Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes ideas, finished thesis, generalization or conclusion, methodologies

and others. Those that were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are

relevant and like to the present study.

Design of Feed Pelletizer Machines

The design and fabrication of feed pelletizer machines have been thoroughly examined by many

researchers. The study conducted by Ogbu, Okpe, Muo, and Okoloekwe (2018) showcased the

design and fabrication procedures for a fish pelleting machine. This research study is intended to

improve productivity and profitability by aiding farmers in making their own feeds, minimizing

production costs, and implementing self-reliance. In addition, the research conducted by

Orimaye, Ajewole, and Oni (2019) worked on indigenous fish feed pelletizing machines

specified for low-income farmers in Nigeria, focusing on easy access along with affordability.

According to the study of Pathak and Vishwakarma (2021), they took part in the design and

fabrication of a cassava pelleting machine that extends the study of various types of feed

production to accommodate alternative sources. Moreover, the work of Wang, Zhang, and Huang

(2015) explored poultry feed pellet machine design, featuring the flexibility of such machinery

across diverse livestock businesses. These research studies generally highlight the significance of

innovative design approaches in feed pelletizer machinery, accomplishing all the different needs

associated with farmers and ensuring the availability of resources.

The efficiency of feed pelletizer machines has been thoroughly researched in recent studies.

According to the study of Orimaye et al. (2019), they worked on the performance evaluation of a

pellet manufacturing unit in a local feed pelleting machine, showing that pelletizing efficiency

escalated with moisture content and die diameter, achieving an ideal efficiency of 98%. The

same applies to the research conducted by Ogbu et al. (2018), emphasizing the design and

fabrication of a fish feed pelleting machine, focusing on the importance of efficiency in the

design and improving feed production operations. In addition, the research of Ijabo and Adgidzi

(2020) examined the performance of a cassava pelleting machine powered by a diesel engine,

further emphasizing the importance of machine efficiency in diverse feed production settings. In

conclusion, these studies typically focus on vital technological developments and design

innovations aimed at boosting the efficiency of feed pelletizer machines.

Quality of Feeds or Pellets Produces

Physical Quality:

The quality of feeds or pellets has a vital role in guaranteeing optimal performance in

nourishment for animals. Physical qualities such as size, color, and appearance have a great

impact on the productivity of the pellets produced. The study conducted by Orimaye et al. (2019)

illustrates that using various types of die diameters, like 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm, can produce

pellets of different sizes, with larger sizes emphasizing higher efficiency. In addition, preserving

the natural color of pellets is enabled by the utilization of suitable resources in designing the
machine, as emphasized by the research study of Ogbu et al. (2018). Furthermore, attaining

uniform appearance is necessary, which can be attained with the help of efficient cutting

mechanisms and effective extrusion pressure, as suggested by the same research study. The

physical quality of pellets is further mentioned in studies such as the design, fabrication, and

performance evaluation of fish meal pelletizing machines (Olusegun et al., 2018) and the design

and evaluation of pellet mills for animal feed production (Romallosa & Cabarles, 2015).

Chemical Quality:

The suitable moisture content significantly affects the pelletizing efficiency, as shown by the

researchers. According to Orimaye et al. (2019), a product with a 25% moisture content

maximizes its efficiency. Furthermore, Sharma, Pathak, and Vishwakarma (2021) verified the

result of the study, pointing out the significant effect of moisture content on the durability and

toughness of the pellet produced. This indicates the importance of maintaining the proportion of

moisture in the methods for pelletization to achieve optimal performance. In general, the

application that is advantageous to such a study in the development and performance evaluation

of a screw-like fish meal pelletizer and a cassava pelleting machine powered by a diesel engine

also enhances the significance and capitalizes on the moisture content for better pellet quality

(Orimaye et al., 2019; Shaarma et al., 2021).

Optimal Pelletizing Machine Performance: An Examination at Dimensional Parameters

dimensions to improve their efficiency and performance. The frame dimensions provide the

structural stability and durability of the machine (Romallosa and Cabarles, 2015). Barrel

dimensions are a vital part of the appropriate compression and the physical quality in terms of

the shape of the pellets produced (Jiang, Wu, and Sun, 2019). The feed hopper dimensions must

be appropriate for the design to ensure a smooth and continuous flow of raw material into the

machine (Okolie et al., 2019b). In the study of Nenciu et al. (2022b), screw conveyor dimensions

are important for the efficiency of transferring the material through the machine. In addition,

according to the study conducted by Abubakre et al. (2014b), the die plate dimensions play a

great role in finding out the physical quality of the pellet produced in terms of its size and shape.

Last but not least, the chamber dimensions must be precisely sized to organize the different pellet

procedures (Olugboji et al., 2015b). These considerations on its dimensions generally had a great

impact on its optimal performance and efficient pelletizing machine, as mentioned in the various

studies (Romallosa and Cabarles, 2015; Jiang, Wu, and Sun, 2019; Nenciu et al., 2022b;

Abubakre et al., 2014b; Olugboji et al., 2015b).

Pelletizing Machine Performance Enhancement by Strategic Planning Power Source

Selection

The selection of power source is an important matter to consider in the design and fabrication of

pelletizing machines, as it is directly proportional to their efficiency, operating expenses, and

environmental reliability. Diverse studies enhance the significance of the selection of a suitable

power source to bring out the full potential of the machine in terms of its performance and
efficiency. Just like the study conducted by Romallosa and Cabarles (2015) and Orimaye et al.

(2019). As stated in the study of Okolie et al. (2019b) and Nenciu et al. (2022c), there is another

power source option, the diesel engine, especially in other regions where sometimes electric

supply is incompatible, while proving resilience and high torque. Furthermore, the study

conducted by Olugboji et al. (2015b) and Ikubanni, Olayinka, and Ogunsemi (2019) explores the

use of renewable resources like solar power to promote environmental sustainability and reduce

carbon footprints. The resilience of this different power source in pelletizing machines not only

highlights its functioning but also highlights wider economic goals and environmental

sustainability (Romallosa and Cabarles, 2015; Orimaye et al., 2019; Okolie et al., 2019b; Nenciu

et al., 2022c; Olugboji et al., 2015b; Ikubanni et al., 2019).

Pelletizing machine cost-effective design strategies: achieving a balance between

production costs and operational effectiveness

The cost of production of the pelletizing machine plays a vital role in affecting the design and

efficiency of the machine. Various studies have emphasized the cost implications associated with

the fabrication and preservation of the machine. The material choice greatly impacts the primary

production cost; reliable and best-quality materials will have a higher production cost but

minimize the long-term preservation costs (Romallosa and Cabarles, 2015; Ogbu et al., 2018).

Furthermore, the added complexity of the machine design, involving the different features like

the diverse die-plates and innovative control system, can sum up to the overall production cost,

while it can enhance its overall efficiency and overall production quality (Orimaye et al., 2019;

Okolie et al., 2019b). According to the study of Olugboji et al. (2015b) and Nenciu et al.
(2022b), the type of power source may also have a great effect on operational cost, with electric

motors having a lesser operational cost compared to those powered by a diesel engine in the

overall primary cost. While the study of Ikubanni et al. (2019) found that using renewable

resources, like solar-powered machines, can decrease long-term operational costs anchored to

economic goals and environmental sustainability, maximizing the available resources can lead to

a more affordable production process and economic sustainability in pellet production operations

(Romallosa and Cabarles, 2015; Ogbu et al., 2018; Orimaye et al., 2019; Okolie et al., 2019b;

Olugboji et al., 2015b; Nenciu et al., 2022b; Ikubanni et al., 2019).

Pelletizing Machine Performance Improvement Through Thorough Material Selection

The material selection in accordance with the design and fabrication of pelletizer machines will

greatly impact efficiency, performance, durability, and cost efficiency. Through the study of

Romallosa and Cabarles (2015) and Ogbu et al. (2018), high durability with the best quality can

maximize the expenses in the production process while emphasizing the impact to lessen the

machine's expenses in its maintenance and preservation. Research highlights the significance of

making use of resources that can mitigate high pressure and wear, like stainless steel and

hardened alloys, to maintain the reliability of vital parts like die plates and screw conveyors

(Orimaye et al., 2019; Okolie et al., 2019b). Furthermore, innovative choices in materials, such

as composites and coated metals, have been used to mitigate the corrosion and minimize the

overall weight, helping with the efficient use of energy and operational reliability (Olugboji et

al., 2015b; Abubakre et al., 2014b). In general, the study of Romallosa and Cabarles (2015),

Ogbu et al. (2018), Orimaye et al. (2019), Okolie et al. (2019b), Olugboji et al. (2015b), and
Abubakre et al. (2014b) states that the acceptance of advanced resources not only significantly

improves the performance of the machine but also helps with environmentally friendly methods

for production by reducing energy and waste.