* THE UNITED NATIONS MEETS THE 21ST CENTURY: constituency processes, investing more in partnerships

CONFRONTING THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL with civil society in Security Council meetings.
GOVERNANCE
How The World Organization Meets The Challenges Of
Thomas G. Weiss and Ramesh Thakur Global Governance In The 21st Century:

Formulating Recommendations 1 Multilateralism no longer concerns governments

alone but is now multifaceted, involving many
▰ As new problems emerge and new norms arise, constituencies; the UN must develop new skills to
they highlight gaps in policy that also need service this new way of working
attention.
2 It must become an outward-looking network
▰ UN’s ability to convene and consult widely plays organization, catalyzing the relationships needed to get
a huge part in its ability to formulate strong results and not letting the traditions of its formal
recommendations. processes be barriers

▰ Discussions and dissemination often occurs in 3 It must strengthen global governance by advocating
public forums and global conferences. universality, inclusion, participation and accountability
on all levels; and
▰ Civil Society, The Heart of Global Governance
4 It must engage more systematically with world public
Civil Society is comprised of groups or opinion to become more responsive to help shape
organizations working in the interest of the citizens but public attitudes and to bolster support for
operating outside of the governmental and for-profit multilateralism.
sectors
Formulating Recommendations
… However, non-state voices such as Civil Society is
perceived as threats to sovereignty. ▰ The recommendations from such blue-ribbon
panels as well as from secretariats often wither
On the other hand, in the 21st century, such voices are and dies because member states, not the
more numerous, diverse and loud hence, much harder authors are responsible for next steps.
to ignore.
▰ There are reports that are sometimes available
Panel of Eminent Persons on United Nations Relations when a crisis arises that facilitates the action.
with Civil Society
▰ However, with urgency gone, a more severe
▰ Established by Secretary-General Kofi Annan on test was the world organization’s ability to carry
February 2003 out the rest of the report’s more operational
proposals concerning global governance and
▰ Chaired by Fernando Henrique Cardoso (former civil society over the longer run, to
Brazil’s president) institutionalize the procedures adopted for the
moment.
▰ Its 2004 report – ‘We the Peoples’: Civil Society,
the UN and Global Governance: Institutionalizing Ideas

Clear starting point: Governments alone cannot resolve Institutionalization - a process intended to regulate
today’s global problems. societal behavior within organizations or entire
societies.
Offered 30 concrete proposals for the evolution of the
UN’s contemporary roles, including fostering multi-
▰ John Ruggie explained that:
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International regimes have been defined as knowledge, norms, policies, institutions, and
social institutions around which actor expectations compliance.
converge in a given area of international relations which
SlidesCarnival icons are editable shapes.
create an intersubjective framework of meaning.

International Regimes are defined as a set of principles, This means that you can:
norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around
which actor’s expectations converge ▰ Resize them without losing quality.

▰ Institutions give extended life to an idea ▰ Change fill color and opacity.

▰ Institutions to attack global problems require ▰ Change line color, width and style.
substantial financing and backing
Isn’t that nice? :)
▰ An existing institution can oversee their *THE FUTURE OF THE STATE
implementations and monitoring.
E. J. Hobsbawm
However, the modalities and procedures for enforcing
compliance with international norms and laws are Territorial State or Nation-State
absent for the United Nations.
- nation state, when talking about political,
st judicial and cultural structures; and
Conclusions: The UN’s Ideational Role, The 21 Century
Challenge
- territorial state when referring to geographic
Globalization of Policy- Making area, physical resources, infrastructure, borders
and boundaries.
Growing numbers of problems in the 21st century are
recognized and thus require the globalization of policy - Exert their political power (sovereignty) over a
making. defined territory.

Recognition of non-state - A form of political organization under which a

actors relatively homogeneous people inhabits a
particular area under one government.
Non-state actors were recognized as growing in
importance and reach Specific Characteristics of the Territorial State

They were systematically embraced and FIRST

recognized as an integral part of comprehensive
Territory, separated from other states by clearly defined
solutions.
lines
UN’s as an “Intellectual Actor”
SECOND
for Global Governance
Sovereign, no authority of the local state is recognized
This consists of identifying and diagnosing problem;
developing norms (principled ideas) and formulating THIRD
recommendations (operational ideas). The 3 UN – state,
professional secretariat and civil society – have filled The monopoly both of law and of the powers of
these ideational functions for 5 types of gaps; coercion
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FOURTH balance may be between public and private,

state and civil society, government and market.
The national state rules its citizens or subjects directly
- The social or political units in which human
FIFTH beings genuinely feel close to authority and able
Standardization or homogenization in the treatment of to influence it as individual agents are almost
the inhabitants certainly far smaller than all; face-to-face
communities such as workshops or plants
SIXTH rather than firms or industries, smaller cities
rather than metropolitan cities, provinces or
The heritage of the Age of Revolution has been to turn
regions
most states into citizen states
Both laissez faire and ‘small is beautiful’ tend to make
Tendencies Affecting the Major States and their Future
one of the major problems of the world more acute,
1. The creation of a supranational economy namely the politically and socially dangerous growth of
restricts the capacity of states to direct national inequality between regions and classes. That free
economies. market policies, uncorrected by public redistribution,
create social inequality needs no proof after the
2. 2. By the rise of regional or global institutions - dramatic increase in the inequality of incomes in the
such as the EU. 1980s. It is less commonly noted that political
fragmentation, national or municipal, generally appeals
3. 3. Territorial borders have been made largely
most strongly to prosperous regions which can thus
irrelevant by the technological revolution in
avoid subsidizing poorer ones
transport and communication.
The Indispensable Redistributive Function of the State
Two Unpromising Alternatives: Laissez-Faire and ‘Small
is Beautiful’ - The redistributive function can be conducted by
the state “most effectively” compared to global
LAISSEZ-FAIRE
institutions which have no power to diminish
- is the belief that economies and businesses international economic inequalities.
function best when there is no interference by
- The state is still the best unit until now.
the government.
The Uncertain Future
- It is one of the guiding principles of capitalism
and a free market economy. It is the belief that - Nation states will have to be supplemented or
each individual's self-interest to do better, replaced by bodies capable of dealing with the
strong competition from others, and low taxes problems of global environment, the global
will lead to the strongest economy, and economy, global demographic movements,
therefore, everyone will benefit as a result. global inequalities and increasingly, the
globalization of communication and culture.
‘Small is Beautiful’
- The territorial state will continue to play a
- The substitution of larger political units by
major role in relation to social development.
smaller ones
*GLOBALIZATION AND THE ASIA PACIFIC AND SOUTH
- Anti-state liberalism, pure free-market should
ASIA
be rejected; Whatever the most desirable
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An externalist view of globalization ~Even places that did not experience colonial rule
decidedly had to deal with the sequences of Western
~From this perspective, globalization can be understood Influence
as a process that transforms the Asia Pacific and South
Asia - Japan; Tokugawa Shogunate

~One of the earliest manifestations of this externalist - Thailand; not technically colonized but underwent
discourse emerges from the historical narratives about significant changes under King Mongkut (Rama IV) and
the Western 'arrival' to the Asia Pacific and South Asia. King Chulalongkorn (Rama V)

- Western superiority at the time existed for a variety of ~By the 19th and 20th centuries, movements for
reasons, ranging from environmental and ecological nationalism and independence emerged in many parts
advantages to other social, political, and cultural of the world including the Asia Pacific and South Asia.
characteristics These movements were also products of an increasingly
globalized world. Scholars of nationalism argue that the
~There is a little doubt that Colonialism in the region roots of national identity lie in the rise of Western
beginning from the 1500s brought devastating changes.
industrialization and capitalism. Once developed, it
This 'first globalization had deep implications for became manifested politically in concrete movements
domestic political structures in many local indigenous
in colonial areas such as Latin America and Asia.
polities
~World War II marks another way in which the region
- Portuguese invasion of Melaka in 1511 comes to be at once integrated and influenced by
- Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Visayan region of external forces. The rise of Japan and the outbreak of
what would become the Philippines in 1521 war in the Pacific Theater after the bombing of Pearl
Harbor marked the beginning of the end of Japan's own
- Dutch followed in the 17th century and slowly imperial domination in the region
strengthened their position in the Dutch East Indies
~Much ink has been spilled about Japan's subsequent
- British consolidated their powers in South Asia, Burma, economic 'miracle' of the 1970's and 198's with authors
and Malay Peninsula attributing the success to states policies, market
policies, cultural characteristics, and international
- French took control of Indo-China in the late 19th
relations
century
~The success of the East Asian Economies was followed
~The mode of colonial rule and domination varied over
in the late 1980s and 1990s by the highly high-flying
both space and time. JS Furnivall famously made
growth of Southeast Asian countries including Thailand,
distinctions between direct colonial rule through
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam
colonial administrators. Depending on the context,
some local rulers, found alliances, or faced significant ~Much of the rise in financial investment can also be
resistance. Despite these differences, the breadth and attributed to the role of IFI and namely the World Bank
depth of transformation that colonialism brought to the and the IMF. Part of the Bretton Woods System, they
region would be difficult to understate. Europeans were the cornerstones of economic liberalization and
brought new economic practices, religious beliefs, globalization in the post-war global economy
cultural values, and political structures that changed the
region drastically - In Indonesia, Suharto's policies and the economic
framework under the IMF and World Bank provided
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crucial assistance as well as a foundation for the 2.2 In developing countries such as Thailand, Indonesia,
legitimacy of the authoritarian Suharto regime and Vietnam there has been an increase in informal
employment such as self-employment, family workers
- In Thailand, the IFI's pushed the liberalization and
and informal enterprise workers
export-oriented growth which led to increasing
amounts of foreign investment and double-digit GDP 2.3 The Philippines estimates that 18% of workers are
growth underemployed while in Indonesia, nearly a quarter of
all workers are either underemployed or involuntarily
- In the Philippines, the World Bank and the IMF had a underemployed
cozy relationship with Ferdinand Marcos
~Politics too has been a defining characteristic of
~By the mid-1990s, the policies that had driven high globalization. Proponents often argue that liberal and
levels of growth in the 'tiger' economies began to show democratic political values should not be interpreted as
their limits. Much of the investment going into places Western, but rather as universal thus explaining the
such as Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia were expansion of democracy worldwide. In the region, the
speculative 'hot money' looking for quick returns on past three decades have witnessed a substantial fall in
capital authoritarian regime with a corresponding rise in
~Once again, interpretations of the Asian Financial Crisis democratic regime
varied. The IFIs and orthodox economists argued that - The fall of Suharto regime in Indonesia in 1999.
the crisis occurred due to poor policies, weak
Suharto had been in power for over 30 years
governance, corruption, poor institutions, and
inadequate liberalization. In other words, they argued - Furthermore, the absence of International support for
that globalization had not gone far enough. Others Suharto, who had been a strong anti-communist ally for
argued that the problem was precisely the unfettered decades, illustrated the lack of concern in US and the
capital resulting from processes of globalization over West had for the communist threat in Asia. In this way,
the past several decades increasingly globalized world had come to weaken
Suharto's position and ultimately had the foundation for
1.1 More recently, attention has turned from Southeast
his ousting
Asia to China and India
1. Finally, one of the most prevalent critiques of
- China began to liberalize their economy in the late globalization has been its effects on ‘Culture'. This
1970s under Deng Xiaoping critique has come from a number of different directions,
- India began to liberalize their economy in 1991 and the most prominent being the idea that globalization is
increased levels of trade and foreign direct investment a form of cultural Westernization summed up in the
particularly in textile and service sectors of the term 'McWorld'
economy 1.1 Furthermore, many domestic fast food chains are
1.2 While there are significant differences in their also popping up throughout Asia to compete with
approaches to liberalization, both countries have Western brands including Jollibee in Philippines,
experienced high levels of economic growth California Fried Chicken in Indonesia, MOS Burger in
Japan, and Jumbo King in India. There has also been a
2.1 Economic Globalization and liberalization has rapid expansion of supermarkets in the region
arguably had other broad regional effects as well in
terms of working conditions in the Asia Pacific, a study 2. As a result, there is also strong evidence to suggest
by ILO discussed how labor practices are undergoing that diets in Asia have been increasingly Westernized
significant changes
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3. While much of the McDonaldization thesis has In this context, the re-emergence of Asia today is seen
revolved around food, it has also referred to changing as a restoration of its traditional dominant position in
tastes in areas such as music, clothing, television, and the global economy (Frank, 1998)
film. In this light, it can be also referred to as
Colonialism in the Asia Pacific and South Asia
'MTVization' or Hollywoodization

Generating globalization: The Asia Pacific and South  Stoler argues that colonies were often
Asia as a Springboard ‘Laboratories of Modernity’

Relationship between Globalization and the Asia  Practices and technologies such as counter-
Pacific and South Asia insurgency, surveillance, and torture were
developed and perfected in the colonial
 It is where the region is more of an autonomous Philippines before making their way back to the
agent serving as an engine for globalization core (McCoy and Scarno, 2009)

 The region is also influencing and transforming  In the Dutch East Indies the colonial experience
the nature of globalization itself in the realm of the intimate and the personal
influenced European notions of sexuality and
Historically…
social reforms (Stoler, 2010)
 Asia led the global economy only ‘falling behind’ Colonialism was not simply a practice of Western
from the eighteenth century domination, but also productive of what we think of as
 The thriving spice trade in the region and Western and Modern
beyond is what drew the European powers to Post-colonial era
the region (Reid, 1988)
 The assertion that the Asia Pacific and South
For the Early Modern Era Asia are mere beneficiaries (or victims) of
 Asia was the site of the world’s most important globalization is even less tenable
trade routes  Japanese development in the 1950s, 1960s and
 Asia was more technologically advanced than 1970s actually shaped and in many ways
the West (in key areas such as Science and globalized key-parts of the world economy
Medicine)  This not only transformed the market for these
 In the early 15th century, Zeng Ho of China materials but also globalized shipping and
traveled within the region and as far as Africa procurement patters which influenced other
(Levathes, 1997) sectors as well

In the 18th Century  China can be seen as pursuing a similar pattern

of development today. It is now one of the
 The rise of Europe in the 18th century came world’s largest importers of basic raw materials.
only after the colonial powers extracted silver
from the colonies and pried their way into the  China gas also now surpassed the World Bank
Asian markets in lending to developing countries (The China
Development Bank)

 India has also opened up and emphasized an

export-oriented strategy
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 India and China has become a major source of continues to push for a vision of
international migrant labor regional cooperation that is
consistent with and advances
 Migrants in Middle East, Europe and the United
globalization
States has received international attention
because it is often undocumented and working Culture and Globalization
conditions can be poor and even deadly
 The region is a source of a wide variety of
 Remittance from migrants have also become a cultural phenomena that have also spread
core source of income for many of the region’s outward to the West and the rest of the world
economies
 Hello Kitty, created in Japan by the Sanrio
In other words, the region is both the source and Group in 1974, has a massive global success. It
recipient of the influences of the massive globalization can be seen on range of products and it
of migration generates a billion dollars in revenue annually.

The rise of the regional trade arrangements  Anime, Pokemon, Mario Brothers, Astroboy,
and Power Ranges has became a regional and
 According to Lee and Park (2005); Regionalism
global phenomenon among others
can promote learning, assuage domestic
audiences to the benefits of free trade, and  The spread of a kawaii or what some called
form the institutional framework to scale up ‘Pink Gloabalization’
from regional cooperation to global cooperation
K-Wave
 The adoption of ‘open regionalism’ aims to
Globalization has not been a one-way street
develop and maintain cooperation with outside
actors (Bergsten, 1997) and it is also true that the region is generative
of many aspects of the globalization process
 ‘Open’ refers to the principle of non-
discrimination, more specifically an openness in The anti-global impulse: regional alternatives to
membership and openness in terms of globalization
economic flows (Sutton, 2007) Japan Colonialism (1930s and 1940s)
 Open Regionalism is embodied by Asia Pacific East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
Economic Cooperation (APEC)
 Merely replicated imperial relationships in East
 Formed in 1989 and Southeast Asia with new masters
 Includes 21 member Sphere
economies along the Pacific Rim
including East Asian and  Initially referred to Japan, China and
Southeast Asian states but also Manchukuo
Russia, Peru, Chile, the United
MEMBERS:
States and Canada
Japan, China, Manchukuo, Mangjiang, Republic of
 APEC faced challenges
China, States of Burma, Republic of the Philippines,
especially in the wake of the
Empire of Vietnam, Kingdom of Kampuchea, Kingdom of
1997 Asian Financial Crisis but it
Laos, Azad Hind, Kingdom of Thailand
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 Delimited to Asian States Propose members: ASEAN, China, South Korea and
Japan
 Constructed and argued directly in opposition
to the West  Is seen as a successor to the EAEC but because
it is embedded in a slew of other institutional
 For Japanese interests only often at the
arrangements, it is not seen as the radical
expense of the interests of the fellow members.
alternative of the earlier vision
ASIAN VALUES
2.Asian Monetary Fund (AMF) - envisioned to have a
 Became popular among leaders in the region in capitalization of US$ 100 billion and include ten
the mid-to late 1990s members, United States being absent from the
proposed members
Proponents of Asian Values:
 China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea,
1.Prime Minister Mohamed Mahathir of Malaysia Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore,
Thailand, Philippines
 Argued that Asia has culturally distinct
 Failure of the AMF meant a continuation of an
characteristics that make it different from
IMF- centered neo-liberal approach to finance
Western liberal democracies and noted "The
governance
Asian way is to reach consensus on national
goals within the democratic goals within the EMERGENCE OF REGIONAL TERROR NETWORKS
democratic framework, to take the middle path,
the Confucian Chun Yung or the Islamic, Jemaah Islamiyah(JI)
awsatuhat, to exercise tolerance and sensitivity
 Alleged goals are territorial and also regionist
towards others."
EXPLORE THE VARIOUS LOCAL MOVEMENTS THAT
2.Asian Values thesis
HAVE EMERGED
 Asia operates on the basis of harmony and
 Characteristics of trends there vis-a-vis the
consensus rather than majority rule
process of globalization with respect to their
3.Anwar Ibrahim, Malaysian emphasis on disengagement from globalization

 Noted; “It is altogether shameful, if ingenious, EXAMPLES:

to cite Asian values as an excuse for autocratic
1. Village of Santi Suk in Thailand
practices and denial of basic rights and liberties.
" 2. Community Currency

LENS OF REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS *LOCATING GLOBAL SOUTH

 Where there are other institutions proposed or Lisandro E. Claudio

implemented at the regional level that are more
exclusively and self-consciously 'Asian' Introduction: The Starbucks and The Shanty

EXAMPLES: • Globalization is visible to those who observe.

1.East Asia Economic Caucus (EAEC) - an alternative to • Cultural Homogenization is understood as a state-led
APEC, more precisely APEC without western states policy aimed at cultural standardization and the overlap
between state and culture (Conversi, 2010).
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• Right outside these cafes are shantytowns. • "Third Worldism" or "nonalignment" is no longer
tenable in light of the collapse of the Soviet Bloc or the
• Shantytown is an area in or near a city in which poor "Second World"
people live in small, badly built houses (Cambridge
Dictionary, n.d.). • Underdevelopment of certain states/people and their
lack of representation in global political processes.
• Many of its residents are employed in the informal
economic sector. Global South

• They live in the so-called "weak states," where • For whom and under what conditions the global south
governments are too poor, weak, corrupt, and unstable becomes relevant
to supply its residents with basic needs. Introduction:
The Starbucks and The Shanty • A reality and provisional work in progress

• The north/south divide is a reminder that • It should be defined a priori, but rather articulated in
the context of provisional and mutable processes of
globalization has undersides.
political praxis.
• The coexistence of the shanty and Starbucks point to
the incompleteness of globalization whereas the shanty • There is no uniform global south
represents the tenacity of the local which is unable to • Global south is not a directional designation, it is a
participate in the cosmopolitan culture that represents symbolic designation.
Starbucks.
• Former colonial entities
• While, the shanties' dwellers may not participate in
consuming the global modernity, its very presence is • Third world, global south, developing world.
already prefigured by mechanisms that are also global
• Represent interstate inequalities.
in scope.
• Ignores the richness of non-state politics
• Due to globalization or neo-liberalism, International
Financial Institutions saddle these developing State
economies with debt while making them more
vulnerable to global economic shocks. • In times of 1. There are forms of power inequality that cannot be
economic crisis, it is common for the WB and IMF, reduced to discussions of state politics.
dominated by economists from the global north to
• There are everyday resistances among the people.
demand that developing economies to cut government
spending and raise interest rates to reduce inflation. • • Non-movements or the quiet encroachment of the
However, the developed world does not apply the same ordinary are not always direct challenges to it.
standards to itself. • Structural adjustment—the
enforcement of the neoliberal consensus— deepens 2. Not all formal colonial entities are states.
inequality in the world's poorest countries.
• Solidarities can be drawn between it and other
Introduction: The Starbucks and The Shanty
postcolonial that now define themselves as states.
Conceptualizing Without Defining
3. The process of globalization places into question
• It allows critics and activists to make distinctions geographically-bound conceptions of poverty and
beneficiaries of uneven systems of global power. inequality.
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• Global south: poverty of the underdeveloped • Economically activist state

countries.
• The struggle for autonomous governance is largely
• Global north: affluence of the developing world. waged as a struggle to democratize the state in order to
make it responsive to the needs of people on the
• Marx was correct to claim, "the proletariat has no ground rather than the demands of the external power.
country." There is a global south in the global north and
vice versa. Colonialism, Modernity, and the Creation of Global
Inequality
Why Insist in Analyzing States and State Inequalities?
• The Global South is a product of Western imagination.
Decolonization produces states.
• GEORGE WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL believed that a
• sovereign under the system of the United Nations universal 'spirit' propelled world history, leading
• many of these formerly colonized countries are the humankind to higher levels of consciousness.
same ones inadequately represented in global • FRENCH MISSION CIVILISATRICE • which held that
organizations and international banks. civilization was a necessary tool for the spread of
• global free trade has failed qua countries 'civilization'-allowed for the subjugation of vast parts of
Africa and Southeast Asia.
• resistance to the global trading regimes
• FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR Began when US President
Solutions to problems produced by globalization are William McKinley declared a policy of 'benevolent
forwarded and articulated on a state level. assimilation' for the Philippines-colonialism with a
smile.
• global institutions have yet to prove that they can
diminish international inequalities • Civilizational discourse was not only the dominant
ideology of colonialism. Its logic also shaped the birth of
• the state remains "the main mechanism of social
the international order.
transfers," making it the strongest vehicle for social
redistribution. • WALT W. ROSTOW'S MODERNIZATION THEORY which
outlined historical progress in terms of a society's
• development in the global south must begin by
capacity to produce and consume material goods,
"drawing out most of a country's financial resources for
became a key foreign policy precept of the Kennedy
development from within rather than becoming
administration.
dependent on foreign investments and foreign financial
markets. • ARTURO ESCOBAR notes the notion of
"underdevelopment" and "third world" emerged as
• responding to issues such as global warming requires
working concepts in the process by which the West (and
global approach.
the East) redefined themselves and the global power
• global environment crisis is a reflection of interstate structure.
inequality.
• SAMUEL HUNTINGTON's debated THEORY OF WORLD
Phenomena largely considered "transnational" is a POLITICS claims that a 'clash of civilizations' is the main
result of state policies. source of conflicts in the post-cold war world, rehashes
many of colonial stereotype associated with so-called
• transnational global spheres are already prefigured by backward civilizations.
the policies of state authorities.
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• THOMAS FRIEDMAN His metaphor of the Lexus, which • Comintern organized the Congress of the East in
signifies a 'fundamental, age-old human drive' for Caucasian town of Baku Lenin urged communists to
'sustenance, improvements, prosperity and forge ties with nationalist elites and radical peasants in
modernization', is equates with 'global markets, their fight against colonialism. This alliance did not
financial institutions and computer technologies with translate into revolutionary victories
which we pursue higher living standard today.’
• Asian versions of Communism would only flourish
• MANFRED STEGER contends that 'globalism', 'the after the disbandment of the Comintern
dominant political belief system of our time against
—sustained the alliance between Western Communism
which all of its challengers must define themselves.'
and anti-colonial nationalist
Challenging the Colonial Order
• The end of the Second World War was the highpoint
"How have the peoples of the present-global south of decoloration
responded to colonialism and other linear visions of
modernity?" —United Nation (UN) was created in 1945, over 80 ex-
colonies have gained independence.
Definition of Terms
—It was through UN that international law ceased to
• Solidarity — a feeling of unity between people who formally divide the world into civilized and uncivilized
have the same interests, goals, etc. nations.

• Colonialism —with the enshrinement of the principle of self-

determination, postcolonial nationalism could justify
• Anti-Colonialism their cause within the ambit of international law.
• Socialist • As more countries decolonized the cold war loomed
• Communist over the postwar reconfiguration of world politics. Third
Worlds interpretation of the global politics emerges. In
• BENEDICT ANDERSON (2007) —"the resistance of the tripartite vision, the third world consisted of non-
countries benefitted from the increased interaction of aligned countries, charting a middle way between the
political dissidents amidst an early phase of 1st and 2nd worlds.
globalization that allowed for spreading of anarchist and
anticolonial ideas" • The Asia-African Conference held in Indonesian City of
Bandung (Bandung conference) it brought together
• Anti-colonialism - though it emphasizes domestic from 29 Asian and African countries. Notable
nationalism, was also an internationalist project. participants included present-day heroes of the Third
world pantheon, especially Sukarno an Indonesian
• Socialist Internationalism - union of socialist parties
president Challenging the ColonialOrder
(now called social democrats)
• As more countries decolonized the cold war loomed
—did not prioritize the struggle of colonized people in
over the postwar reconfiguration of world politics. Third
its policies
Worlds interpretation of the global politics emerges. In
• Lenin founded Communist International 1919 tripartite vision, the third world consisted of non-
(Cominterm) as an alternative locus of socialist aligned countries, charting a middle way between the
internationalism 1st and 2nd worlds.
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• The Asia-African Conference held in Indonesian City of • A similar globalization of the south's concerns is
Bandung (Bandung conference) it brought together arising in discussions of the global environment.
from 29 Asian and African countries. Notable
• Government of Bolivia under Evo Morales, criticized
participants included present-day heroes of the Third
world pantheon, especially Sukarno an Indonesian the inability of Western states to develop a truly
president effective replacement for the Kyoto protocol during
negotiations in Copenhagen.
• Excerpt from Sukarno's Opening Speech in the
conference. "... colonialism has also its modern dress, in • The global south-as a symbol and metaphor- is not
the form of economic control intellectual control, actual only relevant for those who live in countries
physical control by small but alien community within a traditionally associated with it.
nation..." • Hobsbawn notes that 'the nationalism of small nations
• Sukarno's view, what united the countries of the Third was just as impatient of minorities as what Lenin called
world was not a common identity of culture. Rather, "great-nation" chauvinism.'
third worldism began as common resistance to new • HAU AND SHIRAISHI propose that the concept be
forms of colonialism rethought as 'a networked formed through intellectual,
• As the conference progressed, it became clear that physical, emotional, virtual, institutional, and even
countries were not just wary of first world imperialism, sexual contacts, or some combination thereof'.
but also of "communist colonialism" • WALDEN BELLO illustrates that strong domestic, state-
• Third World Countries to be free based solutions are prerequisites for food security in
the global south.
• ROLAND BURKE (2006)
• It has premised one of the most morally potent ideas
• contends that debates about freedom allowed the of history: universal human equality.
conference to affirm the value of universal and human
*WHAT IS NEOCOLONIALISM?
rights.

• Today, however, the old language of Third worldism is What is the promise of education?
no longer tenable, on a narrow empirical level, a What is Neocolonialism?
tripartite world no longer exists. but late 1970s
successful capitalist development in East Asia had Colonialism!
displaced the 3rd worldist idea that the hierarchical
Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves
character of the world economy was holding back the
the subjugation of one people to another
Third World.
⊙ the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial
Conclusion: The Global South as New Internationalism
political control over another country,
• In 2012, Greece along with other European occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it
economies, are proving to be the worst hit by the global economically.
financial crisis that began in 2008.
NeoColonialism!
• Daily Mail to ask: 'Is Greece becoming a third world
⊙ An indirect form of control through economic or
country?'
cultural dependence
[Type text]

⊙ Continued control of former colonies through ⊙ Assembly line production of food ( from
ruling native elites compliant with neocolonial production to sales)
powers, populations that are exploited for their
Neocolonialism In Africa: The Economic Crisis in Africa
labor and resources in order to feed an
and the Propagation of The Status Quo By the World
insatiable appetite
Bank / IMF and WTO
⊙ Continues to actively control the affairs of the
newly independent state Neocolonialism in Africa by Harold Nyikal

⊙ A system where Great Powers ( past colonizers ) ⊙ Neocolonialism as a new form of colonialism
maintain their exploitative relationship with ⊙ Western countries – masked under the pretext
past colonies of economic support for Africa, directly
The geopolitical practice of using capitalism , business enforced or institutonalized in the World Bank ,
globalization and cultural imperialism to influence a the International Monetary Fund( IMF) and the
country , instead of direct military or political control World Trade Organization (WTO)

Neocolonial Territories ⊙ The Policies- chained Africa to continue to be

dependent on western economies for
⊙ Neocolonial territories become the target subsistence
market for imports from the imperial center
⊙ Prevents Self Help to the continent’s economic
Dependency Theory problems

Depicts a world made up of developmental inequities, ⊙ Colonizer’s focus on value extraction

noting that metropolitan centers, in seeking to be even
more developed, “ underdevelop” the peripheries ⊙ Claim economic development to their colonies
but their economic development focused solely
through trade exploitation
on building infrastructures to get resources
Peripheral Economies and export them.

⊙ Built upon a few commodities or single Neoliberal Globalization

commodity
I.Economic Liberalization
⊙ Extremely vulnerable to fluctuations in price
and demand ⊙ Flooding the market with imported goods
destroy local industries and livelihoods
⊙ Dependent relationship with core economies
that traces its roots to colonialism ⊙ Increasing poverty and unemployment

⊙ Most of the jobs that connect their workers to ⊙ Locally produced goods suffer from unfair
the world economy pay little and require few compeititon by cheaper importers
skills ⊙ Mary John Manazan : Group of Seven
⊙ MCDONALDIZATION OF SOCIETY ○ Control the liberal capitalist market
⊙ It represent a loss of individual choice economy
and creativity
[Type text]

○ Represent the controlling power of ⊙ Network of interconnected elites controlling

advanced capitalist countries major field of social life ( economic, social,
comprising of the G-7 ideological , etc)

G-7 Distorted Structure o Economy Implied Two Things:

1. Japan ⊙ Subordination

2. USA ○ Reorganization of the economy that it will only

produce primary goods for the industrial West
3. France and the prevention of local industrialization
4. Germany ⊙ External Orientation
5. Great Britain ○ Extreme dependency on overseas market,
6. Canada
Neoliberal Globalization
7. Italy II. Deregulation
⊙ Based on the premise that all will benefit from
⊙ ‘neoliberal state’ - peripheral neoliberal state
free trade since it becomes instrumental to neoliberal
⊙ EX: Annual global trade has reached US $7 policies largely controled by core –countries
Trillion in 1999, the total exports of developing
countries represented only 28%, while the share EXAMPLE:
of the least developed countries was 0.5% ;
North America and the EU had the largest share ⊙ Overpricing of oil resulting in increase , not only
of transportation services and electricity , but
of world trade in goods and commercial services
also of the price of many other commodities
EXAMPLE:
III. Privitization
Food Insecurity in the Philippines
⊙ The core of IMF/WB’sstructural adjustment
 Import dependency for basic needs policies
 Under the WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture
⊙ Trade liberalization and Market deregulation
(AOA) the Philippines is required to allow the
progressive importation of rice ( 1% of domestic ⊙ Privitization of public utility
consumption in 1995, 2% in 2000 and 4% by
2004) ⊙ Eliminates public subsidies on social services
and public sector corporations
⊙ Unregulated market cause the transnational
corporations and richer foreign nations to EXAMPLE:
control the local market , forcing local
⊙ Privatization of health care will deny affordable
production and local entrepeneurs out of the
and accessible basic health services to the poor
market.
.
Transnational Elites
⊙ IBON Databank Foundation- The poor comprise
88% of the Philippine Population ( Roque 2005)
[Type text]

⊙ Privatization of state owned water utilities was ⊙ GERMANY AND JAPAN

one of the conditions for loan in the 19995-
1997 structural adjustment policies of IMF ( ~Third world countries – major source of raw materals
Bello 2004) and a market for the industrial capitalist societies

⊙ Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage Modernization Theory

System (MWSS) was privatized. ⊙ Structure of relationship between the rich and
⊙ Privatization facilitates the penetration of the poor
foreign capital into sectors of the economy that ⊙ Top-Down Approach- “ One shoe fits all”
might have been under state control. ( Bello
2004) ⊙ USA AID- desigend to aid underdeveloped areas
and improve their working conditions
IV. Labor Export
⊙ WESTERN MODEL OF MODERNIZATION
⊙ Government strategy to pay debt and regulate
unemployment WESTERN MODEL OF MODERNIZATION

⊙ Philippines – Top Labor Exporter ( IBON 1998) Strengthen the illusion of independence and the
sovereignty of the national developmental state.
○ Feminization of migrant labor – Filipino
Women comprise majority of export
labor ( 61% in 1998 and 70% in 2000)

V. International Division of Labor

⊙ Under the old international division of labor

,underdeveloped areas were incorporated into
the world economy principally as suppliers of
mineral and agricultural commodities

⊙ As developing economies are merged into the

world economy , more production takes place in
these economies.

GRAND AREA

⊙ U.S government’s global strategy both during

and after WWII.

⊙ Plan proposed by the STATE DEPARTMENT and

the COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

⊙ Post War Economic Plan

⊙ Every part of the new world was assigned a

special function

⊙ Industrial countries- “ great worskhop”