Faculty of Engineering

Calc. and Analytic geom. 1

ENB1101
Lecture 1

Asst. Prof.
Dr. M. Basseem

sinaiuniversity.net
Syllabus of Calculus and Analytic geometry -1
 Functions – Domain – Range – Composite
function – Inverse function – limits –
Continuity.
 Types of functions and their derivatives.
 Application of differentiation
 Integration – Techniques of integration –
Applications
 Analytic geometry
 Parabola – Ellipse – Hyperbola.
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2
𝑦 =𝑥
Domain: R Real nos.
Range: [0, ∞[
Or
𝑦 =√ 1 − 𝑥 2

Domain:
i.e.
i.e.

Domain : [-1, 1]

Range: [0, 1]
y = mx + a
R-{0}
R-{0}
R-{0}

+¿ ¿
R 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ¿ 𝑅
( )
𝑥
−𝑥 1
10 =
10
¿ log 𝑥

𝑒≅ 2 .178 log 𝑒 𝑥=ln 𝑥

y1=|x-2|
𝑦 =√ − 𝑥 𝑦 =√ 𝑥
𝑦 =− √ 𝑥
𝑦 =𝑦
√=−√
𝑥𝑦𝑥
= +
√𝑥1

𝑦 =− √𝑥 − 1
𝑦 =− √𝑥
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Operations on Functions

Composite Function: Combining a function within another

function. Written as follows:

f ( g ( x)) or ( f g )( x)

Operations Notation:
Sum: f ( x)  g ( x) or ( f  g )( x)
Difference: f ( x)  g ( x) or ( f  g )( x)
Product: f ( x) g ( x) or ( f g )( x)
Quotient: f ( x) / g ( x) or ( f / g )( x)

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Example 1 Add / Subtract Functions
f ( x) 3 x 2  7 x
g ( x) 2 x 2  x  1

a) ( f  g )( x) b) ( f  g )( x)
 f ( x)  g ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)

3 x 2  7 x  2 x 2  x  1 3 x 2  7 x  (2 x 2  x  1)
5 x 2  6 x  1 3 x 2  7 x  2 x 2  x  1
x 2  8 x 1

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Example 2 Multiply / Divide Functions
f ( x) 3x 2  2 x  1
g ( x) x  4

a) ( f g )( x) b) ( f / g )( x)

(3 x 2  2 x  1)( x  4) 3x 2  2 x  1

3 x 3  2 x 2  x  12 x 2  8 x  4 x 4
3 x 3  14 x 2  9 x  4 4 3 2 1
12 40
3 10 41

41
3 x  10 
x 4
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Example 3 Evaluate Composites of Functions
f ( x) 3 x 2  x  4 Recall: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
g ( x) 2 x  1

a) ( f g )( x) b) ( g f )( x)
 f ( g ( x))  g ( f ( x))
 f (2 x  1)  g (3 x 2  x  4)
3(2 x  1) 2  (2 x  1)  4
2(3 x 2  x  4)  1
3(4 x 2  4 x  1)  2 x  1  4
6 x 2  2 x  8  1
12 x 2  12 x  3  2 x  5
6 x 2  2 x  7
12 x 2  14 x  8

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g

¿ 2 (3 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 )− 1 2

2
¿6 𝑥 −2𝑥−7

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Inverse Functions and Relations
Inverse Relation: Relation (function) where you switch the
Domain and range values

Inverse Notation: f  1 ( x)

Inverse Properties: If f and g are inverses.

1] f (a ) b iff g (b) a
2] f ( g ( x))  x and g ( f ( x))  x

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Steps to Find Inverses
[1] Replace f(x) with y

[2] Solve for x and replace it with f  1 ( x) and y with x

One-to-One: A function whose inverse is also a function

(horizontal line test)

Inverse is not a function

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Inverses of Graphed Relations

The graphs of inverses are reflections about

the line y=x

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Example 1 Find an Inverse Function

1 x 4
a) f ( x)  x  1 b) g ( x) 
2 2
1 x 4
y  x  1 y
2 2

1 2 y x  4
y  1  x 2 y  4 x
2
 2 y  2 x g  1 ( x) 2 x  4
f  1 ( x)  2 x  2

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Example 2 Continued

c) f ( x)  x  2 d) f ( x) x 2  4
y  x 2 y x 2  4

y x  2
2
y  4 x 2
f 1 2
( x)  x  2 f  1 ( x)  x  4

Inverse is not a 1-1 function. (BUT the

inverse is 2 different functions:
f  1 ( x)  x  4 f  1 ( x)  x  4
If you restrict the domain in the original
function, then the inverse will become a
function.

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Example 3 Verify two Functions are Inverses
1
f ( x) 5 x  10 g ( x)  x  2
5
a) Method 1 b) Method 2
y 5 x  10 Show that f ( g ( x))  x
1 
f ( g ( x)) 5 x  2   10
y  10 5 x 5 
1
f  1 ( x)  x  2 x  10  10
5
x
Yes, Inverses
Yes, Inverses

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Example 4 One-to-One (Horizontal Line Test)
Determine whether the functions are one-to-one.
a) f ( x)  x  2 b) f ( x) x 2  4

One-to-One Not One-to-One

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Example 5 – Find the Inverse of a Rational Function

Solution:

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THANK YOU

@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg

Faculty of Engineering
Calc. and Analytic geom. 1
ENB1101
Lecture 2

Asst. Prof.
Dr. M. Basseem

sinaiuniversity.net
Differentiation

 Basic Rules of Differentiation

 The Product and Quotient Rules
 The Chain Rule
 The derivative of the inverse function

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

1. Derivative of a Constant
2. The Power Rule
3. Derivative of a Constant Multiple Function
4. The Sum Rule
Derivative of a Constant
 We will use the notation
 To mean “the derivative of f with respect to x at x.”

Derivative of a constant

d
c  0
dx

 The derivative of a constant function is equal to zero.

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Derivative of a Constant
 We can see geometrically why the derivative of a
constant must be zero.
 The graph of a constant function is a straight line
parallel to the x axis.
 Such a line has a slope that is constant with a value of
zero.
 Thus, the derivative of a constant must be zero as well.
y
f(x) = c

x
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The Power Rule

The Power Rule

 If n is any real number, then

d n
dx
 x  nx n 1

𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
−1
= 2
𝑥 ( ) 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( √ 𝑥 )=
1
2√𝑥
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The Power Rule
 Lets verify this rule for the special
case of n = 2.
 If , then

d 2 f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f ( x )   x  lim
dx h 0 h

( x  h)2  x 2 x 2  2 xh  h 2  x 2
lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
2 xh  h 2 h (2 x  h )
lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h

lim(2 x  h ) 2 x
h 0
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Derivative of a Constant Multiple
Function

 If c is any constant real number, then

d d
 cf ( x ) c  f ( x )
dx dx

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Practice Examples:
 Find the derivative of f ( x ) 5 x 3

d
f ( x )  5 x 3 
dx
d 3
5  x 
dx

5 3x 2 

15 x 2

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Example 2:
3
 Find the derivative of f ( x) 
x

d
f ( x) 
dx
3 x  1/ 2 

 1  3/ 2 
3   x 
 2 

3
 3/ 2
2x

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The Sum Rule
d d d
 f ( x ) g ( x )    f ( x )    g ( x)
dx dx dx

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Practice Examples:
 Find the derivative of f ( x ) 4 x 5  3x 4  8 x 2  x  3

d
f ( x ) 
dx
4 x 5  3x 4  8 x 2  x  3

d d d d d
4  x 5   3  x 4   8  x 2    x   3
dx dx dx dx dx

4 5 x 4   3 4 x 3   8 2 x   1  0

20 x 4  12 x 3  16 x  1

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t2 5
 2- Find the derivative of g (t )   3
5 t

d  t2 5  d  1 2 
g (t )    3    t  5t  3 
dt  5 t  dt  5 
1 d 2 d 3
  t   5 t 
5 dt dt

1
 2t   5  3t  4 
5
2t 15 2t 5  75
  4 
5 t 5t 4

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The Product and Quotient Rules

d
 f ( x ) g ( x )  f ( x ) g ( x )  g ( x ) f ( x )
dx

d  f ( x )  g ( x ) f ( x )  f ( x ) g ( x )
  
dx  g ( x )   g ( x )2
1- Find the derivative of f ( x ) 2 x 2  1 x 3  3
d 3 d
f ( x ) 2 x  1  x  3   x  3 2 x 2  1
 2 3

dx dx
2 x 2  13x 2    x 3  34 x 
6 x 4  3x 2  4 x 4  12 x
 x 10 x 3  3x  12 
2- Find the derivative of f ( x) x3  
x 1
d 1/2 d 3 3  1  1/2 
f ( x )  x       
3 1/2 1/2 2
x  1  x  1 x  x  x  x  1 3 x
dx dx 2 
1 5/2 5/2 2
𝑥
3  x  3 x  3 x
+3 𝑥 ( √ 𝑥 +1 ) 2
′ 2
𝑓 𝑥=( )
2√𝑥 7
 x 5/2  3x 2
2
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x
3- Find the derivative of f ( x) 
2x  4

d d
2 x  4  ( x )  x 2 x  4 
f ( x )  dx dx
 
2
2 x  4


2 x  4 1  x 2 
 
2
2 x  4

2x  4  2x 4
 
2 x  4  2 x  4 
2 2

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x2 1
4- Find the derivative of f ( x)  2
x 1

d 2 d 2
 x 2  1 dx
 x  1    x 2
 1  dx
 x  1
f ( x ) 
 x  1
2 2


 x 2
 12 x    x 2  12 x 
x  1
2 2

2 x3  2 x  2 x3  2 x 4x
 
x  1 x  1
2 2 2 2

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The Chain Rule

 If h(x) = g[f (x)] = g ◦ f, then

d
h( x)  g  f ( x)  g  f ( x)  f ( x)
dx

 Equivalently, if we write y = h(x) = g(u),

where u = f (x), then
dy dy du
 
dx du dx

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Practice Examples:
1
1- Find the derivative of f ( x) 
4 x  7
2 2

f ( x ) 4 x  7  2 2

16 x
f ( x )  2 4 x  7 
3
2
8 x  
4 x  7
2 3

3
 2 x  1 
2 - Find the derivative of f ( x )  
 3x  2 
2
 2x 1  d  2x 1 
f ( x ) 3    
 3x  2  dx  3x  2 
 2x 1 
2
 3x  2 2   2 x  13
3    
3x  2 
2
 3 x  2   
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Differentiation

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Example 2:

1= √ 𝑥 2 −1
√ 𝑥 2 −1

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DERIVATIVE OF THE
INVERSE FUNCTIONS

If f and f -1 are inverse functions, then their derivatives at

“corresponding” points are reciprocals of one another :

 ( x)  1
f  1

f '( f  1 ( x))

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Example 1:

Let and be functions that are differentiable everywhere.

If is the inverse of and if , what is ?

Since is the inverse of you know that

holds for all .
Differentiating both sides with respect to , and using the the chain rule:
.

So
⇒ ⇒

′
∴ 𝑔 ( − 2 )=− 2
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Example 2:

A typical problem using this formula might look like this:

df df  1
Given: f 3 5 and 3 6 Find: 5
dx dx
Solution:
−1
∵ 𝑓 (𝑓 ( 𝑥))=𝑥
⟹ 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ) ( 𝑓 )′(𝑥 )=1
−1 −1

−1 ′ 1 1
⟹( 𝑓 ) ( 5) = =
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑓 ( 5 ) ) 𝑓 ′ (3)
−1

df  1 1
5 
dx 6
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Trigonometric functions
[-1,1]
Some Important Trigonometric Relations
Derivatives of
Trigonometric
functions

C
−3 / 2
𝑖 ¿ 𝑦 =( 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 )
2

− 3 /2
𝑦 =( sin 𝑥 )
2
= sin −3
𝑥
𝑖𝑖 ¿ 𝑦 =𝑥 sec 𝑥
′
𝑦 =𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 tan 𝑥+ sec 𝑥
′
𝑦 =sec 𝑥 ( 1+ 𝑥 tan 𝑥 )

𝑦 =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ( 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+tan 𝑥 ) +sec 𝑥tan 𝑥 ( 1+𝑥tan

′′ 2

+
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Note:

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THANK YOU

@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg

Faculty of Engineering
Calc. and Analytic geom. 1
ENB1101
Lectures 3-4

Asst. Prof.
Dr. M. Basseem

sinaiuniversity.net
DERIVATIVE OF THE INVERSE FUNCTIONS
example:

Let and be functions that are differentiable everywhere.

If is the inverse of and if and , what is ?

Since is the inverse of you know that

holds for all .
Differentiating both sides with respect to , and using the the chain rule:
.

So
⇒ ⇒
The relation
′
′ 1 ( 𝑓 ) ( 𝑥 )=
−1 1
𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑓 ′ (𝑔 (𝑥 )) 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑓 − 1( 𝑥) )

used here holds whenever and are inverse functions.

Some people memorize it.
It is easier to re-derive it any time you want to use it, by differentiating
both sides of

(which you should know in the middle of the night).

example:
A typical problem using this formula might look like this:

df df  1
Given: f 3 5 3 6 Find: 5
dx dx

𝑓 ( 𝑓 − 1 ( 𝑥))=𝑥

𝑓 ′ ( 𝑓 (𝑥)) ( 𝑓 )′ (𝑥)=1
−1 −1
.

−1
𝑓 ( 3 ) =5 ⇒ 𝑓 ( 5 ) =3

df  1 1

5 
dx 6
example:

If , find

−1
𝑓 (𝑓 ( 𝑥))=𝑥

𝑓 ′ ( 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) ( 𝑓 −1)′ (𝑥)=1 .

Since
example:

If f(3) = 8, and f’(3)= 5, what do we know about f-1 ?

Since f passes through the point (3, 8), f-1 must pass through
the point (8, 3). Furthermore, since the graph of f has slope 5
at (3, 8), the graph of f-1 must have slope 1/5 at (8, 3).
example:

If f (x)= 2x5 + x3 + 1, find (a) f (1) and f '(1) and (b) (f -1 )(4) and (f -1)'(4).

y=2x5 + x3 + 1. y’ = 10x4 + 3x2 is positive everywhere y is strictly

increasing, thus f (x) has an inverse.

f (1)=2(1)5 + (1)3 +1=4

f '(x)=10x4 + 3x2
f '(1)=10(1)4 +3(1)2 =13

Since f(1)=4 implies the point (1, 4) is on the curve f(x)=2x5 +x3 +1,
therefore, the point (4, 1) (which is the reflection of (1, 4) on y =x) is on
the curve (f -1)(x). Thus, (f -1)(4)=1.
example:

If f(x)=5x3 + x +8, find (f -1) '(8).

Since y is strictly increasing near x =8, f(x) has an inverse near x
=8.
Note that f(0)=5(0)3 +0+8=8 which implies the point (0, 8) is on the
curve of f(x). Thus, the point (8, 0) is on the curve of (f -1)(x).

f '(x)=15x2 +1
f '(0)=1
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

None of the six basic trigonometric functions has an

inverse function.

This statement is true because all six trigonometric

functions are periodic and therefore are not one-to-
one.

In this section, you will examine these six functions to

see whether their domains can be redefined in such a
way that they will have inverse functions on the
restricted domains.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Under suitable restrictions, each of the six
trigonometric functions is one-to-one and so has
an inverse function, as shown in the following
definition.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The graphs of the six inverse trigonometric

functions.

Figure 5.26
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Inverse functions have the properties
–1 –1
f(f (x)) = x and f (f(x)) = x.

When applying these properties to inverse

trigonometric functions, remember that the
trigonometric functions have inverse functions
only in restricted domains.

For x-values outside these domains, these two

properties do not hold.
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS

𝑦 =arc 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛− 1 𝑥 𝑦 =arc 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠− 1 𝑥

sin 𝑦=𝑥 cos 𝑦 =𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
sin 𝑦= 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
cos 𝑦 =1 −sin 𝑦 =1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦 1 1
= = = =−
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦 √ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 √ 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑦
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 𝑥= 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cos 𝑥=−
𝑑𝑥 √ 1− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 =arc 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛− 1 𝑥 𝑦 =arc 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑡 − 1 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 =𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑦 =𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦= 𝑥 co 𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=1 =1
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
2
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦= 2
=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 =−
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦
2 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ∙ 2 1
𝑑𝑦
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ∙ 2
= 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 =−
( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ) ∙ 1 2
2 2
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 ) ∙
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cot 𝑥=−
𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥 2
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Example: Differentiating Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The absolute value sign is not necessary because e2x > 0.

Example 1
Differentiate arcsin(2 x)

1
arcsin(2 x)  2
2
1  (2 x)

2

1 4x2
Example 2
 x
Differentiate arctan 
 2

x
 
arctan 
 2
1 1
 2 2
 x
1  
 2
1

 x2 
2 1  
 4
2

4  x2
Example 2
 x
Differentiate arctan 
 2

x
 
arctan 
 2
1 1
 2 2
 x
1  
 2
1

 x2 
2 1  
 4
2

4  x2
Example 2
 x
Differentiate arctan 
 2

x
 
arctan 
 2
1 1
 2 2
 x
1  
 2
1

 x2 
2 1  
 4
2

4  x2
Example 2
 x
Differentiate arctan 
 2

x
 
arctan 
 2
1 1
 2 2
 x
1  
 2
1

 x2 
2 1  
 4
2

4  x2
Example 2
Differentiate xarccos x

x arccos x 
1
arccos x  x
1 x2
x
arccos x 
1 x2
Example 2
Differentiate xarccos x

x arccos x 
1
arccos x  x
1 x2
x
arccos x 
1 x2
Example 2
Differentiate xarccos x

x arccos x 
1
arccos x  x
1 x2
x
arccos x 
1 x2
DERIVATIVES Example 5

• Differentiate:

1
a. y   1
sin x

b. f ( x )  x arctan x
DERIVATIVES

1
• y  1
sin x
dy d 1 1
 (sin x )
dx dx
1 2 d 1
 (sin x ) (sin x )
dx
1

(sin 1 x )2 1  x 2
DERIVATIVES

• f ( x )  x arctan x

1  1/ 2
f '( x )  x 2
(
1
2
x )  arctan x
1 ( x )
x
  arctan x
2(1  x )
x
Look at the graph of y e

If we assume this to be true,

The slope at x=0 appears
then:
to be 1.
0h 0
e e
lim 1
h 0 h

definition of derivative


Now we attempt to find a general formula for the derivative of y e x
using the definition.

d x e x h  e x  e h
 1
dx
 
e lim
h 0 h
x
e lim 
h 0 h

 
e x e h  e x
lim
h 0 h This is the slope at x=0, which we have
assumed to be 1.

 x eh  1 
lim  e  
h 0
 h  e x 1
e x

d x
dx
 
e e x


x
e is its own derivative!

If we incorporate the chain rule:

d u u du
e e
dx dx

x
We can now use this formula to find the derivative of a


d x
dx
a   e x ln a ln a

dx
e  
d ln a x a x ln a

d x ln a
dx
e  
d u du
dx
  u
a a ln a
dx
d
e x ln a
  x ln a 
dx

So far today we have:

d u u du d du
e e
dx
u
 
u
a a ln a
dx
dx dx

ln x of
Now it is relatively easy to find the derivative .


y ln x dy 1
 y
y dx e
e x
d y d d 1
 
dx
e  x 
dx dx
ln x 
x
ydy
e 1 d 1 du
dx ln u 
dx u dx

To find the derivative of a common log function, you could just use the
change of base rule for logs:

d d ln x 1 d 1 1
log x   ln x  
dx dx ln10 ln10 dx ln10 x

The formula for the derivative of a log of any base other than e is:

d 1 du
log a u 
dx u ln a dx

d u u du d du
e e
dx
 
u u
a a ln a
dx
dx dx

d 1 du d 1 du
ln u  log a u 
dx u dx dx u ln a dx
Properties of Logarithms
Properties of Logarithms
• There are four basic properties of logarithms
that we will be working with. For every case,
the base of the logarithm can not be equal to
1 and the values must all be positive (no
negatives in logs)
Since logs and exponentials of the same base are inverse functions of
each other they “undo” each other.

f x  a x
f 1
x  log a x
Remember that:
f f  1  x and f  1 f  x
This means that:
f f 1
a loga x
x
inverses “undo”
each other
f 1
f log a a  x x

log 2 5
2 =5 log3 3 7
=7
Product Rule
logbMN = LogbM + logbN
Quotient Rule
M
log b log b M  log b N
N
Power Rule
x
log b M  x log b M
Using the log properties, write the expression as a sum and/or
difference of logs (expand).

 4
 ab 4
  ab 
log6   log 6  2 
3 2   3 
 c   c 
When working with logs, re-write any radicals as rational exponents.

2
using the second property: log 6 ab 4  log 6 c 3
M
log a log a M  log a N 2
N
using the first property: log 6 a  log 6 b 4  log 6 c 3

log a MN log a M  log a N

2
using the third property: log 6 a  4 log 6 b  log 6 c
log a M r r log a M 3
Let’s try something more complicated .
..
Condense the logs
log 5 + log x – log 3 + 4log 5

log 4 5  2 log 4 x  5(log 4 3 x  log 4 5 x)

Let’s try something more complicated .
..
Condense the logs
log 5 + log x – log 3 + 4log 5

log 4 5  2 log 4 x  5(log 4 3 x  log 4 5 x)

Graph OF LOG FUNCTIONS
DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS

• Differentiate y = ln(x3 + 1).

2
dy dy du 1 du 1 2 3 x
   3 (3 x )  3
dx du dx u dx x  1 x 1
d
• Find ln(sin x) .
dx
d 1 d
ln(sin x)  (sin x)
dx sin x dx
1
 cos x cot x
sin x
DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS
• Differentiate f ( x ) . ln x
d
1 2
f '( x)  (ln x)
1
2 (ln x)
dx
1 1 1
  
2 ln x x 2 x ln x
• Differentiate f(x) = log10(2 + sin x).
d
f '( x)  log10 (2  sin x)
dx
1 d
 (2  sin x)
(2  sin x) ln10 dx
cos x

(2  sin x) ln10
DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS
d x 1
• Find ln .
dx x 2
d x 1 1 d x 1
ln 
dx x 2 x 1 dx x  2
x 2


x 2 x  2 1 (x 1) 
1
2
(x  2) 1 2
x 1 x 2
x  2  12 (x 1) x 5
 
(x 1)(x  2) 2(x 1)(x  2)
DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS
• If we first simplify the given function using
the laws of logarithms, then the differentiation
becomes easier:

d x 1 d
ln   ln( x  1)  12 ln( x  2) 
dx x  2 dx
1 1 1 
   
x 1 2  x  2 
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
• The calculation of derivatives of complicated
functions involving products, quotients, or
powers can often be simplified by taking
logarithms.

– The method used in the following example

is called logarithmic differentiation.
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
• Differentiate
3/ 4 2
x x 1
y 5
(3 x  2)
– We take logarithms of both sides of the equation
and use the Laws of Logarithms to simplify:

2
ln y  ln x  ln( x  1)  5ln(3 x  2)
3
4
1
2
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
– Differentiating implicitly with respect to x gives:

1 dy 3 1 1 2 x 3
    2  5
y dx 4 x 2 x  1 3x  2

– Solving for dy / dx, we get:

dy  3 x 15 
y   2  
dx  4 x x  1 3x  2 
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION

–Since we have an explicit expression

for y, we can substitute and write:

3/ 4 2
dy x x 1  3 x 15 
 5   2
 
dx (3 x  2)  4 x x  1 3x  2 
STEPS IN LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION

1. Take natural logarithms of both sides of

an equation y = f(x) and use the Laws of
Logarithms to simplify.

2. Differentiate implicitly with respect to x.

3. Solve the resulting equation for y’.

LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
• You should distinguish carefully between:

– The Power Rule [(xn)’ = nxn-1], where the base

is variable and the exponent is constant

– The rule for differentiating exponential functions

[(ax)’ =ax ln a], where the base is constant and
the exponent is variable
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
• In general, there are four cases for
exponents and bases:

d
1. ( a b ) 0 a and b are constants
dx
d
 f ( x)  b  f ( x)  f '( x)
b b 1
2.
dx
d
3.  a g ( x )  a g ( x ) (ln a) g '( x)
dx
4. To find ( d / dx[ f ( x)] g ( x ) , logarithmic
differentiation can be used, as in the next example.
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
• Differentiate y  x . x

– Using logarithmic differentiation,

we have:
x
ln y ln x  x ln x
y' 1 1
 x   (ln x)
y x 2 x
 1 ln x  x  2  ln x 
y ' y   x  
 x 2 x  2 x 
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
x ln x x
• Another method is to write x ( e ).

d x d x ln x
( x )  (e )
dx dx
d
x ln x
e ( x ln x)
dx
x  2  ln x 
x  
 2 x 
Find an equation for the line tangent to the
1
graph of y cot x at x = -1

Slope of
d 1
cot x 
1
tangent line
dx 1 x2

At x = -1
1 1 3
2
 when x -1, y 
1  ( 1) 2 4
Equation of
Straight line
3  1
y  x  1
4 2 y  y0 mx  x0 
THANK YOU

@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg

Faculty of Engineering
Calc. and Analytic geom. 1
ENB1101
Lectures 5-6

Asst. Prof.
Dr. M. Basseem

sinaiuniversity.net
Exercise
Consider . Find

Solution

7
ln 𝑦= ¿
2
By diff.
𝑦′ 7
𝑦 [
= ( 1+ ln 𝑥 ) +
2
3
−
1
−
1
𝑥 ln 𝑥 2 √ 𝑥 √ 1− 𝑥 2 sin− 1 𝑥

′
𝑦=
7𝑦
2 [
( 1+ln 𝑥 )+
3
−
1
−
1
𝑥 ln 𝑥 2 √ 𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥 2 sin −1 𝑥
Exercise
Consider
Find . Sketch and . Deduce its domain and range.

Solution
∵ 𝑓 ( 0 ) =3 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 ) =2 𝑥+6
1
( 𝑓 ) ′ ( 3)=
−1

𝑓 ′ [ 𝑓 (3) ]
−1

1 1
¿ = .
𝑓 ′ [0] 6
2 2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 +6 𝑥 +3=( 𝑥+ 3 ) −6
Domain = Range =
2
𝑦 =( 𝑥+ 3 ) − 6
2
𝑦 + 6=( 𝑥+ 3 )
√ 𝑦 + 6=𝑥+ 3 (− 3 ,− 6)

√ 𝑦 +− 16 −3=𝑥
∴𝑓 =√ 𝑥+ 6 −3(− 6 , −3)
Domain = [ Range =
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 4
Hyperbolic functions
DEFINITION x x
e  e 1
sinh x  csc h x 
2 sinh x
x x
e e 1
cosh x  sec h x 
2 cosh x
sinh x cosh x
tanh x  coth x 
cosh x sinh x

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 5

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
Note that has domain and range
 has domain and range

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 6

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
 The graph of is shown.
 It has the horizontal asymptotes y = ±1.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 7

APPLICATIONS
 It can be proved that, if a heavy flexible cable
 is suspended between two points at the same

 height, it takes the shape of a curve with

 equation y = c + a cosh(x/a) called a catenary.

 The Latin word

catena means
‘chain.’

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 8

APPLICATIONS
 Another application occurs in the
 description of ocean waves.
 The velocity of a water wave with length L moving across a
body of water with depth d is modeled by
the function gL  2 d 
v tanh  
2  L 
where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 9

HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES
 The hyperbolic functions satisfy
 a number of identities that are similar to

 well-known trigonometric identities.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 10

HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES
 We list some identities here.
sinh(  x)  sinh x
cosh(  x) cosh x
2 2
cosh x  sinh x 1
1  tanh 2 x sech 2 x
sinh( x  y ) sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
cosh( x  y ) cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 11

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Example 1
 Prove:

a. cosh2x – sinh2x = 1

b. 1 – tanh2 x = sech2x

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 12

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Example 1 a

x 2 x 2
2  e e   e  e 
2
x x
cosh x  sinh x    
 2   2 
2x  2x 2x  2x
e 2e e  2e
 
4 4
4
 1
4

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HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Example 1 b
 We start with the identity proved in (a):
 cosh2x – sinh2x = 1

 If we divide both sides by cosh2x, we get:

sinh 2 x 1
1 
cosh x cosh 2 x
2

or 1  tanh 2 x sec h 2 x

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HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
 The identity proved in Example 1 a
 gives a clue to the reason for the name

 ‘hyperbolic’ functions, as follows.

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DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
 The derivatives of the hyperbolic
 functions are easily computed.

 For example,
d d  e x  e x  e x  e x
(sinh x)    cosh x
dx dx  2  2

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DERIVATIVES
 We list the differentiation formulas for
 the hyperbolic functions here.

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 Any of these differentiation rules can be combined with the
Chain Rule.

d d sinh x
Example: dx
(cosh x ) sinh x
dx
x 
2 x
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INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
 You can see from the figures that sinh
 and tanh are one-to-one functions.

 So, they have inverse functions denoted by

and .

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INVERSE FUNCTIONS
 This figure shows that is not one-to-one. However,
when restricted to the domain
[0, ∞], it becomes one-to-one.

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INVERSE FUNCTIONS Definition 2
1
y sinh x  sinh y  x
1
y cosh x  cosh y  x and y 0
1
y  tanh x  tanh y  x

 The remaining inverse hyperbolic functions

are defined similarly.

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INVERSE FUNCTIONS −1
𝑦 =sinh ⁡𝑥
 The graphs of ,
and are
displayed.

−1
𝑦 =tan h ⁡𝑥
−1
𝑦 =cos h ⁡𝑥

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INVERSE FUNCTIONS
 Since the hyperbolic functions are defined
in terms of exponential functions, it’s not
surprising to learn that the inverse hyperbolic
functions can be expressed in terms of logarithms.

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INVERSE FUNCTIONS
In particular, we have:

1
sinh x ln x  x  1  2
 x

cosh 1
x ln  x  x 2
 1 x 1

 1 x 
1
tanh x  ln  
1
2  1 x 1
 1 x 

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INVERSE FUNCTIONS
 Show that sinh x ln x  x  1.
1
 2

e y  e y
 Let y = sinh-1 x. Then, x sinh y 
2
 So, e y – 2x – e -y = 0

 Or, multiplying by e y, e 2y – 2xe y – 1 = 0

 This is really a quadratic equation in e y:

(e y )2 – 2x (e y ) – 1 = 0

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INVERSE FUNCTIONS
 Solving by the quadratic formula,
 we get: 2
y2x  4x  4 2
e  x  x 1
2

2
 Note that e y > 0, but x x 1  0
 So, the minus sign is inadmissible and we have:
e y x  x 2  1
 Thus,


y ln(e y ) ln x  x 2  1 
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, <1 , >1

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DERIVATIVES
 Prove d 1 1
that (sinh x)  .
dx 1 x 2

 Let y = sinh-1 x. Then, sinh y = x.

 If we differentiate this equation implicitly

with respect to x, we get: dy

cosh y 1
dx
 As cosh2 y - sinh2 y = 1 and cosh y ≥ 0, we have:

cosh y  1  sinh 2 y
 So, dy 1 1 1
  
dx cosh y 2
1  sinh y 1  x2

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DERIVATIVES
 By another way, we have:
d
dx
sinh 1
x  
d
dx
ln x  x 2
1  

1 d
x  x 2  1 dx
x  x2  1  
 1 x 
  1 
2 2
x  x 1  x 1 
x2  1  x 1
 
x  2
x 1  2
x 1
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x2  1
Slide 1 - 29
Implicit Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation
So far, all the equations and functions we
In this function, y is defined
looked at were all stated explicitly in terms
explicitly in terms of x. If we re-
of one1 variable: wrote it as , y is now defined
y
x implicitly in terms of x.

It is easy to find the derivative of an explicit

function, but what about:
x  4 y 3  3 y 2  y 5
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This is not a function,
but it would still be
x 2  y 2 1 nice to be able to find
the slope.

d 2 d 2 d
x  y  1 Do the same thing to both sides.
dx dx dx
Note use of chain rule.
dy
2x  2 y 0 dy  2 x
dx 
dx 2 y
dy
2y  2 x dy x
dx 
dx y
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2 y  x 2  sin y This can’t be solved for y.

d d 2 d
2 y  x  sin y dy 2x
dx dx dx 
dx 2  cos y

dy dy
2 2 x  cos y
dx dx
This technique is called
dy dy implicit differentiation.
2  cos y 2 x
dx dx
1 Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x.
dy dy
2  cos y  2 x 2 Solve for .
dx dx
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Examples. Find dy/dx if:

i) y  4 y x  3x
3 2 5 4

dy dy
3y 2
 8 y 5 x  12 x
4 3

dx dx
dy
3 y  8 y  5 x  12 x
2 4 3

dx
dy 5 x  12 x
4 3

 2
dx 3 y  8 y 
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Find ii) sin y 2  cos x 2 cos y 2  sin x 2
dy/dx
2 dy  2 2 dy  2
if:  dx 
cos y  2 y   sin x ( 2 x )  sin y  2 y   cos x (2 x)
 dx 
dy 2 2 dy
2 y cos y  2 y sin y 2 x cos x 2  2 x sin x 2
dx dx
dy
dx
 
2 y cos y 2  2 y sin y 2 2 x cos x 2  2 x sin x 2
dy 2 x cos x 2  2 x sin x 2


dx 2 y cos y 2  2 y sin y 2 

dy x cos x 2  sin x 2



dx y cos y 2  sin y 2 
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Find iii) 3 x 2  5 xy 2  4 y 3 8
dy/dx
Product
Rule! dy 2 dy
if: 6 x  5 y  10 xy  12 y
2
0
dx dx
dy
dx

10 xy  12 y 2  6 x  5 y 2
dy  6x  5 y2


dx 10 xy  12 y 2 

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Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the curve
x 2  xyat y 2 7 . ( 1, 2)

We need the slope. Since we can’t solve for y, we use implicit

dy
differentiation to solve for .
dx
x 2  xy  y 2 7 Note product rule. dy y  2 x

 dy  dy dx 2 y  x
2x   x  y  2 y 0
 dx  dx
dy dy 2  2  1 2  2 4
2x  x  y  2 y 0 m  
dx dx 2 2   1 4  1 5
dy
2 y  x   y  2 x
dx
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Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the curve
x 2  xyat y 2 7 . ( 1, 2)
Normal line is
Eq. of straight line
perpendicular
y  y1 m( x  x1 ) to tangent

tangent: normal:
4 4 5
m y  2   x  1 y  2   x  1
5 5 4
4 4 5 5
y 2 x y  2  x 
5 5 4 4

4 14 5 3
y  x y  x 
5 5 4 4

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Example. Find derivative at (1, 1) Product Rule is
easier than quotient
2 3
y x rule, so let’s cross

3 2
x multiply!
y  x
2 3 3 3 dy y3  6x2
y  x  xy  x 

dx 2 y  3 xy 2 
dy 2 2 dy
2 y  3 x 3xy  y 3  3x 2 dy (1) 3  6(1) 2
dx dx 
dy

dx 2(1)  3(1)(1) 2 
 
2 y  3 xy 2  y 3  6 x 2
dx dy  5
 5
dx  1

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Higher Order Derivatives

d2y
Find 2 if 2 x 3  3 y 2 7.
dx
y 2 x  x 2 y 
2 x 3  3 y 2 7 y 
y2

6 x  6 y y 0
2 2x x 2
y   2 y
y y Substitute y
 6 y y  6 x 2 back into the
2x x 2 x 2 equation.
 6x2 y   2 
y  y y y
 6y
x 2 2x x 4
y  y   3
y y y
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Derivatives of
Parametric Equations
Lesson 10.2
Derivative of Parametric Equations
Consider the graph of
x = 2 sin t, y = cos t
We seek the slope, that
is

For parametric equations: =

 For our example : =

Second Derivatives
The second derivative is the derivative of the
first derivative
But the first derivative is a function of t
 We seek the derivative with respect to x
 We must use the chain rule
Second Derivatives
Find the second derivative of the parametric
equations
x = 3 + 4cos t
y = 1 – sin t
 First derivative: =
 Second derivative: =
Try This!
Where does the curve described by the
parametric equations have a horizontal tangent?
x =t–4
y = (t 2 + t)2

 Find the derivative

 For what value of t does dy/dx = 0?
Exercise
Consider Prove

Solution
=1 By diff.

=1
By diff.
=0
Exercise
i) Consider
Prove

Solution
2
∵ cos 2 𝛽=1− 2 sin 𝛽
2
∴ 𝑦=1 − 2 𝑥
′ 2
𝑦 =− 4 𝑥 → ( 𝑦 ) =16 𝑥
′ 2

′′
𝑦 =−4
′ 2 ′′
( 𝑦 ) 𝑦 =− 64 𝑥2
¿ 32 ( − 2 𝑥 )
2

¿ 32( 𝑦 −1)
ii)Find
Find for:
dy/dx y
x  5 sin xy  tanh y .
1 2
if:
 y  1 
  5y  2 yy ' x 
   y ' sec h 2 y
y ln x 2
e  y ' ln x  
 x 2 4
 1 x y 
y y ln x 5 y 2
e 
x 1  x2 y 4
y'  .
2 y ln x
sec h y  e ln x  10 yx
1  x2 y 4

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Introduction to integrtion

 In differentiation, the differential coefficient indicates

that a function of x is being differentiated with respect to
x, the dx indicating that it is “with respect to x”.
 In integration, the variable of integration is shown by
adding d(the variable) after the function to be integrated.
When we want to integrate a function, we use a special
notation: .
 Thus, to integrate 4x, we will write it as follows:

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49 Slide 1 - 49
Introduction
There must always be
a term of the form dx

‫׬‬ 4𝑥 𝒅𝒙 = 2x 2
+ c , c ∈ ℝ.
Integral
sign
Constant of
This term is called integration
the integrand

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50 Slide 1 - 50
Indefinite integral
 Note that along with the integral sign (, there is a term of the form dx,
which must always be written, and which indicates the variable
involved, in our example x.
 We say that 4x is integrated with respect x, i.e:
 The function being integrated is called the integrand.
 Technically, integrals of this type are called indefinite integrals, to
distinguish them from definite integrals, which we will deal with
later.
 When you are required to evaluate an indefinite integral, your
answer must always include a constant of integration.; i.e:

= 2 + c; where c

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51 Slide 1 - 51
Definition of anti-derivative

 Formally, we define the anti-derivative

as: If f(x) is a continuous function and F(x)
is the function whose derivative is f(x), i.e.:
(x) = f(x) , then:

= F(x) + c;
where c is any arbitrary constant.
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52 Slide 1 - 52
Table of
INTEGRATION

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Examples. Find the following integrals: −𝑛 +1
i) 𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑥 𝑓
∫ 𝑛
=
(𝑓) − 𝑛 +1
+𝑐

𝑛+ 1
𝑓
+c ∫𝑓 𝑛 ′
𝑓 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑛+ 1
+𝑐

3
ii) ( 1+ tan 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
¿∫ 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
=
+c

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𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑥
iii) ∫ √𝑓
=2 √ 𝑓 + 𝑐

= ∫ 𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑥
√ 𝑎2 − 𝑓 2
=sin −1
( )
𝑓
𝑎
+𝑐

=
iv) =

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iv) 𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑓
=ln ¿ 𝑓 ∨¿+𝑐 ¿
=
=

=
v)

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vi)

= Note:
1
sin 2 𝑥 = ( 1 − cos 2 𝑥 )
vii) 2

1
cos 2 𝑥 = ( 1 + cos 2 𝑥 )
2

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viii)
=
=
=

ix)
=
=
=
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x)

=
=
cos 2 𝑥
¿ 𝑥− +𝑐
2

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xi)

xii) ∫
𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑥
=ln ¿ 𝑓 ∨¿+𝑐 ¿
𝑓

= ∫ 𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑎 +𝑓
2
=
1
𝑎
tan −1 𝑓
𝑎( )
+𝑐

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xiii)

=
∫ 𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑎 +𝑓
2
=
1
𝑎
tan ( )
−1 𝑓
𝑎
+𝑐

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xiv)

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xv) 2 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥+1=𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥

= 2
tan 𝑥
=
=
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THANK YOU

@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg

Faculty of Engineering
Calc. and Analytic geom. 1
ENB1101
Lecture 7

Asst. Prof.
Dr. M. Basseem

sinaiuniversity.net
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1 / (2 √ 𝑥 )
2∫ 𝑑𝑥=4 ( √ 1+ √ 𝑥 )
√ 1+ √ 𝑥

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6.3 Integration by Parts
First, start with the Product Rule for differentiation.

Integrate both sides of the equation to obtain:

Simplify,
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus tells
us that if we take the derivative of the
integral of a function, then we are left with
and by manipulating the equation we get…
the original function. The derivative and the
integral “cancel” each other out.

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This is the formula for Integration by Parts.
Just as the Substitution Method could be thought of as the Chain Rule for
integration, Integration by Parts could also be thought of as the Product
Rule for integration.

When using this formula, we need to choose which part of the integrand
(what we are taking the integral of) is u, and which part of it is dv.

When choosing u and dv, we want to find a u that will be simplified after
we take its derivative, and a dv that won’t be too complex after
integrating it.

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Example 1

First, pick u and dv.

Now take the derivative of u The second integral is much

and the integral of dv. easier and more familiar
than the original integral.

Use the formula for

Integration by Parts.

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When deciding what to choose for u, remember L I P E T.

L - logarithmic function
I - inverse trig function
P - polynomial function
E - exponential function
T - trigonometry function

This is usually the preference order in which you

would want to choose u.

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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

formula for integration by parts.

u dv u v  v du

Example Example
x x sin x
x
Find e dx Find dx

u x dv e x dx u x dv sin xdx
du dx v e x du dx v  cos x

  dx
x x x
x e dx  xe  e x sin xdx  x cos x  cos xdx
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

uby
formula for integration u v  v du
dv parts.

REMARK1: aim in using integration by

parts is to obtain a simpler integral than
the one we started with.
REMARK2: How to choose u and dv to
obtain simpler integral

u ln x dv dx
Example
du  1x dx v x
Find ln( x)dx
ln xdx  x ln x  dx
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
u dv u v  v du
Example REMARK2: in some integral, we
 e dt
2 t
Find t may need to apply integration by
parts many times.

u t 2 dv e t dt
du 2tdt v e t diff 
t2  et
t e 2te dt
2 t 2 t t
dt t e 
2t e t

u 2t dv e t dt 2  et
v e t 0  et
du 2dt
2te t
dt 2te t
  dt
2e t


2 t 2 t t t
t e dt t e  ( 2te  2 e ) C
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Example REMARK2: in some integral, we

 e dt
2 t
Find t may need to apply integration by
parts many times.

diff
2
 Example
t  e t
Find x e
3 2x
dx
2t

t
e
2 et
0

et Example 2
 Find x sin x dx

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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
u dv u v  v du
formula for Example x
integration by Find e sin x dx

parts.
diff 
diff 
u sin x
 ex
 dv
cos x ex
du v
 sin x

 ex

REMARK3: sometimes a repeated application of integration by
parts leads back to an integral similar to our original one. If so,
this expression can be combined with original integral.
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Examples

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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Observe: by parts

3
(ln x ) dx 
by parts
(ln x)dx
2
(ln x ) dx
 

Reduction Formula

 
n n n 1
(ln x ) dx  x (ln x )  n (ln x ) dx

REMARK3: sometimes The reduction formula is useful because

by using it repeatedly we could eventually express our integral.

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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Reduction Formula
n 1
tan x
tan xdx  n  1  tan
n n 2
xdx (n 1)

Example  x dx Example  x dx
5 6
tan tan
5 3 1 6 4 2 0

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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Reduction Formula
1
 n 
n n 1 n 1 n 2
cos xdx  cos x sin x  cos xdx
n

Example  x dx Example  x dx
5 6
cos cos
5 3 1 6 4 2 0

Reduction Formula
1
sin xdx  n cos x sin x  n sin xdx
n n 1 n 1 n 2

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Reduction Formula

 xdx  xdx  e dx
n n n x
cos tan x

 xdx  xdx 
n n n
sin sec (ln x ) dx

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 27
THANK YOU

@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg

Faculty of Engineering
Calc. and Analytic geom. 1
ENB1101
Lecture 8

Asst. Prof.
Dr. M. Basseem

sinaiuniversity.net
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Exercise
Find x  5 x  7 e3 x dx
2

x  5 x  7 e
2 3x
diff  dx
2
x  5x  7 e3 x =
 e 3x

2x  5  3
e3 x =
2  9
0 e3 x
27

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 2
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

ii Find
sinh x e
x
dx

x
e  e  x x

  e dx
 2 
 e  1
2x

  dx
2 x 2 
e x
  c
4 2
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iii Find  cos x dx
e x

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Note:

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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

iv Find
sin 3 x cos x dx

1
 sin 2 x  sin 4 x  dx
2
1  cos 2 x cos 4 x 
    c
2 2 4 

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Algebraic
Substitution

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Examples. Find the following integrals:
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
i) ∫ 2
(𝑥−4)
𝑡 =𝑥 − 4 𝑥 − 4+ 4
𝑑𝑥=𝑑𝑡 ¿∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
( 𝑥 − 4)
( 𝑥 − 4+ 4
)
( 𝑡 + 4 ) 𝑑𝑡
¿∫ 2 ¿∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑡 (𝑥−4)
¿∫
( 4
1 4
+ 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
¿ ln ¿ 𝑡∨¿ − + 𝑐 ¿
) ¿∫
( 1
+
4
𝑥 − 4 ( 𝑥 − 4) 2
𝑑𝑥
)
𝑡
4
¿ ln| 𝑥 − 4|− +𝑐.
𝑥−4
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 8
ii) 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥+ √ 𝑥
𝑡 =√ 𝑥 𝑥=𝑡
2

𝑑𝑥=2 𝑡𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
¿∫
2 𝑡𝑑𝑡
¿∫ 2 √ 𝑥 ( √ 𝑥+ 1 )
𝑡 +𝑡
2 𝑑𝑡
¿∫ ¿ 2∫
( 2√𝑥)
1
𝑑𝑥

𝑡 +1 ( √ 𝑥 +1 )
¿2 ln ¿𝑡 +1∨¿+𝑐 ¿
¿ 2 ln ¿ √ 𝑥 +1∨¿+𝑐 ¿
¿ 2 ln ¿ √ 𝑥 +1∨¿+𝑐 ¿
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 9
iii) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ √ 𝑥+1
𝑡 =√ 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 −1
2
𝑡 = 𝑥+1 ¿∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥=2 𝑡𝑑𝑡 √ 𝑥+1
¿ 2∫
( 𝑡 −1 ) 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2

𝑡
¿∫
( √ 𝑥+ 1−
1
√ 𝑥+ 1
𝑑𝑥
)
3/2
2 ( 𝑥 +1 )
¿ −2 √ 𝑥 +1+𝑐
3/2 3
2 ( 𝑥 +1 )
¿ −2 √ 𝑥 +1+𝑐
3
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ √ 𝑥+1
u x dv dx
x 1
du dx v 2 x  1

¿2 𝑥 √ 𝑥+1−2∫ √ 𝑥+1𝑑𝑥
¿ 2 𝑥 √ 𝑥+1 − 2
2
3
3/ 2
( 𝑥+ 1 ) +𝑐 ( )
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 11
iv)

¿ ∫ √ 𝑥−1 ( 𝑥−1+1 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

¿ ∫ √ 𝑥−1 [ ( 𝑥−1 ) +2 ( 𝑥 −1 ) +1 ] 𝑑𝑥
2

¿ ∫ [ ( 𝑥−1 ) +2 ( 𝑥−1 ) + ( 𝑥 −1 ) ] 𝑑𝑥
5/2
7 /2
3/2 1/2
3/ 2
2( 4( 5/ 2 2(
¿ 𝑥 − 1) + 𝑥−1 ) + 𝑥 −1 ) +c
7 5 3
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v)
𝑡 =√ 1 − 𝑥 2

2
−𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑡 =1 − 𝑥
2
¿∫
√ 1 −𝑡 2
𝑥=√ 1 −𝑡 2

−2 𝑡𝑑𝑡
Cycle!!! 𝑑𝑥=
2 √ 1 −𝑡 2

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Use integration by parts to obtain
the formula
𝑥 2 1
∫ √1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 2 √1 − 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥+𝑐
2 −1

u  1  x2 dv dx
 x
du  2
dx v  x
1 x

2
− 𝑥 +1 −1
∫ √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥=𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 −∫
2
𝑑𝑥
√ 1−2𝑥 2
1
¿ 𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥 −∫ √ 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +∫
2

1
√ 1− 𝑥
∴ 2 ∫ √ 1 − 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥=𝑥 √ 1− 𝑥 +∫
2 2
𝑑𝑥
√ 1− 𝑥
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2

Slide 1 - 14
𝑡 =√ 𝑥+1
3
vi) 3
𝑥=𝑡 −1
2
3 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
¿∫ 𝑑𝑥=3 𝑡
2
𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡 2
3 ( 𝑡+1 −1 ) 𝑑𝑡
¿∫
[ ]
1+𝑡 1
¿ 3 ∫ ( 1+𝑡 ) −2+ 𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡
¿ 3 ¿ 𝑡 =√ 𝑥 + 1
3

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𝑡 =√ 𝑥
4
vii)
4
3
𝑥=𝑡
4 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 3
¿∫ 2 𝑑𝑥=4 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 +𝑡 2
4 ( 𝑡+1 −1 ) 𝑑𝑡
¿∫
1+𝑡
¿ 4 ∫ ( 1+ 𝑡 ) −2+
[ 1
1+𝑡
𝑑𝑡
]
¿ 4 ¿
𝑡 =√ 𝑥
4
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 16
viii)
𝑡=√ 1+ √ 𝑥
𝑡 =1+ √ 𝑥
2

4 𝑡 ( 𝑡 −1 ) 𝑑𝑡 2
¿∫
2
𝑥=( 𝑡 − 1 )
2

𝑡
𝑑𝑥=4 𝑡 ( 𝑡 − 1 ) 𝑑𝑡
2

,
𝑡=√ 1+ √ 𝑥
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 17
ix) 𝑡 =√ 2 𝑥 +1
2
𝑡 =2 𝑥+1
𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡=2 𝑑𝑥
¿∫
( )
2
𝑡 −1
+𝑡
2
| |
′
𝑓 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+ 𝑓
2 𝑡+2 −2 ∫ 𝑎2 − 𝑓 2 = 2 𝑎 ln 𝑎− 𝑓 +𝑐
¿∫ 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 2−1+2 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
¿ ln ¿ 𝑡 − 1+2 𝑡∨¿ −∫ 2
¿
( 𝑡+1 ) −2
2 1
¿ ln ¿ 𝑡 − 1+2 𝑡∨¿+ ln
√2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
| √ 2−1 −𝑡 |
√2+1+𝑡 +𝑐 ¿
Slide 1 - 18
Complete Square

( )
2 2
2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑡 ± 𝑎𝑡 +𝑏= 𝑡 ± − +𝑏
2 4

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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

x sin x dx
t x
2t sin t dt dx 2tdt
x t 2

u t dv sin t dt
du dt v  cos t


2 t sin t dt 2  t cos t  cos t dt 
2 t sin t dt 2 t cos t  sin t   c, t x
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

xi ln  z  2 dz 
t z
2t ln t  2  dt
z t 2 dz 2tdt

u ln t  2  dv 2t dt
dt
du  v t 2
t 2
2
t dt
2t lnt  2  dt t lnt  2  
2

t 2
2
𝑡 − 4+4 4
∫ 𝑑𝑡 ¿ ∫ 𝑡 − 2+ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 +2
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Note

-1
x sin x dx
-1
u sin x dv  x dx
dx 2
du  v x
1  x2 2

2 −1 2
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 2 −∫ −1
𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2

By trigonometric substitution
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 1 x
2 5
 Find: x dx

Let .

Then,

So, .

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 Also, . So,
du
 1 x x dx  1  x x x dx 
2 5 2 4 2
u (u  1)
2
 12  u (u 2  2u  1) du

(u
5/ 2 3/ 2 1/ 2
 1
2  2u  u ) du
7/2 5/ 2 3/ 2
 ( u1
2
2
7  2 u 2
5  u2
3 ) C
 17 (1  x 2 ) 7 / 2  52 (1  x 2 )5/ 2
 13 (1  x 2 )3/ 2  C
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*)
𝑡 =√ 𝑥 − 4 2

¿∫
𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑥=√ 𝑡 + 4
2

√𝑡 +4 . √𝑡 +4
2
2
2
𝑑𝑥=
𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑡
¿∫ 2 𝑑𝑡 √𝑡 2
+4
𝑡2 + 4
𝑡 +4− 4
¿∫ 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 +4
¿∫ 1 − 2
(4
𝑡 +4
𝑑𝑡
)
¿ 𝑡 − 2 tan −1
( ) 𝑡
2
+𝑐 𝑡 =√ 𝑥 − 4
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2
Slide 1 - 25
THANK YOU

@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg

Faculty of Engineering
Calc. and Analytic geom. 1
ENB1101
Lecture 9

Asst. Prof.
Dr. M. Basseem

sinaiuniversity.net
Ch.8 Extra Topic:
Trigonometric
Substitutions

Monticello (Thomas Jefferson’s home), Alexandria, VA

Copyright
Photo©by2010
VickiePearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Kelly, 2004 SlideWashington
Greg Kelly, Hanford High School, Richland, 1- 2
1
∫ √1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
These
are in the
𝑥=sin 𝜃
𝑑 𝑥=cos 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
¿ ∫ √1−sin 𝜃cos𝜃𝑑𝜃 2 same
form. 1
¿ ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 x

1 √1 − 𝑥 2

¿ ∫ ( 1+cos2 𝜃 ) 𝑑 𝜃
2
1
[
sin 2 𝜃
] cos 𝜃=√ 1 − 𝑥 2
¿ 𝜃+ +𝑐
2 2
1 sin 2 𝜃=2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
¿ [ sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥 ]+ 𝑐
−1 2
2 sin 2 𝜃=2 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 3 

√
2
2 𝑥
𝑥 −4
2
= s 𝑒𝑐 𝜃

∫
4
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
= sec 𝜃

√
2

( ) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 𝑑 𝑥=2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
4 −1
4
¿ ∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 2
−4
¿ 2∫
√ ( s𝑒𝑐 𝜃 −1 ) 𝑥2
2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃 
22sec 𝜃
¿2 ∫ tan 𝜃2 𝑑𝜃
a
2
√ 2

¿2 ∫ ( s𝑒𝑐 𝜃−1 ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑥 −4
tan 𝜃=
2
¿ 2 [ tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 ] + 𝑐
√
[ ( )]+𝑐
2
𝑥 −4 −1 𝑥
¿2 − sec
2 2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 4 
1 √ 𝑥 −4
∫ 𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑑𝑡
2
𝑡 =√ 𝑥 − 4 2

¿∫ 2 . 2 𝑥=√ 𝑡 + 4
2

√ 𝑡 + 4 √𝑡 +4 2 𝑑 𝑥=
𝑡𝑑𝑡

¿∫
𝑡 +4− 4
𝑑𝑡 √𝑡 2
+4
2
𝑡 +44𝑑𝑡
¿∫ 1 − 2
𝑡 +4
4
¿ 𝑡 − tan
2
−1 𝑡
2
+𝑐 ( )
[ ( √𝑥
)]
2
−4
¿ √𝑥 2
− 4 − 2 tan
−1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2
+𝑐
Slide 1 - 5 
2  x 2 dx 3 x 9  x2
cos  
9  x2 x sin   3 3

9  x2 3sin   x 3cos   9  x 2
9sin 2  3cos  d 3cos  d dx
 3cos x
sin  
1  cos 2 3
9 d 1 x
double angle
2  sin formula
3
9
2 1  cos 2 d 9 1 x 9
sin  2sin  cos   C
2 3 4
9 9 1
   sin 2  C 9  1 x 9 x 9  x2
2 2 2 sin    C
2 3 2 3 3 
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 6
2  x 2 dx 3 x 9  x2
cos  
9  x2 x sin   3 3

9  x2 3sin   x 3cos   9  x 2
3cos  d dx
x
sin  
3
 sin 1 x double
3 angle
9 1 x 9 formula
sin  2sin  cos   C
9 1 x  x 2 3 4
sin    9  x2  C
2  3 2 9  1 x 9 x 9  x2
sin    C
2 3 2 3 3 
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 7
dx
5  We can get 2x  x 2 into the necessary
2x  x2 form by completing the square.
2x  x 2 Let u  x  1
dx

1   x  1
2 
 x2  2x  du dx

du

 x 2  2 x  1 1 
 1 u 2
  x  1 1
2

1   x  1
1 2
 sin u  C

 sin  1  x  1  C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 8 

6 dx Complete the square:
4x2  4x  2 4 x2  4 x  2
dx 4 x 2  4 x  1 1
2 x 1 2
1
2 x 1
2
1

1
 tan  1 2 x  1  C
2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 1 - 9 

THANK YOU

@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg

Faculty of Engineering
Calc. and Analytic geom. 1
ENB1101
Lecture 10
Asst. Prof.
Dr. M. Basseem
[email protected]
sinaiuniversity.net
Integrals of the
Rational functions form

′
𝒇 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒇 =𝐥𝐧|𝒇 |+𝒄
| |
′
𝒇 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒂+ 𝒇
∫ 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒇 𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂 𝐥𝐧 𝒂− 𝒇 +𝒄

||
′
𝒇 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒇
∫ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 +𝒄
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Rational function: f ( x)  qp(( xx))

Example Example 1
1
Find
x dx Find
x  1 dx
Example
1
Find
x 2  a dx
Example Example
x2 2
x  4x
Find
x  3 dx Find
 x  3 dx
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

1 1 4

x 2 x2 2
x  4

4  1 1 
x 2  4dx  x  2  x  2  dx
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

1 1 x x 2

2

x 1 x 1 2
( x  1)( x  1)

x  x2 1 1
( x 2  1)( x  1) dx  2 dx  x  1 dx
x 1
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

1 1 4

x 2 x2 2
x  4

1 1 x x 2

2

x 1 x 1 2
( x  1)( x  1)
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Example
4 4 A B
2
  
x  4 ( x  2)( x  2) x 2 x2

Multiply by ( x  2)( x  2) 3 The Heaviside

“Cover-up”
4  A( x  2)  B ( x  2) 4 A B
 
( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x  2

1 Match coeff. 2 subsitut x 2

substitute 4
A

e
(2  2)
4 ( A  B ) x  ( 2 A  2 B ) 4  A( x  2)  B ( x  2)
4 A B
 
0 A  B ( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x  2
x 2 4 4 A
4 2 A  2 B x  2
4
x  2 4  4 B B
(  2  2)
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

1 1
5 4  2
3 x  48 x  x  16 ( x  4)( x 2  4)(3 x  1)

irreducible linear factor

quadratic reducible
factor quadratic
factor

1 1

3 x 5  48 x  x 4  16 ( x 2  4)( x  2)( x  2)(3allx factors
 1) are irreducible
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS


p( x)
q( x)
dx 1 Use long division if deg( p ) deg( q )

2
2x  5
Check if we can solve directely
x 2  5x 1

3 Factor q(x) as linear factors or irreducible

quadratic 2
q ( x) ( x  1)( 2 x  3) q ( x) ( x  4)( x  3)

4
Express p(x)/q(x) as a sum of partial
1 x 1 A Ax  B
fraction 
x 2 x 5 2 or
i
(ax  b)
2
(ax  bx  c)i

q(x)= product of linear factor q(x)= product of quadratic

(irred)
All distinct Some repeated
All distinct
repeated
case1 case3 case4
case2
1 1 1 1
( x  2)( x  3)( x  5) ( x  2)( x  3) 2 ( x  4)( x 2  1)
2
( x  4) ( x 2  1) 2
2 3
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

q(x)= product of linear factor

All distinct Some

repeated
case1
case2

x2  2x  1
Example I  3 2
dx A
1
( 2)( 1)
B
7
C
2
(1)( 1)
x  3x  2 x ( 2)(1)

2 2
C
Cover-up
x  2x  1 x  2x  1 A B
3 2
   
x  3 x  2 x x( x  2)( x  1) x x 2 x 1
1 7
 1
I  dx  
2
dx   dx 2
x x 2 x 1
1 7
 ln x  ln x  2  ln x  1  C
2 2
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
q(x)= product of linear factor
Remark: only use
substitute method or
All distinct Some match coeff to find the
repeated constants A,B,C,D,E.
case1
case2
Example
x 5 A B C D E
2 3
  2
  2

( x  1) ( x  1) x  1 ( x  1) x  1 ( x  1) ( x  1) 3

Example x 4  2 x 2  4 x 1 Partial 4x A B C
I  3 dx 2
  
x  x 2  x 1 Fraction: ( x  1)( x  1) x  1 x  1 ( x  1) 2

Integrate:
Long x 4  2 x 2  4 x  1 4x  A B C 
( x  1)  3 I  x  1     dx
Division: x  x  x  1
3 2
x  x 2  x 1 2 
 x  1 x  1 ( x  1) 
Multiply: 4 x  A( x  1) 2  B ( x  1)( x  1)  C ( x  1)
4x 4x substitute:

Factor: x 3  x 2  x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) 2 x 1  4 2C
x  1   4 4 A
x 0  0 A  B  C
x 4  2 x 2  4 x 1
I  3 2
dx
x  x  x 1

𝑥 +1
4 2
¿ 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥+1 +¿ 4 +¿ 3
3 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥− + 4 𝑥+ 1
2
¿ 𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 +𝑥
¿ 3
¿ 𝑥+¿− +¿ 2
𝑥 +3 − 𝑥+ 1
¿ 3 2
𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥+1
¿4𝑥
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
q(x)= product of linear factor

All distinct Some

repeated
case1
case2

Example
1
2 3

( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  3)

A B C D E F
 2
  2
 3

x  1 ( x  1) x  1 ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  3)
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

q(x)= product of quadratic (irred)

All distinct repeated

case3 case4

Example Expand by partial fraction (DONOT EVALUATE )

x A Bx  C Dx  E
2 2
  
( x  2)( x  1)( x  4) x 2 2
x 1 x2  4

Example Expand by partial fraction (DONOT EVALUATE )

x Ax  B Cx  D Ex  F
  2  2
2
x  4 ( x  4) 2
2 2 2
( x  1)( x  4) x 1
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

      
x 3 x 3 x  3 x  3
2 3 2
x x2 x 2
 x  2
2 2
x 4
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

A B D E Fx  G Hx  I Jx  K
     2  2  2
x  3 x  3 x  3 x  3 x  x  2 x  x  2 x  4
2 3 2
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Expand by partial

Evaluate the integral

Find the constants

Exercise:
𝑡
𝑒 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑒2 𝑡 +3 𝑒𝑡 +2
t
x e
dx et dt
𝑑𝑥
¿∫ 2
𝑥 +3𝑑𝑥𝑥+2 A  1
¿∫ B 1
( 𝑥+𝐴2 )( 𝑥 +1𝐵)
¿∫
[ +
( 𝑥 +2 ) ( 𝑥 +1 )
𝑑𝑥
]
¿ 𝐴 ln ¿ 𝑥+2∨¿+𝐵 ln ¿ 𝑥+1∨¿+𝑐¿¿
𝑡 𝑡
¿ 𝐴 ln ¿ 𝑒 +2∨¿ +𝐵 ln ¿ 𝑒 +1∨¿+𝑐 ¿ ¿
Exercise:
( sin 𝑦 +7 ) cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫(
sin 2 𝑦 +sin 𝑦 − 6 ) ( sin2 𝑦 + 4 sin 𝑦 +5 )
( 𝑡 +7 ) 𝑑𝑡 t sin y
¿∫
( t +𝑡 −6 ) ( t + 4 𝑡 + 5 )
2 2 dt cos ydy
( 𝑡 + 7 ) 𝑑𝑡
¿∫
( 𝑡 + 3 ) (𝑡 − 2 ) ( ( 𝑡 + 2 )2 +1 )

¿∫
[ 𝐴
+
𝐵
( 𝑡 +3 ) ( 𝑡 −2 )
+
𝐷 ( 2𝑡 +4 ) + 𝐸
2
( 𝑡 + 2 ) +1
𝑑𝑥
]
¿ 𝐴 ln |𝑡+3|+ 𝐵 ln ¿ 𝑡 −2∨¿+ 𝐷 ln ¿ t +4 𝑡+5∨¿+ 𝐸 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑡+2 ) +𝑐 ¿ ¿
2 −1
Exercise:
2 −1 3
( 𝑥 −2 ) tan ( 2 𝑥 ) +9 𝑥 + 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
( 4 𝑥 +1 ) ( 𝑥 − 2 )
2 2

[ ( 𝑥 − 2 )2 tan − 1 ( 2 𝑥 )
]
3
9𝑥 +𝑥
¿∫ + 𝑑𝑥
( 4 𝑥 +1 ) ( 𝑥 − 2 ) ( 4 𝑥 +1 ) ( 𝑥 − 2 )
2 2 2 2

∫[ ]
−1
tan ( 2 𝑥 ) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐷 (8 𝑥 )+𝐸
¿ + + + 𝑑𝑥
( 4 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑥 −2 ( 𝑥 − 2 )
2 2
( 4 𝑥 +1 )
2

2
[ tan −1
(2 𝑥 )]
| |
𝐵
¿ + 𝐴 ln 𝑥 − 2 −
2 𝑥−2
𝐸
+ 𝐷 ln ( 4 𝑥 +1 ) + tan ( 2 𝑥 ) +𝑐
2 −1
2
Exercise:
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 3/ 2 − 𝑥 t x
√ x t 2 dx 2tdt

2 𝑡𝑑𝑡
¿∫ 3
𝑡 −𝑡
2 𝑑𝑡
¿∫ 2
𝑡 −1
¿ − ln|1+𝑡
1− 𝑡|+𝑐

¿ − ln
|1+ √ 𝑥
1− √ 𝑥 |
+𝑐
Exercise:
𝑑𝑥
∫ 6( 5 )
𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑥
+4 4
¿∫
𝑥 𝑥 (𝑥 +4)
4 6
4
5
t x 5 4
dt 5 x dx
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
¿∫ 5 2
(𝑥 ) (𝑥 +4) 5

¿
1
¿ ∫ 2
𝑑𝑡
1
1
¿ ∫
5 (𝑡) (𝑡+ 4 ) 5
𝐴 𝐵 𝐷
+ 2+
[
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡+ 4
¿
𝑑𝑡
]
5
1
¿ ¿
5
Exercise:
𝑑𝑥
∫ t  x1/ 6
(𝑥 ) √𝑥
1
3
−51 x t 6 dx 6t 5 dt
6 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
¿∫ 2
( 𝑡 −1 ) 𝑡 3
2
𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ¿ 6 ( 𝑡 − 1 ) +1
2

¿ 6∫ 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑡
( 𝑡 − 1 1) ( 𝑡 −1 )
¿ 6∫ 1 −
[
( 1− 𝑡 )2
𝑑𝑡
]
[
¿6 𝑡 −
1
2
ln |
1+𝑡
1 −𝑡 |]+𝑐
[ | |]
6
6 1 1+ √ 𝑥
¿6 √𝑥− ln 6
+𝑐
2 1 −√ 𝑥
3
2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ ( 2 )( 4 )
𝑥 +2 𝑥 +1
2
𝑥 ( 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 )
¿∫ 2 2
t x
( 𝑥 + 2 ) ( 𝑥 +1 )
4

2 xdx dt
𝑡𝑑𝑡
¿∫
( 𝑡 + 2 ) ( 𝑡 +1 )
2

¿…
𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥 ( 6 ln 𝑥+7 ln 𝑥 +2 )
2

Options
¿ ln ( 2 ln 𝑥 − 1
3 ln 𝑥 +2
+𝑐) t ln x
dx
dt 
x
¿ ln ( 2 ln 𝑥 − 1
3 ln 𝑥 − 2
+𝑐)
¿ ln ( 2 ln 𝑥 +1
)
3 ln 𝑥 − 2
+𝑐

¿ ln (
2 ln
3 ln
𝑥+ 1
𝑥+ 2 )
+𝑐
THANK YOU

@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg

Faculty of Engineering
Calc. and Analytic geom. 1
ENB1101
Lecture 11

Asst. Prof.
Dr. M. Basseem

sinaiuniversity.net
Exercise:
𝑛
𝑥
If
𝐼 𝑛=∫ 2
Prove that . Then deduce
𝑑𝑥 .
1+ 𝑥

𝑥
𝑛−2
( {𝑥
+1 } −1 )
2
𝐼 𝑛=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
1+ 𝑥

[ ]
𝑛− 2
𝑥
𝐼 𝑛=∫
𝑛 −2
𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
1+ 𝑥
𝑛 −1
𝑥
∴ 𝐼 𝑛= − 𝐼 𝑛 −2
𝑛 −1
𝑛
𝑥
𝐼 𝑛=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 .
1+ 𝑥
. Deduce

Put n = 6
5
𝑥
𝐼 6= − 𝐼4
5
3
𝑥
𝐼 4= − 𝐼2
3
𝐼 2=𝑥 − 𝐼 0
1
𝐼 0=∫
−1
2
𝑑𝑥 =tan 𝑥 +𝑐 .
Definite Integral
• Applications on definite integral

• Area between two curves

• Volumes of solids

• Lengths of curves
• Centers of mass
• Force due to water pressure
• Work
The Definite Integral
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
• In the notation,
b
 f
a
( x ) dx
• f(x) is called the integrand.

• a and b are called the limits of integration;

a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit.
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
• The definite integral is a number.
• It does not depend on x.

• In fact, we could use any letter in place of x without changing

the value of the integral:

b b b
 f ( x)dx  f (t )dt  f (r )dr
a a a
RIEMANN SUM
n
• The sum  f ( x *)x
i 1
i

• that occurs in Definition is called

a Riemann sum.

• It is named after the German mathematician Bernhard

Riemann (1826–1866).
RIEMANN SUM
• We know that, if f happens to be positive,
the Riemann sum can be interpreted as:

• A sum of areas of approximating rectangles

b n

 f ( x)dx 
a
lim
max xi  0
 f ( x *) x
i 1
i i
RIEMANN SUM
• we see that the definite integral
b
 f ( x) dx
a

can be interpreted as:

• The area under the curve y = f(x) from a to b

Note:
If
𝑏
Therefore ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥=𝐹 ( 𝑏 ) − 𝐹 ( 𝑎 ) .
𝑎
RIEMANN SUM
• If f takes on both positive and negative values, then the
Riemann sum is:

• The sum of the areas of the rectangles that lie

above the x-axis and the negatives of the areas
of the rectangles that lie below the x-axis

• That is, the areas of

the gold rectangles
minus the areas of
the blue rectangles
PROPERTIES OF THE INTEGRAL
• We assume f and g are continuous functions.

b
1.  c dx c(b  a ), where c is any constant
a
b b b
2.  f ( x)  g ( x)  dx  f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
a a a
b b
3.  c f ( x) dx c  f ( x) dx, where c is any constant
a a
b b b
4.  f ( x)  g ( x)  dx  f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
a a a

Note: .
PROPERTY 5
• Property 5 tells us how to combine
integrals of the same function over
adjacent intervals:
c b b
a
f ( x ) dx  
c
f ( x ) dx  a
f ( x ) dx
Example

 If it is known that
10 8
0
f ( x) dx 17 and  f ( x) dx 12
0
10
• find:
8
f ( x) dx
• By Property 5, we have:

8 10 10
• So,  f ( x) dx  
0 8
f ( x) dx  f ( x) dx
0

10 10 8
8
f ( x) dx  f ( x) dx 
0  f ( x) dx
0

17  12
5
Exercise:
27
𝑑𝑥
∫ t  x1/ 3
( )
1
8
3
𝑥 1−𝑥
2
3
x t 3 dx 3t 2 dt
3𝑡 𝑑𝑡
¿∫ 3
2 𝑡 (1 −𝑡) 3

( )
3
𝑑𝑡 𝐴 𝐵
¿ 3∫ ¿ 3∫ + 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑡 (1 −𝑡 ) 2 𝑡 1− 𝑡
3
¿ 3∫
2
( 1
+
1
𝑡 1 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 )
¿ 3 ¿
Exercise:
4

∫| 𝑥 −2| 𝑑𝑥
1
2 4
¿ ∫ − ( 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥 +∫ ( 𝑥 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2

[ ] [ ]
2 2
− ( 𝑥 −2 ) 2 ( 𝑥 −2 ) 4
¿ +
2 ¿1 2 ¿2
1
¿ + 2= 2. 5
2
Exercise: 1
2 𝑛
If 𝐼 𝑛=∫
−1
( 1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 . Prove that

 
1
2 n
𝐼 𝑛=∫ ( 1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 . u  1 x
2 𝑛
dv dx
du n1  x   2 x  dx
2 n 1
−1
v x
1
𝐼 𝑛= [ 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 ]
( ) 1
2 𝑛
− 2𝑛 ∫ 1− 𝑥
( 2 𝑛 −1
) ( 1 − 𝑥 } − 1 ) 𝑑𝑥
{ 2
−1 −1
1 1
2 𝑛 2 𝑛− 1
𝐼 𝑛=− 2 𝑛 ∫ ( 1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 +2 𝑛 ∫ ( 1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1

𝐼 𝑛=− 2 𝑛 𝐼 𝑛 + 2𝑛 𝐼 𝑛−1
𝐼 𝑛=− 2 𝑛 𝐼 𝑛 + 2𝑛 𝐼 𝑛−1

𝐼 𝑛 +2 𝑛 𝐼 𝑛 =2 𝑛 𝐼 𝑛 −1

( 1+2 𝑛 ) 𝐼 𝑛 =2 𝑛 𝐼 𝑛 −1

1 1
𝐼 0=∫ ( 1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑑𝑥 =2
2 0

−1 −1
Definite Integrals of 𝑎
Even fn.
𝑎
symmetric functions ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=2 ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 0

𝑎 𝑎

∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =2∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2

−𝑎 𝑎 −𝑎 0

Odd fn.
𝑎

−𝑎
∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥= 0
−𝑎
𝑎 𝑎

∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =0
3

−𝑎
Area between two curves
AREAS BETWEEN CURVES

n b
A lim  ( yT  y B )x    yT  y B  dx
n  a
i 1
AREAS BETWEEN CURVES
• As shown here, the upper boundary
curve is and the lower boundary curve is
.
AREAS BETWEEN CURVES
• So, we use the area formula with , , ,
and :

A e  x  dx e 
1
2 1
x x 1
2 x 
0 0

1
e   1 e  1.5
2
AREAS BETWEEN CURVES Example
• Find the area of the region enclosed by the
parabolas and .

• First, we find the points of intersection of

the parabolas by solving their equations simultaneously.
•
• This gives , or

• Thus, , so or 1.

• The points of intersection are (0, 0) and (1, 1).

From the figure, we see that the top and
bottom boundaries are:
and
2
𝑦 𝑇 =− ( 𝑥 −1 ) +1
• So, the total area is:

A 2 x  2 x    dx
1 1
2 2
dx 2 x  x
0 0
1
x x 
2 3
 1 1 1
2    2    
 2 3 0  2 3 3
Example:
Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
and
1
𝐴=∫ ( √ 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

[ ]
3 /2 3
𝑥 𝑥 1
𝐴= −
3 /2 3 ¿0
1 2
¿ 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
3
Example:
Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
and
Example:
Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
and and
AREAS BETWEEN CURVES
• If we write xR for the right boundary and xL
for the left boundary, we have:
d
A   xR  xL  dy
c
Example:
Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
and
Example:
• Find the area enclosed by the line and the
parabola
• By solving the two equations, we find that the points of
intersection are and
• We solve the equation of the parabola for x.
• From the figure, we notice that the left and right
boundary curves are:

xL  12 y 2  3
(− 3 , 0)
xR  y  1
4
A   xR  xL  dy
2

 y  3 dy
4
   y  1  1
2
2
2

   y  y  4  dy
4
1 2
2 2

4
1 y  y 3
 2
     4 y 
2 3  2  2
 16 (64)  8  16   4
3  2  8  18
• If we use vertical slide, we must splitting
the region in two and computing the areas
labeled
A1 and A2.

• The method used in

the Example is much
easier.
Example:
Determine the area of the
region bounded by the graphs
and
between and
Example:
Determine the area of the
region enclosed by the graphs
and and
between from
Example:
Determine the area of the
region bounded by the graphs
and .
Volume of solid
obtaining by revolving
a region about axes
Volume of Revolution
Example:
Determine the volume of solid by rotating about x-axis
the region enclosed by and .
Example:
Determine the volume of solid by rotating about x-axis the
region enclosed by and
Example:
Determine the volume of solid by rotating about y-axis
the region enclosed by , and .
Example:
Determine the volume of solid by rotating about y-axis
the region enclosed by and in 1st quad.
Example:
Determine the volume of solid by rotating about axis the
region enclosed by and .
THANK YOU

@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg

Faculty of Engineering
Calc. and Analytic geom. 1
ENB1101
Lecture 12

Asst. Prof.
Dr. M. Basseem

sinaiuniversity.net
RECAP :: Conic Sections
There are a number of
‘families’ of curves that can
Circle
be obtained when Obtained when the plane is
considering the parallel to the base of the
intersection of a plane cones.
with a (non-solid) ‘double
cone’. For this reason, such
curves are known as Ellipse
conics. The plane is less steep than the
surface of the cone.
Fro Note: Conics are
lines. The shaded
area is not included. Parabola
Plane is parallel to the surface
of the cone.

Hyperbola
The plane is steeper than the
surface of the cone, so
intersects both cones.
Conic Sections
All conic sections can be defined algebraically as the
graphs of second-degree (quadratic) equations
in two variables…in the form:
2 2
Ax  Bxy  Cy  Dx  Ey  F 0
where A, B, and C are not all zero.
First, we focus on parabola!!!
A=0 or C=0
Not all equals zero
Parabola
Definition: Parabola
A parabola is the set of all points in a plane equidistant from a
particular line (the directrix) and a particular point (the focus)
in the plane.
Point on the parabola Axis
Dist. to
Dist. to focus
directrix

Focus
Vertex

Directrix
Deriving the equation of a parabola

Focus F(0, p)

p P(x, y)

p
Directrix: y = –p Let’s equate these
D(x, –p) two distances:

 x  x    y   p 
2
x  0   y  p 
2 2 2

Deriving the equation of a parabola

 x  x    y   p 
2
x  0   y  p 
2 2 2


 x  0    y  p   x  x    y   p 
2 2 2 2

x   y  p  0   y  p 
2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2
x  y  2 py  p  y  2 py  p
2
x 4 py
Standard form of the equation of an up- or down-opening
parabola. If p > 0, it opens up, if p < 0, it opens down.
Deriving the equation of a parabola
2
x 4 py
Focus F(0, p)

p P(x, y)

p
Directrix: y = –p
D(x, –p)

The value |p| is the focal distance of the parabola.

A segment with endpoints on a parabola is a chord.
The value |4p| is the latus rectum .
Deriving the equation of a parabola
2
x 4 py
Focus F(0, p)

p P(x, y)

p
Directrix: y = –p
D(x, –p)

Parabolas that open right or left are inverse relations of the

upward or downward opening parabolas…standard form:
2
y 4 px
The Parabola
The parabola is the locus of all points in a plane that are
the same distance from a line in the plane, the directrix,
as from a fixed point in the plane, the focus.

Point Focus = Point Directrix

PF = PD

|p| |p| The parabola has one axis of

symmetry, which intersects
the parabola at its vertex.
The distance from the
vertex to the focus is | p |.
The distance from the
directrix to the vertex is also | p |.
The Standard Form of the Equation with Vertex (h, k)
For a parabola with the axis of symmetry parallel to
the y-axis and vertex at (h, k), the standard form is …

(x - h)2 = 4p(y - k)
• The equation of the axis of symmetry is x = h.
• The coordinates of the focus are (h, k + p).
• The equation of the directrix
is y = k - p.
• When p is positive,
the parabola opens upward.
• When p is negative,
the parabola opens downward.
The Standard Form of the Equation with Vertex (h, k)
For a parabola with an axis of symmetry parallel to the
x-axis and a vertex at (h, k), the standard form is:
(y - k)2 = 4p(x - h)

• The equation of the axis of symmetry is y = k.

• The coordinates of the focus
are (h + p, k).
• The equation of the directrix
is x = h - p.
• When p is positive, the parabola
opens to the right.
• When p is negative, the parabola
opens to the left.
Finding the Equations of Parabolas
Example
Write the equation of the parabola with a focus at (3, 5) and
the directrix at x = 9, in standard form.

The distance from the focus to the directrix is 6 units,

therefore, 2p = -6, p = -3. Thus, the vertex is (6, 5). (6, 5)

The axis of symmetry is parallel to the x-axis:

(y - k)2 = 4p(x - h) h = 6 and k = 5

(y - 5)2 = 4(-3)(x - 6)

(y - 5)2 = -12(x - 6) Standard form

Finding the Equations of Parabolas
Example
Find the equation of the parabola that has a vertex at
(-2, 6) and passes through the point (2, 8), towards up.

The axis of symmetry is parallel to the y-axis.

The vertex is (-2, 6), therefore, h = -2 and k = 6.
Substitute into the standard form of the equation
and solve for p:
(x - h)2 = 4p(y - k) x = 2 and y = 8
(2 - (-2))2 = 4p(8 - 6)
16 = 8p
2=p

(x - h)2 = 4p(y - k)
(x - (-2))2 = 4(2)(y - 6)
(x + 2)2 = 8(y - 6) Standard form
Analyzing a Parabola
Find the coordinates of the vertex and focus,
the equation of the directrix, the axis of symmetry,
and the direction of opening of 2x2 + 4x - 2y + 6 = 0. Sketch
2x2 + 4x - 2y + 6 = 0
1 = 2y - 6 + _____
2(x2 + 2x + _____) 2(1)
2(x + 1)2 = 2(y - 2)
(x + 1)2 = (y - 2)

4p = 1
p=¼
The parabola opens to upward.
The vertex is (-1, 2).
The focus is ( -1, 2 ¼ ).
The Equation of directrix is y = 1¾ .
The axis of symmetry is x = -1 .
Graphing a Parabola

y2 - 10x + 4y - 16 = 0
y2 + 4y + _____
4 = 10x + 16 + _____
4
(y + 2)2 = 10x + 20
(y + 2)2 = 10(x + 2)

Horizontally oriented (right)

Vertex: (-2, -2)
Line of Symmetry y = -2
P = 2.5
focus: ( 0.5, -3)
Directrix X = - 4.5
Parabolas with Vertex (0, 0)
2 2
• Standard Equation x 4 py y 4 px
• Opens Upward or To the right or
downward to the left

• Focus 0, p   p, 0 
• Directrix y  p x  p
• Axis y-axis x-axis

• Focal distance ¿𝑝∨¿ ¿𝑝∨¿

• Latus rectum 4p 4p
Guided Practice
Find the focus, the directrix, and the latus rectum of the given
parabola. Then, graph the parabola by hand.
1 2
y  x
2
Focus: (0, –1/2),
Directrix: y = 1/2,
Latus rectum: 2
Guided Practice
Find an equation in standard form for the parabola whose
directrix is the line x = 2 and whose focus is the point (–2, 0).

Would a graph help???

2
y = –8x
Guided Practice
Find an equation in standard form for the parabola whose
vertex is (0, 0), opens downward, and has a latus rectum of 4.

Would a graph help???

2
x = – 4y
Whiteboard Practice …
Find an equation in standard form for the parabola with vertex
(0, 0), opening upward, with latus rectum = 3.
3
h, k  0, 0  4 p 3  p 
4
(since parabola
opens upward)

 x  h  4 p  y  k 
2
Standard Form:

 x  0  3  y  0 
2

2
x 3 y
Translations
of Parabolas
We have only considered parabolas with the vertex on the
origin…………………..................what happens when it’s not???

V
F (h, k + p) (h, k) F (h + p, k)

V (h, k)

Such translations do not change the focal length, the focal

width, or the direction the parabola opens!!!
Parabolas with Vertex (h, k)
Standard Equation  x  h  4 p  y  k 
2
•

• Opens Upward or downward

• Focus h, k  p 
• Directrix y k  p
• Axis x h
• Focal distance ¿𝑝∨¿
• Latus rectum 4p
Parabolas with Vertex (h, k)
Standard Equation  y  k  4 p  x  h 
2
•

• Opens To the right or to the left

• Focus h  p , k 
• Directrix x h  p
• Axis y k
• Focal distance ¿𝑝∨¿
• Latus rectum 4p
Practice Problems
Find the standard form of the equation for the parabola with
vertex (3, 4) and focus (5, 4).
Which general equation do we use?

What are the values of h and k?

 y  4 8  x  3
2
Practice Problems
Sketch the given conic section, then
find its vertex, focus, and directrix.
2
y  6 x  2 y  13 0
We need to complete the square…
2
y  2 y 6 x  13
2
y  2 y  1 6 x  13  1
 y  1 6 x  12
2

We have h = 2, k = –1,
 y  1 6  x  2 
2
and p = 6/4 = 1.5
Vertex: (2, –1), Focus: (3.5, –1), Directrix: x = 0.5
Practice Problems
Find an equation in standard form for the parabola that satisfies
the given conditions.
Vertex (–3, 3), opens downward, latus rectum = 20

h, k   3,3

(since parabola
4 p 20  p  5 opens downward)

 x  3  20  y  3
2
Standard Form:
Practice Problems
Find an equation in standard form for the parabola that satisfies
the given conditions.
Vertex (2, 3), opens to the right, latus rectum= 5

h, k  2,3
5 (since parabola
4 p 5  p  opens to the right)
4
 y  3 5  x  2 
2
Standard Form:
RECAP :: Conic Sections
There are a number of
‘families’ of curves that can
Circle
be obtained when Obtained when the plane is
considering the parallel to the base of the
intersection of a plane cones.
with a (non-solid) ‘double
cone’. For this reason, such
curves are known as Ellipse
conics. The plane is less steep than the
surface of the cone.
Fro Note: Conics are
lines. The shaded
area is not included. Parabola
Plane is parallel to the surface
of the cone.

Hyperbola
The plane is steeper than the
surface of the cone, so
intersects both cones.
Conic Sections
All conic sections can be defined algebraically as the
graphs of second-degree (quadratic) equations
in two variables…in the form:
2 2
Ax  Bxy  Cy  Dx  Ey  F 0
where A, B, and C are not all zero.
Second, we focus on Ellipses!!!

have the same signs

Ellipse
Foci and Directrices

parabola Recall from the previous subject

that the definition of a parabola is
the locus of points equidistant
directrix from a point and a straight line.
focus
We called the point the focus and
the line the directrix.
Foci and Directrices
But we could also have some fixed ratio ! Eccentricity
between the distance to the focus and the
distance to the directrix:
When , we clearly get a parabola.

TASK: By plotting various points, determine

what happens when
𝑒=1
! When , the point 𝐷2
describes an ellipse. 𝐷1
1
𝑒=
2
Because of the symmetry of an 𝑆1 𝑆2
ellipse, we could have
equivalently put the focus and
directrix on the other side. 𝑃
Foci and Directrices
TASK: By plotting various points, determine Eccentricity
what happens when

Because of the symmetry of a

! When , the point hyperbola, we could have
describes an equivalently put the focus and Click to
hyperbola. directrix on the other side. Frosketch >

𝑒=1
𝐷3 𝐷2
𝐷1

𝑆3 𝑒= 2 𝑆1 𝑆2

𝑃
Determining Eccentricity of an Ellipse
Show that for , the ellipse with focus and directrix has equation and
find .

As with the previous subject where we 𝑦

‘proved’ the equation of a parabola, we can
similarly reason about distances here.

𝑃 𝐷
Since , gives:

? 𝑆
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥=
𝑒
𝑦

𝑏 The major axis

is the axis
! Ellipse with equation where : provided that

Eccentricity found using 𝑥 (the minor

𝑎 axis it the
Foci: Directrices: axis)
Ellipses

Ellipse: the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose

distances from two fixed points, called foci, is constant.

Creating your own ellipse is easy if you can affix a loose string at
both ends and use a pencil.
Diagram of an Ellipse (horizontally oriented)

 The center has coordinates (h, k)

 2 axes of symmetry … longest is major axis, shortest is minor
axis.
 Ellipse has 4 vertices – the endpoints of each of the axes.
 Distance from center along semi-major axis to vertex is “a.”
 Distance from center along semi-minor axis is “b.”
 Distance from center to either foci is “c.”
 For all ellipses, a2 – b2 = c2
 The measure of distortion from pure circularity is called
eccentricity (e) and the equation e = c/a (as e approaches 0,
more circular, as e approaches 1, greater distortion)
ELLIPSE

Definition of Ellipse:
A ellipse is the set of all points in a plane such that the sum of the
distances from the foci is constant.

y
d1 + d2 = k

d1 d3 d2 d4
d5 d3 + d4 = k
d6
Focus 1 Focus 2 x d5 + d6 = k

Ellipse

40
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
STANDARD EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE

y
(0,b)

a
• Ellipse with center at (h,k) with horizontal axis b
(-a,0) c (a,0)
has equation 2 2 F1 (-c, 0)
(x – h) (y – k) = 1 Major F2 (c, 0) x
+ axis
a2 b2
In this case, major axis is horizontal. (0,-b)
Minor a2 = b2 + c2
axis

Major
(0,a) y axis
• Ellipse with center at (h,k) with vertical axis
F2(0, c)
has equation a
(x – h)
2
(y – k) = 1
2 c
+ (-b,0) (b,0)
b2 a2 Minor
b x
In this case, major axis is vertical. axis

NOTE: These two ellipses are graphed with center (0,0) F1(0,-c)
a>b in both cases (0,-a) a2 = b2 + c2
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
Find the foci, a, b, and c and the equation of the ellipse below:
y
10 a2 = b2 + c2 h= -4
8 -b2 -b2 k= -1
6 c2 = a2 - b2 Focus 1 = ( h + c, k)
Focus 1 = ( -4+ 4 , -1)
4 c2 = 25-9
(-4,2) Focus 1 = ( 0, -1)
2
c 2 = 16 Focus 2 = ( h - c, k)
3
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x c= 4
Focus 2 = (-4 - 4 , -1)
(-4,-1) -2 (1,-1) 𝒄 𝟒
5 𝒆= = <𝟏 Focus 2 = ( -8,-1)
-4 𝒂 𝟓
-6 The equation is:
2 2
-8
(x – h) (y – k) = 1
+
a2 b2
We can see that a=5 and b=3
(x-(-4)) 2 (y-(-1)) 2
+ =1
a 2 = 25
2
b = 9 25 9
2
(x+4) (y+1) 2
+ =1
25 9 42
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
2
(x-3) (y-4) 2
Graph the following ellipse equation: + =1
25 9
2
(x-3) (y-4) 2
+ =1
25 9
Rewriting the equation to graph it:

(x-(+3))2 (y-(+4))2 25 > 9 So, this ellipse

+ =1
25 9 is horizontal.

2 2
(x – h) (y – k) = 1
+
a2 b2

h= 3 Focus 1 = ( h + c, k)
a2 = b2 + c2
Focus 1 = ( 3+ 4 , 4)
k= 4 -b2 -b2
Focus 1 = ( 7, 4)
a 2 = 25 a 2 = 25 2
c =a -b 2 2

a=5 Focus 2 = ( h - c, k)
c2 = 25-9
2 2 Focus 2 = ( 3 - 4 , 4)
b = 9 b = 9
c 2 = 16 Focus 2 = ( -1,4)
b=3
c= 4
43
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
Summarizing obtained information about ellipse to graph it:

h= 3
Center (3,4) y
k= 4
10
a=5 Major axis = 2a
b=3 Minor axis = 2b 8

Focus 1 = ( 7, 4) 6

Focus 2 = ( -1, 4) 4

-10 -8 -6 -2
-4 2 4 6 8 10 x
-2

-4

-6

-8

44
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
2
(x+2) (y-6)2
Graph the ellipse: + =1
64 81

2
(x+2) (y-6)2 81 > 64 So, this
+ =1
64 81 ellipse is vertical.
(x-(-2))2 (y-(+6))2
+ =1
64 81
2 2
(x – h) (y – k) = 1
+
b2 a2
a2 = b2 + c2
h= -2 -b2 -b2
Focus 1 = ( h, k + c)
k= 6
c2 = a2 - b2 Focus 1 = ( -2, 6 + 17 )
a 2 = 81 a 2 = 81
c2 = 81-64 Focus 1 = ( -2, 6 + 4.1)
a=9
Focus 1 = ( -2, 10.1)
2
b =64 2 c 2 = 17
b = 64 Focus 2 = ( h, k - c)
b=8 c = 17
Focus 2 = (-2, 6 - 17 )
c 4.1 Focus 2 = ( -2, 6 – 4.1)
45
Focus 2 = ( -2, 1.9)
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
Summarizing obtained information about ellipse to graph it:

h= -2 y
Center (-2,6)
k= 6 18

16
a=9 Major axis = 2a
14
b=8 Minor axis = 2b
12
Focus 1 = (-2, 10.1) 10
Focus 2 = (-2, 1.9) 8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x

46
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
We know that 16x 2 + 64y 2 -64x -384y + 384 = 0 is an ellipse. Put it in the
2 2
standard form (x – h) (y – k) = 1 find a, b, c and the foci and graph it.
+
a2 b2

16x 2 + 64y 2 -64x -384y + 384 = 0

2
16x 2 -64x + 64y -384y + 384 = 0

16x 2 -16(4)x + 64y 2 -64(6)y + 384 = 0

2 2 2
4
2
6 4 6
16 x 2 - 4x + 2 + 64 y2 - 6y + 2 + 384 = 16 2 + 64 2
2 2 2 2
16 x 2 - 4x + (2) + 64 y2 - y + (3) + 384 = 16 (2) + 64 (3)

16 x 2 - 4x + 4 + 64 y2 - 6y + 9 + 384 = 16 (4) + 64(9)

2
16(x-2) + 64(y-3)2 + 384 = 64 +576
2
16(x-2) + 64(y-3)2 + 384 = 640
-384 -384
2
16(x-2) + 64(y-3)2 = 256
256 256 47
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
We know that 16x 2 + 64y 2 -64x -384y + 384 = 0 is an ellipse. Put it in the
2 2
standard form (x – h) (y – k) = 1 find a, b, c and the foci and graph it.
+
a 2 b2
2 h= 2
16(x-2) + 64(y-3)2 = 256 (x-(+2))2 (y-(+3))2
+ =1
256 256 16 4 k= 3
2
16(x-2) 64(y-3) 2 2 2 a 2 = 16 a 2 = 16
+ =1 (x – h) (y – k) = 1 a=4
256 256 +
2
a2 b2 2
16(x-2) 64(y-3) 2 b = 4 2
b = 4
16
+ 64 =1 a2 = b2 + c2 b=2
256 256 -b2 -b2
16 64 Focus 1 = ( h + c, k)
2 2 c2 = a2 - b2 Focus 1 = ( 2+ 2 3 , 3)
(x-2) (y-3)
+ =1 c2 = 16-4 Focus 1 = ( 2 + 3.5, 3)
16 4 12 2
6 2 Focus 1 = ( 5.5, 3)
3 3 c 2 = 12
1 2 Focus 2 = ( h - c, k)
c= 2 3
Focus 2 = ( 2 - 2 3 , 3)
2
2 3 = 12 c = 22 3 Focus 2 = ( 2 - 3.5, 3)
48
Focus 2 = ( -1.5, 3)
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
c= 2 3 3.5
Summarizing obtained information about ellipse to graph it:

h= 2
Center (2,3) y
k= 3
10
a=4 Major axis = 2a
b=2 Minor axis = 2b 8

Focus 1 = ( 5.5, 3) 6

Focus 2 = ( -1.5, 3) 4

-10 -8 -6 -2
-4 2 4 6 8 10 x
-2

-4

-6

-8

49
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
We know that 49x 2 + 36y 2 +392x -360y -80 = 0 is an ellipse. Put it in the
2 2
standard form (x – h) (y – k) = 1 find a, b, c and the foci and graph it.
+
b 2 a2

49x 2 + 36y 2+392x - 360y - 80 = 0

2
49x 2+392x + 36y -360y - 80 = 0

49x 2 +49(8)x + 36y 2 -36(10)y -80 = 0

2 2 2
8
2
10 8 10
49 x 2 + 8x + 2 + 36 y2 -10y + 2 -80 = 49 2 + 36 2
2 2 2 2
49 x 2 + 8x + (4) + 36 y 2 -10 y +(5) - 80 = 49 (4) + 36 (5)

49 x 2 + 8x + 16 + 36 y2 - 10y +25 - 80 = 49(16) + 36(25)

2
49(x+4) + 36(y-5)2 - 80 = 784+900
2
49(x+4) + 36(y-5) 2 - 80 = 1684
+80 +80
2
49(x+4) + 36(y-5) 2= 1764
1764 1764 50
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
We know that 16x 2 + 64y 2 -64x -384y + 384 = 0 is an ellipse. Put it in the
2 2
standard form (x – h) (y – k) = 1 find a, b, c and the foci and graph it.
+
b 2 a2
2
49(x+4) + 36(y-5) 2= 1764 (x-(-4))2 (y-(+5))2 h= -4
1764 1764 + =1
36 49 k= 5
49(x+4)
2
36(y-5) 2 2 2 a 2 = 49 a 2 = 49
+ =1 (x – h) (y – k) = 1
1764 1764 + a=7
b2 a2
2 2 2 2
49(x+4) 36(y-5) b =36 b = 36
49
+ 36 =1 a2 = b2 + c2 b=6
1764 1764 -b2 -b2
49 36 Focus 1 = ( h, k + c)
2 2 c2 = a2 - b2 Focus 1 = ( -4, 5 + 13 )
(x+4) (y-5)
+ =1 c2 = 49-36 Focus 1 = ( -4, 5 + 3.6)
36 49
Focus 1 = ( -4, 8.6)
c 2 = 13
Focus 2 = ( h, k - c)
49 > 36 So, this c = 13
Focus 2 = (-4, 5 - 13 )
ellipse is vertical. Focus 2 = ( -4, 5 – 3.6)
c 3.6 51
Focus 2 = ( -4, 1.4)
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
Summarizing obtained information about ellipse to graph it:

h= -4 y
Center (-4,5)
k= 5 18

16
a=7 Major axis = 2a
14
b=6 Minor axis = 2b
12
Focus 1 = (-4, 8.6) 10
Focus 2 = (-4, 1.4) 8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x

52
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
The Standard Form of the equation of an ellipse.

x  h   y  k
2 2

2
 2
1
a b

This ellipse is horizontally oriented … “a” is the largest segment and it is

the denominator of the “x” term.

y  k  x  h 
2 2

 1
a2 b2
This ellipse is vertically oriented … “a” is the largest segment and it is
the denominator of the “y” term.
 x  3  y  2
2 2
For the ellipse  1 find the center, vertices, foci,
and eccentricity. 25 16

Orientation: horizontal. Largest denominator under the “x” term.

Center: ( 3, - 2) pull directly from the equation.
Vertices: to find these we need the distances labeled
“a” and “b.” These are the square roots of
the denominators.
a2 = 25, so therefore a = 5
b2 = 16, so therefore b = 4

Vertices are: (-2, -2) (8, -2) (3, 2) (3, -6)

Foci: these are a distance “c” from the enter along the major axis.
Remember: a2 – b2 = c2 ... By substitution we have
25 – 16 = c2
Foci are located 3 units to either
9 = c2 side of the center: (0, -2) & (6, -2)
3=c
𝒄 𝟑
𝒆= = <𝟏
𝒂 𝟓
Find the orientation, center, foci, vertices, eccentricity of each ellipse.

 y  2    x  5 1
2 2

169 144

Orientation: vertical
Center: (5, 2)

a = 13 and b = 12

Vertices: (5, 15) (5,-11) (17, 2) ( -7,2)

c=5

Foci: (5, 7) and (5, -3)

e = c/a = 5/13
The Summary:
Standard Ellipse
𝑦 𝑦

1 (𝑥, 𝑦 ) 𝑏 (𝑥, 𝑦 )
𝜃 𝑥 𝜃 𝑥
1 𝑎

Cartesian equation: Cartesian equation:

? ?
Parametric equations:
Parametric equations:
?
?
Using equation of ellipse
The ellipse has equation The ellipse has parameter equations:
.
a) Sketch . Determine its Cartesian equation.
b) Write down its parametric equations.
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
You want 1 on + =1
RHS.
9 ?
25
?

2
Sketch ? 𝑥
−3 3
−2

𝑥=3cos
?b 𝜃
Finding directrices/foci
Find foci of the ellipse with equation Find foci of the ellipse with equation
and give the equation of the directrices. and give the equation of the directrices.
Hence sketch the ellipse. Hence sketch the ellipse.

Because :
Foci:
Directrices: 𝑦
Foci:
? 2 𝑥=
9 Directrices:
√5
𝑆′ 𝑆 𝑥
−3 3 ?
𝑦 𝑦=
25
3
9
𝑥=− 5
√5 −2
It makes
sense that if 𝑆
Ellipse with equation where :
we ‘rotate’
the ellipse, −4 4 𝑥
Eccentricity found using we also
𝑆′
rotate the foci
Foci: Directrices: and 25
𝑦 =−
directrices. 5 3
Test Your Understanding

?
RECAP :: Conic Sections
There are a number of
‘families’ of curves that can
Circle First Seen:
GCSE/Pure Year 1
be obtained when Obtained when the plane is
considering the parallel to the base of the
intersection of a plane cones.
with a (non-solid) ‘double
cone’. For this reason, such First Seen: This
curves are known as Ellipse chapter
conics. The plane is less steep than the
surface of the cone.
Fro Note: Conics are
lines. The shaded First Seen:
area is not included. Parabola GCSE/Pure Year 1
Plane is parallel to the surface
of the cone.

First Seen:
Hyperbola This chapter
The plane is steeper than the
surface of the cone, so
intersects both cones.
Conic Sections
All conic sections can be defined algebraically as the
graphs of second-degree (quadratic) equations
in two variables…in the form:
2 2
Ax  Bxy  Cy  Dx  Ey  F 0
where A, B, and C are not all zero.
Third, we focus on Hyperbola!!!

have different signs

Hyperbola
HYPERBOLA

Definition of Hyperbola:
A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane such that the absolute value
of the difference of the distances from any point on the hyperbola to two
given point, called foci, is constant.

y
d4
d3
d1 d2 d1 - d2 = k

d3 - d4 = k
F F x
d15 2
d6 d5 - d6 = k

64
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
PARTS OF A HYPERBOLA

asy
mp y
t ote
tot mp
e vertex vertex sy
a

b
c
transverse axis
x

conjugate axis
F a F
1 2

65
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
STANDARD EQUATIONS OF A HYPERBOLA

• Hyperbola with center at (h,k) with horizontal axis

has equation 2 2
(x – h) (y – k) = 1 F F x
1 2
-
a2 b2
In this case, transverse axis is horizontal.

y
F
• Hyperbola with center at (h,k) with vertical axis 2

has equation 2 2
(y – k) (x – h) = 1
-
a2 b2
x
In this case, transverse axis is vertical.

c 2 = a 2 + b2 For both equations.

F
1
66
NOTE: These two hyperbolas are graphed with center (0,0)
Given the graph below obtain the equation of the hyperbola.
y Transverse axis is 6 units:
10

8 2a=6
6 2 2
Focus2 4 (-1,0) Focus1 a=3 a2 = 9
(2- 13, 0) 2
(2,0) (2+ 13, 0) then we know:
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x c 2 = a 2 + b2
-2
-a2 -a2
-4
-6
(5,0) b2 = c2 - a2
2
-8
b2 = 13 -9
From the figure:
b2 = 13-9
h= 2
Center = (2,0) b2 = 4
If k= 0
Focus1 =( h+c,k) Hyperbola is horizontal:
2+c (x – h)
2 2
(y – k) = 1 (x-(+2))2 (y-(0))2
- - 4
=1
= (2+ 13, 0) a2 b2 9
2
2+c (x-2) y2
then 2 + c = 2 + 13 - =1
c = 13 9 4 67
-2 -2
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
Given the graph below obtain the equation of the hyperbola.
y
10
Transverse axis is 4 units:
8
6 Focus1 2a=4
4 (4,-2+ 13 ) 2 2
2 a=2 a2 = 4
then we know:
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-2 (4,-2)
c 2 = a 2 + b2
-4
-a2 -a2
-6
-8
(4,-2- 13 ) b2 = c2 - a2
2
Focus2 b2 = 13 -4
From the figure:
b2 = 13-4
h= 4
Center = (4,-2) b2 = 9
If k= -2
Focus1 =( h,k+c)
Hyperbola is vertical:
-2+c (y – k)
2 2
(x – h) = 1 (y-(-2)) 2 (x-(4)) 2
= (4,-2+ 13 ) - - 9 =1
a2 b2 4
-2+c (y+2)2 (x-4)2
then -2 + c = -2 + 13 - =1
c = 13 4 9 68
+2 +2
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
Draw the hyperbola that is represented by:

(x-3) 2 (y-4) 2
- =1
25 9

(x -(+3))2 (y-(+4)) 2 h= 3
- 9 =1 k= 4
Center = (3,4)
25

y
a 2 = 25 a=5 10

b2 = 9 b= 3 8
6
c2 = a2 + b2 4
c 2 = 25 + 9 2

c 2 = 34 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-2

c= 34 5.8 -4
-6
-8
Focus 1= (h+c, k) = (3+5.8,4)
= (8.8,4)
Focus 2= (h-c, k) = (3-5.8,4) 69
= (-2.8,4)
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
Draw the hyperbola that is represented by:

(y-6) 2 (x+2) 2
- =1
81 64

(y-(+6)) 2 (x-(-2)) 2 h= -2
- 64
=1 k= 6
Center = (-2,6)
81

a 2 = 81 a=9
y
b2 = 64 b= 8 20

c 2 = a 2 + b2 16
12
c2 = 81 + 64 8

c 2= 145 4

-20 -16 -12 -8 -4

c= 145 12 -4
4 8 12 16 20 x
-8
-12
Focus 1= (h, k+c) = (-2,6+12)
-16
= (-2,18)
Focus 2= (h, k–c ) = (-2,6-12) 70
= (-2,-6)
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
36x 2 - 25y 2 -144x +150y - 981 = 0
We know that is an hyperbola. Put it in the
2 2
standard form (x – h) (y – k) = 1, graph it, and finally find the equation
-
of the asymptotes. a 2 b2

36x 2 - 25y 2 -144x +150y - 981 = 0

2
36x 2 -144x + -25y +150y -981 = 0

36x 2 -36(4)x + -25y2 -(-25)6y - 981 = 0

2 2 2
4
2
6 4 6
36 x 2 - 4x + 2 - 25 y2 - 6y + 2 - 981 = 36 2 - 25 2
2 2 2 2
36 x 2 - 4x + (2) - 25 y2 - y + (3) - 981 = 36 (2) - 25 (3)

36 x 2 - 4x + 4 - 25 y 2 - 6y + 9 - 981 = 36 (4) - 25(9)

2
36(x-2) - 25(y-3) 2- 981 = 144 - 225
2
36(x-2) - 25 (y-3)2 - 981 = -81
+981 +981
2
36(x-2) - 25(y-3)2 = 900
900 900 71
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
36x 2 - 25y 2 -144x +150y - 981 = 0
We know that is an hyperbola. Put it in the
2 2
standard form (x – h) (y – k) = 1, graph it, and finally find the equation
-
of the asymptotes. a 2 b2
2 2 (x-(+2))2 (y-(+3)) 2 a 2 = 25 a=5
36(x-2) - 25(y-3) = 900 - =1
900 900
25 36 b2 = 36 b= 6
2
36(x-2) 25(y-3) 2 (x – h)
2
(y – k) = 1
2
- =1 -
900 900 a2 b2
2
36(x-2) 25(y-3) 2 h= 2
Center = (2,3) y
36 25 k= 3 10
- =1
900 900 c 2 = a 2 + b2
8

36 25 6

2
c2 = 25 + 36 4
2
(x-2) (y-3)
- =1 c 2 = 61 2
25 36
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
c= 61 7.8 -2
2 4 6 8 10 x
-4
Focus 1= (h+c, k) = (2+7.8,3)
-6
= (9.8,3)
-8
Focus 2= (h-c, k) = (2-7.8,3)
72
= (-5.8,3)
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
Equations for the asymptotes.
First we find the slope for both asymptotes: Center = (2, 3)
x1 y1
+ 6 6
m= 6 = - m=
-5 5 5 Using the center and the point-
y slope form of the equation of a
10 line: (y – y1 ) = m(x – x1 )
8

+6 6
+6
4 (y – 3 ) =
6
(x – 2 ) (y – 3 ) = - 6 (x – 2 )
5 5
-5 2 +5
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
6
y-3= (x – 2) y – 3 = - 6 (x – 2)
-2
2 4 6 8 10 x 5 5
6 6
-4 y - 3 = x - 12 y – 3 = - x + 12
5 5 5 5
-6
15 6 15 - 6
-8 y- = x - 12 y- = x + 12
5 5 5 5 5 5
15 15 15 15
+ + + +
5 5 5 5
6 6
3
5 15 y= x+
3 y = - x + 27
= 5 5 5 5
5 5

73
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
Hyperbolas
𝑦
Standard Hyperbola:

(The only difference from the equation of

−𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 an ellipse is the minus!)

Parametric equations:

Key Properties: Because

But since:
• When
• As , then in a similar manner, we
alternatively get:

Equation of asymptotes:
Hyperbolas –Questions
𝑦

sketch
−2 2 𝑥

Cartesian Equation Parametric Eqn of Sketch

Equations Asymptotes

? ? −4 ?4 𝑥

? ? −5 ?5 𝑥

? ? −2 √ 2
? 𝑥
2 √2
Back to Hyperbolas…
𝑦 Show that for , the hyperbola with foci at
𝑎
𝑥=
𝑎 and directrices at has equation
𝑥=−
𝑒 𝑒

𝐷 𝑃 (𝑥 , 𝑦)

𝑎𝑆 𝑥 If we obtain the standard

− 𝑎𝑒− 𝑎 𝑎𝑒 equation of a hyperbola.

Fro Notes: Note that the foci and directrices are

?
EXACTLY THE SAME as ellipses.
However, because , we’ll find that , i.e. the
positive focus appears right of the curve, whereas
with an ellipse it appears to the left. And vice Note this is identical to the proof for ellipses:
versa with the directrices. previously which meant we had instead of
Sketching Hyperbolas
Bro Note: For hyperbolas, you don’t care
Sketch the hyperbola with equation , indicating the which of and are bigger. For ellipses,
foci and equations of the asymptotes. swapping the and has the effect of
rotating the ellipse and hence the
foci/directrices too. We don’t get this
same rotation for hyperbolas.
Foci are and directrices , but we need and first. Use
(Formula booklet)

Foci:
Asymptotes:

2 2
𝑦 =−
3
𝑥
? 𝑦=
3
𝑥

𝑆′ 𝑆
− √13 −3 3√ 13

𝐷′ 𝐷
Equation of a Conic Section

Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ex + F = 0

Conic Section Relationship of A and C

Parabola A=0 or C=0, but not both
Circle A=C
A and C have the same sign
Ellipse
and A=C
Hyperbola A and C have opposite signs

Now let’s use the exercises we solved before!

78
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
Match the following equations with the corresponding graph:
y
2
Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy + Dx + Ex + F = 0

1) x 2 + y 2 + 8x +2y -32=0
3

A=1 C=1
y

2) 16x 2 + 64y 2 -64x -384y + 384 = 0 4 x

A=+16 C=+64
y

3) 4x 2+ 24x – y +16 =0
2 x
A=4 C=0

y
4) 36x 2 - 25y 2 -144x +150y - 981 = 0
1
A=+36 C= -25 x
79
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
THANK YOU

@Sinaiunieg [email protected] www.su.edu.eg