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due on Friday(10/13) at 5PM. Please handed on eLearn.
No late homework will be accepted.
▪ There are 5 points in Homework set 1. The homework
points will directly be added to final grades of this course.
▪ The homework in [元課程] is for practice.
▪ Video of Lecture 5 is a 2022 recorded video, I will update
a new one later.
GENERAL PHYSICS B 1
NEWTON’S LAW

Newton’s First and Second Law II

2023/10/03
Reading: Chapter 5.1, 5.2, and 5.4 of Wolfson
Newton’s first and second law

▪ Newton’s first law of motion: A body in uniform motion

remains in uniform motion, and a body at rest remains at
rest, unless acted on by a nonzero net force (𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≠ 0) .
▪ Newton’s second law: The net force on a body is
𝑑 𝑝Ԧ
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
When mass is constant, Newton’s second law becomes:
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ
Topics

▪ Some types of forces

▪ Application of Newton’s second law
▪ Equation of motion
▪ Multiple objects
Normal force
▪ When a body presses against a surface, the surface
(even a seemingly rigid one) deforms and pushes on the
body with a normal force 𝐹𝑁 that is perpendicular to the
surface.
Tension
▪ When a cord (or a rope, cable, or other such object) is
attached to a body and pulled taut, the cord pulls on the
body with a tension force 𝑇 directed away from the body
and along the cord.
Frictional force

▪ If we either slide or attempt to slide a

body over a surface, the motion is
resisted by a bonding between the
body and the surface. The resistance
is considered to be a single force 𝑓Ԧ
called either the frictional force or
simply friction.
Two types of frictions: static and kinetic
▪ Static friction: If the body does not move, then the static
frictional force 𝑓𝑠 and the component of 𝐹Ԧ that is parallel to
the surface balance each other. They are equal in
magnitude, and 𝑓𝑠 is directed opposite that component of 𝐹Ԧ .

https://www.purdue.edu/freeform/statics/friction-on-sliding-block/
Two types of frictions: static and kinetic
▪ The magnitude of 𝑓𝑠 has a maximum
value 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 that is given by
𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 ∙ 𝑛
where 𝜇𝑠 is the coefficient of static
friction and 𝑛 is the magnitude of the
normal force on the body from the
surface.
Two types of frictions: static and kinetic
▪ Kinetic friction: If the body begins to
slide along the surface, the
magnitude of the frictional force
rapidly decreases to a value 𝑓𝑘 given
by
𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 ∙ 𝑛
where 𝜇𝑘 is the coefficient of kinetic
friction.
https://media.giphy.com/media/BvBEozfsXWWHe/giphy.gif

Walking would be impossible without friction!

Spring force

▪ Spring force: To a good approximation

for many springs, the force 𝐹𝑠 from a
spring is proportional to the
displacement 𝑑Ԧ of the free end from its
position when the spring is in the
relaxed state. The spring force is given
by 𝐹𝑠 = −𝑘𝑑Ԧ , which is known as
Hooke’s law.
Measuring Force: Spring Forces
▪ We can attach a calibrated scale to an ideal spring (one that
obeys Hooke’s law) to measure force.
▪ In particular, a spring scale can be used to measure the
weight of an object that hangs from the scale in equilibrium:
 Caution: When a scale is used to accelerate an attached
mass, it can read more or less than the correct weight of
the hanging mass!
Application of Newton’s second law

Recipe of applying Newton’s second law to analyze motion

of an object:
▪ Draw free body diagram of the object and plot out all the
forces.
▪ Analyzing the net force applying on the object.
▪ Applying Newton’s law to link the net force to acceleration
and thus other quantities of kinetics.
Example:
weight in
an elevator

https://youtu.be/_Fay3_m
Rpzc
Example: weight in an elevator
▪ A passenger of mass m stands on a
platform scale in an elevator cab. We are
concerned with the scale readings when
the cab is stationary and when it is
moving up or down. Find a general
solution for the scale reading, whatever
the vertical motion of the cab.
Example: weight in an elevator

▪ The free-body diagram for the

passenger, showing the normal force
on him from the scale and the
gravitational force: 𝐹𝑁 − 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎
▪ The scale reading is equal to normal
force magnitude 𝐹𝑁 , depends on the
vertical acceleration. Substituting 𝑚𝑔
for 𝐹𝑔 , we got:
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚(𝑔 + 𝑎)
Example 2: Skiing
▪ A 65-k g skier glides down a slippery slope (negligible
friction) at an angle of 32°:
 Find the skier’s acceleration.
 Find the force the snow exerts on the skier.
Physical diagram
Example 2: Skiing
▪ A 65-k g skier glides down a slippery slope (negligible
friction) at an angle of 32°:
 Find the skier’s acceleration.
 Find the force the snow exerts on the skier.
Physical diagram
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑁
𝜃

𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
Example 2: Skiing
▪ The analysis is simpler if we write this equation in
component form using a tilted coordinate system—this
makes the y-component of the unknown acceleration
zero.
y

𝐹𝑁 = 𝑁
𝜃

x
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
Example 2: Skiing
▪ The analysis is simpler if we write this equation in
component form using a tilted coordinate system—this
makes the y-component of the unknown acceleration
zero.
y
▪ In components :
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑁
- x-component: 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎
𝜃
- y-component: N − 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
x
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
Example 2: Skiing
- x-component: 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎
- y-component: N − 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
Solve (with m = 65 kg and θ = 32°) to get the answers:
𝑚
a = 𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 5.2 2 y
𝑠
N = 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 540 (𝑁) 𝐹𝑁 = 𝑁
𝜃

x
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
Example 3: motion on a slope
▪ a cord pulls a box up along a plane (with kinetic friction
coefficient 𝜇𝑘 = 0.01) inclined at angle θ = 30.0°. The box
has mass m = 5.00 kg, and the force from the cord has
magnitude T = 25.0 N. What is the box’s acceleration a
along the inclined plane?
Example 3: motion on a slope
▪ a cord pulls a box up along a plane (with kinetic friction
coefficient 𝜇𝑘 = 0.01) inclined at angle θ = 30.0°. The box
has mass m = 5.00 kg, and the force from the cord has
magnitude T = 25.0 N. What is the box’s acceleration a
along the inclined plane? 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑁
𝑇
𝜃

𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
Example 3: motion on a slope
▪ a cord pulls a box up along a plane (with kinetic friction
coefficient 𝜇𝑘 = 0.01) inclined at angle θ = 30.0°. The box
has mass m = 5.00 kg, and the force from the cord has
magnitude T = 25.0 N. What is the box’s acceleration a
along the inclined plane? 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑁
𝑇
The net force magnitude along the plane:
𝐹𝑁𝑒𝑡,𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 𝜃
= 𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝜇𝑘 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0.076𝑁
𝐹𝑁𝑒𝑡,𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁
𝑎= = 0.015𝑚/𝑠 2 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑚
Newton’s law on Multiple Object

Solve problems involving multiple objects by first

identifying each object and all the forces and constraints
on it.
▪ Draw a free-body diagram for each object.
▪ Write Newton’s law for each object.
▪ Identify connections among the objects, which give
common terms in the equations.
▪ Solve.
Example: Multiple Objects
▪ Example: A 73-k g climber dangles over the edge of a
frictionless ice cliff from a massless rope tied to a 940-kg rock.
What is the acceleration of the climber?
Example: Multiple Objects
▪ Draw a free-body diagram for the climber and the rock.
▪ Write Newton’s second law for the both objects:

▪ Now write these equations in component form:

 The accelerations of the climber and rock are equal
in magnitude—call that common value a.
 In the absence of friction, the magnitude of the
tension in the massless rope is constant—call that T
Example: Multiple Objects
▪ We have:

▪ Solve:
Equation of motion

▪ Newton’s second law provide link between force and

acceleration, which is the second derivative of position
respect to time. Therefore, one can obtain an equation to
describe the behavior of a physical system in terms of
its motion as a function of time, which is called equation
of motion.
Example of equation of motion
y
x
▪ In our example of motion on slope, we
found 𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇 = 0.076𝑁.
With Newton’s second law:
𝑑2𝑥
𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇 = 𝑚 2
𝑑𝑡
This is the equation of motion for the box.
1 𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇 2
The solution of this equation: x 𝑡 = ( )𝑡
2 𝑚
Think about it…

▪ Assuming an object is placed on a flat frictionless surface

and a force as function of position x, 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡)𝑥,
ො is
exerted on the object. What is the equation of motion of
this object? What is the position of the object as function
of time? (assuming v0=0, x0=0)
Think about it…

▪ Assuming an object is placed on a flat frictionless surface

and a force as function of position x, 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (𝑐 + 𝑏𝑡)𝑥,
ො is
exerted on the object. What is the equation of motion of
this object? What is the position of the object as function
of time? (assuming v0=0, x0=0)
𝑑2 𝑥
▪ By newton’s second law 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (𝑐 + 𝑏𝑡)𝑥ො = 𝑚 2 𝑥. ො
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑥
▪ Thus, the equation of motion is: c + 𝑏𝑡 = 𝑚 2.
𝑑𝑡
Think about it…

▪ To find out position as function of time, we integrate the

equation of motion respect to time twice:
𝑑2𝑥
‫ 𝑐 ׭‬+ 𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫׭‬ 𝑚
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
With the initial condition v0=0, x0=0, we can get:
1 2 1 3
𝑐𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 = 𝑚𝑥
2 6
1 2 1
Thus, we have: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 3
2𝑚 6𝑚
Summary
▪ Two types of frictions: static and kinetic.
▪ Spring force: To a good approximation for many springs, the
spring force is given by 𝐹𝑠 = −𝑘𝑑Ԧ
▪ Equation of motion: An equation to describe the behavior of
a physical system in terms of its motion as a function of time.