UNIQUE NUMBER: 724141

MODULE CODE: CHE1503

PART A
Question 1:
The law of conservation of matter states that there is no change in the total quantity
of matter present when matter converts from one type to another or changes
amongst solid, liquid, or gaseous states.
• Chemical changes: here the substance is transformed into chemically
different substance.
Example: a reaction of iron reacts with oxygen in the presence of water
produce iron oxide (rust)
4Fe(s) + 3O₂(g) + 6H₂O(l) → 4Fe (OH)₃(s)

• Physical changes: a substance changes its physical appearance but not its
composition.
Example: a reaction of melting of ice is an example of solid water changes to
liquid water state.
H₂O(s) → H₂O(l)

Question 2:
a) An experiment to separate heterogeneous mixture into its individual
components.
Materials:
• Filter paper
• Cylinders
• Heterogeneous mixture (water mixed with sand)
Method:
In a heterogeneous mixture of sand and water, I will use filter paper to allow water to
pass through and sand remains in the filter paper.

b) No, not all homogeneous mixtures can be separated as they have a uniform
composition and appear the same throughout. Its components react to form a
single compound that cannot be distinguished as individually. Example is a
solution of coffee in boiling water with sugar and milk, once its mixed
thoroughly it cannot be separated or identified as before the reaction, since
the reaction is irreversible.

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Question 3:
Volume is the amount of space occupied by matter. Milliliters are unit of volume used
to measure liquids in the laboratory since they use specific glassware with typical
units of milliliters or liters. Milliliters is the unit to measure liquid in relation to the
amount of space it occupies rather than its mass. A milliliter is equivalent to a cubic
centimeter which is the volume of a cube with an edge length of exactly one
centimeter.

Question 4:
• Accuracy yields a result that is remarkably close to the true or accepted
value.
Example: If you obtain a weigh measurement of 4.9g or 5.1g for a given
substance with the known weigh of 5g.

• Precision yield remarkably comparable results when repeated in the same

manner.
Example: If you use different weighing scales to weigh a given substance of
equal quantity in the different scales and you obtain closely related weighs
with not more than 0.1g or more less than 0.1g difference in each scale.

Question 5:
All of digits in measurements are referred to as significant figures.
• Exact number: an object has an exact number provided the number of
objects being counted does not change while the counting is in process. Exact
number results from counting objects. It has no uncertainty.
Example: 1 human has 2 eyes.
• Measured numbers are not exact and are uncertain to varying extents due to
practical limitations of the measurement process used and the person
performing the measurement. They have significant digits and obtain when
you measure a quantity.
Example: water is 6.7 mL.

PART B
Question 6:
An atom consists of a nucleus composed of positively charged protons and
uncharged neutrons surrounded by a large volume of space with negatively charged

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electrons spinning around the nucleus which enables the atom to be electrically
charged, as neutrons neutralizes the charge of protons aided by electrons which
help in chemical bonding with other elements.

Question 7:
It is incorrect because, there is always precision vs accuracy when weighing
substances. It is impossible for the weighing scale to give the exact number of
cations as a whole amount as digits in measurements are represented in significant
figures/numbers. When weighing chemicals, measurements of small amounts can
read to the nearest 0.1g depending on the measuring unit used and calculations
thereafter.

Question 8:
Yes, since the molecular formular represent the molecule by using chemical symbols
to indicate atoms with atoms subscripts. Knowing the compound molecular formula
with each element represented will enables the calculation of the molecular mass,
since knowing each molecular mass make it easier to determine the compound and
its molecular formula. Molecular formula of a substance is derived from
determination of its molecular mass.

Question 9:
The mole is an amount of unit similar to familiar units like dozens of eggs and
provides specific measure in bulk of the number of atoms or molecules in a sample.
Mole concept is critically important in chemistry because it allows easily measured
macroscopic samples in large mass where 1 mole of any element contains the same
number of atoms as 1 mole of any other element with different massed accordingly.
The mass of an element can be used to get the mole concentration of that element in
a given sample.
Example when I weigh out 10g of magnesium (Mg) in a lab for a reaction, using the
molar mass of magnesium (24.31g/mol),
✓ 10g ÷ 24.31g/mol =0.411 mol

PART C
Question 10:

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Percent composition of a compound containing 2.5g of hydrogen and 7.5g of carbon
in a 10g sample:
2.5gH
• %H = 10.0g sample × 100%

= 25% H
7.5g C
• %C = 10.0g sample × 100%

=75%C
Therefore, there is 25% hydrogen atoms and 75% carbon atoms in a 10g sample.

Question 11:
C₁V₁=C₂V₂
This is a dilution equation written in more general form. It is allowed to be used when
calculating a solution before and after it is diluted. Subscripts “1” and “2” refer to
solution’s volume and concentration before and after dilution. It is allowed to be used
when units properly cancel per the factor-label method in place of molarity as the unit
of concentration and liter as the unit of volume.

Question 12:
The solubility of most solid solutes in water increases as the solution temperature
increases. Heating up the mixture of water solvent and solid ions increases kinetic
energy to the solid ions so it can break bonds thus breaking into its constituent ions
that become hydrated by water. Decreasing temperature also decreases solubility of
solids being dissolved as it strengthens the chemical bond of a solid and slows down
the kinetic energy.

Question 13:
The mass of isopropyl alcohol in a 355mL bottle of rubbing alcohol that is sold as a
70%vol solution.
70𝑚𝐿 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 0.785g isopropyl alcohol
(355mL solution) ( )( )
100𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1mL isopropyl alcohol

= 195.0g isopropyl alcohol

Question 14:

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Concentration of ethanol in a 750mL bottle of wine if it approximately 12% ethanol by
volume.
12mL ethanol
Volume is: (750mL solution) ( 100mL solution ) = 90mL ethanol
mass
Density = volume

Mass= density × volume

90mL ethanol
=0.789g/mol × 1 mL

=71.01g ethanol
m
n=
M
71.01g ethanol
n(ethanol)= 46.06g/mol ethanol

= 1.5 mol ethanol

Question 15:
Mass/volume percentage shows the ratio of a solute’s mass to the solution’s volume
expressed as a percentage; this mixed percentage units express the concentration
of a solution with the composition of a solute as per quantity of a solution.

PART D
Question 16:
i. Reversible reaction may proceed in both forward and reverse directions, as
the reaction does not stop at equilibrium but proceeding in the forward and
reverse reaction at the same rate.

ii. ratef = rater

• Kf [A]ª = kr [B]ᵇ

Question 17:
The reaction reaches equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction equals the
rate of the reverse reaction. The concentration of both reactants and products
remains constant over time.

Question 18:

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Le Châtelier’s principle states that if an equilibrium system is stressed, the system
will experience a shift in response to the stress re-establishes equilibrium. To
increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in a sealed bottle you need to increase
the temperature which will increase carbon dioxide concentration resulting in
exothermic reaction. Heating the sealed bottle increases carbon dioxide pressure
and the equilibrium shift to the left (reactants side).

Question 19:
i) Ba²⁺
BaCl₂(aq) +K₂SO₄(aq) → BaSO₄(s) + 2KCl(aq) (molecular formula)
Ba²⁺(aq) +Cl₂ˉ(aq) +K₂⁺(aq) +SO₄²ˉ(aq) → BaSO₄(s) + 2K⁺(aq) + 2Clˉ(aq) (net ionic)
Ba²⁺ +SO₄²¯→ BaSO₄₍ₛ₎
Mixing barium chloride with sodium sulfate produce barium sulfate, since barium
sulfate is insoluble a precipitation reaction will form.

ii) Ag⁺
Ag⁺(aq) + Br¯(aq) → AgBr(s)
When silver nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride an insoluble silver
chloride precipitate form.

iii) PO₄ᶾˉ
2PO₄ᶾˉ(aq) + 3Mg²⁺(aq) → Mg₃(PO₄) ₂(s)
When magnesium chloride is mixed with potassium phosphate an insoluble
magnesium phosphate solid precipitation will occur.

Question 20:
• Moles of reactants and products:
SO₃: n= m/Mᵣ
n= 40.1/80.062
n= 0.5008618321 mol SO₃

H₂SO₄: C=n/v
n=C x V

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n= 4.9M x (20.1mL) x 1l/1000mL
n= 0.09849 mol H₂SO₄

• Limiting reagent:
Ratio= 1:1
0.5879641389 mol H₂O ≥ 0.5879641389 mol H₂SO₄
0.5008618321 mol SO₃ ≥ 0.5008618321 mol H₂SO₄
Therefore, SO₃ is the limiting reagent.

H₂O:
Density = m/V
m= 1g/mL x 10mL
m= 10g

n=m/Mᵣ
n= 10/ 17.00784
n= 0.5879641389 mol H₂O

• Yield:
% yield = (Actual yield/Theoretical yield) 100%
% yield = (0.09849/0.5008618321) 100%
% yield = 19.66%

PART E

Question 21:

i) NaOH(aq) +HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) +H₂O(l)

ii) n=CV
n= (1.196M) (12.54mL) (1L/1000mL)
n= 0.01499784 mol HCl

iii) Since in the equation 1 mol NaOH will react with 1 mol HCl, mole NaOH
will equals moles HCl
n= 0.0149984 mol NaOH

iv) n=CV

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C=n/V
C= (0.01499784 mol) /[(10.00mL) (1L/1000mL)]
C= 1.500M

Question 22:
a) 1-bromo octane (C₈H₁₇Br)

b) Hexanol (C₆H₁₃OH)

c) 3 ethylbut-1-ene (C₆H₁₂)

d) 1-chloro-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene (C₉H₁₁Cl)

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Question 23:
To capture gas formed in a reaction, glassware such as a gas syringe, gas collection
tube or inverted graduated cylinder in a water bath can be used in a laboratory.

REFERENCES
1. Chemistry 2e Flowers 2021.
2. Chemistry The Central Science 14th edition. Pearson. Brown, LeMay, Bursten,
Murphy, Woodward, Stoltzfus. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-441423-2.
3. http://brainly.com.
4. http://libretexts.org.courses.
5. Laboratory Manual for CHE1503. First Year Chemistry Practical. University of
South Africa. Muckleneuk, Pretoria
6. Solutions for all Physical Sciences Grade 12 Learner’s Book. McLaren, Gry,
Nozaic, du Plessis, 2013. Macmillan South Africa (Pty) Ltd, 2013. ISBN 978
143101 458 3