ORAL COMMUNICATION SPEECH ACT

•Is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an

SPEECH CONTEXT intended effect
•The speaker’s utterances which convey meaning
and make listeners do specific things (Austin,
1. Intrapersonal- centers one person, speaker 1962). According to Austin, when saying a
acts both sender and receiver performative utterance, a speaker is simultaneously
2. Interpersonal- communication between doing something.
people
SOME FUNCTIONS ARE:
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL  Offering an apology
COMMUNICATION  Greeting
 Request
 Complaint
 Dyad- communication between two people  Invitation
 Small group- communication that involves  Compliment
at least three but not more than twelve , can  Refusal
freely share ideas in a loose and open
discussion 3 TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS (J.L. AUSTIN)
 Public Communication- requires you to
deliver or send the message before or infront 1. Locutionary Speech Act- actual act of uttering
of a group (locution), which has a meaning in the traditional
 Mass Communication- takes place through sense
television, radio, newspapers, book, 2. Illocutionary Speech Act- social function of what
billboard, internet and other types of media. is said. It is the performance of the act of stating
 Organizational Communication- occurs something with a specific intention (intention)
within organizations, includes both 3. Perlocutionary Speech Act – resulting act of what
communication with an organization and is said; effect is based on the particular content in
public fading communications which the speech act was mentioned; happens when
 Intercultural Communication- what the speaker says has an effect on the listener.
communication of different groups of varied
cultures. INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS
-Occur when there is no direct connection between
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE the form of the utterance and the intended meaning
-They are different in force (intention)from the
inferred speech act.
1. Intimate- private; occurs between or among PERFORMATIVES (AUSTIN)
close family members or intimate • Performative utterances – statements which enable
individuals. Language used may not be the speaker to perform something just by stating it •
shared in public. Performatives –verbs that execute the speech act
2. Casual- common among peers and friends; that they intend to effect
uses jargon, slang, street language, gay
language or vulgar words are used. CLASSIFICATIONS OF SPEECH ACTS
3. Consultative- formal and societal 1. Assertive – type of illocutionary act in which the
expectations accompany the users of this speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
speech; a professional discourse. proposition (suggesting, putting forward, swearing,
4. Formal- used in formal setting; one-way boasting, and concluding)
5. Frozen- “frozen” in time and remains -these are assertions, announcements, statements,
unchanged- unchangeable claims, denials, disclosures, etc. An example
TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS sentence is I like cheese.
2. Directive – type of illocutionary act in which the
speaker tries to make the addressee perform an
action (asking, ordering, requesting, inviting,
advising, and begging)
- designed to get the listener to act in some way
- these are admonishments, questions, dismissals,
excuses, instructions, orders, requests, warnings,
etc. An example is I dare you to eat that entire bowl
of wasabi!
3. Commissive – type of illocutionary act which
commits the speaker to do something in the future
(promising, vowing and betting)
-These are promises, pledges, vows, guarantees,
and so on. The utterance I’ll pick you up at 8 pm is
a commissive.
4. Expressive – type of illocutionary act in which
the speaker expresses his/her feeling or emotional
reactions (thanking, apologizing, welcoming and
deploring)
ex.I’m sorry to hear about your mom’s illness.
5. Declaration – type of illocutionary act which
brings a change in the external situation
- brings into existence or cause the state of affairs
which they refer to (blessing, firing, bidding,
passing a sentence, and excommunicating)

SPEECH ACTS INCLUDE:

 Concrete life interactions that require the
appropriate use of language within a given
culture
 Communicative competence (ability to use
linguistic knowledge to effectively
communicate with others)
UNDERSTANDING CULTURES SOCIETY In-group- are those to whom a person feels and
AND POLITICS feeling of connection, belongingness, and
allegiance.
Social Group- composed of two or more people Importance- social identity, collaboration,
who interact with one another competitiveness and at times, conflict is all
Ex. family, couple, friends, colleagues, influenced by in-group and out-group dynamics.
playmates, clubs Out-group- a group one does not belong to or is not
Social Aggregation- set of people who reside in a member of and feels negativity.
the same area at the same time. They may not have Importance- they told the establishment of
commonalities with one another. Likewise, they social norms and boundaries.
may share interactions
Ex. Neighbors who do not talk to each other WHY IS GROUP CALLED HEART OF
Social Category- group of people according to their INTERACTION?
common social characteristics such as age, sex, Because this is where individual members
gender, class and nationality get to connect and form lasting ties with each other
Ex. Senior citizen is a social category thus reinforcing the united idea of what
because they are in the same age group socialization and society is.

FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT GROUP CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL

 Motivation of Individual member INSTITUTIONS
 Group Size
 Group Goals INSTITUTION
 Group Cohesion • Kinship, political, economic, non-state, religious,
education, health
HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF SOCIAL •a society or organization founded for a religious,
GROUPS AND REASONS WHY THEY educational, social, or similar purpose
MATTER •established law, practice, or custom
•organization, foundation,
Primary Group- are distinguished by close, Establishment, institute, center
personal, and long-lasting ties.
ex. Family, close friends, or tiny social group Kinship
Importance- have an important role in an -a network of relatives within which an individual
individual's emotional well being, socialization, and possess certain mutual rights and obligations
identity formation. They provide a sense of -refers to the blood or marital relationship that
community, support and closeness. connects individuals together in a community.
Secondary Group- are larger and intimate than
main groups. They are frequently formed for 1. Blood- kinship patterns basically include people
specialized, task-oriented reasons such as work related either by descent or by marriage
terms or clubs. (descent) genetic relatedness
Importance- are critical for attaining (marriage) legal union
common goals and activities. They serve as a
platform for cooperation, collaboration, and the Unlineal
achievement of common goals. >when a child is born, he or she is automatically
Reference Group- individuals utilize reference assigned to either his or her mother's or father's
groups as a basis for evaluating their attitudes, Patrilineal
actions, and values. This may also be viewed as a Children are automatically made members of the
model group where we look for guidance. father's group only
Importance- Personal identity and conduct Matrilineal
are influenced by reference groups because they Children are automatically made members of the
serve as social benchmarks. They influence people's mother's group only
goals, tastes and lifestyle choices. Bilateral
Is used to categorized children that are made 4. Ritual
members of all ancestor's Kinship relationship extend to people an individual
has religious, economic or political relationship
Types of kin with or other kinds of social ties such as friendship
Compadrinazgo- godparent hood complex
Primary kin Padrinazgo- spritual parenthood w/c emphasizes a
-father, mother, daughter, and son vertical relationship
Sister and brother Compadrinazgo- ritual co-parent w/c stresses a
Husband and wife horizontal relationship or ritual ties binding adults

Secondary kin
-auntie or uncle who are father or mother's sibling
niece and nephews who are children of my brother
or sister.

Tertiary kin
-wife of brother-in-law
Husband of sister-in-law

2. Marriage
Affinity
The kinship by marriage or the human relation
through marriage
Marriage
A socially/ritually recognized union or legal
contract between spouses that establishes rights and
obligations between them
Forms of marriage
1. Monogamy
Happens when both married partners only have one
spouse; each other
2. Polygamy
An individual has multiple spouses

Types of polygamy:
A. Polygyny
Happens when one man is married to more than one
woman simultaneously
B. Polyandry
Happens when a woman is married to more than
one man simultaneously

Kinds of marriage:
Endogamy-when one marries a partner who shares
the same ethnicity, race or social class.
Exogamy - when one marries a partner who is
outside his/her culture, clan, tribe or ethnicity, race
or social class.
3. Group marriage
The marriage of several men with several women
EARTH SCIENCE 1. Conduction- governs the thermal condition
is almost entire solid portions of the earth
Weathering- it describes the breaking down due and plays a very important role in the
dissolving of rocks and minerals on the source of lithosphere
the earth 2. Convection- involves transfer of heat by
2 Types of Weathering movement of mass, which is a more efficient
 Mechanical Weathering- also called as means of heat transport in the earth
physical weathering, breaks into small compared to pure conduction
pieces. 3. Radiation- the process of heat exchange
 Chemical Weathering- caused by rain between the sun and the earth, through
water reaction with mineral grains in rocks radiation controls the temperatures at the
to form new minerals (clay) and soluble earth’s surface.
salts. (color) (hot and humid) AGENTS OF PHYSICAL WEATHERING
[Physical Weathering]
 The lines in the rock represents fractures 1. Frost Action- the freezing and thawing
that are occurring in the rock causes alternate expansion and contraction
 The red lines in the rock represents water of rocks eventually breaking them apart.
soaking into the fracture (easy to break)
 The water freezes and expands. If this cycle  Dominate in mountain or polar regions
of freezing expansion and thawing continues  More likely to occur in winter
the rock will gradually disintegrate.
Benefits/ Importance 2. Plant Action- “biological Action” with
 It helps the breakdown of the rocks and plant growth the root system will increase in
minerals, and that helps to create soil. volume and cause cracks in the rock to expand.
 Soil is necessary for the growth of plants
which provide food and oxygen for animals  Lichens are primarily soil producers creating
and humans. conditions for larger plant growth.
 It creates landforms such as mountains,
valleys, cannon and plateaus. 3. Abrasion- when ice, water, or wind causes
Earth’s Internal Heat sediments to have collisions, physical weathering
results.
What is Internal Heat?
 The result of the movement of tiny particles  Wind abrasion is similar to sandblasting and
called atoms, molecules or ions in solids, slowly weathers the rock down.
liquids, and gasses. Heat energy can be  Wind abrasion occurs in arid environments
transferred from one object to another. The  Note, the lack of soil and angular rock
transfer or flow due to the difference in features
temperature between the two objects is  Water abrasion occurs in moist and humid
called heat. climates
Sources of heat in our planet:  Water produces rounded fragments as the
1. Primordial heat- the internal heat energy sediments are rolled and bounced along the
that gradually gathered together by means of stream bottom
dispersion in the planet during its few  Glacial abrasion when sediments are trapped
million years of evolution within the ice and scrape against the bedrock
2. Radiogenic heat- the thermal energy  Forming striations in the rock (scratches)
released as a result of spontaneous nuclear  Glacier s are found in cold climates [high
disintegration. altitudes and latitudes]
 Disintegration of natural radioactive
elements inside the earth. 4. Pressure Unloading/ Exfoliation- the top
 Uranium, Thorium and Potassium rock layers are removed releasing pressure; the
 Radioactive Decay underlying rocks then crack and fall apart.
Three Heat process of heat transfer
AGENTS OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING  Hot and humid climates can also increase
the rate of physical weathering by biological
action
1. Oxidation- oxygen combines with minerals  In the mountains and at the poles physical
to form oxides (iron + oxygen= rust) weathering like frost action and abrasion are
2. Hydration- minerals absorb water and more likely.
chemically change the composition of the
material How is the Earth’s internal heat redistributed?
 Simultaneously conduction, convection, and
 Granite contains mica radiation.
 Mica has a weak chemical composition and  Convection happens at the mantle but not
absorb water between the core and mantle or even
 Turns into clay between the asthenosphere and lithosphere
(except at seafloor spreading zones).
3. Carbonation- when pollutants like carbon
dioxide, nitrogen and sulfuric oxides mix with Magma Formation
rainwater creating acid rain, which can dissolve The following are the special conditions required
limestone and harm the living environment. for the formation of magma.
A. Melting due to the decrease in pressure
 Cool burning for electricity (decompression melting).
 Fossil fuel consumption for cars B. Melting as a result of the addition of
volatiles.
4. Water- is unique and dissolves most C. Melting as a result from heat transfer from
minerals and metals in our environment (universal rising magma (heat transfer melting).
solvent).
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATES OF Magma forms from partial melting of mantle
WEATHERING rocks. As the rocks move upward (or water added
1. Climate Difference to them), they begin to dissolve a bit. They may
Arid Climates- are very dry and the rate of gather in a magma chamber, or they may simply
weathering is slow come straight up. As they rise, gas atoms in the
Humid Climates- are moist and the rate of magma come out of arrangement and structure
weathering is fairly fast bubbles, and as the air pockets rise, they grow. In
the long run, the weight from these air pockets is
 Usually in the presence of heat weathering stronger than the surrounding rock and these
rates will also increase surroundings break, allowing magma to get to the
 Different climates and temperatures produce surface.
more favorable forms of weathering
 Arid and humid climates cause different A mid-ocean ridge is an underwater mountain
rates of weathering ex. Cleopatra’s obelisk system formed by plate tectonics. It consists of
various mountains linked in chains, typically having
Cold and Humid- physical weathering is dominant a valley known as a rift running along its spine.
and high latitudes altitudes, or in the weather; frost
action and glacial abrasion Subduction - magma generated at subduction zones
Hot and Humid- chemical weathering is dominant through a process called fluid flux melting, which
near the equator and in the summer; oxidation and occurs when an oceanic plate subducts beneath
hydration. another plate and releases water and volatiles into
the mantle.
 Hot and humid climates also favor chemical
weathering and increase the rate in which
water will dissolve minerals. 21st CENTURY LITERATURE
Literary Text- a piece of written material, such as a you understand the literary text/context through
book or poem that has the purpose of telling a story analyzing the words, sentences, patterns, imagery,
or entertaining, as a fictional novel. etc. in it.
Context- anything beyond the specific words of a Sociocultural Context
literary work that may be relevant to understanding  Focuses on the understanding the social,
the meaning.Contexts may be economic, social, economic, political, and cultural forces
cultural, historical, literary, biographical, etc. affecting the literary work
Literary reading through:  Combines social and cultural elements that
Biographical Context are significant in understanding and
 Places a particular literary work within the appreciating a work of literature.
context of the author's life. Consider the following questions in analyzing the
 Consider circumstances under which the sociocultural context embedded in the literary piece;
literary work was written  How does the literary piece depict society?
 Biographies of the author, autobiographies  With what societal issues is it concerned?
or memoirs by the author or by people who  Does the work describe real events, or some
knew him or her, and critical works that give that are strikingly similar to real events?
close definition to the author's life.
Education Background ASIAN LITERATURE
As you read about the life of the author, you will
also have a glimpse of his or her educational CHINA LITERATURE
attainment and academic achievement.  Known as “The Red Dragon”
Professional Background Chou Dynasty- longest dynasty in Chinese history
As you continue reading the life of the author you which lasted from 1122 B.C. To 256 B.C
will discover more, like how he or she started his or Han Dynasty- which succeeded after the collapse
her career in writing of the chou strengthened the unity within the
Socioeconomic Background bureaucracy but Confucianism was substituted for
As you continue to read the author’s life, you will Legalism.
also find out about his or her family. You will know
about his or her family background and other THE FIVE CLASSIC
significant childhood and adulthood experiences 1. The Book of Changes
2. The Book of History
3. The Book of Rites
Linguistic Context 4. The Book of Odes
 Means you have to focus on the 5. The Spring and Autumn Annals
language used in literary text and
how it is used to convey meaning. Confucius- great philosopher
Three levels of comprehension, namely literal, Li PO- one of the leading Chinese poets of the eight
inferential, and Evaluative century.
 Literal Comprehension- means reading the Po-Chu- was a well-known Chinese poet who
line [5ws and 1H] represented the classical tradition in Chinese
 Inferential Comprehension- reading in literature, politics and morality.
between the lines [context clues- are
surrounding words and phrases in the text INDIAN LITERATURE
that are used to give meaning to unfamiliar  known as “Land of Prayer”
words and phrases such as idiomatic  The first characteristic of Indian literature is
expressions and figures of speech] that it is based on piety, a deeply religious
 Evaluative Comprehension- takes your spirit.
imaginations outside of the text, develops  Indians believes in reincarnation
your critical thinking.
REMEMBER! Dravidians- earliest people in India dating back to
Reading text on its own, regardless of the author's 3000- 2500 B.C. towards 2000 B.C
biography and sociocultural background, will help
Sanskrit- literature of India. The word “sanskrit” Tanka
means cultivated or perfected -a five line poem
Vedas- bible of Indians
Ramayana- is about reincarnation of the creator SITUATE THE TEXT IN THE CONTEXT OF
God Vishnu in the person of Rama THE REGION AND THE NATION
Mahabharata- deals with the other reincarnation of
Vishnu in the person of Krishna; greatest epic in LUZON
India; the reincarnation of Vishnu are called The literary works in this lesson are by writers from
Avatars, descending from the God. Luzon. The writers used the Filipino cultural
elements below:
ROOTS OF INDIAN LITERATURE
1. Rig- Veda- made up of hymns in praise of Kundiman - This is a genre of Tagalog folk love
the Gods. songs that express an intense longing for a beloved,
2. Upanishads- consists of a group of a cause, or the motherland. They are usually played
sketches, illustrations, explanations, and in minor chords, giving them a sad, melancholic
critical comments on the religious thoughts sound.
suggested by the poetic hymns of Rig-Veda. Kambubulag - This is the Kapampangan term for a
INDIAN DRAMA type of native moth. It comes from the root word
 The first great name in Indian Drama is “bulag” meaning “blind,” and there are Filipino
“Bhasa” superstitions about becoming blind after
Kalidasa- the greatest writer of plays; the author of encountering moths.
“Shakuntala- a story of a king who goes hunting -Mikael de Lara Co
in the woods and meets a beautiful maiden named  is a writer and musician. He was born in
Shakuntala with whom he falls in love.” Makati City
Panchatantra- first fable  graduated with a degree in Environmental
Rabindranath Tagore- was a great Indian poet and Science from Ateneo de Manila University
dramatist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for  His English and Filipino poetry collections
literature in 1913 and was knighted by the British have received awards including Palanca
government in 1915. Awards and the Meritage Press Holiday
Poetry Prize.
JAPANESE LITERATURE  He was also a member of the Los
 Also known as the “Land of the rising sun” Chupacabras band.
Katakana- basic alphabet in Japan which consists -Catherine Batac Walder
of 47 characters.  hails from Pampanga.
Earliest writing  She graduated from the University of the
 The Records of Ancient Matters in Kojiko Philippines and moved to Europe in 2005 to
(A.D 712) pursue a Master of Philosophy degree.
 The Chronicles of Japan or Nihongi (A.D  Her works have been featured in local
720) publications including Inquirer’s
JAPANESE DRAMA Youngblood, Philippines Free Press, and
Drama- favorite amusement Philippine Speculative Fiction 8.
1. Noh Play- is the national theater of Japan  an avid reader, her letters have been
2. The Puppet Play- dolls are beautifully made published in international magazines like
and lifelike in size. Reader’s Digest and Time.
3. Kabuki Play- play of masses  She is now a blogger and a full-time mother
JAPANESE POETRY based in South East England
Manyo Shu
- oldest collection of poetry
- collection of Myriad leaves
Haiku
-shortest form of japanese poetry but most VISAYAS
popular -Merlie M. Alunan
 Was born in Dingle, Iloilo and graduated
with a Creative Writing degree from
Silliman University.
 She is Professor Emeritus at the University
of the Philippines and promotes writing in
the mother tongue.
 Her poems are in English, Cebuano, and
Waray. At present, she resides in Tacloban
City.
MINDANAO
-Recardo De Ungria
 graduated with a BA Literature, cum laude,
degree from the De La Salle University
 an MFA in Creative Writing from
Washington University in St. Louis, United
States in 1990 when he was awarded a
Fulbright grant.
 in 1999, he moved to Davao City in
Mindanao to become the first dean of the
College of Humanities and Social Sciences
of the newly established UP Mindanao
campus
 published DAGMAY, which was the first
literary page in a local newspaper SunStar
Davao in the island (it is now available
online)
 Initiated the Davao Writing Workshops in
2005 that became an annual first-level
training ground for young and beginning
writers in the region and in the island.

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
 A covenant is defined as an agreement or a
THE TEACHINGS OF JUDAISM contract. It is this covenant that makes
Abraham the founder of Judaism and his
The Background: descendants Jews. People who are non direct
 Judaism began about 4000 years ago with descendants of Abraham but entered the
the Hebrew people in the Middle East. covenant (convert to Judaism) are called
Abraham, a Hebrew man, is considered the sons and daughters of Abraham. Also,
father of the Jewish faith because he Abraham is the patriarch of the Jews.
promoted the central idea of the Jewish  Sacred texts are central to the religious
faith: that there is one God. tradition for they are believed to be
 At the time many people in the Middle East supernaturally revealed or divinely inspired.
worshiped many gods. It is said that And this is also considered as the
Abraham and his wife Sarah, who were old cornerstone of a religion for they instill law,
and childless, were told by God that their character and spirituality among the
children would be as plentiful as the stars in believers.
the sky and that they would live in a land of  The Torah- It means to teach and is
their own -- the Promised Land. considered as Judaism's most important text
 John 18:37[I was brought into this world to and composed of 5 books of Moses as well
speak the truth.] as the 613 commandments or mitzvot. A
torah is written on a scroll that is wound
WHAT IS JUDAISM? around two wooden poles which they call
a religion developed among the ancient Sefer Torah and is written by a sofer (scribe)
Hebrews and characterized by belief in one who must copy the text perfectly.
transcendent God who has revealed himself to
Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a THE FIVE BOOKS OF MOSES
religious life in accordance with Scriptures and Begin with the creation of the world and end
rabbinic traditions. with the death of Moses.

2 SIDES OF GOD
1. God is an all - powerful being who is quite 1. Genesis (Bereisheet)
beyond human ability to understand or Bereisheet means in the beginning. It talks about the
imagine. creation of the world, the great flood, and the stories
2. God is right here with us, caring about each of Judaism's patriarchs and matriarchs. It also
individual as a parent does their child. begins with Abraham and Sarah and ends with
THE JEWISH VIEW OF GOD Joseph in Egypt.
 God exists 2. Exodus (Shemot)
 There is only one God. Shemot means names in Hebrew. It tells the story of
 There are no other gods. the Israelites bondage in Egypt, their journey to Mt.
 God can't be subdivided into different Sinai (where the Ten Commandments are received)
persons (unlike the Christian view of God). and their wandering in the wilderness.
 Jews should worship only one God. 3. Numbers (BaMidbar)
 God is Transcendent. BaMidbar means in the wilderness. It talks about
 God doesn't have a body. the Israelites' wanderings in the desert as they
 God created the universe without help. continue towards the Promise Land.
 God is omnipresent. 4. Leviticus (Vayikra)
 God is omnipotent. Vayikra means And He called in Hebrew. It deals
 God is beyond time. mostly with priestly matters such as rituals,
 God is just, but God is also merciful sacrifices, atonement, and ritual purity.
 God is personal and accessible. 5. Deuteronomy (D’varim)
D’varim means words. It recounts the Israelites
journey according to Moses and ends with his death
FOUNDER OF JUDAISM just before they enter the Promise Land.
Love
Reflect on how Jesus' trial and crucifixion
challenge us to consider our own understanding of
kingship.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION
PROPER ETIQUETTE AND SAFETY IN THE Sprain - the result of overextend of joints and
USE OF FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT ligaments
Strain - the result of improper use of muscles
•Take care in using facilities and equipment (pamaol).
•Only use equipment that you already know how to Heat Exhaustion - the loss of water and salt due to
use. Do not leave or pass on equipment that is in excessive high temperature.
complete disarray or dirty. Food Poisoning - the cause of consuming food or
•Be Alert and Aware in the training area. drinks that are contaminated with bacterias or
•In performing exercises and movement in general, viruses.
practice good form first. Heart Attack - the obstruction of blood supply to
•Bring back all equipment in place after use. the heart.
•Do not hug the equipment. Choking - happens when a foreign object blocks
• Return the equipment properly or leave the venue the throat.
clean.
• Check Yourself. Practice proper hygiene and care.
• Do not loiter around the venue or hang on the SCHOOL EQUIPMENT TO AVOID THESE
equipment doing nothing. Safety and Injury Prevention
• Remember to be nice. • Use a reporting system to record injuries that
happen at school. This information can be used to
Identifying the school and community resources identify causes and plan preventive strategies for
in case of emergency: the school.
Injury - intentional or non-intentional. Talks about • Provide appropriate adult supervision for all
the damage to our body resulting to acute exposure. sports, recreation, and play activities.
Intentional Injury - an injury resulting from • Teach children how to use playground equipment
violence. properly.
Self-inflicted Injury - harm one does to oneself. • Establish safety rules and use the proper safety
When a person harms themselves on purpose. gear for sporting activities.
Suicide - intentional taking of ones own life. • Ensure regular equipment checks and
Para-suicide - an attempt to take ones own life. maintenance.
Assault - a person harming another person on FIRST AID MUST HAVE;
purpose. ✓ STERILE DRESSINGS AND PLASTERS:
• Plasters: Use plasters for small cuts and grazes.
Committed Within The Family • Sterile pad: For more cushioning you can use a
Domestic Violence - violence that occurs inside the sterile pad and hold it in place with sticky tape. You
house. could also use any clean, non-fluffy material, like a
Committed By Peers cloth scarf
Bullying - unwanted aggressive behaviors. • Sterile wound dressing: A sterile wound dressing
Extortion - an act of using force or threats to force is a sterile pad attached to a bandage. These are for
people. larger wounds to apply pressure to help stop
Ex. blackmailing bleeding and are quick and easy to put on in an
Stalking - the pattern of behavior that makes you emergency.
feel afraid, nervous, harassed or endangered. ✓ BANDAGES:
Committed By Another Groups • Roller bandages: Roller bandages are long thin
Gang and Youth Violence - street-based groups bandages rolled up.
Ex. riot Use a roller bandage to support joint injuries, hold
Illegal Fraternity Related To Violence dressings in place, put pressure on wounds to stop
- it is a group of people with similar backgrounds. bleeding, and to reduce swelling
Unintentional Injury - talks about not expected or • Triangular bandages: Triangular bandages are
accidents. large triangular shaped pieces of cloth. You can fold
Ex. fractures, dislocations a triangular bandage to use as either a bandage or
Fractures - break or crack in the bone. sling, or, if sterile, as a dressing for large wounds
Dislocation - displacements of the bone. and burns.
✓ PROTECTIVE ITEMS:
• Disposable gloves: Using disposable gloves
reduces the risk of infection between you and
someone you're helping. If they're available, always
wear gloves whenever you dress wounds or deal
with any body fluids or waste
✓OTHER ITEMS:
• Cleansing wipes, alcohol free wipes: To clean the
skin around the wound
• Gauze pads as dressings: To use as padding, or as
swabs to clean around wounds
• Sticky tape (adhesive tape): To hold dressings in
place or to hold the loose end of bandages
• Pins and clips: To fasten the loose end of
bandages
• Scissors, shears and tweezers: To cut sterile pads,
bandages or sticky tape to the right length. You can
also use them if you need to cut someone's clothing,
so that you can get to a wound
✔MEDICATIONS
• Aloe Vera gel
•Calamine lotion
• Anti-Diarrhea medication
• Laxative
• Antacids
• Antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine
• Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol,
others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and
aspirin (never give aspirin to children)
• Hydrocortisone cream
• Cough and cold medications

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND

PROFESSIONAL PURPOSE
Position paper- is an essay that expresses a
position about an issue. It gives arguments that
support the opinion of the writer based on the facts
collected. Its goal is to convince an audience that
the opinion raised underwent thorough investigation
and data collection and that it is therefore valid.

Elements of a Position Paper

A. Introduction- this part of the paper identifies an

issue that is being discussed by the author
emphasizing his position about the issue. Here, the
topic is introduced: background and history of the
issue shall also be discussed.

B. Body of the paper- this part illustrates the

central argument which can be presented through a
brief description of the argument. Details, point of
view, and evidence are used to support the claim. It
can be divided into these sections namely
background information, evidence supporting the
author's position, and a discussion which addresses
and refutes arguments that present both sides of the
issue.

C. Conclusion- paraphrases the introduction

Persuasive versus Argumentative

This table below will help you differentiate
Persuasive writing from Argumentative writing.

CHARACTERISTICS PERSUASIVE ARGUMENTATIVE

CLAIM Claim is based Claim is based on

on opinion factual evidences

PURPOSE Asks audience Proves a point to

to do something the audience

BASIS Based on Based on stabilized

character and position and logic
emotion

KOMUNIKASYON AT PANANALIKSIK SA
WIKA AT KULTURANG PILIPINO
tabloid, ngunit hindi pareho, na
Mga Sitwasyong Pangwika sa Pilipinas nakakaapekto sa pamamahagi ng mga
tabloid dahil sa iba't ibang mga bracket ng
Ang Wikang Filpino sa Panahon sa kita.
Internasyonalisasyon at Globalisasyon Mga Behikulo sa Paglaganap ng Wikang Filipino
(Midya)
Higit na umunlad ang wikang Ingles  Limitado ang paggamit ng wikang Filipino
sapagkat ito ang pandaigdigang lingua franca at sa mga pangunahing pelikula, na
kung gayon, pangunahing wika ng karaniwang ginagamit ang mga pamagat na
internasyonalisasyon at Globalisasyon. Isa na rito Ingles. Gayunpaman, ang pag-usbong ng
ang Atas Tagapagpaganap Blg. 210, s. 2013 ni mga independiyenteng paggawa ng pelikula
dating Pangulong Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, ito ay ay nagpakita ng paggamit ng Filipino at iba
ang pagpapalakas ng Ingles bilang midyum ng pang mga wika sa paglalarawan ng realidad
pagtuturo sa sistema ng edukasyon sa bansa ng lipunan at sa pang-araw-araw na
Marami sa mga ito ang hindi nagustuhan pakikibaka ng mga ordinaryong
ang atas. mamamayan na gumagamit ng kanilang
Ayon kay Prop. Danilo Arana Arao, sa kanyang sariling wika para sa komunikasyon.
Pinoy Weekly: Ang Paggamit ng Wikang Filipino sa Iba't Ibang
Ang mahalaga sa gobyerno’y siguraduhing Disiplina
matuto tayong mag-Ingles para makalabas ng bansa Ang hamon na kinakaharap ng wika sa
at makapagdala ng dolyar. mataas na antas ng gamit, tulad ng edukasyon,
batasan, hukuman, at komersiyo, ay patuloy na
Ang Wikang Filipino sa Lipunang Pilipino umiiral. Subalit, may mga tagapagtaguyod ng wika
na nagtataguyod sa mga larangang ito at iba pang
disiplina.
 instrumento sa demokratisasyon ng lipunang
Pilipino Sino-sino ang mga nanguna sa pagpapataas ng
 pagkakaisa ng mga mamamayan na antas ng wikang Filipino sa Iba’t ibang
humahamon sa malawakang inhustisya dulot Disiplina?
ng sosyo-ekonomikong agwat na pinalalala
pa ng panlipunang diskriminasyon dahil sa Pilipinisasyon sa Agham Panlipunan
gahum ng Ingles. 1. Virgilio G. Enriquez- Sikolohiya
Ayon sa pambansang senso, noon pang 2000, (Sikolohiyang Pilipino)
tinatayang may 85.53% o 65 milyong Pilipino na 2. Zeus A. Salazar- Kasaysayan (Pantayong
mula sa 76 milyon ng kabuuang populasyon ng Pananaw/ Bagong Kasaysayan)
Pilipinas ang may kakayanang gumamit ng wikang 3. Prospero Covar- Antropolohiya
Filipino. (Pilipinolohiya)
4. Fr. Roque Ferriorls- Pilosopiya
Mga Behikulo sa Paglaganap ng Wikang Filipino 5. Hukom Cesar Peralejo- Kodigo sibil at
(Midya) Kodigo Penal
 Telebisyon- ay itinuturing na 6. Dr. Tereso Tullao Jr.-Ekonomiks
pinakamakapangyarihang media sa 7. Dr. Bienvenido Miranda- Kemika/Kemistri
kasalukuyan, na maging malalayong pulo ng 8. Dr. Jose Reyes Sytangco- Medisina
bansa at mga Pilipino sa ibang bansa,
nagbibigay ng mga news program sa Ingles.\ Pinagtuunan ng pansin ang pananaliksik sa Filipino
 Radyo- mayorya sa AM and FM ang gaya ng mga disiplinang:
gumagamit na ng Filipino, naipapasok ang  Agham Pampolitika
paggamit ng salita o pahayag mula iba pang  Biyolohiya
rehiyonal wika, kahit na "dugyot" sa Ilokano  Patolohiya
at "hayahay" sa Sinugbuanong Binisaya.  Botanika
 Pahayagan- ginagamit ang Ingles para sa  Agham Pangkompyuter
mga broadsheet at Filipino para sa mga  Mataas na Matemmatika
 Agham  China - Beijing Foreign Studies University;
 Teknolohiya School of Foreign Languages, Peking
 Lipunan University; Yunnan Minzu University (may
SALITANG MEDIKAL NA MAY planong magbukas ng programa sa Filipino)
DIREKTANG SALIN SA FILIPINO  South Korea: Busan University of Foreign
Haynayan-Biology Studies
Palapuso-Cardiologist  Russia: Moscow State University; Saint
Punlay-Sperm Petersburg University
Sihay-Cell  France: Sorbonne University; Institut
Iti-Tuberculosis National des Langues et Civilisations
Balinguyngoy-Nosebleed Orientales (INALCO)
 United States: University of Hawai'i at
Lunan ng Wikang Filipino sa Global at Manoa; University of Michigan; University
Internasyonal Edukasyon of California, Los Angeles; University of
Pagkakaiba ng Global Education at International California, Berkeley; Columbia University;
Higher Education (Ayon kay Nelmida-Flores, 2016) Cornell University; The University of Utah;
 Global Education The University of Iowa; 70 hayskul sa San
Mas ekonomik at higit na nakatuon sa marketing ng Diego
mga programang internasyonal, komersiyalisasyon  Sa kaso ng INALCO sa France, itinuturo rin
at korporatisasyon, at bentahe sa negosyo. ang wikang Ilokano, Bisaya, at Mangyan.
 May programa naman sa Philippine Studies
International Higher Education ang Osaka University. At, sa kaso ng
 nagbibigay-pansin sa estadong internasyonal  University of Hawai'i at Manoa, malaon
ng mga kolehiyo at unibersidad na may nang naitatag ang Departamento ng Filipino,
kinalaman sa akwisisyon ng kaalaman at Departamento ng Ilocano, at Institute of
paglilinang ng kurikulum. Philippine Studies
 Sinasabing ang isang akademikong  Patuloy rin ang pagdedebelop ng android
institusyon ay maituturing na may estadong app na Panimulang Pag-aaral ng Wikang
internasyonal kung marami itong mga Filipino (2016) nina Jovy M. Peregrino, Kim
banyagang mag-aaral, banyagang bisitang Dong Yeob, Althea Enriquez, at Ronel
propesor, at programang internasyonal. Laranjo. Sa ngayon, ang nasabing app ay
 Nagiging kaagapay ng internasyonalisasyon eksklusibong nagagamit pa lamang sa Busan
ng unibersidad ang global na edukasyon sa University of Foreign Studies (BUFS).
aspekto ng paglalabas-masok ng mga  Sa kabilang dako, 40 salita naman mula sa
banyagang mag-aaral at kaguruan (student- Pilipinas na halaw sa "Philippine English"
faculty mobility); ang naidagdag sa Oxford English Dictionary
 pagpapaunlad sa mga mag-aaral, kawani, at (OED). Ilan sa mga ito ay ang
kaguruan; at akademikong pamantayan at "presidentiable," "carnap," "salvage,"
pagtitiyak ng ka- lidad (academic standards "balikbayan,” "despedida," "kikay,"
and quality assurance). Kongkretong "barkada," "halo-halo," at "KKB."
naisasakatuparan ito sa pamamagitan ng  Mula sa wikang Pangasinan, naisalin naman
pagkakaroon ng mga kasunduan at ang librong Murtami, isang koleksiyon ng
partnership sa pagitan ng mga unibersidad. mga tula ng makatang si Santiago B.
Villafania, sa wikang Hindi. Isinalin ito ni
Sa kaso ng wikang Filipino, dumarami na ang Prakashak Sahitya Bhandar noong 2013 at
mga banyagang institusyong nagkakaloob ng pinamagatang Premanjali
asignatura at programa sa ating pambansang  si Bienvenido Lumbera ay nagsalin sa
wika. Ilan sa mga ito ang sumusunod: Filipino ng mga klasikong dula gaya ng:
 Japan - Osaka University; Kyoto University;  Enemies (Kaaway) ni Maxim Gorky,
Tokyo University of Foreign Studies;  Bodas de Sangre (Kasal sa Dugo) ni
Takushoku University Federico Garcia Lorca,
 Julius Caesar (Julio Cesar) ni William
Shakespeare.
Programang Palitang Salin, nangampanya
ang Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF) sa
embahada ng iba't ibang bansa sa tunguhing
maisalin sa Filipino ang mga bantog na
akdang banyaga.
Ilan sa mga matagumpay na naisalin ay ang
sumusunod:
-salin ni Virgilio S. Almario ng Gitanjali ni
Rabindranath Tagore
-salin ni Allan Derain ng The Necklace (Ang
Kuwintas) ni Guy De Maupassant
-salin ni Fidel Rillo ng Seven Stories (Pitong
Kuwento) ni Anton Chekhov
-salin ni Christopher Nuyles ng Tagalische