AIRSIDE DRIVING

Airside Driver's Training - Harare, ZIMBABWE - 19th to 20th December 2023 1

ABOUT AFRAA
African Airlines Association(AFRAA) is a Trade Organization founded in 1968 in Accra,
Ghana.
In the last 50 years, AFRAA has been instrumental in developing and articulating air
transport policy issues in Africa and helping to build a formidable industry.

AFRAA MEMBERSHIP:
Comprises of all the major intercontinental African operators and the Association’s
members represent over 85% of total international traffic carried by all African airlines.
Vision:
A sustainable, interconnected and affordable Air Transport industry in Africa where
African airlines become key players and drivers to African economic development.
Mission:
To promote, serve African airlines and champion Africa’s aviation industry.

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AFRAA JOINT PROJECTS
The Association has set up Task Forces/Steering Committees as the vehicle to
reduce airline costs, increase their revenues, address members’ common
interest and adopt industry best practices. These include:

> Fuel Purchase Program

> Route Network Coordination and Cargo Committee
> Distribution
> Technical and Operations and Training Committee (TOTC)
> Aero political

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AFRAA TRAINING DEPARTMENT
➢AFRAA trains hundreds of airline personnel annually.

➢Training in all areas – Safety, Security, Operations, Commercial,

Managerial/Leadership

➢Customised training at customer(s)’/airline’s request.

➢For details visit AFRAA website: www.afraa.org or contact

[email protected].

➢To check out the latest AFRAA Training program(2023) please visit
AFRAA Training Page: https://afraa.org/afraa-training-program/
Airside Driver's Training - Harare, ZIMBABWE - 19th to 20th December 2023 4
House Keeping Rules

No smoking
Participation Phones
Punctuality & Time
keeper

Documentation
Evaluation forms Certificates

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Course Objectives
▪ Airport Layout, Markings, Signage and Terminology
▪ Procedures for Access Control to the Airside/ Maneuvering Area(
general rules)
▪ PPEs ,Hazards and Human Factors
▪ Basic Fire fighting procedure
▪ Role and Responsibilities and equipment operators
▪ Vehicle/Equipment Standards and airport usage (including
crossing aircraft movement areas and pedestrian crosswalk)
▪ Human Factors
▪ Aircraft familiarization

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▪ Eqipment safety checks
▪ Accident and incident Reporting Procedures
▪ Principles of Ground Support Equipment operation
▪ FOD Management
▪ Serviceability and Roadworthiness
▪ Airport requirements for Operational Vehicles
▪ Safety of vehicles I Equipment Operating Procedures and airside
roads
▪ Basic Fire fighting technique

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PHONETIC ALPHABET

A Alpha N November
B Bravo O Oscar
C Charlie P Papa
D Delta Q Quebec
E Echo R Romeo
F Foxtrot S Sierra
G Golf T Tango
H Hotel u Uniform
I India v Victor
J Juliet w Whisky
K Kilo X X-Ray
L Lima y Yankee
M Mike z Zulu

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TERMINOLOGIES
▪ Aerodrome: A defined area on land or water, including any
building, installations and equipment, intended to be used
whether wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface
movement of aircraft.
▪Aborted Take-off (Rejected Take-off)
▪ When an aircraft on its take-off roll, aborts the take-off and
comes to a standstill on/off the runway
▪Aerodrome control tower
A unit established to provide air traffic control service to
aerodrome traffic.

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▪Accident
An occurrence in which a person/s is/are fatally or seriously injured
or any other serious/substantial damage is incurred to an aircraft,
vehicle, facility, property and/or equipment. A person is
considered to be fatally injured if he/she dies of causes related to
the accident
▪ Aircraft stand:
A designated area on the apron intended to be used for parking an
aircraft.

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▪Accident
An occurrence in which a person/s is/are fatally or seriously
injured or any other serious/substantial damage is incurred to
an aircraft, vehicle, facility, property and/or equipment. A
person is considered to be fatally injured if he/she dies of
causes related to the accident
▪ Aircraft stand:
A designated area on the apron intended to be used for parking
an aircraft.
▪Airside
The movement area of an Airport, adjacent terrain and buildings
or portion thereof, access to which is controlled, but excluding
leased areas.
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▪Apron:
A defined area on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate
aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or
cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance.
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
Device fitted to aircraft that generates onboard power. Enables
aircraft to be self sufficient when on the ground
▪Causes
Actions, omissions, events, conditions or a combination there of,
which leads to an accident/incident.
▪Chocks
Rubber or wooden wedges which are placed under, behind or in
front of the aircraft wheels to stop the aircraft moving
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▪ Dolly
A moveable item usually on 4 wheels used to transport baggage
from the baggage sort area to the aircraft and vice versa.
▪Equipment
Moveable types of vehicles/machinery used to perform
apron/ground services
▪Facility
Fixed structure which provides services examples of which
are (loading bridges), fuel hydrants, preconditioned air units, power
units etc.

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Ground Handling Equipment: Any item or aircraft servicing
equipment either self propelled or towed used to service aircraft
e.g. catering carts, ULD's conveyor belts, tugs etc.
▪Hazard: A source of or exposure to danger (the potential to
cause harm)
▪Incident: An occurrence other than an accident associated
with the operation of an aircraft that affects or could affect the
safety of an operation.
▪ Injury: Any incident resulting in a person being harmed which
might require medical assistance including basic first aid.
▪ Impounding: The process of towing equipment and vehicles
from Airside which are found to be abandoned to parked illegally
causing obstruction or posing a safety hazard to operations in
the area
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▪ Runway Incursion
Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence
of an aircraft, vehicles or person on the protected area of a surface
designated for the landing and take off of an aircraft.
▪ Serviceable: When used in relation to an aircraft, means that
the aircraft has been maintained and inspected in accordance
with the requirements of the approved maintenance schedules
and that all adjustments and rectification's found to be necessary
have been satisfactorily made.
▪ Taxiing: Movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome
under its own power, excluding take-off and landing.

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▪Taxiway: A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the
taxiing of aircraft and intended to provide a link between one part
of the aerodrome and another, including;
▪Run way: A strip of land on an airport, on which aircraft can take
off and land.

ROLE AND RESPONSIBITILTY OF E/OPERTOR

Only qualified, authorized and certified personnel should

operate/drive any GSE or vehicle
Prior to the movement of any GSE or vehicle ,Pre-checks and
walk around check must be made to confirm safety.
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Airside

1. Airside area: also known as the ‘Movement Area’. This part of an

aerodrome is intended for the surface movement of aircraft including
the maneuvering area, aprons, and any part of the airport provided
for maintenance of aircraft

Thedemarcated
2. Service Roads: Airside. routes on which vehicles and apron
staff access and negotiate the apron, allowing minimum interference
with aircraft,

3. Apron-a defined area on land aerodrome provided for the

stationing of aircraft for embarkation and disembarkation of
passengers, the loading/unloading of cargo and for parking.
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Airside

3 The Airside.

1
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Maneuvering Area..
4.Runway-defined rectangle area on a land aerodrome pre4pared
for landing and take-off run of an aircraft along its length

5
The Airside.

5.It is forbidden to drive on the Manoeuvering area (runway and

taxiways)
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8
The Airside.

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6.Taxiway- a defined path on a land aerodrome established for the
taxing of aircraft

7.Aircraft stand taxi lane- A portion of an apron designed as a taxi

route intended to provide access to aircraft stands only.

The Airside.
8.Apron taxiway- a portion of a taxiway system located on an apron
and intended to provide a through taxi route across the apron

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GROUP WORK
Define the following terms:
▪ Cone
▪ Chocks
▪ E.R.A
▪ Life aircraft
▪ Passenger walk way
▪ Dolley
▪ Trolley
▪ Anti collusion light
▪ Beacon

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AIRSIDE ROADWAYS
i) Primary Roadways
Located in front of aircraft parking stands, these roadways are meant
for movement of vehicle and equipment. The speed limit on these
roadways that are within 15m of aircraft stand is 20- 30km/h.
Driver shall not use the aircraft stand near the primary roadway as a
short cut or to over-take other vehicles.

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Role and responsibility of operator/driver
Driver/ operator must be trained, certified and authorized to operate
the equipment and drive at the airside.
• Enhance safety: facilities, environment and equipment
• Strictly adhere to SOPs
• Competently and efficiently drive and operate at the airside
• Safe parking of non- motorized equipment and vehicle.

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Personal Protective Equipment – PPE
Safety shoes or boots should be worn to prevent foot injuries
Approved hearing protection should be worn when working in noise-
intensity areas
All persons whose duties require airside access should wear outer
garments that contain reflective material and are of high visibility
colors.
Gloves should be worn by material equipment operators

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HUMAN FACTORS IN AIRPORT DRIVING

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CLOSE LOOK AT DIRTY DOZEN

FATIGUE
STRESS
COMPLACENCY
OMMUNICATION
AWARENESS
DISTRACTION
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
TEAMWORK
RESOURCES
PRESSURE
LACK OF
ASSERTIVENESS
NORMS

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Pre-operation Checks

NOTE: Before carrying any check on any equipment you must be

authorized, certified and trained on that particular equipment.

Remember that you are the key to safety. Safety is your responsibility.
You can eliminate serious injury, damage or death.

Must check and confirm the following:

Tire pressure
Condition of the tires
Brake fluid level
Dent or abnormal damage
Leaks (water, fuel and oil)
Cleanliness
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Airside Driver's Training - Harare, ZIMBABWE - 19th to 20th December 2023
Must check and confirm engine oil level
Engine oil
Coolant level
Fuel level must be more than1/2 tank
Must check and confirm serviceability :
Gauges: oil, pressure, charging
Electricals and working lights

Before starting the Engine ensure that:

Pre-operation is correctly conducted
Walk round check has been done
Operation area is clear
the unit is serviceable

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OPERATION SAFETY
✓ Never drive or park under the aircraft fuselage, wing, next to a
propeller blades or over fuel hydrant
✓ When parked away from, or positioned at the aircraft, brakes
MUST be applied and the gear selector in park position and
brakes engaged . This is applicable to all equipment when the
driver is not in the driving position

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REPORTING OF DEFECTS
If all the above checks are satisfactory, the unit is ready for
operation
If there is any problem with any of the above checks DO NOT
operation of the equipment
Unserviceable tug should be hanged on the steering wheel where
operator intending to use the equipment can easily read.
It must indicate the defect, date , time and equipment registration
If all the above checks are satisfactory, the unit is ready for
operation

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PRINCIPLES OF G.S.E

Equipment Operation
GSE includes large quantities of aircraft pushback tractors,
baggage tugs, belt loaders, cargo loaders, aircraft refueling trucks,
lavatory carts, water carts etc

Driving and Maneuvering

The following checks must be done:
✓Tires ,Brakes, Lights and safety rails - stowed
✓Are there any spillages / wet or water patches that may cause
problems
✓Observe the driving speed limit

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OPERATION HAZARDS

▪ Jet Engine Ingestion Jet engines operate by consumption of

large amounts of air into the intake at the front of the engine. This
air is then compressed to a high pressure, injected with fuel and
ignited.

▪ Jet Blast
The air and exhaust is expanded in the turbines and then expelled
through the rear of the engine travelling at very high speeds and at
very high temperatures thus propelling the aircraft. Both engine
ingestion and jet blast can be fatal to people and can cause a great
deal of damage to other aircraft, vehicles and equipment

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Propeller aircraft operate differently to jet engines because they
use one or more spinning propellers to drive the aircraft forward.
A propeller spins at a high velocity around a propeller shaft and
generates lift which acts in the forward direction thus propelling the
aircraft. In doing so the air ahead of the propeller is sucked in and
expelled through the propeller at a higher velocity, which also aids
the propulsion.

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Helicopter operations can be particularly dangerous as the propeller
or rotor, even when at idle power, has sufficient force to cause fatal
or serious injuries. The following procedures should apply to all
helicopter operations.
▪ Never approach the rear of a helicopter persons in this location
are at risk of injury or death from engine exhaust gases and/or
contact with the tail rotor.
▪ Approach a helicopter from the front or side and ensure you are
in the pilot’s line of vision.

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Approach the helicopter up the slope if possible and depart on the
downward slope in order to avoid the main rotor blade. Crouch
low before going under the main rotor.
▪ Secure loose articles such as hats and do not
▪ If eyes become blinded by foreign debris crouch or sit down
and wait for assistance. Do not continue to approach the
helicopter.
▪ Never drive or park any vehicle or large equipment under the
main or tail rotor blades.
No person is permitted within 30 meters of a helicopter or a
Helicopter Landing Site (HLS), other than persons essential
to the helicopter operation.

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Operation hazards:
• Roll-overs
A rollover is a type of vehicle crash in which a vehicle tips over onto
its side or roof. Rollovers have a higher fatality rate than other types
of vehicle collisions.
Causes
Driver behavior, aggressive driving, sharp cornering, distraction,
load displacements, compliances, wet ground surface and bad
roads main is the main cause, driving under influence of drugs or
alcohol, leaving vehicle with engine running unattended,

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Remedy
▪ knowledge, attitudes, skills, behavior, and making safe choices
throughout the journey
▪ Taking long curve during turning
▪ Observing low speed during operation
▪ Do not overload the truck
▪ Recommended number of dollies/trollies must be set
▪ Equipment walk round

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• Run-overs
During connection and disconnection of non- motorized towing truck
operator can cause accident by hitting the person. Towing without
conducting safety checks operator can drive with someone or FOD
between the dollies or trollies and cause an accident.
Towing and a trolley that is unsafely loaded and the baggage falls off
and the troll runs over it.
Causes
Poor visibility on a driveway that is shared with other properties
Faulty brakes. Driving under influence of alcohol or drugs, falling
bags during towing.

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Remedy
Safety checks (walk round), confirmation that loading is in order
heavy load at the bottom and light load at the top and limit is
maintained.
During poor visibility drive at low speed with hazards

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• Collision
when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, road
debris, or other stationary obstruction such pole, building or
aircraft.
Driving unserviceable equipment, failing to observe regulation,
driving under influence of alcohol or drugs. Reversing in restricted
area.
Remedy
▪ Conduction safety checks
▪ Adhere to the laws
▪ Conduct safety checks before any drive/operation
▪ Engage service of a marshaller where visibility is restricted

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• Accident/incident caused by non-motorized during towing
When non-motorized detaches from baggage tractor. This is very
dangerous to the environment as the dolly’s will uncontrollable
cause accident it can be, aircraft engine, aircraft fuselage or any
object
Remedy.
Confirm that non -motorized is safely connected, towing bar and
spring load towing pin is serviceable. Towing should be at a slow
speed.

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FOD Prevention
Foreign object debris/damage prevention
FOD is any article or substance, foreign to an aircraft or system, which
could potentially cause damage and could create a safety hazard resulting
in:
• Injury to personnel
• Production delays
• Safety violations
Examples of FOD caused by ULD handling:
· Plastic and paper, bags/sheets, rags (wrapping/ packing materials);
· Metal: nuts and bolts, empty oil and hydraulic fluid cans, tools and
equipment;
· Natural objects: rocks, pebbles and wood/branches;
· Other debris: burst ballast bags, luggage handles and luggage
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Caution:
FOD may be ingested into aircraft engines and cause damage leading to
engine failure. This is especially critical if it occurs during the take-off
phase.
FOD can also cause damage to tires, the undercarriage, control systems
and other parts of the airframe. Such damage can lead to catastrophic
aircraft system failures in flight.
FOD checks
Prior to any aircraft movement or servicing operations, personnel must:
• check apron and stand areas;
• check ground equipment staging and parking areas in proximity to the
area of operation;

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MANEUVERING AROUND AIRCRAFT.
Approaching Aircraft/Aircraft stand
Towing truck operator shall observe the following restrictions.
After confirming serviceability of the equipment, the following vital
rules shall be strictly followed when approaching an aircraft or Aircraft
stand:

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• Approach an aircraft only after the anti-collusion beacon is off and
A/C properly chocked.
• wait for further instructions from aircraft loading personnel before
entering the aircraft stand
• Before entering ERA test the brakes 3 times by gently braking
then drive at a walking speed.

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Safety Around Aircraft
• Drivers must be aware of the following safety guidelines whilst
driving around aircraft:
• Never approach or drive behind an aircraft with its engines
running.
• Drivers must give way to all moving aircraft including aircraft under
tow.
• Never drive under the wing or fuselage of an aircraft except where
expressly authorized (e.g. Refueling).

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• When parking a vehicle at the side of an aircraft, care should be
taken to ensure other services, such as refueling, and catering are
not impeded, and the wheels should be turned away from the
aircraft. Never turn towards the aircraft when intending to vacate
the area.
• Near drive a vehicle directly towards aircraft because the brakes
can fail, and the vehicle hit the aircraft.
• Apply the handbrake and turn off the engine;
• Physically check behind and above for any possible obstructions;
• Ensure that someone is available to stand near the vehicle to
warn of any possible collision. (GSE marshaller)

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.
• Where vehicle traffic must cross a passenger crossing extreme
caution must be exercised.
• Damage to aircraft, however slight, could have fatal consequences
and should be reported immediately. REPORT ALL DAMAGE.
Drivers of airside vehicles should avoid reversing. If a vehicle cannot
be removed safely without a reversing procedure, then the driver
should take the following procedures

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• When marshalling duties are being performed, drivers must ensure
that they do not impede or drive near a Marshaller or the aircraft
under their control.
• Safety of passengers on the apron areas is paramount always,
Vehicles must give way to passengers being escorted between an
aircraft and the terminal.
• Vehicles must not drive between aircraft when an aircraft is parked
on a stand-off Bay whilst passengers are boarding or disembarking.

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Right of Way
Aircraft will always be given the right of way, followed by emergency
vehicle, for instance police and ambulance attending to emergency.

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Pedestrian Crossing
Driver shall look out for pedestrian crossing signs and slow down when
approaching the crossing. Driver shall stop at the crossing and give
way to pedestrian.

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Examples of emergency vehicle

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Recommended parking of baggage trolleys
Parking and operation of towing tractor should be parallel with the
Aircraft fuselage

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Operation rules and Speed limit
Safety regulations to be followed:
• Aircraft have the Right of Way – It is important you understand the
environment you work in is an aerodrome. The road system on this
aerodrome will take you behind and around aircraft. You must remain
observant always. You must look-out for aircraft movement, even
behind you. This is especially important when driving around the
Aprons.
Know where you are – The airfield is a complex environment, for new
and inexperienced drivers and time is of great value.
• Remember you must always wear High Visibility Clothing and
Personal Protective Equipment whenever you alight from your vehicle
and only park in designated areas.
• When driving airside, you must obey all regulatory signs and speed
limits.
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• Where roads or vehicle lane-ways are marked, drivers must comply
with the first rule of the road, which is KEEP TO THE LEFT.
• Drivers are to drive in a safe and orderly manner that will not
endanger aircraft or the safety of any other person.

• Persons operating at the airside must NOT be under the

influence of Drugs or Alcohol.
• Smoking is prohibited in vehicles operating airside.
• Whilst driving, the driver must not use a hand-held mobile phone.

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Operation rules and Speed limit
Safety regulations :
Aircraft have the Right of Way – It is important you understand the environment you
work in is an aerodrome. The road system on this aerodrome will take you behind
and around aircraft. You must remain observant always. You must look-out for
aircraft movement, even behind you.

Operation speed Limits on Towing

All air side drivers must obey and adhere to all signs and marks
AREA MAX SPEED LIMIT
Apron Areas 10 km/h Max unless otherwise marked
Aircraft stand 0- 5km/h (walking speed)
Baggage Make-Up Area 05 km/h Max
Perimeter Road 25 km/h unless otherwise marked

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Ramp lay –out
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QA-1KOqhYIM

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Vehicle Parking Restriction
a. Aerobridge Clearance Zone
The Aerobridge Clearance Zone is an area defined as a red hatched
area that aerobridge operations and movements occur on an aircraft
bay. Vehicle and equipments must park behind these lines

No parking zone
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Fuel Hydrant Pit
underground fiberglass pit in which the lateral fuel pipe connects into
a hydrant valve

No parking or driving over marked zone

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Equipment Restraint Area- ERA
This is a closed area on which the aircraft is parked during ground
handling. The dimensions of the ERA are determined by the largest
type of aircraft using the parking position. The ERA is defined by
the Apron Safety Line, drawn in red, on the ground.

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Equipment Staging Area -ESA
The ESA of an aircraft stand is demarcated by a continuous white
line outlining the area where ground handling equipment or vehicles
for the servicing of an aircraft be positioned at least 20 minutes
before the arrival the aircraft

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Taxiways crossing
Safety practices during taxiway crossing:
• Always give way to aircraft, even during pushback and parking.
• At stop bars and signs, always make a full stop to make sure you
have seen all the aircraft nearby.
• Always leave a safe distance before and after an aircraft has
passed.
• Anticipate the time required to cross a taxiway, which is wider than a
standard road.
• Pay attention to sound, particularly in low visibility operations – you
might hear an aircraft before you see it.

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Runway Incursion Avoidance
Runway incursion is an incident where an unauthorized aircraft,
vehicle, or person is on a runway. ... Any occurrence at an aerodrome
involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on
the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off
of aircraft

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Four categories of runway incursions:
• Category A incursions are serious incidents where an accident is
narrowly avoided
• Category B incursions happen when a separation between aircraft
is decreased and steps must be taken to avoid a collision.
• Category C incursions happen when there is another aircraft or
object on the runway but there is ample time or distance to make
corrective action to avoid an accident.
• Category D incursions happen when an aircraft, person, or objects
enters a runway unauthorized and while there is not a risk of incident,
their presence creates a potential hazard.

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BASIC FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURE
What is Fire
blaze: light, heat, and flames caused by something that is burning.

FIRE FIGHTING
Act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter fights fires to prevent loss
of life, and/or destruction of property and the environment.

Fire Extinguishers
i) All airside vehicles shall carry at 1kg ABC Dry Powder
serviceability.
Act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter fights fires to prevent loss
of life, and/or destruction of property and the environment.
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Fire Extinguishers
i) All airside vehicles shall carry at 1kg ABC Dry Powder
Extinguisher
ii) airside refueling vehicles shall carry at least two 9kg ABC Dry
Powder Extinguishers.
iii) All fire extinguishers shall be checked for their correct working
pressure, servicing period validity and overall serviceability.
FIRE PREVENTION
i) Regular vehicle maintenance and daily checks, especially for
older vehicle.
Particular attention shall be given to the electrical systems of the
vehicle, e.g. wiring connection of battery compartment;

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ii) Ensuring that a fire extinguisher is constantly available in the
vehicle;
iii) Turning off the engine before leaving the vehicle;
iv) Ensuring a strict no smoking policy;
v) Always checking the vehicle for leakage of fluid before starting
the engine; and
vi) Ensuring that the coolant container is filled up.

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Fire extinguisher safety checks

Airside Driver's Training - Harare, ZIMBABWE - 19th to 20th December 2023 69

Fire fighting procedure
PASS = PULL, AIM, SWEEP, SQUEEZE

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QUESTIONS

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THANK YOU

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