Education Department xii) names of bridges Attock Bridge, Kohala Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge xiii) names of buildings Lahore Fort, President House, Parliament House, Burj Khalifa, Empire State Building xiv) names of hospitals Mayo Hospital, Ayub Medical Complex; Combined Military Hospital xv) namnes of ships RMS Titanic, HMS Dreadnought xvi) names of hotels Pearl Continental Hotel, Avari Towers, Marriott xvii) names of streets and roads The Mall Road, The Karakoram Highway, The BoulevardPUNCTUATION EXERCISES CH 6 THE REWARD anything jorkens replied so long as he sticks to it and sticks to it hard enough and long enough anything whatever “Anything,” Jorkens replied, "so long as he sticks to it, and sticks to it hard enough and long enough. Anything whatever." CH 3 DARK THEY WERE AND GOLDEN EYED are you sure laura asked the father quietly laura wept were stranded on mars forever and ever “Are you sure, Laura?” asked the father quietly. Laura wept. "We're stranded on Mars, forever and ever!" CH 4 THANK YOU MAM well you didnt have 10 snatch my pocketbook 10 get same suede shoes said mrs luella bates washington jones you could have asked me “Well, you didn’t have to snatch my pocket-book to get some suede shoes,” said Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones, “You could have asked me.” CH 4 THANK YOU MA’M then i wont turn you loose said the woman she did not release him lady im sorry whispered the boy “Then I won't turn you loose,” said. the woman. She did not release him. whispered the boy. CH 2 CLEARING IN THE SKY now you are coming to something son he said as he pushed down the top wire so he could cross the Sence this is something i want you to see. “Now, you're comin’ to something, son,” he said as he pushed down the top wire so he could cross the fence. “This is something want you to see!” CH 8 GULISTAN OF SA’ADI in that boat there happened to be a sergeant who said with your permission may i quieten him In that boat there happened to be a sergeant, who said, “With your permission, may I quieten himn.” CH 8 GULISTAN OF SA’ADI no said the boy pay for the salt said the king lest it should become a custom and the village be ruined “No,” said the boy.“Pay for the salt,” said the king. “Lest it should become a custom and the village be ruined.” CH 7USE OF FORCE does your throat hurt you added the mother tobe child but the little girls expression didnt change no did she move her eyes froin my face “Does your throat hurt you?” added the mother to the child, But the little girl's expression didn't change nor did she move her eyes from my face. CH 9A FOOLISH QUACK 4a pretty sort of doctor you must be cried they before you begin your treatment you are talking of the patients grave away with you we shall have nothing to do with you “A pretty sort of doctor you must be!” cried they. “Before you begin your treatment, you: are talking of digging the patient’s grave! Away with you; we shall have nothing to do with you.” CH 3 DARK THEY WERE AND GOLDEN EYED but she only shook her head one day the atom bomb will fix earth then we It be safe here But she only shook her head. “One day the atom bomb will fix Earth. Then we'll be safe here.” ady, I'm sorry,” [403]CH 6 THE REWARD well there was opportunity argued terbut if he was born a good athlete “Well, there was opportunity,” argued-Terbut, ‘if he was born a good athlete.’ CH 1 BUTTONBUTTON mr steward looked embarrassed i am afraid i m not at liberty to tell you that he said however i assure you the organization is of international scope Mr. Steward looked embarrassed. “I’m afraid I'm not at liberty to tell you that, “he. said. “However, I assure you, the origination is of intemational scope.” CH3 DARK THEY WERE AND GOLDEN EYED whats wrong asked his wife “What’s wrong?” asked his wife. let get back on the rocket “Let's get back on the rocket.” 0 back to earth “Go back to Earth?” yes listen “Yes! Listen!” CH 1 BUTTONBUTTON abruptly she began to smash it one the sink edge pounding it harder and harder until the wood split she pulled the sides apart cutting her fingers without noticing there were no transistors in the box no wires or tubes the box was empty Abruptly, she began to smash it one the sink edge, pounding it harder and harder, until thé wood split. She pulled the sides apart, cutting her fingers without noticing. There were no transistors in the box no wites or tubes. The box was empty. CH SPIECE OF STRING i was seen with the pocket book who saw me mr manana the harness man saw you pick up the pocket book “Iwas seen with the pocket book? Who saw me?” “Mr. Manana, the hantess man saw you pick up the pocket book.” CH 10LOCUSTS but the gongs were still beating the men still shouting and Margaret asked why do you go on with it then But the gongs were still beating, the men still shouting, and Margaret asked: “why do you go on with it, then?” CH 2 CLEARING IN THE SKY but why did you ever climb to this mountain top and to this i asked him look at the fertile land we have in the valley “But why did you ever climb to this mountain top’ and do this?” I asked him. “Look at the fertile land we have in the valley!” CH 1 BUTTONBUTTON good he said i m glad you did she refilled his cup wanted to show you i m not she shrugged “Good.” He said. “I'm glad you did.”She refilled his cup. “Wanted to show you I'm not —” she shrugged. (CH 3 DARK THEY WERE AND GOLDEN EYED the man felt his hair fluter and the tissues of his body draw tight as if he were standing at the centre of a vacuum his wife before him seemed almost to whirl away in smoke The man felt his hair flutter and the tissues of his body draw tight as if he were standing at the center of a vacuum. His wife, before him, seemed almost to whirl away in smoke. (CH 2 CLEARING IN THE SKY all paths go to the same place he answered “All paths go to the same place, “he answered,CH 4 THANK YOU MAM but you put yourself in contact with me said the woman if you think that that contact is not going to last awhile you got another thought coming “But you put yourself in contact with me,” said the woman, “If you think that that contact 1s not going to last awhile, you got another thought coming.” CH 3 DARK THEY WERE AND GOLDEN EYED but you must want to go back have you noticed the pedich blossoms the onions the grass “But you must want to go back. Have you noticed the peach blossoms, the onions, the grass?” CH 9A FOOLISH QUACK @ certain man who had just come up looked on and observing this proceeding shouldered his bundle and going to the next village pretended that he was a doctor A certain man who had just come up, looking on and observing this preceding, shouldered his bundle, and, going to the next village, pretended that he was a doctor. CH 1 BUTTONBUTTON if you push the button mr steward told him somewhere in the world someone you dont know will die in return for which you will receive a payment of 850000 “If you push the button,” Mr. Steward told him, “somewhere in the world someone you don’t In return for which, you will receive a payment of $50,000.” CH 1 BUTTONBUTTON norma frowned she did not like his attitude what are you trying to sell she asked Norma frowned. She didn’t like his attitude. “What are you trying to sell?” she asked. CH 2 CLEARING IN THE SKY suddenly he stopped at the edge of the meadow took his pocket knife from his pocket and cut a wisp of alfalfa he held it between him and the sun Suddenly he stopped at'the edge of the meadow, took his pocket ki wisp of alfalfa. He held it up between him and the sun, CH 13 GOD BE PRAISED maulvi abul smiled and consoled her don t be silly zibun has mehrun taken zabda ‘also with her what about shamsun Maulvi Abul smiled and consoled her, “Don't be silly; Zaibun. Has Mehrun taken Zabda also with her? What about Shamsun?” from his pocket, and cut a [405]