Chemistry Notes (2022 Pattern)

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S. No Topic Pages
1. Matter and its Nature 1-13
2. Structure of an Atom 14-20
3. Acid, Base and Salts 21-27
4. pH Scale 28-32
5. Chemicals in Agriculture 33-34
6. Some Common Elements and 35-41
Compounds
7. Chemistry in Everyday Life 42-48
8. Metal and Non-Metals 49-59
9. Organic Chemistry 60-66
10. Chemical Bonding 67-73
11. Halogen Derivates of 74-79
Hydrocarbons
12. Properties of Gases 80-85
13. Polymerization 86-91
14. Water Pollution 92
15. Atmospheric Pollution 93-100
16. Modern Periodic Table 101-119
17. PYQs on Acid, Base and Salts 120-125
18. PYQs on Agriculture & Daily Life 126-128
Chemistry
19. PYQs on Modern Periodic Table 129-131
20. PYQs on Matter & its Nature 132-142
21. PYQs on Common Elements 143-148
22. PYQs on Chemical Bonding 149-152
23. PYQs on Metals & Non-Metals 153-165
24. PYQs on Chemical Reactions 166-168
25. PYQs on Physical Chemistry 169-171
26. Chemistry Recent CGL PYQs 172-175
Matter & its Nature – Chemistry
Notes for SSC CGL 22 Mains +
CHSL 2022
Instagram: @sscpreparations
WhatsApp Group:95550-65590
Source – NCERT Class 6th to 10th
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Matter
Matter is a substance made up of various types of
particles that occupies physical space and has inertia.
According to the principles of modern physics, the
various types of particles each have a specific mass and
size.
The most familiar examples of material particles are the
electron,the proton and the neutron.
Properties of Matter
Occupies place
Having its weight
Having quality of Inertia
Change in its state

State of Matter

Physical State Chemical State

1)Physical state
Solid state:having Definite Shape and Volume.
Liquid State:having Indefinite shape and definite
Volume.
Gaseous state:having indefinite shape and Volume
Plasma State:having indefinite shape and Volume
(partially Gaseous Form)
2)Chemical State
Elements
Compounds
Mixture

1)Element
An element is a substance which cannot be split up into
two or more simpler substances by usual chemical
methods of applying heat,light or electric energy.
E.g. hydrogen,oxygen,sodium,chlorine etc.
Elements are of two types that is Metals and Non-
Metals as explained below:

Metals
All metals are solid except Mercury
Example- Sodium,Gold,Silver,etc
Release electrons to make Cations
Lustre(Shining) in nature
Electropositive
Having solid State
Good Conductor of electricity
Malleability and Ductility in Nature
Having High Melting Point and Boiling Point

Non-Metals
All Non- Metals are Solid or Gases
Example:Hydrogen,Oxygen
Receive electrons to make Anions
Non- Lustre except Graphite
Electropositive
Having Solid and Gaseous State
Bad Conductor of electricity except Graphite
Having Brittle
Having Low Melting Point and Boiling Point
Example:Sulphur(Solid State),Oxygen(Gaseous State),
Bromine(Liquid State).

2)Compound
A compound is a substance made up of two or more
elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio by weight
Example: H2O (water), NaCl (sodium chlorid(e) etc.

3)Mixture
A mixture is a substance which consists of two or more
elements or compounds not chemically combined
together.
E.g.Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, inert gases,
water vapour, carbon dioxide etc.
Mixtures are impure substances.
Types of mixtures:They are of two types:

a)Homogeneous
mixture:It has a uniform
composition throughout and
its components cannot be
distinguished visually. e.g.
A well mixed sample of
vinegar.

b)Heterogeneous
mixture:It is one that is not
uniform throughout.
Different samples of a
heterogeneous mixture may
have different composition
e.g. a mixture of salt and
pepper.

Important process

Freezing
Heat transfer occurs between the warmer tray and the
colder air in the freezer.
The warm water loses heat to the cold air in the freezer.
This heat transfer occurs until no energy is available for
the particles to slide past each other.
This forces them to remain in fixed positions,locked in
place by the force of attraction between them.
This way liquid water is changed into solid ice.The
process of liquid water changing to solid ice is termed as
freezing.
The temperature at which it occurs is known as the
freezing point.

Melting
If you took out the ice cubes from the freezer and placed
them in a warm room, the ice would absorb energy from
the warmer air around them.
This absorbed energy would facilitate them to overcome
the force of attraction holding them together,enabling
them to slip out of the fixed position that they held as ice.
The process in which a solids change to a liquid is called
melting.
The melting point is the temperature at which a solids
change to a liquid.

Vaporization
If the water is hot enough,
it starts to boil.
Bubbles of water vapour
are formed in the boiling
water.
This happens as particles
of liquid water gain enough
energy to completely overcome the force of attraction
between them and change to the gaseous state.
The bubbles rise through the water and escape from the
pot as steam.
The process in which a liquid boils and changes to a gas
is called vaporization.
The temperature at which a liquid boils is its boiling
point.

Condensation
When you take a hot shower in a closed bathroom, the
mirror is likely to fog up. You may wonder why does this
happen? Some hot water from the shower evaporates and
when it comes in contact
with cooler surfaces
such as the mirror, it
cools and loses energy.
The cooler water
particles no longer have
the energy to overcome
the forces of attraction
between them.
They come together
and form droplets of liquid water.
This process in which a gas changes to liquid is known
as condensation .
Sublimation
The process in which solids directly change to gases is
known as sublimation.
This occurs when solids
absorb enough energy to
completely overcome the
forces of attraction between
them.
Dry ice is an example of
solids that undergo
sublimation.

Simple Distillation
Simple distillation involves heating the liquid mixture to
the boiling point and immediately condensing the
resulting vapours.
This method is only effective for mixtures wherein the
boiling points of the liquids are considerably different (a
minimum difference of 25ºC).
The purity of the distillate (the purified liquid) is
governed by Raoult’s law.

Fractional Distillation
Fractional distillation is often used to separate mixtures
of liquids that have similar boiling points.
It involves several vaporization condensation steps
(which takes place in a fractioning column).
This process is also known as rectification.
Steam Distillation
Steam distillation is often used to separate heat-
sensitive components in a mixture.
This is done by passing steam through the mixture
(which is slightly heated) to vaporize some of it.
The process establishes a high heat-transfer rate
without the need for high temperatures.
The resulting vapor is condensed to afford the required
distillate.
The process of steam distillation is used to obtain
essential oils and herbal distillates from several aromatic
flowers/herbs

Solution
It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
whose composition can be varied. e.g. Solution of common
salt in water, solution of ammonia in water.
Separating the components of a mixture:Various
methods are used for separating the constituents of a
mixture.
1.Insoluble solid in solvent - Sedimentation followed by
filtration. In case of a fine solid centrifugation is used
instead of filtration
2.Solution of solid in liquid - Evaporation, crystallization,
distillation
3.Miscible mixture of liquids - Fractional distillation
4.Immiscible mixture of liquids - Separating funnel
5.Mixture of two solids one of which is sublime –
Sublimation
6.Mixture of substances in solution – Chromatography
Solute
The component of solution that is dissolved and present
in smaller quantities in a solution is known as solute.
Example: common salt in case of solution of common salt
in water and ammonia in case of solution of ammonia in
water.

Solvent
The component of solution in which solute is dissolved is
known as solvent.
It is always present in larger amount in a solution.
Example:water in case of the solution of common salt or
ammonia in water.

Types of Solution
1.Saturated Solution:A solution in which no more
solute can be dissolved at the same temperature is called
Saturated solution.

2.Unsaturated Solution:It is a solution in which more

solute can be dissolved at the same temperature.

3.Super-saturated Solution:It is a solution which

contains more mass of the dissolved solute than the
saturated solution at the same temperature and pressure.

Alloys
Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metal and cannot
separated into their components by physical methods.
Example: Brass is a mixture of copper (Cu) and zinc
(Zn).

Concentration of a solution
Concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
present in a given amount (mass or volume of a solution
or the amount of solute dissolved in a given mass or
volume of a solvent.
Amount of solute Concentration = Amount of solvent

Solubility
It is defined as the amount of solute dissolved in 100g of
solvent to form a saturated solution.
Suspension
It is a non-homogeneous mixture in which solids are
dispersed in liquids.
In it the solute particles do not dissolve but remains
suspended through out the bulk of the medium.

Colloids or colloidal solution

Colloid is a heterogeneous mixture.
The size of particles of a colloid is intermediate between
true solutions and suspensions (i.e, between 1nm and 100
nm).
The particles of a colloid cannot be seen with naked eye.
Types of colloidal solution:Since colloidal solution is
heterogeneous mixture it consists of two phases.
These are:
(i)dispersed phase (colloidal particles)
(ii)dispersion medium (The medium in which colloidal
particles are dispersed.
Emulsion
Emulsions are liquid-liquid
colloids.
Types of Emulsion:
(i)water in oil
(ii)oil in water

Emulsifiers
Emulsifiers are those substances that help in forming
stable emulsions of oil and water
Example: milk, cod-liver oil, cold creams, vanishing
creams, moisturising cream, paints, etc.
Structure of an Atom – Chemistry
Notes for SSC CGL 22 Mains +
CHSL 2022
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The atomic theory of matter

was first proposed by John
Dalton. Fundamental particles
of an atom are Electron, Proton
and Neutron.

Proton(p)
Discovered by E. Goldstein.
Protons are positively charged.
The absolute charge on the electron to be +1.6 x 1𝟎−𝟏𝟗 C.
Electron (e)
Discovered by J.J. Thomson when he was studying the
properties of cathoderay.
Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney named this
charge 'electron' in 1891.
Electrons are negatively charged.
The absolute charge on the electron to be -1.6 x 1𝟎−𝟏𝟗 C.
e/me as:1.758820 x 1011 C k𝒈−𝟏
The charge of an electron was measured by R. Millikan
in Oil drop experiment.

Neutrons(n)
Discovered by J. Chadwick.
It has no charge and a mass nearly equal to that of a
proton.
The mass of a neutron is taken as one unit each.
Atomic nucleus
Discovered by E Rutherford.
The fast moving alpha
(a)-particles (doubly-
charged helium ions)
were made to fall on a
thin gold foil.
The mass of an atom is
the sum of the masses of
protons and neutrons
presentin the nucleus.
Valency
The number of electrons gained,lost or shared so as to
make the octet ofelectrons in the outermost shell, is called
valency.
The atoms of
elements,having a
completely filled outermost
shell show little chemical
activity,their valency is
zero.
An outermost-shell, which
had eight electrons is said
to possess an octet. Atoms would thus react, so as to
achieve an octet in the outermost shell.
The chemical behaviour of an atom depend upon the
number of electrons orbiting around the nucleus.

Atomic Number (Z)

The atomic number is defined as the total number of
protons present in the nucleus of an atom.
It is denoted by "Z".

Mass number
The mass number is
defined as the sum of
the total number of
nucleons (protons and
neutrons) present in the
nucleus of an atom.
Isotopes
Atoms which have the same atomic number but different
mass numbers.
The chemical properties of isotopes are similar but their
physical properties are different.
But some isotopes have special properties which find
them useful in various
fields.
Some of them are:
I.An isotope of uranium is
used as a fuel in nuclear
reactors.
II.An isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of cancer.
III.An isotope of iodine is used in the treatment of goiter.

Radioactive isotopes
Arsenic-74-detect tumors
Sodium-24 Blood clot
lodine-131 Activity of thyroid gland
Cobalt-60 Treat of cancer
Isobars:Atoms of different elements with different
atomic numbers, which have the same mass number, are
known as isobars.

Isotones: Atoms having same number of neutrons.

Isoelectronics:Isoelectronic refers to two atoms,ions
or molecules that havethe same electronic structure and
same number of valence electrons.

Mass defect: The mass defect is the difference

between the rest mass of a nucleus and the sum of the
rest masses of its constituent nucleons.
Acid, Base and Salts– Chemistry
Notes for SSC CGL 22 Mains +
CHSL 2022
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Acid
An acid is a compound, produce hydrogen ions, H+(aq),
in solution, which are responsible for their acidic
properties.
Example: HCl 𝐇 + + C𝐈 −
According to Bronsted-Lowry theory,an acid is any
species that can donate a proton to another species.
Characteristics
Acids are Sour in Taste.
Release Hydrogen Gas after react with Metals.
Blue Litmus change in Red Litmus
Acid + Base Salt + H2O
Value of Acids: 0-7 (in Ph Scale)
Acids are decaying in Nature.
Acids + Metal Carbonates Salt + H2O + CO2
Example: 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

Types of Acids
a)Hydrogenic Acids:
which Contains Hydrogen.
Example: hydrochloric acid, HBr, HNO3, etc.

b)Oxy Acids:
which contains Oxygen Atoms.
Example: HNO3, H2SO4, etc.

c)Strong Acid:
All those acids where hydrogen can be completely
ionised takes place.
Examples of strong acids are: hydrochloric acid,
sulphuric acid, nitric acid etc.

d)Weak Acid:
All those acids where hydrogen can be Partially ionised
takes place.
Examples are: acetic acid, formic acid, carbonic acid etc.
Uses of Acids
Substance Acid
Sour Milk Lactic Acid
Apple Mallic Acid
Butter/ Curd Butyric Acid
Ant/ Bees Formic Acid
Soda Water Carbonyl Acid
Batteries Sulphuric Acid
To remove Rust in Clothes Use Oxalic Acid
Vinegar Acetic Acid
Guava, Oranges Ascorbic Acid
Proteins Amino Acids
Tea, Tomatoes Oxalic Acid
Grapes/ Tamarind/ Goose Tartaric Acid
Berries
Citrus fruits Citric Acid

Base
A Base is a substance that gives OH- (Hydroxide ions).
when dissolved in water.
Bases are usually metal hydroxides (MOH).
Example:NaOH N𝐀+ + O𝐇 − (Hydroxide ion)
According to Bronsted-Lowry theory,a base is a proton
acceptor.
Example:NH3 + H2O NH4+ (take Proton) +
OH- (Hydroxide ion)
Characteristics
Bases are soapy substances with a bitter taste.
Some Bases soluble in water are called alkalies.
All alkalies are bases but all bases are not alkalies.
Red Litmus change into Blue Litmus
Bases turns Phenopthaline into Pink Colour.
Base + Acid Salt + Water
Base + Some Metals release Hydrogen Gas
Base + Oil/ fats Soap/ Glycerol.

Types of Bases
a)Strong Base:
Which are completely soluble in water
Examples: Sodium hydroxide: caustic soda, Potassium
hydroxide, etc.

b)Weak Base:
Which are partially soluble in water.
Examples: Magnesium hydroxide, Ammonium
hydroxide, etc.

Uses of Important Base

1.Sodium Hydroxide: Manufacturing of Soap, Purification
of petroleum, Paper, Medicines & Textile Industry.
2.Calcium Oxide: Bleaching Powder, White Wash, etc.
3.Calcium Hydroxide: Bleaching Powder, White Wash, in
Tanning, Helps to Hard water into Soft Water.
4.Magnesium Hydroxide: Milk of magnesia, Acid
Poisoning, Antidote.
5.Potassium Hydroxide: making of Soft Soap, helps to
absorbs SO2 & CO2.

Salt
A salt is an ionic compound that can be formed by the
neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
Example: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Characteristics
Solid in Nature.
Completely dissolved in Water
Having High Melting Point & Boiling Points.
Salts are of good Conductors of electricity.

Uses of important Salts

1.Sodium Chloride:helps to melt in Ice, helps to release
HCl in Stomach, Nervous System used in the
manufacture of chlorine, caustic soda, washing soda and
baking soda.
2.NaOH:Manufacturing of Soap & Detergent, Paper,
Artificial Thread, Petroleum Purification, Bleach and
Colour.
3.Sodium Carbonate/ Washing Soda:to remove
Permanent impurity of water, Soap, Borax, etc.
4.Potassium Nitrate:Gun Powder & Explosive, Fire
Cracker, Fertilizers, Glass.
5.Potash Allum:helps to stop Bleeding of Blood, Colour
Industry, in Printing.
6.Ammonium Chloride:Ammonia, Fertilizers , Dying
of clothes.
7.Hypo/ Sodium Thio Sulphate:Photography, helps to
separates Gold & Silver From Minerals.
8.Ammonium salts are used as fertilizers.
9.Silver bromide is used in photography.
10.Potassium Chlorate is used in the match industry.
11.Aluminium sulphate is used in preparing alums.
pH Scale - Chemistry Notes for
SSC CGL 22 Mains + CHSL 2022
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The p in pH stands for 'potenz’ in German, meaning

power.
The scale that measures the strength of an acid or a base
is called the pH scale.
This value lies between 0 and 14.
Higher the hydronium ion concentration, lower is the pH
value.

The pH of a neutral solution is 7.Values less than 7 on

the pH scale represent an acidic solution.
As the pH value
increases from 7 to 14,
it represents an
increase in OH- ion
concentration in the
solution, that is,
increase in the
strength of alkali.
Most food crops grow
best at a PH of 7-7.8.If
the soil is too acidic
then its pH can be
raised by adding lime
or slaked lime which
neutralizes the excess
acid in the soil.
Similarly, if the soil is too alkaline then its pH can be
lowered by adding gypsum or some other substance which
can neutralize the excess alkali present in the soil.
The medium in our stomach is highly acidic and has pH
around 1.2.Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid which
helps in digestion of food.

Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of magnesia),a mild base,is

an antacid which neutralises the excess acid.
Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower
than 5.5.
Acid Rain-When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is
called acid rain.

Substance pH Value
Gastric Juice 1.2
Lemon Juice 2.2
Pure water 7
Milk of magnesia 10
Sodium hydroxide solution 14
Human Blood 7.35 – 7.45
Sea water 7.5 – 8.4
Ammonia 10.6 – 11.6
Milk 6.5 – 6.7
Normal rain 5.6 – 6
Acid rain 2 – 5.6
Human Urine 6
Black coffee 5
Beers 4.5
Chemicals In Agriculture -
Chemistry Notes for SSC CGL 22
Mains + CHSL 2022
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Fertilizers
Urea is the best
fertilizer as it leaves only
carbon dioxide after
ammonia,has been
assimilated by plants.
It has 46.6% Nitrogen
and it does not alter the pH of the soil.
Mixture of Ca(CN)2 and C is known as nitrolin.
Commercially, calcium nitrate is known as Norwegian
saltpetre.
The mixture of nitrogenous,phosphatic and potash
fertilizers in suitable amounts, is called NPK fertilizers.

Pesticides
Pesticides are the chemicals
which are applied to crops,
e.g:DDT and malathion.
Difethialone
Vitamin K has been suggested and successfully used,as
antidote for pets or humans accidentally or intentionally
exposed to anticoagulant poisons.

Chemicals in medicines
Analgesics (Pain relievers)
These reduce pain. Aspirin and paracetamol are non-
narcotic analgesics.
Aspirin reduces fever,prevents platelet coagulation.

Narcotic analgesics
These are chiefly used for the relief of post operative
pain, cardiac pain and pains of terminal cancer and in
child birth.
Some Common Elements &
Compounds - Chemistry Notes for
SSC CGL 22 Mains + CHSL 2022
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1.Carbon
Carbon exhibits allotropy and shows maximum
catenation.
Carbon occurs both in free state as diamond,coal etc. and
also in the combined form as CO2.
Diamond is one of the allotropic forms of carbon and is
the purest form of natural carbon.
Diamond is the hardest
natural substance.
Graphite is also an
allotropic form of carbon,
which is very soft and
slippery.
Graphite are prepared
artificially by Acheson
process.
Fullerene (C60) looks like a soccer ball.
Fullerene contains 20 six membered and 12-five
membered rings of carbon atoms.
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon.
Graphene is a strong substance and used as a
conducting material for touch screen,LCD and LED.

Compounds of Carbon
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide (CO) combines with haemoglobin to
form carboxyhaemoglobin which is not able to absorb
oxygen and as a result of this, suffocation takes place
(Asphyxi(a).
The death of persons in closed rooms with wood,coal or
coke fires and in closed bathrooms with gas geyser is due
to the formation of carbon monoxide.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

0.03-0.05 percent in atmosphere.
Solid CO2 is known as dry ice.
It is used in refrigerators under the name drikold.
It is used in transport of perishable food materials as it
provides cold as well as the inert atmosphere.

Carbides
They are the compounds of carbon with metals or
electronegative elements.
Destructive distillation of coal gives products like coal
gas, gas carbon, coal tar and ammonical liquor.
Lamp Black is also known as Soot.

2.Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a neutral gas and is neither combustible nor
a supporter of combustion.
In air - 79% of Nitrogen is present (by volume). In
combined state,nitrogen is found as nitrates (Chile)
saltpetre-sodium nitrate (NaNO3),Indian saltpetre --
potassium nitrate (KNO3)
Compounds of Nitrogen Ammonia
It is prepared from nitrogen and hydrogen by Haber's
process.
It has pungent odour.
Ammonia is used in manufacturing fertilizers and
explosives etc.
Nitrogen fixation involves the fixation of atmospheric
nitrogen into nitrate by lightning and by nitrogen fixing
bacteria called Rhizobia.

3.Oxygen
Oxygen is an important constituent of atmosphere (21%
by volume).Supporter of combustion.
Liquid oxygen mixed with freshly divided carbon, is used
in place of dynamite in coal mining.
Ozone(O3) protects the life on the earth by not allowing
UV rays to reach the Earth.
The common refrigerants,chlorofluorocarbons deplete
this ozone layer.
Its bleaching action is due to its oxidizing action.
Ozone is also used as a germicide and disinfectant,for
sterilizing water.

4.Phosphorus(P)
It is highly reactive non-metal,so it occurs only in
combined state.
Phosphorus is an essential constituent of bones,teeth,
blood and nerve tissues.
Bone ash contains about 80% of phosphorus.

5.Sulphur(S)
It occurs in free state in volcanic region.
Rhombic sulphur is the most stable form at ordinary
temperature and all other forms gradually change into
this form.

Compounds of Sulphur
Sulphuric acid is also known as oil of vitriol or king of
chemicals. It has a great affinity for water and thus it
acts as a powerful dehydrating agent.Corrosive action of
sulphuric is due to its dehydrating action.
Hypo (Sodium thiosulphate) is mainly used in
photography as a fixing agent. It is used to remove
undecomposed silver halide on photographic paper or
film.

6.Halogens
Halogens are highly reactive elements and therefore,
they do not exist in free state but exist only in combined
form. Halogens have highest electron affinity so they act
as strong oxidizing agent.
Their oxidizing power decreases from fluorine to iodine.

Chlorine
Chlorine was first discovered by Scheele(1774).
Chlorine is used as a germicide,disinfectant,oxidizing
agent, bleaching agent in paper and textile industry.
Chlorine being an acidic gas turns moist blue litmus
paper to red and then bleaches it.

Iodine(I2)
Chile saltpeter or caliche contains iodine as sodium
iodate(5-20%).
It turns starch solution blue.Solution of KI/ I2, is used in
the treatment of goiter.
It is used as an antiseptic as tincture of iodine.

7.Noble Gases
Helium (H(e),Neon (N(e),Argon (Ar),Krypton (Kr),Xenon
(X(e) and Radon (Rn) are known as inert gases or noble
gases or rare gases.
These elements have completely filled valence shell.
It atmosphere,argon is most abundant noble gas but in
universe,helium is most abundant gas.
Natural gas in the most important source of helium.
The mixture of helium and oxygen is used for artificial
breathing of asthama patients.
85% helium + 15% hydrogen is used for filling in
balloons and airships.
Mixture of helium and oxygen is used for respiration by
sea divers.
Helium is used as pressuring agent in rockets to expel
liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
Xe is also known as stranger gas and Xe-Kr is used in
high intensity photographic flash tubes.
Radon is used in the preparation of ointment for the
treatment of cancer.
Chemistry in Everyday Life –
Chemistry Notes for SSC CGL 22
Mains + CHSL 2022
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Synthetic Materials
The materials created by man using the natural
materials,are known as synthetic materials.

Cement
It was discovered by an English Mason, Joseph Aspdin
in 1824.
 Joseph Aspdin called it Portland cement because he
thought that it resembled the limestone found in
Portland.
It is a complex mixture of
Calcium silicates &
Aluminium silicates.
Raw materials are
limestone provides (lime),
clay (provides alumina and
silica), gypsum (reduces the setting time of cement).
When water is mixed with cement and left as such for
sometime,it becomes a hard mass. This is know as setting
of cement.
It is an exothermic process, therefore cement structures
have to be cooled upto 7 days by sprinkling water.
Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand and water.
 Mortar is used for plastering walls and binding bricks
and stones.
Concrete is a mixtures
of cement, sand, gravel or
small pieces of stone and
water.
 Concrete is used for the
construction of floors.
The structure having
iron rods embedded in
wet concrete, is known as
reinforced concrete.

Approximate Composition of Portland

cement
Calcium oxide (CaO) : 60-70%
Silica (SiO2): 20-25%
Alumina (Al2O3): 5-10%
Magnesium Oxide(MgO): 2- 5 %
Ferric oxide(Fe2O3): 1- 2 %
Gypsum(CaSO4.2H2O): 2-5%
Sulphur trioxide(SO3): 0-1%

Glass(Na2O.CaO.6SiO2)
It is a supercooled liquid of silicates. It is also known as
Supercooled Liquid.
Raw material used for the formation of glass are sodium
carbonate,calcium carbonate and sand.
Finely powdered mixture
known as batch, is mixed
with cullet (broken glass
pieces) and then fused in
a tank furnace at 1673 K.
After few hours,molten
glass is obtained.
Molten glass is cooled
slowly and uniformly.The
process of slow and
uniform cooling is known as Annealing.
Different addition may produce different coloured
glasses.

Substance used Colour of glass

Cuprous oxide Red
Cupric oxide Peacock blue
Potassium dichromate Green or Greenish yellow
Ferrous oxide Green
Ferric oxide Brown
Manganese dioxide Light pink, in excess black
Cobalt oxide Blue
Gold chloride Ruby
Cadmium Yellow
Carbon Amber colour
Millennium Oxide Orange Red
Cupric Oxide/ Ferric Oxide Black
Variety of glass and Uses
1.Soft glass: It is a mixture of
sodium or calcium silicates.It is
used in making window glass,Tube
light, Apparatus of chemistry Labs,
mirrors and common glass wares
etc.

2.Hard glass : It is a mixture of

potassium and calcium silicates. It
is more resistant to the action of
acids for making hard glass
apparatus.

3.Flint glass: It is mainly a

mixture of sodium, potassium and
lead silicates. It is used in making
bulbs, Lens, Prisms, Bulbs and
Optical Instruments.

4.Pyrex glass (Borosilicate

glass): It is used in making
pharmaceutical containers, lab
apparatus, over ware and
Luxury Utensils of Glass.
5.Quartz glass (Silica
glass):It is used in the
preparation of chemical
apparatus, optical instrument
and Lamps of UV Bulbs.

6.Crookes glass:It is used for

making lenses for spectacles. It
absorbs UV rays.

7.Photochromatic
glass:On exposure to bright
light, photochromatic glass
darkens temporarily. So, it is
very useful as a Sun shield. In
these glasses Black colour
obtained because of Silver
Bromide.

8.Safety glass:The three

layers are joined together by
the action of heat and pressure.
It does not break easily under
impact and is used in auto
vehicle wind shield.
9.Xena Glass:It helps to store Chemicals in Xena Glass.

10.Optical glass :It is used for making lenses for

microscope, telescope and spectacles.

11.Glass fibres:It used as insulating material in oven,

refrigerator etc.

12.Optical fibres:They are extensively used in

telecommunication surgical operations etc.Optical fibres
can transmit images round corners.

13.Lead crystal glass:Lead glass has a high refractive

index.So,it is used for making expensive glass ware.

14.Etching of glass:Glass is attacked by hydrofluoric

Sadd acid (H(F),therefore it is used in the etching of
glass.
Metals & Non-Metals – chemistry
Notes for SSC CGL 22 Mains +
CHSL 2022
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Metals
Sodium
Basic Metal
Highly Reactive
Atomic No. - 11
White & Soft in Nature
Na + Air Explosive (Exothermic Reaction)
Na + Cl NaCl
Sodium must be kept in Kerosine Oil.

Uses
It is strong Reducing Agent.
Liquid Sodium is used in the Atomic Reactions
It is used in Sodium Lamps & Antilocking Agent.
It is also used in Synthetic Reactions.
Magnesium
It is Found in Magnesium Sulphate & Magnesium
Chloride.
It is the main Component of Chlorophyll.
It is Reducing Agent.
It is white, Soft and Ductile Metal.
It does not react with Bases.
After Reacting with Acids it makes Salt and Hydrogen
Gas.

Uses
It is used in Flash Light Ribbon & Bulbs.
It is also used in Fire Crackers and Photography.
Calcium
It is basic Metal & Highly Reactive.
It is white,Lustrous and Soft in Nature.
Calcium (Ca) + Acids H2 (Hydrogen) Gas
Calcium (Ca) + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 (Hydrogen) Gas
Calcium (Ca) +Air CaO

Uses
It is used in the manufacturing of Glass,Cement &
Potteries.
It is used in White Wash and to Kill Bacteria

Aluminium
It does not find in the Free State.
Atomic No. - 13
It is white Coloured Substance.
It is Good Conductor of Heat & Electricity.
It is Strong Reducing Agent
Al + Air makes layer of Aluminium Oxide
Al + Halogens Halides
 Eg: 2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3

Uses
It is used in Wires,Utensils & Aluminium Foil.
It is used in Welding.
It is also used in the manufacturing of Paint.

Copper
It is in free state & Red in Colour.
It is Ductile and Malleable.
It is good conductor of heat & Electricity.
It has slow corrosion in Air.
Conc. HCl + Cu CuCl3(Cupric Chloride)
It does not react with dil. HCl
Cu + H2SO4 SO2(Sulphur Dioxide Gas)

Uses
It is used in electric products & Wires, Electric Painting.
It is used in calorie meter,coins & Utensils.
It is also used in the manufacturing of Alloys &
Medicines.

Zinc
It is bluish white & hard in nature.
Atomic No. - 30
Zn + dil.Hcl Salt + H2(Hydrogen gas)
Zn + dil.H2SO4 Salt + SO2
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu

Uses
It is used in the manufacturing of Alloys.
It helps in the Galvanise of Iron.
It is used in the extraction of Gold & Silver
Zinc Phosphite used in Rat Killers.
Zinc Oxide is used in the making of Artificial Teeths &
Creams.

Silver
It is very less reactive,free in state & Compound.
Atomic No. - 47
It is good conductor of heat & Electricity.
Silver(Ag) + Air(Sulphur) Ag2S(black coat in silver)
Silver(Ag) + Conc. HNO3 NO2
Silver(Ag) + Conc. H2SO4 SO2
It does not react with Base.

Uses
It used in Ornaments,Silver Coins & Silver Work.
It is used in electroplating,Alloys & feeling of teeths.
It is also used in Artificial Rain,Photography,Election
Ink & Photo chromatic Glass.

Gold(Au)
It is free & in Compound State.
Atomic No. - 79
It is soft,highly malleable, yellow & Lustrous.
It is Good conductor of Heat & Electricity.
It is corrosion free & Soluble in Aquarazia.
It does not react with Bases.

Uses
It is used in the making of Ornaments & Coins.
It is used in Photography,Electroplating,Gold Work &
Medicines.

Lead(Pb)
It is Bluish Brown and most stable metal.
Atomic No. - 82
It is heavy metal & Poisonous metal.
Pb + Moist Air PbO + PbCO3
Uses
It is used in metal formations,Bullets,Atomic Research.
It is used in Artificial Body Organs.
It is used in Soliders,Fuse Wires,Inks & Paints

Uranium(U)
It is radioactive & Rare element.
It is not in free state.
Atomic No. - 92
It is white(Lustrous),Ductile & Malleable in Nature.

Uses
It is used in Nuclear Reactors.
It is used in Atomic Bombs,Alloys & Medicines.

Non- Metals

Nitrogen(N)
Atomic No. - 7
It is in composite form.
It is colourless, odourless, Tasteless & Transparent in
Nature.
Its presence is 78% in the environment.
It is soluble in water & Neutral in nature.

Uses
It helps in the manufacturing of Ammonia, Nitrites &
Nitric Acids.
It is used in medicines,fertilizers & Explosives.
It is filled in the tyres of Aeroplanes.
It is used electric Bulbs.

Sulphur(S)
Atomic No. - 16
It is in free & Composite state.
It is yellow in colour.
It is non- conductor of electricity & weak Conductor of
heat.
It is Non- Soluble in water but Soluble in Tarbin oil.
It has poisonous effect on the lower form of life.

Uses
It helps in the production of SO2.
It helps to kill Bacteria & germs, even in Fungicide.
It is used in the Vulcanization of Rubber.
It is also used as a Bleaching Agent.

Phosphorous(P)
It is very reactive & not found in free state.
Atomic No. – 15
Its main Ore is --- Ca3(PO4)

a)White Phosphorous/ Yellow Phosphorous(P4)

It has Garlic like smell.
It is insoluble in water but soluble in Carbon disulphide.
It is poisonous & Lustrous in dark room.
P4 + Human Being Phossy Jaw(Disease)
White Phosphorous(P4) + Air Slightly Flame

Uses
It is used in fire crackers,rat Killers .
It is also used in Agni Bomb.

b)Red Phosphorous(P2)
It is red colour Solid & Odourless in nature.
It is Non-Poisonous in nature.
It does not react with NaOH.

Uses
It is used in the manufacturing of Matchsticks.

c)Black Phosphorous
It is very less reactive.
Non-reactive Atmosphere+High Pressure + 473K Black
Phosphorous
It is more stable.

Uses
It is used in Photosynthesis,Fertilizers.
It is also used in Medicines & Alloys.

Hydrogen(H)
It is gaseous non-Metal.
It is future fuel.
Atomic No. – 1
It is mostly present element in the atmosphere.
Founded by – Kavindex(1766)
It is colourless,odourless & Transparent Gas.
It is very light Gas in all elements & Neutral in nature.
H2 + Air Fire/ Explosive + Water
H2 + S H2S(Hydrogen Sulphide gas)
H2 + 2Na 2NaH(makes Hydride)
Proton=1,Electron=1,Neutron =0

Isotopes of Hydrogen
a)Protium(1H1)
Mass No. -1
Proton + Neutron = 1 + 0
Light weight Hydrogen

b)Deuterium(1H2)
Mass No. – 2
Proton + Neutron = 1 + 1
Deiterium + Air D2O

c)Tritium(1H3)
Mass No. – 3
Proton + Neutron = 1+ 2
It is rare,Unstable & Radiothermi

Uses
It is used in welding,Methyl Alcohol,Artificial petrol.
It is also used in Atomic Fuel & Future Fuel.

Oxygen(O)
It is colourless,odourless and tasteless in nature.
It is minute soluble in water.
It is neutral in Nature(pH-7).
It is combustible in nature.
Metal + Oxygen Metal Oxides.

Uses
It is used in respiration,welding & Dynamites.
It is used in the manufacturing of KNO3, H2SO4 & Cl2.
Liquid Oxygen is also used as Fuels.

Ozone(O3)
It is allotrope of Oxygen.
It is very less available and Explosive in nature.
It is in gaseous form(Heavy than Air).
Its smell like rotten Fish.
In Liquid form its colour is dark Blue.
In Solid Form its Colour is Violet.
Dry Oxygen + Silent electric discharge O3.

Uses
It is used in cleaning of water & Air.
It is used as a food preservation,Silk.
It is used as a bleaching agent and an insecticides.
It helps to protect from the ultra violet Rays of the Sun.

Carbon(C)
It is free and composite in state.
Atomic No. -- 6
It is found in Diamond & Graphite(Pure & Crystalline
form)
It is non-conductor of Heat & Electricity.
Carbon(C) + Metal Carbides
Carbon + Air CO2
Carbon + Air CO

Uses
Diamond is used in the cutting of Glass.
Graphite is used in the formation of Electrodes,Colours
& Lead of Pencils.
Graphite is used in Artificial Diamonds.

Silicon(Si)
Atomic No. – 14
It is crystalline and non-crystalline in nature.
It is non- metal and semiconductor.
It is the 2nd mostly Found non-metal on the Earth.

Uses
It is used in IC Chips, Glass & Cement.
It is also used ad Drying Agent.
It is used in Carbo random Diamond & Ornaments.
Organic chemistry – Chemistry
Notes for SSC CGL 22 Mains +
CHSL 2022
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Organic chemistry is defined as the study of
hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Most atoms are only capable of forming small molecules.
However one or two can form larger molecules.
Urea was the first organic compound prepared in
laboratory.It was prepared by Wohler (1828) from
inorganic compound i.e. ammonium cyanate.
Acetic acid was the first organic compound synthesized
from the elements by Kolbe.

Functional group is responsible for the chemical

properties of the molecules ex. OH is alcoholic group.
Isomers
Compounds having
the same molecular
formula but
different
structures,Example:
C₂H6O can have the
structure, i.e.
CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether) and C2H5OH (ethanol).
Hydrocarbons
These are the compounds of only carbon and hydrogen.
Saturated hydrocarbons
They contain only single bonds.
These are also called alkanes or
paraffins and have general formula
CnH2n+2 .
Methane is the first member of this
group.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
They have general formula CnH2n for
alkene and CnH2n-2 for alkynes.
These have at least one double (=) or
triple (Ξ) bond and are called alkenes and
alkynes respectively.

Aromatic hydrocarbons
They have ring structure with alternate double bonds
and (4n+2)πe- (Huckel's rule).e.g. benzene.

Important Hydrocarbons and their Uses

1.Methane(CH4)
It is also known as marsh gas or damp
fire.
Natural gas contains mainly 90%
methane along with ethane, propane,
butane etc.
Rice agriculture is a big source of
atmospheric methane. It is the cause of occurrence of the
explosions in mines.
It is used as a fuel gas in making carbon black.

2.Biogas
Produced during decay of
biomass in the absence of
oxygen.
Methane (75%) is the
main constituent of biogas.

3.Ethane(C2H6)
Natural gas contains approx 10%
ethane.
Its hexachloro derivative C2CI6 is used
as an artificial camphor.

4.Butane(C4H10)
It is the main constituent of
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas).
5.Ethylene(CH2 = CH2)
In World war | (1914-18), it was used for
the manufacturing of mustard gas
(poisonous gas).
It is used as an anesthetic for the
preservation and artificial ripening of green fruits.

6.Benzene(C6H6)
It is the simplest aromatic
hydrocarbon.
It was discovered by Faraday
in 1825.
It is also used as a motor fuel
under the name benzol.

7.Toluene(C6H5CH3)
It is used as a commercial solvent in the
manufacturing of explosive (TNT), drugs
(chloramines-T) and dyestuffs.
Used in the manufacturing of saccharin
and printing inks.toluene is used as
antifreeze.

8.Naphthalene(C10H8)
It is used for preventing moths in clothes,
as an insecticide.
Chemical Bonding - Chemistry
Notes for SSC CGL 22 Mains +
CHSL 2022
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Chemical Bonding
Constituents (atoms,
molecules or ions) of
different elements except
noble gases, do not have
complete octet so they
combine with other
constituent atoms by
chemical bonds to
achieve complete (stable)
octet.The process of their
combination is called
chemical bonding. Chemical bonding depends upon the
valency of atoms.

Types of Chemical Bond

They are divided in the following types depending upon
the mode electron transferred or shared electrons or
forces of attraction.
Electrovalent or ionic bond
Covalent bond
Coordinate or dative covalent bond
Van der Waal's forces
Hydrogen bond

Electrovalent Bond
The bond formed by
the transfer of
electrons from one
atom to another is
called electrovalent
bond and the
compound is called
electrovalent
compound or ionic
compound.
These bonds are formed between metals and non-metals.
These conduct electricity when dissolved in water and
also soluble in water.
These are insoluble in organic solvents like alcohol etc.
Some Electrovalent Compounds (Ionic
Compounds)
Name Formula Ions Present
Aluminium Oxide Al2O3 Al3+ & O2-
Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl NH4+ + & Cl-
ClCalcium Chloride CaCl2 Ca2+ & Cl-

Covalent Bond
The bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between
two atoms of same (or different) elements, is called
covalent bond.
Covalent bond may be
single, double or triple
depends upon the number
of sharing pairs of
electrons.
Covalent compounds are usually liquids or gases having
low melting point and boiling point.
These do not conduct electricity and are insoluble in
water but dissolve in organic solvent.
Some Covalent Compounds
Name Formula Element's part
Alcohol (Ethanol) C₂H₂OH C, H and O
Ammonia NH3 N and H
Acetylene (Ethyne) C₂H₂ C and H

Coordinate or Dative Bond

The bond is formed by one sided sharing of one pair of
electrons between two atoms.
The necessary condition for the formation of coordinate
bond is that octet of one atom should be complete, having
at least one lone pair of electrons and other atom should
have a deficiency of at least one pair of electrons.
The atom having complete octet which provides the
electron pair for sharing, is known as donor.
The other atom which accept the electron pair, is called
the acceptor.
Bonding between A and B is predominantly
lonic if there is large difference in electronegativity.
Covalent if both A and B have approximately same value
of electronegativity.
Coordinate if lone pair on A (or (B) is donated to electron
deficient B or A.

Compounds Containing Ionic and Covalent

Bonds
Name Formula
Potassium cyanide KCN
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Calcium carbonate CaCO3

Compounds Containing Covalent and

Coordinate Bonds
Name Formula
Carbon monoxide CO
Ozone O3
Dinitrogen oxide N₂O
Dinitrogen trioxide N₂O3
Nitric acid HNO3

Compounds Containing Electrovalent,

Covalent and Coordinate Bonds
Name Formula
Ammonium chloride NH4Cl
Ammonium bromide NH4Br
Hydrogen Bond
The electrostatic force of attraction between hydrogen
atom (which is covalently bonded to a highly
electronegative atom) and any other electronegative atom
which is present in the same or
different molecules, is known as
hydrogen bond.
It is maximum in the solid state
and minimum in the gaseous
state.
Intermolecular H-bonding (e.g. HF, water (H2O)
molecule)It occurs between different molecules of a
compound and results in increasing solubility in water
and high boiling point.
Intramolecular H-bonding
It occurs within different parts of a same molecule and
results in decreasing solubility in water and low boiling
point.(e.g. o-nitrophenol)

Van der Waals' Forces

The ability of geckos (lizard)
which can hang on a glass
surface using only one toe to
climb on sheer surfaces had been
attributed to the Van der Waals
forces between these surfaces
and their foot-pads.
Halogen Derivatives of
Hydrocarbons- Chemistry Notes for
SSC CGL 22 Mains + CHSL 2022
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1.Chloroform (CHCI3)
It was discovered by Sir James Young Simpson.
It is stored in closed dark coloured bottles completely
filled because it is oxidized by air in the presence of
sunlight to an extremely poisonous gas
phosgene (COCI₂).
It reacts with conc.
HNO3 and form chloropicrin (CI3C –
NO2).
Chloropicrin is an insecticide and
also used as poisonous gas at the time
of war.
The major use of chloroform today is in the production of
the Freon refrigerant, R-22.

2.Iodoform(CHI3)
It is used as an antiseptic due to
liberation free Iodine.
3.Carbon tetrachloride(CCI4)
It is used as a fire extinguishers under the name pyrene.

4.Dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane(DDT)

It was the first chlorinated organic insecticides and
originally prepared in 1873.

5.Alcohols
Methyl alcohol(CH3OH)
It is also known as wood spirit or wood naphtha.
Methyl alcohol is poisonous in
nature and when taken internally it
can cause blindness and even death.
It is used for denaturing alcohol
(methylated spirit is denatured ethyl
alcohol).

Ethyl alcohol(C₂H5OH)
It is simply known as alcohol,
spirit of wine or grain
alcohol.

Glycerol (CH₂OH.CHOH.CH₂OH)
It is an important trihydric alcohol known as glycerine.
It is sweet in taste and very hygroscopic in nature.
It is used in the manufacturing of cosmetics and
transparent soaps.
Phenol(C6H5OH)
It is a monohydric benzene derivative.
It is commonly known as carbolic acid or benzenol.

6.Methyl isocyanate(CH3NCO)
Leakage of this gas is responsible for Bhopal gas
tragedy.

Coal
It is believed that is was formed by(carbonization).
Different varieties of coal are anthracite (90% carbon),
bituminous (70% carbon), lignite (40% carbon) and peat
(10-15% carbon).
On heating at 1270-1675 K in the absence of air, coal
decomposes and gives the
following products.
Coke is the solid residue
left after the distillation.
Coal tar:It is a mixture
of about 700 substances.
Now-a-days bitumen,a
petroleum product, is
used in place of coal tar for metalling the roads.
The most significant characteristics of Indian coal are its
high ash content,entrained gasifires and low sulphur
content.
The process of separation of various constituents/
fractions of petroleum is known as refining.
Knocking-
In a petrol engine,vapours of petrol and air are first
compressed to a small volume and then ignited by a
spark.
If the quality of petrol is not good,it leads to the
preignition of fuel in the cylinder.
This gives rise to a metallic sound known as knocking.
Tetraethyl lead (TEL) and Benzene - Toluene - Xylene
(BTX) are common antiknock compounds.

Octane number-
The antiknocking property of petrol is measured in
terms of octane number.
Higher the octane number,better is the quality of fuel.
Gasoline used in automobiles has an octane number 80
or higher while in aeroplane,it has an octane number 100
or over higher.

Fuels
Producer gas:It is a mixture of carbon monoxide and
nitrogen.Water gas in mixture of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen.

Coal gas:It is a mixture of hydrogen,methane,carbon

monoxide,ethane,acetylene,carbon dioxide,nitrogen and
oxygen.

Oil gas and petrol gas:It is a mixture of methane,

ethylene and acetylene etc., and is obtained by cracking of
kerosene.
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas):The mixtures of
hydrocarbons such as propane, propene,n-butane,
isobutene and various butane with small amount of
ethane.The major sources of LPG are natural gas.

CNG (Compressed Natural Gas):It is highly

compressed from of natural gas, octane rating of CNG is
130.

Gasohol:It is a mixture of ethyl alcohol (10%) and

petrol (90%).

Flame
It is the hot part of fire and has three parts:
Innermost region of flame:It is black because of the
presence of unburned carbon particles.

Middle region:It is yellow luminous due to partial

combustion of fuel.

Outermost region:It is blue (non-luminous) due to

complete combustion of fuel. It is the hottest part of flame
and is used by the Goldsmith to heat the gold.

Rocket Fuel
The fuel used in rockets is called rocket propellant.
Liquid propellants are alcohol, liquid hydrogen, liquid
ammonia (NH3), kerosene oil etc.
Solid propellants are polybutadiene and acrylic acid used
along with oxidizers such as aluminium per chlorate,
nitrate or chlorate.
Properties of Gases - Chemistry
Notes for SSC CGL 22 Mains +
CHSL 2022
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Properties of Gases
Gas has no definite volume or shape.
The other outstanding characteristic of gases is their low
densities,compared with those of liquids and solids.All
gases expand equally due to equal temperature
difference.
Diffusion of gases: The
phenomenon in which a
substance mixes with another
because of molecular motion,
even against gravity- is called
diffusion.
The pressure of a gas:The
molecules of a gas, being in continuous motion, frequently
strike the inner walls of their container
Temperature and Temperature Scales: Temperature is
defined as the measure of average heat. Temperature is
independent of the number of particles or size and shape
of the object.
Compressibility
Particles of a gas have
large intermolecular
spaces among them.
By the application of
pressure much of this
space can be reduced
and the particles be
brought closer. Hence,
the volume of a gas can
be greatly reduced. This is called compressing the gas.

Gas Laws
All gases, irrespective of their
chemical composition, obey
certain laws that govern the
relationship between the
volume, temperature and
pressure of the gases.
A given mass of a gas, under
definite conditions of
temperature and
pressure, occupies a definite
volume. When any of the three
variables is altered, then the
other variables get altered.
Thus these Gas laws establish relationships between the
three variables of volume,pressure and temperature of a
gas.
Boyle's Law
"The product of the volume and pressure of a given mass
of dry gas is constant, at constant temperature".

Charles Law
"At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas
increases or decreases by 1/273 of its original volume at
32°F,for each degree
centigrade rise or
lowering in
temperature."
Pressure Law
Volume remaining constant,the pressure of a given mass
of gas increases or decreases by a constant fraction
(=1/273) of its pressure at 0°C for each degree Celsius rise
or fall of temperature.

Avogadro's Law
This is quite intuitive:the volume of a gas confined by a
fixed pressure varies directly with the quantity of gas.
Equal volumes of gases,measured at the same
temperature and pressure,contain equal numbers of
molecules.
Avogadro's law thus predicts a directly proportional
relation between the number of moles of a gas and its
volume.
Gay-Lussac's Law
When different gases react with each other chemically to
produce gaseous substances,then under the same
condition of temperature and pressure,the volume of the
reacting gases and product gases bear a simple ration
among one another.

Avogadro Number
From Avogadro's hypothesis,
we know equal volume of all
gases contain equal number of
molecules at normal
temperature and pressure.
The number is known as
Avogadro Number and is
equal to 6.06 x 1023 .
The ideal gas equation of state
If the variables P.V.T and n (the number of moles) have
known values, then a gas is said to be in a definite state,
meaning that all other physical properties of the gas are
also defined.
The relation between these state variables is known as
an equation of state.
An ideal gas is an imaginary gas that follows the gas
laws and has 0 volume at 0 K i.e., the ideal gas does not
exist.
Polymerization - Chemistry Notes
for SSC CGL 22 Mains + CHSL 2022
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Polymers are defined as

high molecular mass
macromolecules, which
consist of repeating
structural units derived
from the corresponding
monomers.
Polymers occur in
nature also. Cotton, for
example, is a polymer
called cellulose.

Cellulose is made up of a large number of glucose units.

On the basis of intermolecular forces Polymers are
classified as:
1)Elastomers- Rubber, buna-S, buna-N, neoprene etc.

2)Fibres - Polyamides (nylon 6, 6), polyesters (Terylene),

etc.

3)Thermoplastic polymers - Such plastic which gets

deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily are
known as thermoplastics. Polythene and PVC, Polythene,
Polystyrene, Polyvinyls, etc.

4)Thermosetting Polymers - Some plastics which

when moulded once, can not be softened by heating.
These are called thermosetting plastics.eg: bakelite,
melamine etc.

Few important polymers are

A.Polythene
Low density polythene –
polymerisation of ethene under high
pressure in the presence of traces of
dioxygen or a peroxide initiator
(catalyst).
High density Polythene –
polymerisation of ethene in the
presence of a catalyst such as
triethylaluminium and titanium
tetrachloride (Ziegler-Natta catalyst).

B.Polytetrafluoroethene(Teflon)
Teflon is manufactured by heating tetrafluoroethene
with a free radical or persulphate catalyst at high
pressures.
C.Polyacrylonitrile
Polymer of acrylonitrile in presence of a peroxide
catalyst.

Condensation Polymerisation

Polyamides - possess amide linkages

Nylon 6, 6 - prepared by the condensation
polymerization of hexamethylenediamine with adipic acid
under high pressure and at high temperature
Nylon 6- obtained by heating caprolactum with water at
a high temperature.
Polyesters
Polycondensation products of dicarboxylic acids and
diols.
Polyester is another
synthetic fibre.
Fabric made from this
fibre does not get
wrinkled easily. It remains crisp and is easy to wash. So,
it is quite suitable for making dress material.
Eg: Terylene is the best known example of polyesters.
It is prepared by ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
It can be drawn into very fine fibres that can be woven
like any other yarn.

Phenol
Formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers)
Prepared by the condensation reaction of phenol with
formaldehyde in the
presence of either an
acid or a base catalyst.
The initial product
could be a linear
product - Novolac used
in paints.
Novolac on heating
with formaldehyde undergoes cross linking to form an
infusible solid mass called bakelite.
It is used for making combs,phonograph records,
electrical switches and handles of various utensils.
Eg. Melamine - Melamine formaldehyde polymer is
formed by the condensation polymerisation of melamine
and formaldehyde.
Melamine is a versatile material.

It resists fire and can tolerate heat better than other
plastics.
It is used for making floor tiles,kitchenware and fabrics
which resist fire.
It is used in the manufacture of unbreakable crockery.

Copolymerisation

Natural rubber
Natural rubber may be considered as a linear polymer of
isoprene (2-methyl-1, 3-butadien(e) and is also called as
cis-1,4-polyisoprene.

Vulcanisation of rubber
This process
consists of heating
a mixture of raw
rubber with
sulphur and an
appropriate
additive at a
temperature range
between 373 K to
415 K so that
rubber gets stiffened.
Synthetic Rubbers
1)Neoprene - by the free radical polymerisation of
chloroprene.

2)Rayon - rayon or artificial silk.Although rayon is

obtained from a natural source,wood pulp, yet it is a man-
made fibre.

3)Nylon - Nylon is also used for making parachutes and

ropes for rock climbing. A nylon thread is actually
stronger than a steel wire.
Water pollution – Chemistry Notes
for SSC CGL 22 Mains + CHSL 2022
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Source – NCERT Class 6th to 10th
(https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?iesc1=0-15)

In some part of India,

drinking water is
contaminated by the
impurities of
arsenic,fluoride,
uranium, etc.
In water, some
dissolved Oxygen (DO)
is also present.
For a healthy aquatic life,the optimum value of DO is 5-6
ppm.
If DO is below 5 ppm, the growth of fishes is inhibited.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the total amount
of oxygen (in mg) required by microbes to decompose the
organic matter present in 11 of water sample while
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to the total
amount of oxygen (in ppm) consumed by the pollutants in
a water sample.
𝐀𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐎𝐱𝐲𝐠𝐞𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 (𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐠)
BOD =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 (𝐢𝐧 𝐋)
For clean water,BOD is less than 5 ppm while for highly
polluted water, it is 17 ppm or more.
Atmospheric Pollution – Chemistry
Notes for SSC CGL 22 Mains +
CHSL 2022
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Atmospheric pollution
The substance which causes pollution is known as
pollutant.

Pollutants are of two types:

1.Primary pollutants:
Persist in the environment in the form, they are
produced.
Example: sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)
etc.

2.Secondary pollutants:
Secondary pollutants are the products of reaction of
primary pollutants.
Example: peroxyacetye nitrate (PAN), ozone(O3)
aldehyde etc.

Major Gaseous Air Pollutants

Major gaseous air pollutants are oxides of sulphur,
nitrogen,carbon and hydrocarbons.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

It is highly toxic for both animals and plants, bronchitis,
asthma, emphysema.
It also causes eye and
throat irritation and
breathlessness.
Sulphur dioxide reduces
the rate of formation of
chloroplast and thus,
causes chlorosis.
SO2 is highly corrosive
and damage buildings,
marbles (Taj Mahal) and
textiles.
SO2 is oxidized to SO3 which reacts with water to give
H₂SO4 .
H₂SO4 remains suspended in the air as droplets or come
down in the form of acid rain.

Oxides of nitrogen
Among the oxides of nitrogen,nitric oxide (NO), a
colourless,odourless gas and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a
brown gas with pungent odour act as tropospheric
pollutants.
NO2 is highly toxic for living tissues causes leaf fall.
It is a corrosive oxide and helps in the formation of smog.
In the presence of oxygen,NO2 reacts with water or
moisture and produces nitric acid (HNO3) which is an
important factor for making acid rain.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
From more stable
carboxyhaemoglobin complex
with haemoglobin due to
which the delivery of oxygen
to the organs and tissues is
blocked.

Hydrocarbons
Out of the hydrocarbons,
methane (CH4)is the most
abundant hydrocarbon
pollutant.
Higher concentrations of
hydrocarbons given
carcinogenic effect, i.e. are
cancer producing.
They cause ageing of
plants, breakdown of plant
tissues and shedding of
leaves.

Consequences of Atmospheric Pollution

Green House Effect
Green house gases such as carbon dioxide,methane and
water vapours trap the heat radiated from Earth.
This leads to an increase in Earth's temperature.
This heating up of Earth and its objects due to the
trapping of infrared radiation by green house gases in the
atmosphere, is called green house effect.

Global Warming
Green house effect is very essential for the existence of
life because in its absence,Earth would be converted into
extremely cold planet.
When concentration
of green house gases
increases, green
house effect also
increases. This is
known as global
warming.
Acid rain
It is caused by the presence
of oxides of nitrogen and
sulphur in the air.
These oxides dissolve in
rain water and from nitric
acid and sulphuric acid
respectively. The rain
carrying acids, is called acid
rain.

Smog: It is two types: Classical smog & Photochemical

smog.

Classical smog
These occur in cool,humid climate.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter from fuel
combustion are the main components of classical smog.

Photochemical smog
These occur in warm,dry and sunny climate.
It consists of a mixture of primary pollutants (nitrogen
oxides and carbon monoxides) and secondary pollutants
(ozone, formaldehyde).
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and aldehydes present in
smog causes irritation in eyes.
PAN has the highest toxicity to plants.
It attacks younger leaves and causes bronzing and
glazing of their surfaces.

Stratospheric Pollution
In stratosphere, ozone layer absorbs the ultraviolet
radiation of the Sun which are harmful to living
organisms.

Depletion of ozone layer

It causes skin cancer and cataract in human and
reduction of planktons in ocean and depletion of plants.
Depletion of
ozone layer is
caused by
chlorofluoro
carbons which
are used in
refrigeration, fire
extinguishers
and aerosol
sprayers.
In stratosphere, the depletion of ozone layer leading to
ozone hole has been mainly observed in the stratosphere
of Antarctica.
The formation of this hole occur due to the accumulation
of special clouds in the region called Polar Stratospheric
Clouds (PSCs) and inflow of chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs).
Periodic Table – Chemistry Notes
for SSC CGL 22 Mains + CHSL 2022
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Newlands’ law of octaves

 Law of octaves, in chemistry, the generalization made
by the English chemist J.A.R. Newlands in 1865 that,if
the chemical elements are arranged according to
increasing atomic
weight,those with
similar physical and
chemical properties
occur after each
interval of seven
elements.
In 1864,Newlands made an attempt to classify elements.
There are seven musical notes in music.
Every eighth note is similar to the first one and it is the
first note of the nest scale.
Similarly,Newland stated that the eighth element
starting from a given one is a kind of repetition of the
first like the eighth notes of an octave of music.So he
called this relationship as the Law of octaves.
In Newland’s table of elements lithium, sodium and
potassium occupied places near each other.
Fluorine and chlorine or oxygen and sulphur were placed
near each other.
(Note:This classification worked well with the elements
with small atomic weights but failed in the case of
elements with large atomic weights.)

Mendeleev’s table
Mendeleev published in 1869,using atomic weight to
organize the elements, information determinable to fair
precision in his time.
Atomic weight worked well enough to allow Mendeleev
to accurately predict the properties of missing elements.
The atomic number is the absolute definition of an
element and gives a factual basis for the ordering of the
periodic table.

Mendeleev realized that the physical and chemical

properties of elements were related to their atomic mass
in a ‘periodic’ way, and arranged them so that groups of
elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns
in his table.
Modern-day periodic tables are expanded beyond
Mendeleev’s initial 63 elements.

Modern Periodic Table

1)VALENCY
Valency may be defined as “the combining capacity of
the atom of an element with atoms of other elements in
order to acquire the stable configuration (i.e. 8 electrons
in the valence shell.
In some special cases it is 2 electrons).”
2)ATOMIC SIZE
It refers to the distance between the centre of the
nucleus of an isolated atom to its outermost shell
containing electrons.
The atomic radius decreases on moving from left to right
along a period.
This is due to an increase in nuclear charge which tends
to pull the electrons closer to the nucleus and reduces the
size of the atom.
In a group,atomic size increases from top to bottom due
to the increase in a number of shells.
3)METALLIC & NON-METALLIC PROPERTIES
In a period from left to right metallic nature decreases
while non-metallic character increases.
In a group metallic character increases from top to
bottom while non-metallic character decrease.
4)ELECTRONEGATIVITY
The relative tendency of an atom to attract the shared
pair of electrons towards itself is called electronegativity.
In a period from left to right,the value of
electronegativity increases while in a group from top to
bottom the value of electronegativity decreases.

5)IONIZATION ENERGY
The ionization energy (IE) is the amount of energy
required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the
valence electron,of an isolated gaseous atom to form a
cation.
In a period from left to right,the value of ionization
energy increases while in a group from top to bottom the
value of ionization energy decreases.
6)ELECTRON AFFINITY
The electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as
the amount of energy released or spent when an electron
is added to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous
state to form a negative ion.
In a period from left to right,the value of electron affinity
increases while in a group from top to bottom the value of
electron affinity decreases.

Group 1(Alkali Metals)

The alkali metals are the
series of elements in Group 1
of the periodic table.
The series consists of the
elements lithium (Li),sodium
(Na),potassium (K),rubidium
(Rb),caesium (Cs),and
francium (Fr).

Properties
The alkali metals are silver-
coloured (caesium has a golden
tinge),soft,low-density metals.
These elements all have one
valence electron which is easily lost to form an ion with a
single positive charge.
They have the lowest ionization energies in their
respective periods.
This makes them very reactive and they are the most
active metals.
Due to their activity,they occur naturally in ionic
compounds, not in their elemental state.
The alkali metals react readily with halogens to form
ionic salts, such as table salt,sodium chloride (NaCl).
They react with water to liberate hydrogen gas.
Alkali metal + water → Alkali metal hydroxide +
hydrogen.

Group 2(Alkaline Earth Metals)

Group 2 of Periodic Table the series consists of the
elements beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca),
strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and
radium (Ra).\

Properties for Group 2 of

Periodic Table elements
The alkaline earth metals are
silvery coloured, soft,low-density
metals, though are a bit harder
than the alkali metals.
These elements all have two
valence electrons and tend to
lose both to form ions with a
two-plus charge.
Beryllium is the least metallic
element in the group and tends to form covalent bonds in
its compounds.
They react readily with halogens to form ionic salts and
can react slowly with water.

Group 13(Boron Group)

Group 13 of the Periodic Table consists of the elements
boron (B),aluminium (Al),gallium (Ga),indium (In),
thallium (Tl).

Properties for Group 13 of Periodic Table

elements
In this group,we begin to see the changeover toward the
non-metallic character.
First appearing at the top of the group.
Boron is a metalloid,it has characteristics intermediate
between metals and non-metals, and the rest of the group
are metals.
These elements are characterized by having three
valence electrons.
The metals can lose all three electrons to form ions with
a three-plus charge in ionic compounds.
Aluminium is the third most abundant element in the
earth’s crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in
packaging materials.
Aluminium is an active metal,but the stable oxide forms
a protective coating over the metal making it resistant to
corrosion.

Group 14(Carbon Group)

Group 14 of the Periodic Table consists of the elements
carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), & lead
(Pb)

Properties of Group 14 of Periodic Table

elements
This group has a mixed type of element with the non-
metal carbon, two metalloids, and two metals.
The common characteristic is four valence electrons.
The two metals,tin and lead,are unreactive metals and
both can form ions with a two-plus or a four-plus charge
in ionic compounds.
Carbon forms four covalent bonds in compounds rather
than form monatomic ions.
In the elemental state,it has several forms, the most
known of which are graphite and diamond.
Silicon in some respects is similar to carbon in that it
forms four covalent bonds,but it does not form a wide
range of compounds.
Silicon is the second most abundant element in the
earth’s crust (25.7 percent) and we are surrounded by
silicon containing materials:bricks, pottery, porcelain,
lubricants, sealants, computer chips, and solar cells.
The simplest oxide,silicon dioxide (SiO2) or silica, is a
component of many rocks and minerals.

Group 15(Nitrogen Group)

The Nitrogen group is the series of elements in group 15
(formerly Group V)of the periodic table.
It consists of the elements Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P),
Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), and Bismuth (Bi).
The collective name pnictogens is also sometimes used
for elements of this group.
Properties for Group 15 of Periodic Table
elements
These elements all have five valence electrons.
Nitrogen and Phosphorous are nonmetals.
They can gain three electrons to form fairly unstable
ions with a three minus charge, the nitride and phosphide
ions.
Nitrogen,as a diatomic molecule is the major constituent
of air and both elements are essential for life.
Nitrogen comprises about 3 percent of the weight of the
human body and phosphorous about 1.2 percent.
Commercially, these elements are important for
fertilizers.
Arsenic and Antimony are metalloids, and bismuth is
the only metal in the group.
Bismuth can lose three electrons to form an ion with a
three-plus charge.
Bismuth is also the heaviest completely stable element
that does not decay radioactively to other simpler
elements.

Group 16 (Chalcogens)
They are oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium
(Te), the radioactive polonium (Po), and the synthetic
ununhexium (Uuh).
Properties for Group 16 of Periodic Table
elements
This group has six valence electrons.
Oxygen and sulphur are non-metals; their elemental
form is molecular, and they can gain two electrons to form
ions with a two minus charge.
Sulphur has probably the most allotropes of any
element, though the most common and stable form is the
yellow crystals of S8 molecules.

Group 17 (Halogens)
The halogens are the elements in Group 17 (formerly
Group VII or VIIa) of the periodic table.
They are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine
(I), astatine (At).
Properties for Group 17 of Periodic Table
elements
These elements all have seven valence electrons.
This group is the first one to consist of entirely non-
metals.
 They exist as diatomic molecules in their natural state
Fluorine and chlorine exist as gases at room
temperature, bromine as a liquid, and iodine as a solid.
They requires one more electron to fill their outer
electron shells,and so have a tendency to gain one
electron to form singly-charged negative ions.
These negative ions are referred to as halide ions,and
salts containing these ions are known as halides.
Halogens are highly reactive,and as such can be harmful
or lethal to biological organisms in sufficient quantities.
Fluorine is the most reactive and the reactivity declines
as we go down the group.
Chlorine and iodine are both used as disinfectants.
In their elemental state, the halogens are oxidizing
agents and are used in bleaches.
Chlorine is the active ingredient of most fabric bleaches
and is used in the production of most paper products

Group 18(Noble Gases)

The noble gases are the chemical elements in group 18
(formerly group VIII) of the periodic table.
They are helium,neon,argon,krypton,xenon, and radon.
They are sometimes called inert gases or rare gases.
The name ‘noble gases’ is an allusion to the similarly
unreactive Noble metals,so-called due to their
preciousness,resistance to corrosion and long association
with the aristocracy.
Properties for Group 18 of Periodic Table
elements
The noble gasses are all non-metals and are
characterized by having completely filled shells of
electrons.
Physically they exist as monatomic gases at room
temperature, even those with larger atomic masses.
This is because they have very weak inter-atomic forces
of attraction, and consequently very low melting points
and boiling points.
Krypton and Xenon are the only noble gasses that form
any compounds at all.
These elements can do this because they have the
potential to form an expanded octet by accepting electrons
in an empty d subshell.

Applications of Noble gases

1.Helium
Swimmers can carry Helium +
Oxygen in their oxygen tank
while going into the sea.
Helium and Oxygen can use to
treat Asthma’s Patients.
Helium can be filled in the
Balloons.
Helium Gas is used to preserve
Food.
2.Neon
It is used for Signals on Railway Tracks, Roads, etc.
Use Neon Bulbs in Decorative Items and Tube Lights.

3.Argon
It is used in Arc Welding.
It is used in Fluorescent Tubes.

4.Kripton
It is used in Electric Discharge Tubes.

5.Xenon
It is used in Electric Discharge Tubes.
It helps to formation of large no. of Compounds.
It is used in Bubble Chamber for the identification of
Gamma & Neutrons.

6.Redon
It is used in Cancer Treatments.

Applications of Halogens

1.Fluorine
Fluorine is the most Electronegative Element in the
Periodic Table.
It is the Strong Oxidising in Nature.
Its reaction is very Furious and Exothermic in Nature.
It helps in writing at glass.
It is used in the manufacturing of Chloro Fluoro
Carbons(CFCs) & Teflon.
Dichloro,Difluoro Methane used in the manufacturing of
Freon that are used in the Refrigrators.

2.Chlorine
It is used in the Oxidation.
It is used in the manufacturing of Bleaching Powder.
It is used as a Bleaching Agent.
It is used to kill Bacteria in Water.
It is used in the manufacturing of DDT, Chloroform &
Phosphine Gas.

3.Bromine
It is bad smell gas in nature.
It is used in Dying Clothes.
It is used as a Bleaching Agent.
It is used in the manufacturing of Tear Gas &
Chloropicrin Gas.
It is used in the manufacturing of Medicines.
PYQs of Acid,Base & Salts and pH
Scale for SSC CGL 22 Mains +
CHSL 2022
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WhatsApp Group:95550-65590
Source – NCERT Class 6th to 10th
(https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?iesc1=0-15)

1.______________ is the strongest acid?

Ans.CF3COOH
2. ______________ is the weakest acid?
Ans.C6H5OH(Phenol)
3. The element common to all acid is?
Ans.Hydrogen
4. Concentrated HNO3 is stored in containers made of?
Ans.Al (Aluminium)
5. Skin becomes yellow in concentrated HNO, because?
Ans.The proteins are converted into Xantho proteins.
6. Organic acid containing Hydroxyl group is?
Ans.Carbolic acid
7. Sulphuric acid is?
Ans.Dibasic
8. Chemical name of vinegar is?
Ans.Acetic acid
9. Which acid is known as 'King of chemicals'?
Ans.H₂SO4(Sulphuric Acid)
10.Which is known as Carbolic acid?
Ans.C6H5OH(Phenol)
11.Ammonium chloride is acidic salt, because it is a salt
of ?
Ans.Strong acid and Weak base
12.Acids turn __________ litmus to__________ ?
Ans.Blue, Red
13.___________are not bad conductor of electricity in
aqueous solution?
Ans.Acid
14.The acid used in the Lead storage cell is?
Ans.Sulphuric acid
15.Which one of the following acid is used in the battery?
Ans.Sulphuric acid
16.Chemical name of 'Oil of Vitriol is ?
Ans.Sulphuric acid
17. The compound used in prickly-heat powder to prevent
excessive sweating is?
Ans.Boric acid.
18.Name the source from which Aspirin is produced?
Ans.Willow bark
19.Which acid is present in apple?
Ans.Malic Acid
20.Which acid is used for making Aspirin?
Ans.Salicyclic Acid
21.Which acid is present in tomatoes?
Ans.Oxalic acid
22.Which acid is used to remove Iron and rust stains from
clothes?
Ans.Oxalic Acid
23.Which of the following induces souring of milk?
Ans.Lactic Acid
24.Name the acid present in lemon?
Ans.Citric acid
25.An Ester used as medicine is?
Ans.Methyl Salicylate
26.Bee sting contains?
Ans.An acidic liquid
27.If some drops of conc sulphuric acid is added to that
substance then turns to black, which of the following is
that substance?
Ans.Sugar
28.The acid used to dissolve gold is?
Ans.Aquaregia
29.Baking soda is one of the constituents of baking
powder. The other constituent is?
Ans.Tartaric Acid
30.____________ is the following is battery acid?
Ans.H₂SO4(Sulphuric Acid)
31.Hydrochloric acid is also known as?
Ans.Muriatic acid
32.The acid which fails to liberate carbon dioxide from
Sodium bicarbonate is?
Ans.Carbonic acid
33.Sour taste of coca cola is due to?
Ans.Phosphoric acid
34.__________ is the is used to dissolve noble metals?
Ans.Aqua regia
35.Which chemical is injected into a person's body when
an ant bites?
Ans.Formic Acid
36.Litmus is obtained from?
Ans.Lichen
37.pH value of Human blood is?
Ans.7.35-7.45
38.What is the pH of water?
Ans. 7
39.pH-scale ranges from?
Ans.0-14
40. The pH of Lemon Juice is expected to be?
Ans.Less than 7
41.Aluminium oxide is a/an?
Ans.Amphoteric
42.Formic acid is produced by?
Ans.Red ants
43.Sodium carbonate is basic salt, because it is a salt of?
Ans.Weak acid and strong base
44.The Base used as an antacid?
Ans.Magnesium Hydroxide
45.The natural indicator is?
Ans.Litmus
46. The drying of milk of lime (white washing) is due to
the action of?
Ans.CO2 in air
47.Soda water was invented by?
Ans.Joseph Priestley
48.Kidney stones are composed of?
Ans.Calcium Oxalate
49.Nitric acid does not react with?
Ans.Gold
50.Iodex, a pain relief balm, has the smell of ?
Ans.Methyl salicylate
51.What is Brine solution?
Ans.Excess salt + water
52.Sodium bicarbonate is chemical name of which of the
following?
Ans.Baking Soda
53.Which among the following is responsible colour of
nitric acid?
Ans.Nitrogen dioxide
54.What is the common name of Calcium Hypochlorite?
Ans.Bleaching powder
55.Spinach contains ?
Ans.Oxalic Acid
56.What is the common name of sodium carbonate?
Ans.Washing soda
57.What is the chemical formula for Sodium Chloride
(Salt)?
Ans.NaCl
58.What is nature of pH of Milk?
Ans.Slightly acidic
59.What is the common name of Sodium bicarborate?
Ans.Baking soda
60.chemical formula of quicklime?
Ans.CaO
61.Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of
acids, bases and?
Ans.Salts
62.Which base is present in milk of magnesia?
Ans.Magnesium hydroxide
63. Tartaric Acid is not found in?
Ans.Spinach
64.What is the chemical name of quick lime?
Ans.Calcium oxide
65.What is the common name of CaOCI2?
Ans.Bleaching powder
66.What is the nature of antacid?
Ans.Basic
67.pH of the human blood is?
Ans.Slightly basic
68.Which base is present in lime water?
Ans.Calcium hydroxide
69.What is the reaction between an acid and a base
called?
Ans.Neutralisation
70.In an acid base reaction which product is produced
along with a salt?
Ans.Water
71.What is the name of the acid in grapes?
Ans.Tartaric acid
72.Blue Vitriol is another name of ?
Ans.Copper Sulphate
73.The reaction of Copper Sulphate and Iron produces
Iron Sulphate and?
Ans.Copper
74.Crystallisation is an example of?
Ans.Physical change
75.Vinegar and Baking Soda together produce?
Ans.Carbon dioxide
76.Chemical formula for sulfurous acid is?
Ans.H₂SO3
PYQs of Chemistry in Everyday life
& Agriculture for SSC CGL 22
Mains + CHSL 2022
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Source – NCERT Class 6th to 10th
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1.Gun Powder is a Mixture of?

Ans.Nitrate, Sulphur and Charcoal
2. Which of the following mixture cause the explosion of
TNT (Trinitrotoluene)?
Ans.Ammonium Nitrate
3. Ammonal is a mixture of?
Ans.Aluminium powder and Ammonium nitrate
4. Limestone is a raw material used by which industry?
Ans.Cement
5. The process of setting of cement under water is
essentially?
Ans.A hydration process
6. Setting of cement is?
Ans.An exothermic reaction
7. ____________ decreases the rate of setting of cement?
Ans.Gypsum
8. The addition of Gypsum to Portland cement helps in?
Ans.Preventing rapid setting of cement.
9. Trinitrotoluene is?
Ans.used as an explosive
10.Who discovered cement?
Ans.Joseph Aspdin
11.Chemical composition of cement is?
Ans.Limestone, Clay and Gypsum
12.Cement is formed by strongly heating mixture of?
Ans.Lime Stone and clay
13.Cement is a mixture of ?
Ans.Calcium Silicate and calcium aluminates
14.Concrete is a mixture of ?
Ans.Cement, sand, gravel and water
15.Glass is a?
Ans.Super Cooled Liquid
16.Which one of the following is used for sun glasses?
Ans.Crookes glass
17.Which type of Glass is used for making glass
reinforced plastic?
Ans.Fibre glass
18.The calorie requirement of the body increases in
winter as compared to summer because more calories are
necessary to?
Ans.Sustain body temperature
19.Pasteurization is a process in which milk is heated at?
Ans.63°C for 30 min
20.Combustion is a?
Ans.Chemical Process
21.Which one of the following fuel causes Least
environmental Pollution?
Ans.Hydrogen
22.Wheat harvesting is an?
Ans.Gravity separation
23.Water is not effective in extinguishing a fire caused by
petrol because?
Ans.Water and petrol are immiscible with each other and
petrol forms upper Layer continue to burn.
24.Which of the following is responsible for extra strength
of Pyrex glass?
Ans.Borax
25.Adding which substance gives green colour to glass?
Ans.Chromium Oxide
26.Adding which substance gives blue colour to glass?
Ans.Cobalt Oxide
27.Which glass is used to make spectacles?
Ans.Crookes glass
28.__________ is used for making chemical apparatus like
beakers, flasks etc?
Ans.Hard glass
29.Diesel oil is preferred for heavy motor vehicles because
it?
Ans.It has more capacity and saves fuel
30.Quality of Petrol is expressed in terms of ?
Ans.Cetane number
31.Which one of the following is main constituent of LPG?
Ans.Butane
PYQs of Periodic Table for SSC
CGL 22 Mains + CHSL 2022
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1.Who proposed the Modern Periodic Table?

Ans.Mendeleev
2.Total number of Inner Transition Elements. Are?
Ans.28
3.The Modern Periodic table consists of 18 groups and 7
periods. What is the atomic number of the element placed
in the 2nd group and the 4th period?
Ans.20
4.In the Modern Periodic table one of the following does
not have appropriate position?
Ans.Inner-transition elements
5. The Modern Periodic Table consists of 18 groups and 7
periods. What is the atomic number of the element placed
in the 1st group and the 4th period?
Ans.19
6. The electronegativity of the following elements
increases in the order?
Ans.Si, P, C, N
7. The correct order of electronegativity of F, N, O and P
is?
Ans.F>O>N >P
8. In the periodic table, the element with atomic number
38 belongs to?
Ans.Period V and group II
9. Which of the following is not a representative element?
Ans.Fe
10.The Modern Periodic Table consists of 18 groups and 7
periods. What is the atomic number of the element placed
in the 4th group and the 4th period?
Ans.22
11.The modern periodic table consists of 18 groups and 7
periods. What is the atomic number of the element placed
in the 3rd group and the 4th period?
Ans.21
12.Electronegativity values of Fe, Fe2+ and Fe3+ are in
the order?
Ans.Fe3+ > Fe2+ > Fe
13.Which among the following elements has low highest
electronegativity?
Ans.Arsenic
14.Element with Highest Ionization energy is?
Ans.Helium
15.Nitrogen has higher ionization energy than oxygen
because in Nitrogen there is?
Ans.Half Filled Stable configuration in 2p orbital
16.Ionization Potential for inert gas is?
Ans.High
17.Which of the following atoms has the lowest ionisation
potential?
Ans.Cs
18.What is the common characteristic of the elements of
the same group in the periodic table?
Ans.Electrons in outer most shell
19.Who amongst the following gave the 'Periodic Law'?
Ans.Dmitri Mendeleev
20.Rn' is chemical symbol of which element?
Ans.Radon
21.What is the chemical symbol of 'Iron'?
Ans.Fe
22.In a periodic table, while moving from left to right in a
period, number of remains same?
Ans.Shells
PYQs of Matter & its Nature,
Structure for SSC CGL 22 Mains +
CHSL 2022
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Source – NCERT Class 6th to 10th
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1.Atomic theory of matter was given by?

Ans.Dalton
2. Atomic size is of the order of?
Ans.10-8 cm
3. Atom are?
Ans.Proton,electron,neutron
4. The size of the nucleus is measured in?
Ans.Fermi
5. The radius of an atomic nucleus is of the order of?
Ans.10-13 cm
6. Nucleus of an atom consists of?
Ans.Proton and Neutron
7. When Helium atom loses electron, then it becomes?
Ans.Positive Helium ion
8. Which of the following particle is negatively charged?
Ans.Electron
9.The absolute value of charge on electron was
determined by?
Ans.R.A. Millikan
10.Electrons move around the nucleus in?
Ans.Orbital
11.An atom has 2 electrons in K-shell, 8 electrons in L-
shell and 6 electrons in M-shell. The number of s-
electrons present in that element is?
Ans.6
12.The proton in heavier than an electron by?
Ans.1837 times
13.CN- ion is isoelectronic with of proton is 1837 times
heavier than?
Ans.CO & N2
14.Which of the following is the maximum number of
electrons in M- shell?
Ans.18
15.Which among the following will be a negative ion?
Ans.If it has more electrons than protons
16.Electrons in the highest energy level of an atom are
called ?
Ans.Valence electrons
17.Fe has 26 protons in its nucleus. What are the number
of electrons in Fe2+(II) ion?
Ans.24
18.Number of p-electrons in bromine atom?
Ans.17
19.Which of the following is not a nucleon?
Ans.Electron
20.According to Rutherford's atomic model, the electron
inside an atom are?
Ans.Nonstationary
21.Rutherford's a-scattering experiment related to the
size of the?
Ans.Nucleus
22.Discovery of the nucleus of an atom was due to the
experiment carried out by?
Ans.Rutherford
23.The atomic number of carbon is 6 and its atomic mass
in 12. How many are there protons in the nucleus of
carbon?
Ans.6
24.Which of the following has maximum Mass?
Ans.Neutron
25.The mass of proton and mass of __________ is same?
Ans.Neutron
26.The nuclear particle having no mass and no charge,
but only spin is?
Ans.Neutrino
27.Who is awarded by Noble prize for the discovery of
Neutron?
Ans.Chadwick
28.When cathode rays strike a target of high atomic
weight, they give rise to?
Ans.X-rays
29.J.J. Thomson proposed a model which is generally
called ________ model?
Ans.Plum and pudding
30.Atomic number of an atom gives the number of which
of the following?
Ans.Protons
31.Which of the properties of the element is a whole
number?
Ans.Atomic number
32.Element having atomic number 29 is related to-d?
Ans.Block
33.The electronic configuration of a dipositive ion M2+ is
2, 8, 14 and its atomic mass is 56. The number of
neutrons in the nucleus would be?
Ans.30
34.The unrelated member of the following group is?
Ans.Cyclotron
35.The antiparticle of an electron is?
Ans.Positron
36.Which two basic forces are able to provide an
attractive force between two neutrons?
Ans.Gravitational and Nuclear forces
37.Cathode rays are?
Ans.Stream of electron
38.Two elements X and Y are isotonic having atomic
weight 54 and 56 respectively. If the atomic number of X
is 26, then the atomic number of Y is?
Ans.28
39.What is the formula of potassium ion in the noble
state?
Ans.K
40.Atomic Number of Hydrogen is?
Ans.1
41.Atomic number of which of the elements is greater
than that of Magnesium following?
Ans.Aluminium
42.Atomic number of which of the following elements is
greater than that of Aluminium?
Ans.Phosphorous
43.Atomic number of which of the following elements is
greater than that of Phosphorous?
Ans.Chlorine
44.Atomic number of which of the following elements is
greater than that of Neon?
Ans.Magnesium
45.Atomic number of which of the following elements is
greater than that of silicon?
Ans.Sulphur
46.Atomic number of which of the following elements is
greater than that of Zinc?
Ans.Bromine
47.Atomic number of which element is greater than that
of Iodine?
Ans.Platinum
48.Atomic number of which element is greater than that
of potassium?
Ans.Calcium
49.Atomic number of which element is greater than that
of Calcium?
Ans.Scandium
50.The mass number of an atom is?
Ans.Sometimes more and sometimes equal to its atomic
number
51.An Element has Atomic number 17 and Mass number
36, then number of neutrons present in it?
Ans.19
52.Which of the following element has relative atomic
weight that is made up to atom containing each of 17
protons, 18 Neutrons and 17 Electrons?
Ans.35
53.How many neutrons are there in Us atom?
Ans.146
54.Atomic number of which element is greater than that
of Chlorine?
Ans.Potassium
55.Atomic number of which element is greater than that
of Copper?
Ans.Zinc
56.Atomic number of an atom gives the number of which
of the following?
Ans.Protons
57.Atomic number of which element is greater than that
of Fluorine?
Ans.Sodium
58.Atomic number of which element is greater than that
of Iron?
Ans.Cobalt
59.Mass number is the sum of?
Ans.Protons and Neutrons
60.The number of neutrons present in an element having
mass number 226 and atomic number 88 is?
Ans.138
61.Atomic mass of Oxygen is 16 and atomic number is 8.
What is the mass in grams of 2 moles of oxygen gas?
Ans.64
62.The photoelectric effect is described as the ejection of
electrons from the surface of a metal when?
Ans.light of suitable frequency fall on it
63.The photoelectric emission from metal surface starts
only when the incident light has a certain minimum?
Ans.Frequency
64.Propagation of light quanta may be described by?
Ans.Photons
65.The value of planck's constant is?
Ans.6.62 x 10-34 J.s
66.Who discovered X-Ray?
Ans.Wilhelm Roentgen
67.By which one of the following, an old written material
which cannot be read easily, can be read?
Ans.X-rays
68.Which one of the following is the correct sequence of
wavelength of radiations?
Ans.IR> Green > UV > Hard X-rays
69.Which of the following is not Electromagnetic in
nature?
Ans.Cathode rays
70.Wavelength of which of the following colours of the
visible spectrum of light are maximum absorbed by green
plants?
Ans.Red and blue
71.Which of the following is not true about X rays?
Ans.Low power
72.The reverse effect of X-ray emission is?
Ans.Photo-electric effect
73.Which of the following has the lowest frequency?
Ans.Visible light
74.If an electron and a photon have the same wave
length, then they will have the same?
Ans.Linear momentum
75.Which of the following particle has the dual nature of
particle and wave?
Ans.Electron
76.The concept of dual nature of radiation proposed by?
Ans.De-Broglie
77."The position and velocity of a small particle like
electron cannot be simultaneously determined. "This
statement is?
Ans.Heisenberg uncertainty principle
78.All isotopes of the same element have?
Ans.The same atomic number but different atomic mass
79.Nuclides have same atomic number are called?
Ans.Isotopes
80.Atoms of same element having different mass numbers
are called?
Ans.Isotopes
81.Chemical properties of isotopes?
Ans.Must be Same
82.Atoms having the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons are called?
Ans.Isotopes
83.Atoms of different elements have?
Ans.Different atomic number and different number of
valence electrons.
84.Atoms having same no. of neutron but different no. of
electrons or protons are called?
Ans.Isotones
85.Isobars have?
Ans.Same mass numbers but different atomic numbers
86.The total energy of revolving electron in?
Ans.Can never be positive
87.The spectrum of helium is expected to be similar to
that of?
Ans.Li+
88.When an electron drops from a higher energy level to a
low energy level then?
Ans.Energy is emitted
89.In Lyman series an electron jumps from higher energy
level to?
Ans.K energy level
90.In which region of electromagnetic spectrum does the
Lyman series of hydrogen atom lie?
Ans.Ultraviolet Ray
91.The total number of orbitals in a principal shell are?
Ans.- n2
92.The mercury and sodium street lamps light up because
of?
Ans.Atomic emission
93.The atomic orbital is?
Ans.The region in which there is maximum probability of
finding electron
94.Orientation of atomic orbital is controlled by ?
Ans.Magnetic Quantum number
95.Two electrons in an orbital are differentiated by which
of the following?
Ans.Spin quantum number
96."All the four quantum numbers of two electrons in an
atom are not the same." It is the law of?
Ans.Pauli's exclusion principle
97.When there are two electrons in the same orbital, they
have?
Ans.Opposite spin
98.Who was the first to explain hydrogen spectrum?
Ans.Neil Bohr
99.Bohr's model can explain?
Ans.Spectrum of any atom or ion having one electron only
100.When a metal is heated in a flame, the electrons
absorb energy and jump to higher energy state. On
coming back to the lower energy state, they emit light,
which we can observe in?
Ans.Emission spectra
101.Bohr's concept of the orbit in an atom was
contradicted by?
Ans.Uncertainty principle
102.Which orbital is dumb- bell shaped?
Ans.p-orbital
103.In an atom the order of filling up of the orbitals is
governed by?
Ans.Aufbau principle
104.According to Aufbau principle, the correct or der of
energy of 3d, 4s and 4p orbitals is?
Ans.4s < 3d <
105.The statement that the electron occupies avail able
orbital singly before pairing occurs is called?
Ans.Hund's rule
106.Nitrogen atom has unpaired electrons. This can be
explained as due to?
Ans.Hund's rule
107.Number of neutrons in an atom of hydrogen is?
Ans.Zero
108.The subatomic particle that does not have any
electric charge is a/an (A) Electron?
Ans.Neutron
109.How is atomic mass number determined?
Ans.By adding number of protons and neutrons
110.What are the components of nucleus of an atom?
Ans.Protons and Neutrons
111.What is the mass of one mole of a substance grams is
called?
Ans.Molecular Mass
112.Which among the following is a negatively charged
ion?
Ans.Iodine ion
113.Atomic Number is denoted by which alphabet?
Ans.Z
114.How are 'Cations' formed?
Ans.Removal of electron
115.How are ‘Anions’ are formed?
Ans.Addition of electron
116.What are Isobars?
Ans.Elements with different atomic Number But Same
Mass Number.
117.Who discovered Proton?
Ans.Goldstein.
PYQs Common Elements &
Compound,Polymerization of for
SSC CGL 22 Mains + CHSL 2022
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1.________ fibre is used in making bulletproof vests?

Ans.Kevlar
2.What is the full form of PVC?
Ans.Polyvinyl Chloride
3.Which fibre is used for making bristles of brushes?
Ans.Nylon-66
4.________ is a Synthetic rubber?
Ans.Neoprene
5.Milbemycin is used in the eradication of _________ ?
Ans.agricultural pests
6.Barbituric acid and its derivatives are well known as?
Ans.Tranquilizers
7.The helical structure of protein is stabilized by?
Ans.Hydrogen bonds
8.The sugar which is not a disaccharide?
Ans.Galactose
9.Which one of the following is non-reducing sugar?
Ans.Sucrose
10.Which of the following is a biodegradable polymer?
Ans.Cellulose
11.Plastic bottles are made of a polymer called PET. The
expanded form of PET is?
Ans.Polyethylene terephthalate
12.In chemistry, soap is a salt of a _______ ?
Ans.Fatty acid
13.The brand name Teflon represents which polymer?
Ans.Polytetrafluoroethylene
14.Which is widely used in the plastic industry for
manufacturing Bakelite?
Ans.Phenol
15.Which is used as raw material for the manufacture of
rayon?
Ans.Cellulose
16.Which of the following is related to the discovery of
Nylon?
Ans.Dr. Wallace H. Carothers
17.PVC is obtained by the polymerization of?
Ans.Vinyl chloride
18.Polyethene is formed by ?
Ans.Ethylene
19.Which one of the following is a Natural Polymer?
Ans.Cellulose
20.Natural rubber is a polymer of?
Ans.Isoprene
21.Bakelite is a polymer of Phenol and?
Ans.Formaldehyde
22.Which one of the following is a synthetic polymer?
Ans.Polystyrene
23.Which among the following is a petroleum wax?
Ans.Paraffin Wax
24.Wax used for making candles is chemically a mixture
of?
Ans.Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
25.Glycogen, Cellulose and starch are the polymers of?
Ans.Glucose
26.Which of the following element is used for
vulcanisation of rubber?
Ans.Sulphur
27. The process of heating of Rubber with sulphur to
increase its quality is known as?
Vulcanisation.
28.Petroleum is a Mixture of?
Hydrocarbons
29.Which of the following could be used as fuel in
propellant of Rockets?
Ans.Liquid Hydrogen + Liquid oxygen
30.Glycol is added to aviation gasoline because?
Ans. it Prevents freezing of petrol
31.Aqueous Hydrolysis of sucrose formed?
Ans.Glucose and Fructose
32.Which of the following gas is used to destroy the
microbes?
Ans.Chlorine
33.Substance which are used as a food preservative ?
Ans.Sodium salts of benzoic acids
34.Which gas is used as a disinfectant in drinking water?
Ans.Chlorine
35.'Saponification' is a process by which?
Ans.Soap is prepared
36.What is the by Product obtained in soap industry?
Ans.Glycerol
37.The process involved in the making of soap is?
Ans.Saponification
38.Glycol is used to manufacture which of the following?
Ans.Terylene
39.Which of the following is used as non-stick coating for
cooking utensils?
Ans.Teflon
40.The antiseptic compound present in Dettol is?
Ans.Enloroxylenol
41.KMnO4 can be used as?
Ans.Disinfectant
42.Tincture of iodine is a solution of Iodine in?
Ans.Potassium iodide
43.Glucose is a type of?
Ans.Hexose Sugar
44.The class of drugs used for the treatment of stress is?
Ans.Tranquilizer
45.The drug which lowers anxiety and provide peace?
Ans.Tranquilizer
46.The branch of medicine involving synthetic chemical
compounds is?
Ans. Allopathic
47.Zinc Phosphide is commonly used as?
Ans.Rodenticide
48.Terylene is a condensation polymer of glycol and which
acid?
Ans.Terephthalic acid
49.Which of the following fibres is considered the
strongest natural fibre?
Ans.Silk
50.Which of the following is a natural polymer?
Ans.Starch
51.Synthetic detergents are prepared from?
Ans.Hydrocarbons of petroleum
52.Which of the following gas is used in bulb?
Ans.Argon
53.Chlorine gas a major component of which of is the
following?
Ans.Tear gas
54.In which of the following silicon is not used?
Ans.Ink pen
55.Bleaching action of Chlorine is due to which reaction?
Ans.Oxidation
56.Which of the following is used for ripening of fruits?
Ans.Ethylene
57.What is the major component of Gobar Gas?
Ans.Methane
58.Rock Salt contains which mineral?
Ans.Sodium
59.Which of the following elements are commonly found
in most fertilizers?
Ans.Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorous
60.Which of the following metal shown by its symbol is
generally used for making filaments of bulb?
Ans.W
61.In which industry Potassium nitrate is used
commercially?
Ans.Fire cracker manufacturing.
62.Which among the following is used to treat
Indigestion?
Antacid
63.Which base is present in soap?
Sodium hydroxide
64.Which fibre is also called as artificial silk?
Rayon
65.Fire extinguishers emit which gas?
Ans.0Carbon dioxide
66._________ is obtained by evaporation of sea?
Ans.Salt
67.What is a Vermicompost?
Ans.Organic fertilizer
68.What is dry ice?
Ans.Solid Carbon dioxide
69.PET is a very familiar form of ________ is used for
making bottles?
Ans.Polyester
70.Which acid is released when an ant bites?
Ans.Formic acid
71.The rubbing surface of a matchbox has powdered glass
and a little red ______ ?
Ans.Phosphorous
72.A _________ thread is actually stronger than a steel
wire?
Ans.Nylon
73.Fabric made from _______ does not get wrinkled
easily?
Ans.Polyester
PYQs of Chemical Bonding,
Atmospheric Pollution,Water
pollution,Properties of Gases
,Organic chemistry,Halogen
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons for
SSC CGL 22 Mains + CHSL 2022
Instagram: @sscpreparations
WhatsApp Group:95550-65590
Source – NCERT Class 6th to 10th
(https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?iesc1=0-15)

1.Which among the following is used in making liquors,

medicines and as a fuel in aircrafts?
Ans.Ethyl alcohol
2. Ethane gas has a slightly _____________ taste?
Ans.Sweet
3. Pentane has structural isomers?
Ans.3
4. What is used to prevent freezing of fuel in space crafts?
Ans.Glycol
5. Which among the following is used to generate light, to
weld metals?
Ans.Acetylene
6. _________ gets converyed to phosgene, when exposed to
sunlight?
Ans.Chloroform
7. Who discovered benzene?
Ans.Michael Faraday
8. What is wood spirit?
Ans.Methyl Alcohol
9. The compound that has least value for octane number
is?
Ans.n-Heptane
10. The Chemical formula of Urea is _________?
Ans. (NH2)2CO & (NH2)2CO NH2
11.Alkenes were earlier known as ___________?
Ans.Olefins
12.Decane has how many hydrogen atoms?
Ans.22
13.Carcinogenic chemicals cause?
Ans.Cancer
14.Aromatic hydrocarbons contain at least _______
benzene like ring in their molecules?
Ans.One
15.Chloroform can be used as?
Ans.Anaesthetic
16.The of conversion of sugar into Alcohol is known as?
Ans.Fermentation
17.Denatured spirit or denatured alcohol is mixed with?
Ans.Pyridine
18.The chief source of naphthalene is?
Ans.Coal tar
19.Formalin is an aqueous solution of?
Methanal
20.Isomer of ethyl alcohol is?
Ans.Dimethyl ether
21.Fermentation of starch gives?
Ans.Ethanol
22.Which one of the following is a Heterocyclic compound?
Ans.Furan
23.The temperature of oxy-acetylene flame is around?
Ans.3200°C
24.Production of alcohol from organic compounds by
micro-organism is known as?
Ans.Fermentation
25.The pair of compounds used as anaesthetic in medicine
is?
Ans.Nitrous oxide, Chloroform
26.Which one of the following is the constituent of
teargas?
Ans.Chloropicrin
27.Chemical name of Gamma hexane is?
Ans.Benzene Hexa Chloride
28.Which of the following known as 'Marsh gas'?
Ans.CH4
29.What is Baeyer's reagent?
Ans.Alkaline Potassium Permanganate
30.Bagasse is used in the manufacturing of?
Ans.Paper
31.Which of the following gas is used for the artificial
ripening of Fruits?
Ans.Ethylene
32.Ethanol containing 5% water is known as?
Ans.Rectified spirit
33.What are Aldehydes?
Ans.Strong reducing agents
34.Alcohol obtained Saponification is by the process of ?
Ans.Ethyl alcohol
35.Which of the following is also known as Carbolic Acid?
Ans.Phenol
36.Which of the following is used as a test for aliphatic
primary amines?
Ans.Isocyanide test
37.The gas that usually cause explosion in coal mines is?
Ans.Methane
38.Which one of the following reacts with Fehling's
solution?
Ans.HCHO
39.The most extensive use of molasses after fermentation
is to produce?
Ans.Ethanol
40.Which organism is responsible fermentation?
Ans.Yeast
41.During fermentation of sugar, the compound which is
always formed is?
Ans.Ethyl Alcohol
PYQs of Metals & Non-Metals for
SSC CGL 22 Mains + CHSL 2022
Instagram: @sscpreparations
WhatsApp Group:95550-65590
Source – NCERT Class 6th to 10th
(https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?iesc1=0-15)

1.Identify the metal which is Non-toxic in nature?

Ans.Gold
2.Main constituent of liquid bleach is?
Ans.Sodium hypochlorite
3.Caustic Soda is?
Ans.Deliquescent
4.Match Stick uses the allotrope of Phosphorous?
Ans.Red phosphorous
5.Most abundant inert gas in the atmosphere is?
Ans.Ar
6.Green colour seen in firework display, is due to the
chloride salt of?
Ans.Barium
7.Which of the following will displace Hydrogen from
acids to form salts?
Ans.Na
8.Liquid Chemical used for artificial rain or cloud
seeding?
Ans.Silver iodide, Sodium chloride, Dry ice
9.The inert gas used as beacon Light is?
Ans.Neon
10.Hydrogen was discovered by?
Ans.Cavendish
11.Which of the following is used in welding broken pieces
of iron rails and parts of machine?
Ans.Aluminium powder
12.Hydrogen sulphide is a?
Ans.Colourless gas with rotten egg smell
13.Tip of match stick contains ?
Ans.Red phosphorous
14.Gas used in the production of vegetable ghee?
Ans.Hydrogen Gas
15.Ozone Contains?
Ans.Only oxygen
16.Ozone is represented as?
Ans.O3
17.Chemical name of bleaching powder is ?
Ans.Calcium hypochlorite
18.Which one among the following is used commonly in
the dehydration of water?
Ans.Bleaching powder
19.Lime water becomes milky when exposed to air due to
the presence of ?
Ans.Carbon dioxide
20.Charcoal is used in water treatment as a/an?
Ans.Adsorbent
21.The gas which turns into Liquid at the Lowest E
temperature among the following is?
Ans.Hydrogen
22.Heavy water means?
Ans.Water containing Maximum density
24.Which of the following is used for making smoke
bombs?
Ans.Phosphorous
25.___________ of the following gas is coloured?
Ans.Chlorine
26.Chemically Lime water is?
Ans.Calcium Hydroxide
27.Which gas is used as a fire extinguisher?
Ans.Carbon monoxide
28.Mercury is a?
Ans.Liquid metal
29.What is dry ice?
Ans.Solid carbon
30.Diamond does not conduct electricity, because?
Ans.No free electrons are present in it
31.Hydrogen Peroxide is an effective Sterilizing agent.
Which one of the following product is formed when it
readily loses active oxygen?
Ans.Water
32.In deep see diving, divers use a mixture of gases
consisting of oxygen and ?
Ans.Helium (He)
33.The Gas dissolved in water that makes it basic is?
Ans.Ammonia
34.Which metal is extracted from Sea water?
Ans.Magnesium
35.Which of the following oxide is amphoteric in
character?
Ans.SnO2
36.Which one of the following is a biochemical sediment
rock?
Ans.Coal
37.Which one of the following element is an example of
noble gas?
Ans.Helium
38.Silicon is a Polymer of?
Ans.Dialkyl dichloro silane
39.Which one of the following gases mixed oxygen in
aqualungs used by divers for the breathing?
Ans.Helium
40.Which of the oxide is neutral?
Ans.CO
41.Which one of the following is not a form of carbon?
Ans.Haematite
42.Percentage of Lead in Lead Pencils is?
Ans.0%
43.Silver halides are used in photographic plate because
they are?
Ans.Reduced by Light
44.Chemically 'Philosopher Wool' is a?
Ans.Zinc oxide
45.Oxygen is a ?
Ans.Combustion nourishing
46.Carbon monoxide is an inflammable gas which one of
the following is also inflammable?
Ans.Hydrogen
47.Select the incorrect statement regarding the carbon
compounds ?
Ans.These are not easily combustible
48.Chemical Name of common salt is?
Ans.Sodium chloride
49.Sodium chloride or Table salt occurs in nature as the
mineral?
Ans.Halite
50.The material used in the manufacture of Lead pencil
is?
Ans.Graphite
51.Plaster of Paris is made by the Partial dehydration of?
Ans. Gypsum salt
52.Which among the following halogens is the most
reactive?
Ans.Fluorine
53.Non-metal found in Liquid State?
Ans.Bromine
54.Which silver salt is used for making film of
photography?
Ans.Silver bromide
55.The chemical name of Hypo commonly used in
Photography is?
Ans.Sodium thiosulphate
56.Sodium carbonate commonly known as ?
Ans.Washing soda
57.The common name of sodium bicarbonate is?
Ans.Baking soda
58.Commercial name of sodium bicarbonate is?
Ans.Baking Soda
59.Chemical name of baking soda is?
Ans.Sodium bicarbonate
60.White Phosphorous is placed under the?
Ans.Cold Water
61.Commonly sodium is kept under the ?
Ans.Kerosene oil
62.Which of the following can be used as an anesthetic?
Ans.N2O.
63.Dry powder fire extinguisher contains ?
Ans.Sand and sodium bicarbonate
64.No. of unpaired electron in inert gas is?
Ans.zero
65.Noble gas used in the treatment of cancer is?
Ans.Radon
66.Mortar is a mixture of water, sand ?
Ans.Slaked lime
67.What is baking soda?
Ans.Sodium bicarbonate
68.Most commonly bleaching agent is?
Ans.Chlorine
69.Which gas is filled in balloons?
Ans.Hydrogen
70.Which of the following noble gas can forms
Compounds?
Ans.Helium
71.The maximum density of water is at?
Ans.4°C
72.Old oil painting becomes black due to the formation of?
Ans.PbS
73.Which is the 2nd abundant element on the surface of
earth except Hydrogen?
Ans.Helium
74.What is Asbestos?
Ans.Calcium magnesium Silicate
75.At room temperature, the metal that liquid is?
Ans.Mercury
76.If the bullets could not be removed from gunshot
injury of a man, it May causes poisoning by?
Ans.Lead
77.Which one of the following is known as the brown coal?
Ans.Lignite
78.Which one of the following is not a coal variety?
Ans.Dolomite
79.Which of the following elements behave chemically
both as Metal and a Nonmetal?
Ans.Silver
80.Which of the following metal has maximum electrical
conductivity?
Ans.Silver
81.Illumination of Metal is caused by the?
Ans.Reflection of Light due to presence of free
82.Heavy metals got their names because compared to
others atoms they?
Ans.Higher densities
83.Which of the following is the most bad conductor?
Ans.Lead
84.Which metal is protected by the layer of its own oxide?
Ans.Aluminium
85.The ore of only two metals that are Non-Silver in
colour, they are?
Ans.Copper & Gold
86.T The ratio of pure gold in 18 carat gold is?
Ans.75%
87.Purity of gold is expressed in terms of carat Purest
form of gold is?
Ans.24 Carat
88.The King of metal is?
Ans.Gold
89.Standard 18 carat Gold sold in the Market is?
Ans.18 parts gold and 6 parts other metal
90.he Soft Silvery Metallic element which ionizes easily
when heated or exposed to Light and it present in atomic
clocks is?
Ans.Cesium
91.Which one of the following metals cannot be used as an
electromagnet?
Ans.Copper
92.Quartz is a type of ?
Ans.Silicon dioxide
93.Which one of the following is used in Pencils?
Ans.Graphite
94.Which of the following property is generally found in
non metals?
Ans.Brittleness
95.Fire-Fighting clothes are made from?
Ans.Asbestos
96.Fullerene is a newly discovered crystalline carbon
allotrope, contains?
Ans.60 C atoms
97.Chile saltpeter is the common name of ?
Ans.Sodium Nitrate
98.In Graphite layers are held together by?
Ans.Vander waal forces
99.Which one among the following is Lubricant?
Ans.Graphite
100.Diamond is harder than Graphite because of?
Ans.Difference of crystalline structure
101.One carat of Diamond is equal to ?
Ans.200 mg
102.Which among the following elements is a liquid at
room temperature?
Ans.Mercury
103.Which among following is white the phosphorus?
Ans. P4
104.Alkali metals can?
Ans.Easily lose electrons
105.Which among the following has the maximum
density?
Water
Ans.106.Who discovered Nitrogen?
Ans.Rutherford
107.Which of the following gases is present in the
atmosphere can be detected by its odour?
Ans.Sulphur dioxide
108.If water smells bad, then that odour can be removed
by adding ?
Ans.Activated carbon
109.Which of the following elements has the lowest
melting point?
Ans.Bromine
110.Heavy water is ?
Ans.Deuterium oxide
111.Solid carbon dioxide is known as?
Ans.Dry ice
112.Who discovered Oxygen?
Ans.Carl Scheele
113.Which of these is not a macronutrient for Plants?
Ans.Chlorine
114.Which of the following elements has the lowest
melting point?
Ans.Krypton
115.Why metals conduct electricity?
Ans.Because of free electrons
116.Density of water is maximum?
Ans.4 degree Celsius
117.Which of the following gases is known as "Laughing
Gas"?
Ans.Nitrous oxide
118.The Chemical formula of Cadmium nitrate is?
Ans.Cd(NO3)2
119.The common name of hydrogen peroxide is?
Ans.Bleach (liquid)
120.Which is the elements has the lowest melting point?
Ans.Radon
121.Barium loses electrons to achieve noble gas electron
configuration?
Ans.2
122.The Chemical formula of Ammonium Oxalate is?
Ans. (NH4)2C2O4
123.Chemical Formula of Water is?
Ans.H2O
124.The Chemical formula of Ammonium sulphate is?
Ans.(NH4)2SO4
125.Which is the element has the lowest melting point?
Ans.Krypton
126. The common name of Magnesium Sulphate
heptahydrate is?
Ans.Epsom salt
127. Which is the elements has the lowest melting point?
Ans.Helium
128. The chemical formula of Ammonia is ----- NH3 129.
Who discovered Fullerene (an allotrope of carbon)?
Ans.Richard Smalley
130. The common name of sodium tetraborate
decahydrate is?
Ans.Borax
131. Which gas among the following used as an
anaesthetic?
Ans.Nitrous oxide
132. Which is the element has the lowest melting point?
Ans.Argon
133. The common name of sulphur is?
Ans.Brimstone
134. Which of the following is not a Halon gas?
Ans.Methane
135. Which is the element has the lowest melting point?
Ans.Hydrogen
136. The Chemical formula of Ammonium chloride is
______ ?
Ans.NH4CI
137.Which is the element has the lowest melting point?
Ans.Nitrogen
138.What is washing soda?
Ans.Sodium carbonate
139.Zeolite is?
Ans.Hydrated sodium aluminium silicate
140.Helium is added to the oxygen supply of deep sea
divers because it is?
Ans.Less soluble in blood than nitrogen at high pressure
141. Water is used in a hot water bag because?
Ans.It has high specific heat
142. What is contained in Chlorophyll ?
Ans.Magnesium
143. Filament of electric bulb is made of?
Ans.Tungsten
144. Which is the element has the lowest melting point?
Ans.Oxygen
145. Which is the element has the lowest melting point?
Ans.Hydrogen
146. Which is the element has the lowest melting point?
Ans.Neon
147. Which is the element has the lowest melting point?
Ans.Xenon
148. What is the product formed when sodium
bicarbonate is heated strongly?
Ans.Sodium carbonate
149. The most pure form of carbon among the options is?
Ans.Graphite
150. Activated Charcoal is used to remove colouring
matter from pure substances by?
Ans.Adsorption
151. Silica gel is a?
Ans.Drying agent
152. Phosphorous is kept in water because?
Ans.Its ignition temperature is very low
153. In arc welding Argon is used because of its?
Ans.Ability to lower the melting point of the metal
154. Inert gases are?
Ans.Chemically unreactive
155. Which of the following fuels causes minima
environmental pollution?
Ans.Hydrogen
156. Which of the following is the most important raw
material for generation of power in India?
Ans.Coal
157. The purest form of water in nature is
Ans.Rain water
158. Silver gets corroded due to _________ in air?
Ans.Hydrogen sulphide
159. Which of the metals has the maximum thermal
conductivity?
Ans.Silver
160. Which one of the following forms phosphorous is
most reactive?
Ans.White Phosphorous
161. Magnesium is a constituent metal of ?
Ans. Chlorophyll molecule
162. Name the gas used in preparation of bleaching?
Ans.Chlorine
163. Highest percentage of carbon is found in which form
of coal?
Ans.Anthracite
164. Which one of the following is a good electrical
conductor?
Ans.Graphite
165. Which of the following acts as best adsorbent?
Ans.Activated Coconut Charcoal
166. Which is the metal has the least melting point?
Ans.Mercury
167. The property of metals by which they can be beaten
into thin sheets is called?
Ans.Malleability
168. The property of metal by which it can be drawn into
wires is called ?
Ans.Ductility.
169. Which of the following metal is the heaviest?
Ans.Osmium
170. Which of the following metal has the lowest density?
Ans.Lithium
171. Which of the following is the most reactive in
nature?
Ans.Potassium
172. Which of the following is not a property of a metal?
Ans.Poor conductivity of heat
PYQs of Chemical Reactions &
Equations for SSC CGL 22 Mains +
CHSL 2022
Instagram: @sscpreparations
WhatsApp Group:95550-65590
Source – NCERT Class 6th to 10th
(https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?iesc1=0-15)

1.What happens in an Oxidation reaction?

Ans.Electrons are lost
2. Which among the following is not a characteristic of
Oxidation reaction?
Ans.It involves addition of hydrogen
3. Cooking oil is converted into vegetable ghee by the
process of?
Ans.Hydrogenation
4. Which of the following causes Rusting of iron?
Ans.Oxidation & Chemical reaction with oxygen
5. Rusting of Iron is?
Ans.Due to oxidation
6. The rusting of iron metal in air needs both?
Ans.Oxygen and Moisture
7. What is Rusting of Iron?
Ans.Chemical Change
8. Iron rusts quickly in?
Ans.Sea water
9. The liberation of oxygen during photosynthesis is due
to?
Ans.Photolysis of water
10.When Hydrogen combusts in air, then formed?
Ans.Water
11.Browning of paper in old books is caused by?
Ans.Oxidation of cellulose
12.Nitrogen forms a variety of compounds in all oxidation
states ranging from?
Ans.-3 to +5
13.The rusting of iron?
Ans.Increases its weight
14.The coating of thin layer of zinc on steel or iron object
is known as?
Ans.Galvanising
15.The metal, used to galvanise iron to protect it from
rusting is?
Ans.Zinc
16.Which metal does not undergo corrosion due to the
formation of Oxide layer?
Ans.Aluminium
17.Carbon dioxide is?
Ans.An Oxidising agent
18.The reactions in which oxidation and reduction occur
simultaneously are called _______ ?
Ans.Redox reactions
19.Rusting is ___________ ?
Ans.Oxidation
20.Process of gaining electrons is known as?
Ans.Reduction
21.Process of loosing electrons is known as?
Ans.Oxidation
22.What is the process of rust forming on iron called?
Ans.Rusting
23.The process of deposition of a layer of zinc on iron is
called?
vGalvanisation
24.The process of deposition of a layer of any desired
metal on another material by means of electricity is called
___________ ?
Ans.Electroplating
25.Brownish film formed on iron when left in open is
called __________?
Ans.Rust
26.The metal chiefly used for galvanising iron is?
Ans.Zinc
27.The process of deposition of a layer of Zinc over water
pipes for being protected from rusting is known as?
Ans.Galvanization
28.Which metal is used to Galvanize iron?
Ans.Zinc
29.Which of the following is not favourable prevent iron
from rusting?
Ans.Annealing
30.Potassium Permanganate is used for purifying
drinking water, because _______ ?
Ans.It is an oxidising agent
Recent CGL PYQs for SSC CGL 22
Mains + CHSL 2022
Instagram: @sscpreparations
WhatsApp Group:95550-65590
Source – NCERT Class 6th to 10th
(https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?iesc1=0-15)

1.At least __________ of the carbon dioxide fixation on

earth is carried out by algae through photosynthesis?
Ans.a half
2. _________ is reducing the degree or intensity of, or
eliminating, pollution?
Ans.Abatement
3.What is the name of the compound having the formula
CH3CH2OH?
Ans.Ethanol
4.Which of the following compounds in petroleum can
cause corrosion to parts of internal combustion engines
and refineries?
Ans.Sulphur
5.The chemical symbol of arsenic is?
Ans.As
6.Which of the following is an example of
monosaccharides?
Ans.Fructose & Glucose
7.Ozone is an allotrope of _________ ?
Ans.oxygen
8. Urea, a commonly used nitrogen-based fertiliser, is
prepared by the reaction between ammonia and
__________ ?
Ans.carbon dioxide
9. __________ refers to an environment in which oxygen is
readily available?
Ans.Aerobic
10.Acidic nature of soil is shown by high concentration of
_________ ?
Ans.hydrogen
11._____________ is defined as the temperature to which
the air would have to cool (at constant pressure and
constant water vapour content) in order to reach
saturation?
Ans.Dew point temperature
12.Which of the following is correctly paired?
Ans.Cyanide ion-CN1
3. _____________ is the measure of relative clarity of a
liquid?
Ans.Turbidity
14. Ferrum is the Latin name for ________________?
Ans.iron
15.Nitrogen is a _____________ element?
Ans.diatomic
16. Ozone is a molecule made up of ___________ Oxygen
atoms?
Ans.three
17.How many electrons are there in the outermost shell of
a group 16 element?
Ans.6
18.What is the atomic mass of oxygen (expressed in 'u'?
Ans.16
19.Who among the following science fiction/ popular
science writers wrote '2001: A Space Odyssey' and held
the position of a Professor at the Physical Research
Laboratory, Ahmedabad?
Ans.Arthur C. Clarke
20.How many sodium atoms are there in one molecule of
sodium peroxide?
Ans.Two
21.Which of the following is NOT a chemical coagulant
used in water treatment?
Ans.Nitrogen dioxide
22.Which of the following is a characteristic of amorphous
solids?
Ans.Gradual softening over a range of temperatures
23.Capsaicinoids, carotenoids, phenolics, and vitamins
are dominant chemicals in which of the following foods?
Ans.Chilli
24.What is the atomic number of nitrogen?
Ans. 7
25.One mole of an ideal gas occupies a volume of at 273 K
and 1 atm pressure?
Ans.2.4 litre
26.Carbon monoxide contains approximately ___________
of oxygen for each 1.00 g of carbon?
Ans.1.33 g
27.Irrespective of the source, pure water contains
_________ of oxygen by mass?
Ans.88.89%
28.Acidic drain cleaners made of _____________ or
______________ acid are powerful enough to clear heavy-
duty hair, food, grease, soap scum or paper-based clogs in
15 minutes or less?
Ans.sulphuric, hydrochloric
29.Which of the following is a property of Beryllium?
Ans.Forms covalent compounds
30.Hot water can be a pollutant if it comes from?
Ans.Apower plant & An industry
Physical Chemistry PYQs for SSC
CGL 22 Mains + CHSL 2022
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Source – NCERT Class 6th to 10th
(https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?iesc1=0-15)

1.Which among the following is an endothermic reaction?

Ans.Sweating
2.Name the catalyst used in the conversion of milk into
curd?
Ans.Lactase
3In a rechargeable cell what kind of energy stored within
the cell?
Ans.Chemical energy
4.Which acid is stored in batteries?
Ans.Sulphuric acid
5.Which of the following pairs of Material is commonly
used in rechargeable batteries used in Torch Lights,
Electric Shaver etc?
Ans.Nickel and Cadmium
6.What happens during the charging of Lead operated
battery?
Ans.Consumption of Lead Sulphate
7.Catalyst are those substances?
Ans.Which increase rate of reaction
8.What does a catalyst do in a reaction?
Ans.Changes activation energy
9.The unit of ionic Product of water (Kw) is?
Ans.Mol2 ltr-2
10.Which one of the following has highest value of specific
heat?
Ans.Water
11.Which one of the following is known as solution?
Ans.Homogeneous mixture
12.Electrolysis of copper sulphate solution with copper
electrodes gives?
Ans.Copper at cathode and oxygen at anode
13.When H2 gas is allowed to expand from a region of
High pressure to a region of Low pressure, the
temperature of gas?
Ans.Increases
14.Example of Aerosol is?
Ans.Smoke
15.Blood may be purified by?
Ans.Dialysis
16.Isotonic solutions have equal?
Ans.osmotic pressure
17.Strong electrolytes are those which?
Ans.dissociate into ions even at high concentration
18.Water and ice crystal are in equilibrium at 0°C. when
pressure is applied to this system?
Ans.No effective change occur
19.Light Scattering take place in?
Ans.Colloidal solution
20.Muddy water is treated with alum in Purification
process?
Ans.Coagulation
21.Alum is used for the water treatment in process
named the?
Ans.Coagulation
22.Which of the following is used to Purify the muddy
water?
Ans.Potash alum
23.Which of the following is not a crystalline solid?
Ans.Rubber
24.Enzyme which coagulate the milk into curd?
Ans.Rennin
25.Which one of the following is an example of gel?
Ans.Cheese
26.What changes will happen to a bowl of ice and water
kept at exactly zero degree Celsius?
Ans.No change will happen
27.Suspended colloidal particles in water can be removed
by the process of?
Ans.Coagulation
28.Alum stops bleeding in a minor cut because of?
Ans.Coagulation
29.A colloidal system in which a Liquid is dispersed in a
Liquid is ?
Ans.Emulsion
30.Which of the following is strongest coagulant?
Ans.Aluminium Chloride
31.Cloud is a colloidal of ?
Ans.Water drop in a dispersion medium of air
32.An Emulsion is a colloid of a?
Ans.Liquid in a Liquid
33.Milk is a?
Ans.Emulsion