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@ Copyright 1979 by Anne Kmit, Loretta Luciow, Johanna Luciow,
and Luba Perchyshyn. All rights reserved.
Printed in United States of America
at Harrison, Smith-Lund Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota)

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-8477)

ISBN 0-9602502-0-4)))
And How We Make Them)

by

Anne Kmit

Loretta L. Luciow

Johanna Luciow
and
Luba Perchyshyn)

Ukrainian Gift Shop, 2422 Central Avenue N.E.

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55418)))
Dedicated to you,

the reader, in the hope

that your interest

in Ukrainian Easter eggs

will help continue

this beau tiful

trad i tion .)))

Acknowledgments)

hen
undertaking
a project like a book, many peop\037e help
W to make it a success. We extend special
thanks to Valia Poletz,
who gave her time in the Ukrainian translations. Our thanks also go
to Marie Procai, Elko Becky Luciow, Very
Perchyshyn Jr., Reverend

Michael Kudanovych, Robert Taylor,

Mary Sicilia, Yaroslaw
Elyiw,
Irene Granovsky, Douglas Rivenburg, Elko Perchyshyn Sr., Nina
Bulavitsky, Natalie Halstead, Helen Rychly, Iris Ivankevich, Dr. John
Rosenow, Maureen Kadlec, Gabi Hemmersbach, Natalie Kmit, Rudy

Gulstrand, Wasyl Ohar and Dennis Kmit.

We also wish to mention our photographer, Dave Kadlec, who
made the sometimes tedious work of photography a pleasurable
experIence.)

6)))
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A s a family, we have loved the art of making pysanky all our

\037 lives. We have taught the art to others, appeared on television
and radio and have spent a great share of our time developing
designs
and techniques.
Johanna daughters, Loretta and Ann have
and her co-authored

three books concerning Ukrainian Art: Eggs Beautiful, 1975; a

coloring book Ukrainian Folk Designs to Color, 1976; Ukrainian

Embroidery, Van Nostrand Reinhold 1978. Theodore Luciow,
Johanna's husband wrote many articles and books on Ukrainian

history. The family

continues in his literary footsteps.
Luba has developed an Easter egg kit which is sold throughout
the United States and Canada. She, her sister Johanna, and their

mother Marie Procai, have built an ethnic business, the Ukrainian

Gift Shop of Minneapolis, which spreads
the Ukrainian influence far
and wide. Luba was featured in the recent award winning film,

\"Pysanka\" by Slavko Nowytski in 1976. Besides making pysanky and

embroidery, paints Ukrainian ceramics.

Luba
This book the custom of decorating pysanky
is about (Ukrainian

Easter Eggs). We are so impressed with the wisdom and strength of

our Ukrainian ancestors that we wanted to record a history of their
tradition for others.
Through our studies, which involve five generations, we came to
better understand our early ancestors, our grandparents our parents,
and finally, ourselves and our children. From our work on this book,

has come a greater love and appreciation of Ukrainian culture, history

and tradition.)

8)))
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Luba Perchyshyn Johanna Luciow

Loretta L. Luciow) Ann Kmit)

Introduction)

kraine is a nation of over fifty

million people and a for-
U gotten land in a real sense. The homeland of Ukraine reaches
from the arc of the Carpathian Mountains down to the north shore of
the Black Sea. It is bordered by Poland, Byelorussia, Russia and
Rumania. The land is twice the size of Texas and is unusually rich and
fertile. For centuries, it has been known as the \"bread basket of

Europe.\" Because it is rich in natural resources, such as oil, coal and

iron, neighboring countries have struggled with Ukrainians for
political and economic dominance. Today, Ukraine is one of the
nations in the U.S.S.R., and although it has a seat in the United

Nations, true freedom, which is prized in the United States, has

eluded it.
Ukrainian immigration to the United States occured in two great
waves. The first was before World War I, and the second was after
World War II. Early in the twentieth century, American
industry was

expanding at a rapid rate. Manpower was solicited by American

mining and foundry companies from Eastern European farming
communities, in Ukraine, Poland and other countries.)

It was during this first rush of Ukrainian immigration that Marie OUR PERSONAL

Sokol, our grandmother,

came to America in 1912 as a young girl
of BEGINNINGS)
fifteen. After in Pennsylvania
living on a farm with her brother Paul
for one-and-a-half years, she decided to travel to see her older
brother in Winni peg, Canada. In March of 1914, she set off with a few

dollars and a small suitcase containing all her possessions. After a

time, the train stopped in the Minneapolis Great Northern station for)

11)))
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This 1916 photo of Anthony (Tony) and Marie Procai shows them in Ukrainian
costume as they appeared in one of the many play productions.)

12)))
the evening. The next train to Winnipeg was scheduled to leave the
following morning, so Marie decided to find a place to
stay for the

night. In her limited English, she asked a policeman if there were any
Ukrainians
living
in the city. He directed her to 2nd street south,
several blocks from the station, close to the frozen Mississippi River.
It was completely dark when she found the street. There were only
five houses there, all quiet and closed against the cold
night. It

seemed as if the third house was the right one! She knocked. When
the door opened, she asked in Ukrainian, \"Are you Ukrainian?\". A
man and woman answered a surprised \"yes\" and invited her into
their home. They told Marie of a young Ukrainian woman staying
with them named Katheryn Dacko. \"She is my cousin!\", Marie said

in surprise. Because it was late, Katheryn was

already asleep. The

couple led Marie to her cousin's room where she gently shook
Katheryn's
shoulder. She opened her eyes sleepily and said, \"Is it

you, Marie?\" They joyfully hugged each other, crying

and laughing
at the same time.
Marie decided that she would stay in Minneapolis and was

refunded the rest of her ticket to Canada. She must stay in

Minneapolis; was it not God's will that led her to her only family in
the state?
Even though she spoke almost no English, she found work as a

waitress! She earned her living as she learned to speak English. She
learned how to survive in America. found a place to live and
She
joined with a group of
young Ukrainians in a church choir.
During
the fifteen year period between 1915 and 1930, years
before movies or radio, young people banded together in ethnic
groups
and put on plays and programs for entertainment and fun.
Marie was a natural actress, and she preformed in starring roles 87
times. The young troup toured Minnesota and Wisconsin, going to
Superior, Duluth and St. Paul to put on plays. The money which they
raised went to help build their new church in Northeast Minneapolis.
The stories Marie tells us of this period in her life speak of
courage and

excitement.

During this period Marie met Tony Procai, a handsome

Ukrainian immigrant, who had come to the United States with his
two brothers, shortly
before Marie's arrival, and had settled in
Minneapolis. Tony sang in the church choir and acted in the plays of
the young Ukrainian amateur group. He and Marie worked to retain
their
heritage
in America. They married in 1915and settled down and

eventually they raised four children.)

13)))
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permanent display in
the Minneapolis Gift ;;Iii)

Shop.)

As Marie established her own home, she remembered that as a

little girl in Western Ukraine, she had watched her grandmother wax
and dip
colored
eggs with the traditional designs for Easter. When
she was five years old, she was taken by her parents to live in
Slavonia, now a part of Yugoslavia, where only a few old-time crafts
were carried on. In Minneapolis, she became homesick and tried

decorating eggs again.

She had no tools or dyes, but that did not stop her. She fashioned
a kistka (writing tool) from the metal tip of a shoe lace. She bought
crepe paper and made dyes by soaking the paper in boiling water and

allowing it to cool.
After she had asked God's blessing, she slowly applied the hot
bees wax to a fresh hen's egg. She made the basic first lines. Then she
dipped an egg into the home made colors and gradually added wax to

her design. Her first egg was simple,

but when she held it in her
hand, it seemed to come from her early years in Ukraine.)))

14)
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Tony enjoyed working

Here in America, where another language and another culture with ceramics. He

were of her life, she managed to hold onto her roots! made his own molds
becoming part
As her continued to perform in church and the clays
young family grew, she
before
poured
he painted the
plays,
and each year before Easter, she made pysanky (decorated
Ukrainian
designs.)
Easter eggs). Women's clubs, girl scout troups
and other organiza-
tions called upon her displays. In
to demonstrate the art and set up
her own way, she educated many people in Ukrainian traditions.
Tony
Procai tended a huge garden and worked as a baker all his
life. When he retired, he
began to make and paint ceramics, and his

late blooming talent was a source of

joy. His ceramic work followed
traditional Ukrainian patterns
and had he lived longer, his talents
would have reached many more people. He won many ribbons from

the Minnesota State Fair.

in the home for protection from
Marie and Tony Procai, with their love of traditional art, have
fire and storms.
added thousands of designs in which will delight and
animalsinspireate,
7. Two or three were
placed the trough where the
generations to come.)
so they would have many young.)
23)))
15)))
CHAPTER 1)

Traditional
Background)

rimitive man lived in a worldof unexplained wonders.

P In an attempt to find reasons for heavenly and earthly mysteries,
PRE-CHRISTIAN)
ancient people universally worshipped the sun. It was the sun which

warmed the earth and was the source of all life. In the area which is
now Ukraine, eggs were chosen for sun worship ceremonies, for
when an egg was broken, the yolk represented the sun and the
whites, the moon. Eggs were deeply important in spring rituals of

these primeval men. During the winter, the earth was dormant and

appeared to be without life, just as an egg appeared to be void of life.

But when spring came, new life came forth; the egg was a perfect
symbol of the sudden burst of life from dormancy.
References to
pysanky can be found in developing Ukrainian
poetry, art, songs and all facets of life where the decorated egg was
represented as a benevolent talisman. People of all ages believed the
eggs had power to help them in their daily lives.
Ancient
pysanky* were not the product of single artists or even
of single villages but were representative of the whole nation. The

designs,
the colors, the legends, and the craftmanship of pysanky
developed as Ukrainian culture became more complex. Today's

pysanky are an echo of the past.

Then as now, each person had needs for peace, beauty and

creativity, and, to the women of the past, making pysanky was a

harmonious and satisfying experience. At the same time, they
believed the eggs possessed special powers.

They gave pysanky as a sign of

good wishes and fortune telling.
Children received light colorful
pysanky with floral designs.
Teenagers received eggs decorated with a great deal of white,)

*Plural of pysanka. The plural of many Ukrainian words is formed in this way.)))

16)
signifying that their future was which was yet to be
a blank page
written. The
hospodari (married couples) received 40
triangle eggs.

They were working with their families and farms and appreciated the
power in all facets of their lives which the 40 triangle egg represented
(see page 37, egg 11). The old received black eggs with belts, ladders
and gates, which represented heavenly bridges. The same kind of
eggs were carried to the cemeteries of the ancestors. White eggs with
simple designs were usually reserved for the graves of little children.

Pysanka designs as a national ornament evolved continually as all

art forms do. Because people and times are always changing, new
symbols appeared and old ones faded away. Meanings of the
symbols gradually changed as well. Perhaps this explains the
multitudes of pysanka symbols. One fact is certain: There is no life
without art, and the pysanka is a folk art which has been the pulse of

the Ukrainian nation.)

Following are some of the traditions and legends which were part of PRE-CHRISTIAN
every village in Ukraine. Some of the stories make us smile in todays STORIES
technical world, but others cause us to
stop and note the true and AND TALES)

deep respect
which the simple folk had for nature. Natural symbols

were central to the pysanky created by

Pre-Christian people.)

According to an old Ukrainian belief, when a wounded tree cried, it TREES)

shed tears like a person. It also bled when it was hurt, and the bark

protects it just as the skin

protects a person. The ancient Ukrainians
were convinced that a tree had a soul and should be honored as one

honors a friend.
This belief was practical, especially
in reference to fruit trees. For
a
example, popular story is told about a man who dared to cut down a
pear tree so he could build his house on that spot. He immediately

experienced painful misfortunes. His horse died, the cow gave bad
milk, and his wife began to nag as she never had before. One day, in
his misery, he noticed the tough roots of the pear tree sending up
shoots
through the floor boards of his house. He knew he was beaten,

he took down his house and planted seven young fruit trees (seven
was a mystical number).
His wife became good natured and loving, his cow gave good
milk once again and he was able to buy a finer horse than the one he

had before! He was relieved of his punishment because the soul of the
old pear tree now lived in the seven fruit trees and was at peace.)

17)))
Another tale tells of a man and wife who had a beautifulapple
orchard. In this orchard, however, there was one tree which bore
very little fruit. To solve the problem, the couple went into the
orchard where the wife stood behind the tree. The man raised an ax

and said three times in a

strong voice, \"Will you bear fruit or not?\"
Each time, the wife said, as if
speaking for the tree, \"Yes, I will.\" The

man then tied a rope around the trunk of the tree to seal the promise,
and the next year it bore fruit! This is how to make a tree obey, so the
story goes.
Blown
eggs
were used to decorate fruit trees in the spring.
In the

hopes of plentiful harvest of fruit, the farmers would hang eggs in the
orchards and in the young trees surrounding the house. Not only did
it assist the fruiting, but it was a beautiful sight to behold.

In another tradition, a young tree was carefully dug up from the

land of the groom and replanted
near the home of thebride-to-be.
The ritual was customarily performed in May, and it provided a
symbolic, living tie between the two merging households.)

The spot where a spider web was found was considered to be a lucky
SPIDERS place. If there were webs in the barn, the farmer felt that the

AND WEBS) productivity of the cows would be assured. If a person removed a

web from the barn, it was feared that the quality of the cream would
diminish or even disappear. \"If there is no web, there is no cream\" is

an old Ukrainian saying.

In those days, if a
person was looking for a place to build a house,
he would set a pot containing a small amount of cream on the
proposed site. A spider was quickly placed in the pot
and then it was
covered. A few days later, it was opened. If the spider had begun to
spin a web over the cream, the site was a lucky one for a new home.
For weather forcasting, farmers noted the web building habits of
the spiders in the fields. If the webs were lightly built, the farmers
expected
a long spell of calm warm weather.
When needed for medicinal reasons, a spider could be killed but
only
with the back of the hand. The custom was to kill a spider and

wipe the hand on the forehead of a sick animal. The power of the
spider would make the animal well, so they said. In cases of bleeding
on the hand or foot, it was very common to wrap a web around the
wound to stop the bleeding.)

A beautiful legend comes to us concerning the origin of

pysanky. The

story says that the first

pysanky
came from the sky.)))

18)
A cold and bitter winter had swept across the land with such BIRDS

speed that the migrating birds had no chance to fly to warmer lands.
They suffered greatly in the chilling
cold and began to fall to the
ground, too cold to take care of
fly or themselves.

The peasants gathered the frozen creatures and brought them

into their homes. There, the birds were fed and warmed throughout
the harsh winter. When spring arrived, the peasants opened their
homes and allowed the birds their freedom.
The birds flew away for several days and when they returned,
they brought back a decorated pysanka for each of the peasants in
thanks for saving their lives. Ever since that time, according to the
story, pysanky were decorated in the spring.
Each
segment of society used pysanky in different ways

developing its own traditions and stories concerningthe power of the

egg.)

In the spring, farmers would take a decorated egg and stroke it on the
chests of the oxen and other beasts of burden so that the harnesses FARMERS
would not rub them. The farmer would then bury
the egg in the soil of
his field to insure a large, bountiful harvest.
Blown eggs were hung on a string above the barn door because
the farmers believed that the barn would then be safe from fire and

lightning. Before a stranger could enter the barn, he was asked to look
at the blown egg to protect the animals from the \"evil eye\". The most
important primative symbol was the circle. Farmers made circles over

the doors of the barns with white-wash, charcoal or chalk to protect

all who passed within, human or animal.
If caught in a storm, a farmer would clear a circular patch of
ground and place sticks at the edge, and then stand in the circle.

\"Step inside the circle of protection\", he would say, believing in its

magical strength. Once he was inside, he felt no harm would come to

him. It is no surprise that the circle was the most used symbol on the
.)
pysanka

Spring
in Ukraine does not come without a
struggle! When the first
vegetation filled the fields with little yellow flowers, the shepherds SHEPHERDS

gathered them and wove vinky (garlands of flowers worn around the
head by maidens in Ukraine) to place on the heads of all the animals
with horns. What a beautiful sight when the sheep, goats
and cattle

were herded into the villages wearing golden crowns of flowers. It

was an early sign of spring.)

19)))
Shepherds also used circle symbols. After Christianity was
introduced, it was the old shepherds who were most afraid of

vampires since they were separated from the village by many miles.
They believed that newly dead souls might rise and drink the blood of

the living in the darkest hours before dawn.

To neutralize this evil power, an old

shepherd would go to the
cemetary in the early evening and draw a circle around himself near
the grave of the newly deceased. There, he would sit with a clay

figure balanced on his head. The figure represented the priest who
had blessed the previous crops.
He waited in a quiet vigil throughout
the night, and the circle of protection kept him safe from evil. When

the sun began to rise, he knew that the power of the vampire had
been \"worked away\". Shepherds of old Ukraine must have been very
brave!)

In May, during the evening of the holiday \"Ivana Kupala\", maidens

gathered by
a fast flowing river or stream. Each girl would release a

delicate vinok in the stream. Wherever the vinok landed would be the
MAIDENS)
place from which her lover would come. If it floated to the opposite
shore, she knew he would come from that direction. If thevinok sank
in the stream, the girl must be careful that she didn't become an old
maid. If the vinok came apart, nothing would come of her hopes for
the young man on her mind and she must wait until another time.
A shortage of water during a drought was handled by Ukrainian
peasants in the following manner. A girl around the age of 14 was
sent to another source of water, a well or a stream, several miles
away. She would take a mouthfull of water and bring it back home
and spit it into the dry stream or river bed. Only then could the people
expect the mircale of rain. They fully believed nature would fill its
part of the bargain.)

Ukrainian Easter)

The
background of the pysanka is an echo of an ancient people who
respected nature. A people who worked hard to survive, the
Ukrainians used the pysanka in
mystical and magical rites which were
considered
necessary for their survival. As we have seen, decorated
eggs were intimately related to the greeting of
spring. A beloved and
blessed object, the decorated egg represented
the happy holiday
where life won out over death, spring
over winter. The symbolism of)))

20)
the pysanka has brought hope, happiness, and protection from evil to

the Ukrainians for many centuries before the introduction of

Christianity.
With of Christianity
the advent new meanings were added to old

symbols, but many of the old symbols survived as well. Because the
meanings and significance were so important to the peasant people,
early missionaries incorporated the pysanka into Christian belief and
used it to bring more people to Christ. Although a great deal has been
forgotten, it is clear that the pysanka was a gentle creation which
helped pre-Christian and Christian Ukrainians to deal with everyday
problems of life, love and death.
Pysanky
tell so much about vanishing attitudes toward nature
and life. in the 19th century and the beginning of the
For example,
20th century, pysanky were included in the grave with a child if he
died during the Easter holiday season. The grieving family believed
the child would have something to play with as well as
something to
eat if he got hungry. In the case of the death of a maiden, since she
never had a chance to fall in love and give a
pysanka to a young man,
beautifulpysanky
were gently placed around her head in the form of a

wedding vinok. Only the finest eggs were used for this purpose and
she was buried with the mystical promise of a wedding. Belief in an
after-life was a strong part of the Ukrainian philosophy of death. Both
of these illustrations provide us with examples of the intermingling of
pagan and Christian beliefs.

times, the pysanky were created

In pre-Christian only during the

spring festivities revolving around worship

of the sun.
The most important holiday on the church calendar in Ukraine is
Easter, which is also a spring celebration. Traditionally, Easter is
much more than a three day period. It begins with the first day of Lent
and lasts a full 40 days.
After church on Ash Wednesday, life became very different from

the normal routine. Eggs, meats and dairy products were no longer
eaten on fast
days (Monday, Wednesday and Friday). Different foods
were served using oil, bread, noodles and simple vegetables such as
cabbage. The family reverently gave up a rich portion of their diet as a
form of
physical purification in preparation for the great day.

Next during the Lenten season, the house was

completely and

vigorously cleaned. Feather beds were aired, rugs were beaten, the
kitchen was whitewashed from
top to bottom, and every corner was
scrubbed and polished. In a real sense, the home was
purified for

Easter, too.)

21)))
Last and most importantly, the process of mental purification

began. If there had been arguments with the neighbors or relatives

during the past time to make ammends. Anger and

year, this was the
bad feelings were with neutralized
forgiveness.
The fasting, house cleaning and active settlement of problems in
a 40
day period was an age-old psychological strengthener for the
spirit of the Ukrainian peasant. It truly readied him for Easter and

spring and enriched his life.

new clothes were made
If possible, for every of the
member

family. Rooted in ancient tradition in the spring rites, when primitive

man realized that nature was changing its dreary winter colors for

spring splendor, it became the custom to

brighten one's personal
wardrobe as well. Now with Eastertide, at least one article of clothing
was bought or made for each member of the family in honor of the

Resurrection. If someone was very poor, he would

buy only
shoelaces, but he would have something new no matter what.)

During the last week of the Lenten season, the churches filled with

HOLY WEEK
worshippers. On Thursdayof Holy Week, called StrastneyChetver l

OBSERV ANCE)
signifying the day of suffering, the priest read the Bible in twelve
intervals describing the suffering of Christ while carrying the cross.
At each interval, the members of the congregation bowed and
touched their foreheads to the floor three times (poklony).
There were

no pews church. It was a matter of fact that after years of this

in the
reverent service, many church floors were uneven and worn from the
foreheads touching the floor over and over.
On Good Friday, a large painting of the dead Christ (Plaschivnyt-
sia) was displayed
in front of the altar with candles burning
around it.

Regular church lamps were dimmed, and in the semi-darkness, the

church members mourned before the \"Tomb of Christ\".)

Before a Ukrainian woman could makepysanky, she was supposed to

be in a perfect spiritual state of mind. The previous day was
spent
EGG DECORATING
peacefully: She would avoid gossip, deal with her family patiently
RITUAL)
and cook a good dinner.
Pysanky
were children were asleep.
made at night after the
Only
women in the family could work together and no one else was

allowed to peek, since the purpose of creatingpysanky was to transfer

goodness from the household to the designs and push away evil. This
was a mystical expression and not a social event. The fresh eggs were
gathered from hens where a rooster was in residence, for, according)))

22)
to belief, ifpysanky
were made on non-fertile eggs, there would be no

fertility in the home.

The women in the family asked different blessings for each egg,
for
they felt their good wishes traveled with the pysanka. Special

songs were sung quietly, so the souls (dukhe) which were said to
inhabit the night, would not be disturbed.
Small clay pots were used to hold the dyes which had been made
using secret family formulas. The wax lines were drawn on the eggs,
and slowly, the simple shells became filled with ancient symbolism,
color and harmony.
Even now, looking atpysanky,
one is struck by the inner rules in

the placement of the motifs. The composition may seem free and
random, but actually it is done according to rythmical placing of color

and proportion. The division of spaces is also

important, and each
artist cares about the graphic placement of elements, intuitively
understanding the unwritten rules. Technical talent developes in all
artists, although only a few reach the highest level. But it is not the
most important consideration, for the rythym, balance, color and
creativity are more significant. The most important quality of the
pysanka, however, is the power and love which the egg conveys,and
all of Ukraine was aware of this.
The process took several evenings to finish. In a large family, 60

eggs would be completed by Holy Thursday.

The finished eggs would be placed in a very large
bowl in the
oven. As the oven warmed the eggs, each one was taken out and the
melted wax was wiped off carefully with a clean cloth. This cloth was
not thrown away: later, it was burned in the oven when the
pasky
(Easter bread) were baked for the Easter feast to come.)

Here is a
partial list of how the pysanky would be used:
1. One or two were given to the priest.
2. Three or four were taken to the cemetery and placed on graves of the
family.
3. Ten to fifteen to small children and God-children.
were given
4. Ten were exchanged by the unmarried
to twelve girls
with the

eligible young men in the community.

5. Several were saved to place in the coffin of loved ones who might
die
during the coming year.
6. Several were saved to keep in the home
for protection from
fire and storms.
7. Two or three were placed in the trough
where the animals ate,
so they would have many young.)

23)))
8. At least one egg was placed
beneath the bee hive to insure
a good harvest of honey.
9. One was saved for each grazing
animal to be taken out to the
fields
with the shepherds in the spring.

Everyone from the oldest to the youngest received a pysanka

for

Easter.

Krashanky were also made at this time.

They are hard-boiled,
solid-colored eggs which were originally dyed red. With time,
krashanky were dyed with
many other colors too (except for black).

They were important in the Easter holiday for they were the first food
which would be eaten to break the fast after the long Lent. Also,

Easter games were played with these edible

eggs.
Shells of krashanky were thrown in the rows of the garden to bless
the harvest. To be sure the chickens would hatch many chicks,

krashanky
shells were placed in the nests of the chickens in the
hen houses. Also, for
good luck, krashanka shells were thrown in fast
running streams. Young girls washed their faces in water which had
red shells soaking in it. They believed it would make them more

beautiful, and, indeed, the red color brought a blush to their cheeks.)

The Easter foods were prepared during

the last few days of Lent.
Imagine, for a moment, wonderful the rich yeast breads
how smelled
PREPARATION
as they baked. Eachpaska (Easter bread) contained as many as twelve
OF THE EASTER
egg yolks and one cup of melted butter. The loaves were carefully
FOODS AND THE
baked in tall cylindrical pans so that when they were eased from the
EASTER BASKET)
pans, they resembled tall brown mushrooms. The aroma was doubly
tempting because they could not be eaten until after the blessing of
the food baskets on Easter morning.
Another aroma permiated the air from the smokehouse. Hams,
bacon and sausages hung in readiness. the bread,
Like they smelled
even better because they couldn't be eaten until later.
Next, horseradish was ground to a fine mash. Cooked beets were
grated
with a little honey and vinegar and mixed with the root. This
bitter food was eaten at Easter to remind everyone of the harsh trials

which were endured by Christ at the time of His crucifixion.

On Easter eve, a basket was prepared containing a number of
symbolic foods. The basketembroidered cloth. was lined with a clean
Next came
large paska, horseradish, a few krashanky,
the round
sausage and perhaps ham or bacon, salt, cheese, one or two
decorated pysanky and butter. Often, the butter was shaped in the
form of a lamb. A small red flag was placed with the lamb to show that)))

24)
Christ is the Lamb of God and through His death, death was

conquered for all. Later, the butter lamb would be placed at the center
of the table.
The basket was then covered with another beautiful embroi-
dered cloth. The entire family would dress carefully in their best

clothing and carry the basket to church. The Mass began shortly
before midnight and lasted until about 2:30 in the morning. Twelve
0' clock midnight was the first time the priest proclaimed \"Khrystos
V oskres\", (Christ is risen!). The congregation answered with,

\"Voisteno Voskres!\" (He is risen, indeed!). The church choir sang

many chants with these words as well.

When the great Mass had ended about 2:30 a.m., the baskets
were placed outside around the church building circle. A candle
in a
was thrust in each paska and lit so that there was circle all
a flickering
around in the darkness. The parishoners stood back, and the priest
and the altar boys made a joyous procession as the priest sprinkled
holy water and blessed the baskets.
Everyone was tired but happy,
and it was time to go home.)

Eggs were exchanged on this

day: Bright designed eggs among the
young, darker deeperpysanky among the old. Everywhere, you heard EASTER SUNDAY)
the greeting \"Khrystos
Voskres\" and the answering reply, \"Voisteno

V oskres\". Kisses, good wish,es, pysanky and love were all a part of the

day. The baskets which had been blessed we\037e unpacked, and the
table was set for the feast of Easter. The long disciplined period
of

self-denial was over; spring had begun, and life

began again with
new energy.
After eating the blessed cemeteries
food, the families went to the

surrounding the churches. The young girls danced \"hayivky\", Easter

dances which represent the meandering movement of the sun and
the moon. Young boys played games with krashanky, and all the
activity
was believed to be shared by the departed souls who rested in

the graves. Families broke kraslzanky and sprinkled the hard-cooked)

25)))
egg and shells over the grave of their loved ones, saying \"Khrystos
Voskres\". Much later, when everyone had gone home, it was
believed that the birds who came to eat the food scattered there, were

really the souls of their dear departed ones.)

Many games were played by the boys grassy cemetery on

in the

EGG GAMES WITH

Easter
Sunday. \"Karbuliuliu\" was played by boys from 4 to 6 years of

age. They sat on the grass

in a square formation. Each boy had a
\"KRASHANKY\
krashanka, and on signal, it was rolled diagonally
to the opposite
corner. In the activity, some of the eggs became cracked. The boy
with the cracked egg was out, and another boy with a fresh krashanka
came in to take his place. The last boy to remain with an unbroken egg
was the winner.
Another variation of
\"Karbuliuliu\" was played by the older boys,
up to the age of 16. They chose roundedkrashanky and threw the eggs
high up into the air, hoping the egg would land in the soft grass
without cracking. Those whose eggs landed safely
in the first round
continued in the next round of throws. Each time, there were fewer
boys and krashanky
until there was only one boy left. He was the
winner in the throwing contest.
The game, \"Kranakohuta\" required three boys. One stood in the
center and was the \"rooster\" (Kohut). Those on the ends threw a

krashanka to each other, trying not to let the \"kohut\" catch it and also
try
not to let the egg break. When the boy in the middle succeeded in
catching the egg, he changed places with the boy who made the last
throw, and there was a new \"kohut\". The game required considerable
skill and was great
fun for all.
Cooked Krashanky were tapped together in another game,

\"Chockania krashankamy\". Only one egg would break when two eggs
were tapped winner took his opponents
so the cracked
egg and
looked for more conquests. Boys also rolled eggs into each
other,
hoping their opponents egg
would crack so they could gather the
winnings and collect the most eggs.)

In pre-Christian and Christian times, the god of love and marriage,

\"KOLODA\
Koloda, was honored in a complicated fashion. According to Koloda,
young men and women who were not married by spring had to pay a
ransom. During the first week of Lent, married women of the village
banded
together in a light hearted spirit and went from house to
house to find all the unmarried young people.
When they found
someone, after a mock struggle, they would tie a small log on the left)))

26)
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Girlsgive the prettiest eggs to boys on Easter Sunday.

Elko Perchyshyn Jr. receives a pysanka from Becky Luciow.)

arm of the young person to show that a debt must be paid to Koloda. In

the spirit of fun, the parents of the young person would say sternly,
\"You deserve to drag this log around: you did not get married when 1
told you to!\" The log would be worn until after the Easter feast.
To break the debt which the log sign.fied, a girl had to give a

pysanka
to a young man at Easter. Often, she gave him a beautifully

embroidered scarf as well. If she wished, she could be fickle and give
several eggs to several young men for she was not limited to one
single suitor. As for the
young man, he had to \"rent music\" or pay for
a dance for each girl who had given him apysanka. Thus, his log could
be removed and he was free from his debt to Koloda.
More recently, the log worn by the girls has been beautifully
decorated with ribbons and bows. This was a \"womans' holiday\", so
said the amused men, which honored love and marriage. It was
celebrated throughout Ukraine with many local variations.)

27)))
CHAPTER 2)

Traditional
Symbols)

SytnboliStn
of Color on IIPysanky\

he most ancient
pysanky were made very simply with only two

T colors. Gradually, as the peasant folk became intimate with

nature and learned to create other colors, more variety was used to

decorate the eggs. All colors

of the had
symbolic significance

although they did not always mean the same

thing.

Dyes usually prepared by boiling a substance in water

were until

desired was obtained. Vinegar was

color often added to strengthen
the color. The procedures used to make the dyes were a family secret,

passed down to female family members of

succeeding generations.)

White is the color of most chicken eggs, and, therefore, no white

dye was needed. It is rare to see apysanka
which does not use a great
WHITE deal of the white color. White symbolizes purity. Sometimes, after an

egg was decorated in several colors, it was gently bleached with

sauerkraut juice so that the background color was white. Eggs with
totally
white backgrounds were usually reserved for the graves of

younger children.)

Yellow dye was made from

dry onion skin, bark of the wild apple

YELLOW tree, buckwheat husks and the flower of the lilac. The color on
pysanky meant the moon and the stars and generally symbolized a
successful harvest and wisdom.)

Green meant spring, rebirth of nature and the wealth of the plant
GREEN kingdom. \"Green is pleasant all over the
world\", old Ukrainian is an
saying. The color also represented freshness, untouched happiness
and youth and was an age old symbol
of innocence. The color was
made from winter rye, wheat, various grasses and leaves such as

myrtle.)

28)))
Blue meant sky, air, magic, and good health. Blue was used in small
BLUE)
amounts to add contrast-to warm colors and is considered to be an
active color. The dye was
prepared from marrow or logwood.)

The orange color

represents power endurance and ambition. Passion
ORANGE)
is red, wisdom is yellow and the combination of these two colors

gives us the sun colors of orange and everlasting warmth.)

Red is the most

vigorous color and means the sun, happiness in life,
hope, and passion. Even though it is the color of spilled blood, it
RED)
connotes nobility, bravery and enthusiasm. Red is the most favorite
of all colors among Ukrainian artisans. Dyes made from red
were
onion skins, raspberries, rose- hips, beet juice or old fashioned
plums.
In the 19th century, red dye was made from imported
brazilwood.)

The color brown was a positive symbol representing the color of the
BROWN)
earth and the color of the far away mountains. It was also tied in with
the harvest since it is a color of fall. The dye was made from oak bark,
tea or coffee.)

Grey is a dillution of black and is not usually a positive color. Grey is

GREY)
sometimes used to separate two chromatic colors such as red and

green. Grey dye was made by diluting charcoal in water to the

desired shade.)

The color of the highest vibration, purple was

always associated with
PURPLE)
royalty. On pysanky, it represents faith and trust.)

Black often signified the darkest time before dawn. In Ukrainian

tradition, the period between the first and third crow of the rooster, BLACK)
was a time when souls of the dead (dukhe) \"vere thought to travel. This
was the \"blackest time of the night\". Black dye was made from oak

bark or from walnut husks. The simplest way to make black dye,
however, was to collect soot from the fireplace and mix it with hot
water.)

The color combination of black and white represented protection

BLACK AND
from evil. Eggs and white
decorated with black designs
were also
WHITE)
made to honor departed souls. These eggs, generally decorated with

bridges and gates were given to older people.)

29)))
Using several colors together things to the artist. Each
meant various

COMBINATIONS region had color blends so

its typical it is difficult to catagorize the

OF COLORS) combinations. However, we do know that color combinations denote

more power than solid colored eggs. For example, a woman must
create a four colored egg to neutralize a bad family separation.)

Story Eggs)

After searching through old Ukrainian books and talking to several

wise egg makers, we have gathered 27 \"story eggs\". These eggs,
pictured
on pages 36, 37 and 44 are each accompanied by a short
descriptive paragraph which gives a glimpse into the past and reflects

the strong belief in nature which was so much a part of the Easter egg
tradition.)

4f)

30)))
SYInboliSIn of nature on \037JPysanky\

The most ancient and widely used symbol is the sun. Graphically SUN)

presented in unlimited designs, the sun appears as a circle, a flower

or a spiral. We find it calm, moving and at other times, it just sends

rays. The source of

light and life, the sun originally had magical

meanings and was considered a god in pre-Christian times.

Gradually, the solar symbol lost its magical interpretation

and

became a most beloved ornament used in pysanky and embroidery

designs.)

Ever since ancient times, the star symbol represented success. Stars STAR)
are represented with even numbers, eight points, because they
six or
are much easier to draw and also because even numbers were

believed to foretell good fortune.

The star is one of themost popular symbols used onpysanky
and

is second in importance only to the sun.)

Birds symbols which represent spring,

are delicate good harvests, BIRDS)
and the \"pushing away\" of evil. Often, only a part of the bird is
included in the design: beak, eye, cone, feet, wing or head. Partial
bird designs carried the same meaning as the whole bird.)

As in many cultures, the heart is the symbol of love in Ukrainian

HEART)
folklore. The heart is generally the center of the motif in pysanka

designs and all other patterns supported the main composition.)

Fruits and vegetables meant more than a good harvest. They meant a FRUITS AND
good life. The designs were used symbolically to beckon all plant life
VEGETABLES)

to grow and ripen more quickly. Common symbols

are peas, cherries
and apples. The pysanka pictured on page 36 represents growing
cucumbers.)

31)))
I)

Paska is the traditional Easter bread which is

made with many eggs and pure butter. The
Easter table is often set with the paska in the ()

center, surrounded by decorated pysanky.)

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Very Reverend Michael Kudanovych of St. -1-)

Michaels Ukrainian Orthodox Church in
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Minneapolis, blesses the baskets of Easter
foods\" Pari tioners of all ages partake in this
servIce.)

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33)))
.) \
ANIMALS) Prosperity and wealth are symbolized by animals. Pysanky with these
designs
were also believed to have a positive effect on farm animals
and their good health. Common animals used are horses, cows,
lambs, deer, and rams.)

Ladders were incorporated on pysanky intended primarily for older

people, since they would soon be entering another existence. The

LADDERS) a level the ascent
ladder signified higher representing to heaven.

Generally, eggs reserved for older people were made using darker

colors.)

The forty triangles on this egg represent the many facets of life; for
example, family matters such as the birth of children, weddings, and
FORTY TRIANGLES) travel, farming, animal husbandry and strength. The magic number

three enclosed the wish or prayer for each special area of life. In
Christian times, forty triangles represented the forty days of Lent, the

forty days of Christ's fasting and the forty martyrs.)

According to Ukrainian tradition, the simple form of a circle is the

most significant and powerful symbol for protection known to exist.
CIRCLES) The miracle of the circle is in its Evil cannot that
shape. penetrate
which has no beginning and no end. Circles and belts were also tied
in with spring dances and games, peace, love and goodness. Eggs
decorated with many belts were used as protection from family

betrayal. Old women cast benevolent spells using belted eggs to help
unloved people become loved.)

SKY, SUN,
In this pysanka,
the sun sends out rays from the top of the egg to the
MOON, STARS)
moon which is
represented in the bottom. Between the rays are the

limitless stars. This old design symbolizes begging the sun to give its
healing warmth to the earth and entreats it not to burn the crops. The
moon is begged to shed its light at night to help the traveler and to

chase away evil powers from the household.)

34)))
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In pysanky designs, leaves and branches can represent whole trees

TREE)
and even forests. The rich folklore of old Ukraine often represents
trees as
people. Men are maples or beech trees. Women
oaks, are

represented by birch, poplar and bass wood trees. The trees have
adventures and lessons from which everyone can learn. For folk
medicine, bass wood flowers are gathered, dried and made into a tea

to promote good health. Bark and acorns were gathered from the oak,
cooked in water and cooled, and then used to bathe a sick child to

make him as strong as an oak. Trees have a universal meaning for

long life, good health, strength and youthfulness.)

A vinok is the beautiful garland of flowers which is most often worn

VINOK (GARLAND)) by girls and maidens around their heads during holidays and

celebrations.

Vinky in pre-Christian times

originated and in poetry it
symbolized the girl's desire for freedom. As a national ornament, the
is in first place as a beloved are drawn
vinok
symbol. Onpysanky, vinky
in three circles around the egg. One on the pointed end, one in the
middle and one around the wide end of the egg. Each vinok
represents a wish for the three parts of human existence: birth,
marriage, and life. These pysanky are so popular, they have a special
name, \"Vinochok\

38)))
Gate eggs are
given primarily to older people for they represent the HEA VENL Y GATE

gates
of heaven. Lines are drawn from the top
to the bottom of the egg EGGS)
with branches
going
in alternate directions.)

x)

The ancient sandscrit symbol for good luck, was the four spoked solar CROSSES)
wheel, or a swastica. Endless variations of crosses were drawn on
pysanky in pagan times to symbolize the four corners earth. of the
With newer Christian beliefs, the meanings gradually represented
Christ's
great gift to man kind, His crucifixtion and resurrection.)

In pagan times, grapes were once the sign of a good harvest. As GRAPES)

Christianity spread
across Ukraine, the old meanings changed and
grapes
came to stand for the growing church.)

A symbol of hard work and pleasantness,

bees
represent all good BEES)
insects which should not be killed. In Ukrainian folklore and life, a
bee is treated with honor and respect. For example, if one sees a bee
floundering in water, he should rescue the bee and allow it to
dry
in
the warm sun. Bees are held in such esteem that Ukrainians have a
special verb to describe the death of a bee (zahynula). Bees provide
ample wax and honey for the people and pollenate crops.)

39)))
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SNAKE) A snake had is a creature with mystical powers which should not be
confused with a snake that bites us. In folklore, a had is a small

harmless grey snake which is commonly found

by every village
house. (Bad people did not have a had) The presence of the snake
protects
all the people living in the house. This
symbol on pysanky
brought protection from catastrophy.)

FISH)
Before Christianity, the fish represented a mystical creature of action.
In fairy tales, fish helped the hero to win his fight with evil. And in
songs, fish
helped their way out of confusion.
people to find With the
introduction of Christianity, the fish symbolized Christ. The Greek

alphabet spells the word \"Fish\" from \"Jesus Christ Son of God
Savior\"
(Ichthys). It was the sign of recognition among early

Christians.)

WATER) Water is represented with two or three waves in symmetrical order.

The design has traditionally meant providing wealth since there can
be no harvest without rain.

In this century, the meaning water symbol

of the has changed to

represent separation for many Ukrainian young people who

immigrated to the United States and Canada. As a parting gift,

mothers gave a pysanka with the water symbol to their children. The
waving
lines now began to represent the great waters of the Atlantic
Ocean. The interpretation of the symbol exists in the mind of the

artist, and as times change, the meanings also

change.)

42)))
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A whole series of eggs were designed to \"call spring\". Patterns using JJCALL OF SPRING\"
water and growing plants and
flowers, little
wings were drawn on
pysanky to summon nature to be reborn.)

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Circles with short lines extending from them represented the sun SPRING SOUND
and/or insects and even sometimes the branches of trees. They are EGGS)

used to signify the sound of

spring, to \"call spring\", and to praise it.
The designs represent birds singing, crickets and the chirping noise of

the forest itself. These are called \"noise insect eggs\" in Ukranian.)

A meander line meanders or in a predictable

moves around the egg MEANDER LINES)

pattern.
It has no beginning and no ending, and like the circle, it

represents eternity and everlasting life.

All of nature follows predictable cycles: celestial movements,
changing tides, day and night, seasons and the cycles of life. Nature
has its own meander patterns which the artist symbolizes with

rythmic lines.)

43)))
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Here is a collection of border designs. Feast your eyes on the colorful symmetry.) 45)))
NETS)
During pagan times the net represented knowledge and mother-
hood. After Christianity was accepted in Ukraine, the crisscross
L..\037
P3'
. \037
\037\037\037\" design symbolized Christ's reference to his followers to become
-\"
,,..',
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. \"fishers of men\".)
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3 BANDED Three belts were drawn on the egg first. Three pronged figures with
EGGS) spiraled ends were drawn them
between and the design used three
colors, red for the sun, yellow for happiness of life and green for the
rebirth of nature in the never ending world.
Thesepysanky were used
for
many spring games as well as representing peace, love and
goodness.)

Summary: Symbols and Traditions)

In Pre-Christian times, pysanky were closely tied with the customs

and viewpoints of the Ukrainian

people. Pysanky were used for
fortune telling, healing, witchcraft and other mystical
rites. The

unique history of the pysanky is an echo of a distant people who

respected
nature and who worked hard to survive. The designs were

intimately related to the greeting of spring, a holiday where life won

out over death.

Since
pysanky were not expensive to make, even the poorest home
had eggs for the coming Easter
holiday. They were an art form
available to all and the poorer family could produce
indeed, often a

stunning collection egg makersif thehad special

talents.

Uses of pysanky reflect the philosophy of protection. For example,

when constructing a new home, the four corners were marked with
decorated eggs which were buried in the
ground; then the house was
built. The house was believed to be protected from evil spirits. When
a young woman got married, she took a
pysanky to the ceremony and
carried it in her skirt. Afterwards, when she arrived home, she let the
egg drop from her skirt while saying quietly, \"Let me bear the child as

easily as the egg falls.\"

When a baby was born, the neighbors included pysanka with their)))

46)
gifts of honey and milk, for they wished the child to be as round and
as smooth as an egg.
References to pysanky are found interwoven throughout national

creativity: songs, customs, sayings and folk tales. The symbols used

in the designs have very deep meanings and have gradually

developed over the centuries since it is an art form which is fluid and

ever-changing. The slow evolution of symbols has been assisted by

the many thousands of artisans, past and present.)

47)))
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Ten Ways to Divide an Egg)

For
variety in design,
10 basic divisions
for
beginning a pattern
are suggested.)

Even though Ukrainian tradition

dictates a geometric balance
in designing the tips on pysanky,
the possibilities of variations
in the designs
are limitless.)

49)))
CHAPTER 3)

H ow to Make a Pysanka)

aterials needed: Eggs, kistka, bees wax, dyes, candle, spoons,

M soft cloth, tissues, paper pencil, paintbrush, or cotton
towel,
swabs, varnish, and hand soap, cleaning fluid, melting rack, working
area.
Optional materials: egg lathe, rubber band, black felt tipped pen

(permanant ink).
Choose smooth, fresh eggs for making pysanky.
If the eggs need
to be washed, they should be rinsed in a solution of onequart of tepid
EGGS)
water mixed with 1/4 cup of white vinegar. Gently blot them dry with

a clean The vinegar-water

cloth or tissue. a solution is used because
detergent or soap tends to leave a residue on the shell.
Allow the eggs to come to room temperature before they are
decorated. Cold eggs from the refrigerator will \"sweat\", causing

problems with the wax application.

Look for hair-line cracks and weak spots in the shell by holding
the egg up to a light. Eggs with a noticeable flaw should not be used.
Only firm-shelled, symmetrical eggs should be used for pysanky.
Not only chicken
eggs, but goose, and even ostrich eggs
rhea,
can be decorated in the Ukrainian batik fashion. The latter three are
usually blown before they are purchased. The ends of blown eggs can
be sealed with candle wax and decorated in the same way as fresh

eggs, except they must be held down in the dye when they
are

dipped.)

KISTKY The kistka, or writing tool, comes in a variety of styles and sizes.

(WRITING TOOL)) Some are hand made and some are made
by machine. Basically, a
kistka is a funnel attached to a stick. Wax is scooped into the funnel,)))

50)
heated, and then the tool is drawn across the egg for a smooth wax
line. Kistky may be purchased in sizes ranging from very fine to
heavy, depending on the needs of the artist. It is usually a good idea
, to at least or three for in the wax
purchase two
kistky variety designs l)

Electric
kistky are available throughout the United States and

Canada. They can be classified into two main types: The stationary tip
and the interchangable tip.
The electric kistka may be purchased
stationary tip at a

reasonable price and comes in several sizes. Each kistka writes with
one width of wax line so if the artist wishes to have another size line,
ELECTRIC KISTKY)
he must purchase other kistky or varying sizes. Two or three kistky
work
quite well. These kistky rarely drip and are comfortable to use
for long periods of time.

The interchangable electric kistka works well and has the

added advantage of allowing the artist to change the tips when a

different width of line is needed. These kistky are somewhat more

expensIve.
Both types offer faster, smoother writing than the traditional

kistka and are extremely popular.)

A candle on a secure holder is needed to heat the traditional kistka.

CANDLE)
The candle should not be too taIlor the decorator must keep reaching
up. If the decorator is right handed, the candle should be placed on)

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When working with the

electric k.istka, some people
find it convenient to keep the
wax fluid. This electric wax
warmer is kept hot with two
small light bulbs.)

Stationery tip electric kistka)))

the right side and visa versa to simplify the egg decorating process.
Some artists also use a candle to melt the wax from the egg at the end
of the process.)

Beeswax has a high melting point

which allows it to flow without

BEESWAX smearing or
smudging. Candle wax or paraffin will not give the same
clear effect, so they are not used. Regular pure beeswax is needed for
the non-electric kistka. This wax gradually becomes black because of
the carbon in the flame. Two ounce cakes last for many eggs since

only a small amount is needed to decorate each one. Place the wax
between yourself
and the candle for convenience as you work.
Darkened beeswax must be used with the electric kistka because
of the absence of carbon. Otherwise, it is difficult to see the lines you
are drawing. If there is none available, we suggest two possible

solutions:

First, melt two ounces of beeswax in a tin can which is placed in a

pan of hot water (not boiling). As the wax melts, add either a half

piece of black crayon or a half teaspoon of black shoe polish to turn

the beeswax black. Because beeswax is flamable, it should be heated

slowly.
The second method requires cooking the beeswax for several
hours until it turns black by itself. An old electric cooker works well

for this method.

beeswax has been
After the colored black by either method,
carefully pour it into small paper cups to cool. Later, peel off the

paper and use the cakes of dark wax for the electric kistka.)

Analine dyes are strong, modern colors, ideal for

making Ukrainian

DYES pysanky. However, they should not be used to color eggs that are to be
eaten beacuse they are a chemical rather than vegetable dye. The
colors available are yellow, orange, red, blue, green, black, brown,

purple, pink, dark red, turquoise, wine, royal blue, brick brown and
dark green. For the beginner,
we suggest six basic colors: yellow,
orange, red, green, blue and black. Other colors may be used
to preference.
according personal
Mix the dyes with boiling
water according to the directions on
the package
and allow to cool. If vinegar is to be added, use only
white vinegar, but be sure to read the directions carefully since some
colors do not require it. Mix the dyes in clean, wide mouth jars (salad
dressing and peanut butter
jars are good). Dyes will be at their best if)

52)))
.)

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.)

A suggested set up
they are fresh for each season. Vinegar may be added occasionally to for the working area
dyes which require it. The vinegar strengthens the dye for several with all the materials
days.) close at hand.)

One spoon is needed for each color dye. Choosea tablespoon because SPOONS)
it is large enough to hold the egg securely when dipping. Plastic
spoons are not strong enough for this purpose.)

A simple rack made from nails and a piece of wood is used both to EGG RACK)

melt the wax and to varnish the egg. Nails are pounded into a board
in the form of triangles to hold each egg. Heavy cardboard
may be
used instead of wood.)

Cover a table with a few layers of newspaper. The egg is placed on WORKING AREA)
tissue so it will not become smudged from the newsprint. Set up a)

53)))
desk lamp so the light is comfortable for your eyes and also so there is
no shadow which obstructs the view of the egg. Have paper towels
handy for each color dye, so that they can be reused. It saves money
and clutter to let the towels dry, and use them again.

Sit up straight with both feet on the floor. It is much more

comfortable and easier on you.)

SOFT CLOTH Cloths are used to wipe the wax from the egg in the final step. The
OR TISSUE) tissue or paper towels are placed beneath the egg while working and

for blotting the dye from the egg.)

VARNISH & At the hardware store, purchase a small can of clear liquid varnish for
HAND SOAP) finishing the eggs; and a can of commericial hand soap to clean your
hands afterwards.)

We recommend using cleaning fluid to remove an unwanted drop of

CLEANING FLUID)
wax or First scrape the wax
a mistake. off with your fingernail.
Slightly dampen a cotton swab with
clea,ning
fluid. and carefully
clean the area, making sure all wax is removed. Then continue
applying
wax to your design.)

When dividing the egg in white, a pencil is used to draw the lines
PENCIL) lightly.
The pencil lines do not show later, and they help to insure a
more balanced design. The most experienced egg makers use pencil
lines for their divisions. Never erase pencil lines or the dye will not

take to the shell.)

PAINT BRUSH OR To add touches of color with blue or green, a paint brush or cotton

COTTON SWAB) swab is included in the list of materials used.)

RUBBER BAND)
A wide rubber band may be used to
help draw straight lines around
the egg.)

Egg lathes have been used to take the guess work out of measuring
EGG LATHE)
and making horizontal lines around the egg.)

If you think you may have some unwanted spots on thepysanka, dip
BLACK FELT
the egg into the black dye for the last color. Melt the wax and then
TIPPED PEN)

repair the spots with the black felt tip pen (permanent ink). This little

hint works very well.)))

54)
Application of Basic Lines)

Place
your arms on the table holding the
egg on a paper towel. Starting at the top of
the egg, hold the lead pencil steady in one
hand and rotate the egg in the other
making
a
light line lengthwise.
Again at the top,
draw another light line Figure 1)

across the first line at right angles. The egg

will now be divided into quarters as
shown in figure 1.
Now draw a horizontal line around the
middle of the egg dividing the egg into
eight equal parts, as shown in figure 2.
Remember never erase pencil marks on the
shell because erasers will cause smudg-
Ing.
The next step is to draw diagnonallines
beginning center; with a long
at the
stroke, divide each section again forming
a basic pattern with eight divisions on
each side of the egg as seen in figure 3.

These lines are drawn to give you a

framework from which to form your full
2)
design. You are now ready
to apply the Figure

wax to the design. With the heated kistka,

cover the pencil lines with long strokes.

Try to relax your hand and not press the

tool into the shell.)

3)
Figure

55)))
Next, draw a small circle in the center
and fill it in with wax. For a more balanced
design,
if you wish, using a light pencil
line, divide each section one more time as
seen in figure 4.

Using the pencil line as a guide, cen-

ter the pedal in each section as seen in fig-
ure 5.
Place on a spoon and ease it into
the egg
the yellow dye. In approximately five to

ten minutes (or until desired shade) the

egg may be removed from the dye and
patted dry with a clean tissue. Do not rub.
On the yellow egg, apply wax lines at
the end of the pedal as seen in figure 6.
To apply green, use a small brush or
cotton swab. Dip the swab into the
green
or blue dye and make a dot at the end of
the branch. Blot dry with a clean tissue.
See figure 7. Then apply wax over the

green dot. The orange dye will rinse away

any green color not covered with wax.)

4)
Figure

Figure 5)

56)))
7)
Figure 6) Figure

57)))
Now dip the the orange dye.
egg into
When the desired color is reached, pat dry
with a clean tissue. With a kistka, apply
wax dots to the ends of the branches
and short lines in each pedal as seen in
figure
8.

Then dip the egg into the red dye. Pat

dry. Using the heavier kistka, fill in the

pedals solidly with wax making sure there

are no spaces left uncovered. Now draw a
dot on each branch as seen in figure 9.
Next dip the egg into the black dye
leaving it until a rich solid black has been
absorbed on the shell. This may take from
ten to thirty minutes. Remove and blot
Figure 8)
You are through applying the design
dry.
to the egg. Allow the egg to dry
thoroughly (15 minutes) before removing
the wax.
Removing wax can be done in several

ways. We often melt the wax using the

flame of the candle. This is done by slowly

moving the egg back and forth in the

side of the flame until the section looks

wet (2 to 5 seconds) as seen in figure 10.

Then, with a clean soft cloth, wipe off the

wax as shown in figure 11. This is where

you will begin to see all thework you have

done. Be careful not to hold the egg over
the flame because carbon will collect on
the shell and darken the design. Do not

attempt to heat too

large
a portion of the
egg at one time. After you have finished
Figure 9)
melting all the wax, blowout the candle,)

58)))
\"')

and gently wipe the egg with a tissue

dipped
in a small amount of cleaning fluid
to remove any carbon or wax that may still
\\)
be on the shell. It is important to have a

clean shell before varnishing!)

.:)

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59)))
When melting a larger number of eggs, bowl or a carton and allow them to cool.

use the oven method. The egg rack is Varnishing the eggs may be done in the
placed into a preheated oven set at 180 0 following
manner. Have ready: news-
farenheit. Heat the eggs gently for fifteen paper, varnish, hand soap
and paper

to twenty minutes, keeping the oven door towels. Spread the newspapers and open
Check from time to time so that the a small can of clear gloss varnish. With
open.

eggs do not become too hot. When they your fingers, gently apply varnish to each
are warm and look glossy, take them out, egg. Be sure you have covered the entire

one at a time, and wipe off the melted wax shell with a thin coat and then place it on

with a clean, soft cloth. Place the eggs in a) the rack to dry. It will take several hours.)

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To clean the varnish from your hands,
first wipe the excess varnish from your
hands on to a paper towel. Then clean

hands with the paint soap which is not

harsh to the skin.
The decorated egg, though fragile, will

keep for many years, long after its

contents have dried out. Turn the eggs
over every few months, for this will allow
the egg to dry out evenly.)

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CHAPTER 4)

Suggested Designs)

e have collected nine easy, nIne intermediate and nIne

W more difficult eggs (pages 62, 63 and 64). Step by step
diagrams for each egg offers a
good variety of designs for the serious
beginner.
Some eggs are only dipped twice while others
may be

dipped up to five times.

The finished eggs will be ready melted and varnished.
to be Each

individual egg has a suggested final color. However, you may choose

any background you prefer.)

(\\

\037)

Page 62) Page 63) Page 64)

65)))
Egg No.1)

The first
drawing shows the design that
should be applied to the white egg.)

White)

This drawing shows the lines that should

be added to the design after the egg has

been dipped into the yellow dye.)

Yellow)

The added lines here should be applied

over the third color, pink.)

Purple is suggested for the final

background color.)))

66)

Pink, Purple Background)

Egg No.2)

White) Yellow)

Green)

Orange) Red, Dark Red Background)

67)))
Egg No.3)

Whi te) Red, Black Background)

Egg No.4)

Whi te) Yellow)

68)

Green) Orange, Dark Red Background)))

Egg No.5)

Whi te) Yellow) Red, Dark Red Background)

Egg No.6)

Whi te) Yellow)

69)
Green)
Orange) Red, Black Background)))
Egg No.7)

Whi te) Yellow)

Green) Red, Purple Background)

70)))
Egg No.8)

White) Yellow)

Green) Orange) Red, Black Background)

Egg No.9)

71)
Whi te) Light Green, Wine Background)))
Egg No. 10)

Whi te) Yellow) Blue, Purple Background)

Egg No. 11)

Whi te) Yellow)

Orange) Green) Red, Black Background)))

Egg No. 12)

Whi te) Yellow)

Green)

Orange) Red, Black Background)

73)))
Egg No. 13)

Whi te) Yellow)

Green)

Orange) Red, Black Background)

74)))
Egg No. 14)

Whi te) Yellow)

Green)

Orange) Red, Black Background)

75)))
Egg No. 15)

White) Yellow)

Ligh t Green over Yellow)

Orange)

76)

Green over Orange) Red, Black Background)))

Egg No. 16)

Whi te) Yellow)

Green)

Orange) Red, Black Background)

77)))
Egg No. 17)

Whi te) Brown, Black Background)

Egg No. 18)

Whi te) Green) Orange, Dark Red Background)))

78)
Egg No. 19)

Whi te) Yellow)

Green)

Orange Red, Dark Red Background)

79)))
Whi te) Yellow) Green)

Egg No.

21)

Orange) Red, Black Background)

White)

80)

Yellow) Green)
Orange, Dark Red
Background)))
Egg No. 22)

Whi te) Yellow)

Green)

Orange) Brown, Black Background)

81)))
Egg No. 23)

Whi te) Yellow)

Green)

Orange) Red, Green Background)

82)))
Egg No. 24)

Whi te) Yellow)

Green)

Orange) Red, Black Background)

83)))
Egg No. 25)

Whi te) Yellow)

Green)

Orange) Red, Black Background)

84)))
Egg No. 26)

Whi te) Yellow)

Green)

Orange) Red, Dark Red Background)

85)))
Egg No. 27)

White) Yellow)

Green)

Orange) Red, Black Background)

86)))
CHAPTER 5)

Color Combinations

and
Techniques)

rr he
customary sequences of colors
varied to produce eggs with
can be
(from lighter to darker) in

Ukrainianpysanky
\037 \037ecorating
unusual beauty and color. After
many years of personal
successes and failures at color combinations, we offer this informa-
tion to the readers who would like to try unusual effects.)

Have an extra
orange dye on hand and use it only to rinse out darker
ORANGE DYE)
colors. Orange dye can rinse out greens, blues, reds and browns.
After
using the orange rinse, you can go into a completely different

color scheme.)

A small jar of water (room temperature) can be kept on hand. If you

have a dark blue egg, you may soak the egg in water until it has
WATER RINSE)
lightened
to a lighter blue. Dry the egg with a tissue and add wax to
the lighter blue before dipping the egg into another color for two

blues. When using the rinse, check the egg from time to time to be
sure you get the desired color. You may want to leave light blue for
the last color or continue dipping the egg into
purple or red dyes for

interesting effects.)

If a white background is desired, a different

sequence of color is used
on the egg. For example, the egg is FIRST dipped into a dye (yellow,
BLEACHING)
orange or red) and then the basic design is drawn in that color.
Afterwards, the egg goes into
lighter or darker colors, depending on
the desired effect.
To create the final white background, stop before
melting the

wax. Gently wash the egg in a solution of two tablespoons bleach in)

87)))
one cup of cool water. After the naked shell has become
completely

white, rinse the bleached egg under cool

running water. When the
egg no longer feels
slippery, wipe with a tissue. Important: allow the
egg to
dry at least 1/2 hour before melting the wax from the shell.

You may try these possible sequences:

1. yellow, red, blue and bleach
2. orange, blue and bleach

3. pink, blue, bleach

4. red, orange, yellow,
bleach

Unusual pysanky, from using the many

also come delicate shades of

BROWN EGGS brown eggs for the first color, rather than only choosing white eggs.

Designs of subdued and earthy colors are the result of this method
and it is worth your time to work with brown eggs for special \"old

fashioned\" effects. We find brown eggs made with browns, orange

and black dyes are extremely
dramatic.)

The SilDple Drop-Pull Method of Batik)

MA TERIALS
1. smooth, fresh eggs at room temperature
NEEDED) 2. writing tools, straight common pins with heads of various sizes,
firmly
stuck into wooden dowels or in the eraser of a pencil.
3. wax mixture - 1/2 beeswax and 1/2 parafin wax
4. wax warmer - either an electric one or a candle heated device to
keep the wax hot and flowing
5.
- several bright water soluble colors
dyes
6. paper tissues to wipe the eggs dry
7. - to cover the table)
newspaper

Divide the white egg in half, fourths and

eights with light pencil lines
DIRECTIONS)
as shown on page
55. Be sure the wax mixtures is hot. (Please be

careful with the hot wax because it is flammable) Place the wax as
close to your working area as possible so you will not lose too much
heat as you apply wax to the egg. If desired, you may practice on
paper before
beginning to work on the egg.
The drop-pull method requires quick work. To make a dot, dip
the pin head of the tool into the hot wax and touch the egg quickly. To
make the tear drop shape, draw the pin along the surface of the egg.
You must dip the pin head into the hot beeswax for each dot or drop
shape.)))

88)
After the white design has been completed with the wax, dip the
egg into the first
dye, usually a light color such as yellow
or orange.
When the desired color has been obtained, remove the egg from the

dye (10-30 minutes). Blot dry and add more tear drops or dots to the
design with melted wax.
These eggs may be varnished and kept raw or may be varnished
and blown upon completion.
It is possible to blow eggs before decorating them. The liquid egg
may
be used for cooking and the empty shell is then rinsed and sealed
with a small amount of wax at the opening. The blown eggs must be
held under the dye with a heavier object, but otherwise, the
procedure is the same as with whole eggs.)

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Simple dots and tear drop

'\037\037,\037r\"ff\",1ff'rf\037\037
shapes are combined

\037i4\037\037AJ.'\037 to make designs

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T \037 \037/\037\037 of primitive
','r \"\"\"\", ,,',,' ,. .)
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t\037)
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.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,
6.j.,.j.6J.6.'.)
Suggested drop-pull designs)

89)))
\037,

..
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two or three colors are
Usually only
\\\\
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Progress from the lighter to the darker
\"\"
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\\
yellow, orange and then have red for the
l\\\"\037
final color. Another popular sequence of
\037\\
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To Make the \"Stained Glass\" Type of Design

MA TERIALS NEEDED)

several white eggs, blown

black beeswax

regular or electric kistka

-)
very fine
paint brush
,. \037 India
ordinary Easter egg dyes or ink

in several colors)

The complete design is drawn on the

white egg with the dark wax. With the
.. .. .....)
brush, fill in small areas design with
of the
-) one color on one side of the egg. Allow to

.
- \"
.
:\037\037 dry thoroughly. You will find that you
\037 \"\\' \\. \"'-. ,\037\\
\".\".
.,.: ...' .
..,:\302\243.
\037:.'
4\037' ,
-\037
.....,
. '\",\037 ,.. \037.\037
'..,.\"-.. ...) must wait until the dye dries before
.\037 ,
\037,,:..'. , ..
continuing to apply more colors.
\037 .\". \\
: ';' \\\037., ;, . . \037.
. The wax
-, \037 ...,'
. \037\037...
......_\037
,.#
' \037:, , \\...,'

\\\\.
\"\037
. , '..
.:...\037
\037 \037.... .
rP r .:......
. \\' Z
\037 \302\267)
will not be removed from the egg.
\037.'\\ '.' , .. . A...' .----.. \037. . \"
- . ...., ..\037/\037\".
. 1:J ,.-....:...........:.r._. ':_,:
,.,'..- .\037 ..f1o. _)
When all the colors have been applied
\\.: . ...\".....
egg, paint clear nail polish on one
- \037
\037 ..' \" , - . - \037 :...
.-' to the
-. \037 ,\037.:::K
egg and allow to dry for at least
\037....\037
_ 4::.
\037\" .- -) half of the

-.,) 1/2 hour. Then paint the other side with

polish. (Varnish is not recommended for

this type of egg.))

90) The wax resist method can be used on pullet, chicken, goose, rhea and ostrich eggs.)))
- -
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10)))
How to Blow Out Eggs:) water and prop it on paper towels or an

egg carton to dry.

After varnishing the finished pysanky, The second method we have used to
eggs may also be blown. However, the
blow eggs requires purchasing a special
insides eggs cannot be used for
of these
a craft
If you plan to blow your eggs, do syringe tool from shop especially
cooking. It is easier to
not remove the wax with the oven method
designed this for
purpose.
blow the eggs with the inexpensive tool
because the eggs may partially cook while
and only one hole needs to be made in the
warming and it would not be possible to
shell.
thoroughly remove the insides. We rec-
The third method practice on
ommend the wax with the requires

eggs first! A hypodermic needle

removing

candle and/or cleaning fluid. The

eating
newly
can be used to extract the contents of the
made pysanka is still a fresh egg and it is

best to blow the egg at that time. egg. One hole is made at the bottom of the
shell and it works reasonably well to
Three different for blowingmethods
a fine use either gradually withdraw the contents this
eggs are
popular. First,
way.)
drill or a long pin and make a neat hole at
each end of the egg: a smaller hole at the
top
and a hole about 1/8 inch wide at the
bottom. With a long pin, pierce and break
the yolk inside. Shake the egg vigorously Hanging Eggs)
to mix up the inner contents. Hold the egg
over a bowl. Blow through the smaller top If you wish to suspend apysanka, as the
hole to force the contents out of the large Ukrainian peasants did in their homes

hole. It is somewhat difficult but practice

and barns, the following method is
helps and you will find yourself a profes- suggested.
sional after several eggs! Immediately Tie a long length of narrow ribbon, cord
after
emptying, rinse the shell out with) or thread to the middle of a wooden)

Figure 1)
Figure
2)))

92)
matchstick. A small amount of glue may
be smeared on the stick where the thread
is tied to keep it from slipping. Carefully,
insert the matchstick straight down into
the largest hole (figure 1). The stick will
become wedged crosswise inside the shell
and will not pull out (figure 2).)

Information on Purchasing Materials

Contact
your local Ukrainian store for supplies,
or write to:)

The Ukrainian Gift Shop

2242 Central Avenue, N.E.

Minneapolis, MN 55418)

Added Tips for Egg Decorators)

First, we cannot remind you too much, you will have the best results
with your pysanky
if
you:

1. Use only fresh eggs with

good firm shells
2. Keep the finished pysanka out of the sun
3. Do not store pysanky in a tight place
(A plastic carton or a china cabinet which has tightly closed doors inhibits

normal air circulation. Paper cartons are o.k. to use for storage.)
4. Handle eggs as little as possible
(except them every few months
to turn for even drying, it is best not to tap them
into each other for hairline cracks can occur.)
5. Keep the eggs from extreme heat or cold
(Use no hot spotlights or storing in the attic where they may freeze in winter)

6. Do not take cold eggs from the refrigerator and submerge them in hot water to
warm them for decorating. Allow them to come to room temperature normally.
7. If
you live in a hot, humid climate, eggs should be blown for best results.
We have followed these rules and have been successful in preserving our eggs.)

93)))
Egg 5 work on white
dip into yellow

dip into blue

then wash blue egg in water

dip into orange

dip into red for background

Egg 6 work on white

dip
into yellow
dip into blue
dip into purple or royal blue
for final background

Egg
7 work on white
dip into light
blue for
a longer period of time
to get a darker blue
work on blue

rinse for lighter

in water
blue background
Egg
8 work on light brown
Color Cotnbinations) dip into brick brown

dip into orange for background

The eggs shown on p. 95 have been made
Egg 9 work on white

by using the techniques described. dip into yellow

dab
We have sequences to
prepared the color
dab
orange
red
show you how the eggs were made.)
dip into light green

dip into blue

Egg 1 dip into orange first, dip into black for background
into red
dip Egg 10 dip first in red
dip into black
dip into orange
bleach egg for final white dip into green
background dip into black

Egg
2 dip into brick brown dye bleach
dip into black
Egg 11 dip into brick brown
bleach
dip into orange wash and then

Egg 3 work on white into yellow

dip
into red dip into green
dip into orange dip
into orange wash and then red

into bleach
dip green
dip into black Egg 12 work on white
Egg 4 draw lines on white dip into yellow
dab green dots at center or flower dab on green
dip into orange dip into orange

dip into green dip into red

soak green egg in water for lighter dip into orange wash
background color) then into green)))

96)
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I
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Trypillian Background
The
pottery and pysanky designs on page 98 and 99 are adapted from

designs which came from an ancient tribe of people, Trypillians, who

lived and thrived in the area of Ukraine 6,000 years ago. The society
existed 3,000
years before biblical Abraham and long before Greek
mythology and the bronze age. Trypillian people lived in the land of
Ukraine at the same time as the Egyptian pyramids were built by the

pharos and when Mesopotamia was born with its temples and kings.
At the end of the last century, an archeologist from Kiev found

pieces of new kinds of pottery on the fields near the little city of
Trypillia, 40 kilometers south Vikentiy Xvoika was
of Kiev. looking

for something else when he made the discovery of an ancient

civilization. His work and studies centered around the Trypillian

people and in his first published information in the historical

magazine, Kieve's Ancestry, in 1899, he said, \"This newly

discovered culture belonged to the end of the Stone Age and the
beginning of the Metal Age. On the pads of fired clay, a large number
of whole and broken
pieces of various forms were found. They were
covered with original relief ornaments. Also, we found very
interesting figures of people and animals, flint and polished
rock

tools. Works made from pure copper were unearthed. Some of the

artifacts appear to be similar in appearance to works from Cyprus and

Phonecia, and in general,
one senses the influence of the East.\"
Studies of the culture have brought up historical information of

interest in the construction of the villages. First, a large foundation

was dug and leveled and a firm layer of fired clay bricks was placed at

the bottom. Next, came a layer of wood and on top of this was one or
two more layers of fired bricks. This was a floor which would last for
centuries, also a floor which would handle moisture and be more

comfortable because of its construction. The frames of the house were

constructed of wood and then filled in with a wet clay mixture which
contained sheaves of grasses to give it added strength. Houses were
built in large square rectangles with round windows. It is believed

that these structures were among the first square cornered buildings
built up to this time.
The large houses were divided inside by
two solid walls, creating
three separateliving units. Each area contained an oven, a sleeping
area near the oven, and a stone mill for grinding the grains. Some

scientists believed that the large buildings held three family

units

who were related to each other directly.)

97)))
'\\
I)
\\
...-)

$ III
.

\037 .
. ;)- .
.

,
\037
.
\037\037 \037

, \037
A -
\037
\037
\037
.\"
\"\"
\037

) .
, .

\037
, \037\\

I
- )

L'
\037\037

. \037
\037
') \037
\037\037
.---,-
,. (
-
\037\037/)))1\\) \037.- \037
\037
\\.
Jill
..)

The rhythmical repeat patterns on the pottery and pysanky shown

here are adapted from the Trypillian artifacts found in Ukraine. The
swirling

designs are believed to represent \"mother earth\" and the female, from whom
new life comes. The ceramics and the eggs were made by Luba Perchyshyn.)

98)))
III)

. .....,',...)
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-- . \"\"
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., --- \037)
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.......... ..
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\037 \037 .\037)
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\037 \037) ....
....) \037 .....
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, III
.
\037 . ....) .. J'
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, \\\037\037\\\\\\'III' -
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\037) ,)
Village buildings were usually arranged
in a loose large circular
pattern with
many structures scattered throughout the area. For

many reasons, villages were located near rivers. The river

brought

wealth, food and convenience to the Trypillians. Because they settled

widely, archeologists feel they could easily travel up and down stream
and trade with other villages who were of the same tribe and spoke a
common language.
One theory of the origin of the Trypillians tells us that they came

from the area around the river Dunai, and brought grains and
domestic animals with them to almost all areas of Ukraine. Like
pioneers, they cleared the land and built their homes with only stone
tools and settled in for a reign of
highly developed and peaceful life.
This was during
the time the glaciers receded from the area of

Ukraine, leaving a six-foot thick layer of rich top soil.

Evidence from the digs shows that the Trypillians were among
the first tribes to
plant grains and raise domestic animals such as

cattle, sheep pigs. Other tribes from the surrounding area

and had

not developed these advanced ways and some evidence indicates

that the Trypillians allowed other tribes to live with them.

Archeologists believe the Trypillians taught others to build sturdier

homes as opposed to their mud huts. They also taught them to make

pottery far more useful and graceful than the crude pieces of the past.

Other great cultures of time

following periods
this period and
used slavery
as part structure.
of The Egyptians, Greeks,
their
Romans and others built civilizations using labor of subjugated
peoples. The Trypillians, however, were a matriarchal society that

worshipped \"mother earth\" and had little interest in power struggles

concerning politics, taxes, money and ruling, as in patriarchal

societies.

Trypillians lived peacefully with each other and with their

neighbors. The tools which were most used were hoes and sickles,
not clubs and arrows. Their homes were decorated inside and out
with beautiful
drawings and paintings. Because they took time for

artistic and beauty, scientists feel they had enough food

aesthetic and

time to spendon higher pursuits such as beauty and art.

Archeologists have divided the Trypillian society into three main

periods, archaic (ascending), time of bloom (peak), and later

(declining). More information is constantly being discovered, but
many questions concerning the Trypillian
culture remain to be
answered. Among them are, why, in the many rich diggings, can no)

100)))
human bones be found? How did the Trypillians disappear? Why did
scientists find their houses relatively intact, covered with earth,

unbroken vases and statues still in their places?

Were the Trypillians
attacked by aggressive tribes? Did a plague strike and wipe out so
many people that they survive? Many questions and
could no longer
hopefully many answers with future exploration and
will come
study.
In the mean time, the Ukrainians of today are deeply
interested in the Trypillians and are proud of the ancient people who
once thrived on the steppes.)

.a..&..a..& ....a... .a..a.a\037 ..a........ .&.A\037\"\"\" \037 ....a......)

.. y r -r y y y y y y .. r y .. y .. \" y . y .. y .. r y y r y)

101)))
--
.\037)
\037
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....
-
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1 , ..
....
, I
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..
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\\,\" . ,.. \037
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, \037,
\"'... ....
\037
...... :
\037 .\037,\037 ...... ,)
\037 ..) ,,\"J..
.. :\037.'
\037
:- .\037
. 48 TRIANGLES)
.: .... .' \\
. ,4. ... Another Ukrainian
..' typical

... .
\302\267 . , y
'\" . .
\"
\037. . . .. \"\";:: 1. .
.
,
design is the 48 TRIANGLES.
, . I ..
. . ) 'If If' From the logical geometric
. .. . .....,. ,
\\
,. . .-. i.- division of the egg, an infinity
\
. ':. ...... .. . . \037
.\037

..- of color combinations and

,\" - . .. . I
..... -...: as
...... -----..: - - \037\037'\" '\"
\"
1.
,
designs can be adapted,
IJ,) .)- shown in the examples
here.)
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,
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\037 .\037\037
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Bibliography)

Binyashevsky, Erast, compiled by, Ukrainski Pysanky, Markovich, Pavlo, Pysanky, Naukaviv Zbirnyk Vol. II,
Ukrainian Pysanky, Kiev, Mystetstvo, Ukraine, 1968 Viddili Ukrayinskoyi Literatury, Slovakia, 1972
Fasold, Hans, Decorating Eggs, Leisure Crafts, Search Newall, Venetia, An Egg at Easter, Indiana University
Press, London, England, 1968 Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 1971
Haupt-Battaglia, Heidi, Oster Eier, Published by Paul Newsome, Arden J\" Lothrop, Lee and Shepard
Egg Craft,
Haupt, Bern and Stuttgart, Switzerland, Germany, Company, New York, 1973
1978 Perchyshyn, Luba, How to Decorate Beautiful Ukrainian
Humenna, Past Is Flowing Into The Future,
Dokia, The Easter Eggs (Pysanky), Ukrainian Gift Shop, 2422
Ukrainian of Arts and Sciences in the
Academy Central Avenue N.E\" Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1976
United States, Inc\" New York, 1978 Tkachuk, Mary, Kishchuk, Marie, Alice Nicholarchuk,
Kylymnyk, Stephan, Professor, Calendar Year in Ukrainian Pysanka: Icon of the Universe, Ukrainian Museum, 910
Folklore Vol. III, Ukrainian Research Institute, Win- Spadina Cresent East, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada, s7k
nepeg, Toronto, Canada, 1962 3g9, 1977)
Luciow, Johanna, Kmit, Ann, Luciow, Loretta, Eggs
Beautiful Haw to Make Ukrainian Easter Eggs, Ukrainian
Gift Shop, 2422 Central Avenue N. E., Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55418,Harrison, Smith-Lund Press, Min-
neapolis, Minnesota, 1975)

Index)

Bees wax, Electric Kistka, 51 Story Eggs, 30-32, 34, 36-39,

Bleaching, 87 Kistky (writing tool), 50 42-44, 46
Blessing of Easter Baskets, 33 Kmit, Ann, 9
Symbolism of Colors, 28
Border Designs, 45 Krashanky, 24 Tips of Pysanky, 48
Color Combinations, 87, 95, 96 Luciow, Johanna, 9
Trypillian, 97-101
Combinations of Colors, 30 Luciow, Loretta L, 9 Ukraine, 11
Decorating tips, 93 Luciow, Theodore, 8 Ukrainian Easter, 20-23
Designs and Diagrams, 62-86
Melting Wax, 58-60 Easter Sunday, 25
Dyes, 28, 29, 52, 87 Nowytski, Slavko, 8 Egg Decorating Ritual, 22
Eggs, 50 Paska, Easter Bread, 33 Egg Games with Krashanky, 26
Blown Eggs, 19, 92
Perchyshyn, Luba, 9, 98 Holy Week Observance, 22
Brown Eggs, 88 Pre-Christian Background,
16 Koloda, 26, 27
Chicken Eggs, 91 Pre-Christian Stories and Preparation of the Easter Foods
Drop- Pull Method, 88 Tales, 17 and the Easter Basket, 24
\037oose Eggs, 50, 91 Birds, 19 Ukrainian Gift Shop 93
Hanging Eggs, 92, 93 Farmers, 19 Uses of Pysanky, 23, 24
Ostrich Eggs, 50, 91 Maidens, 20 Variations,
Pu llet Eggs, 91 Shepherds, 19 48 Triangles, 102
Rhea Eggs, 50, 91 Spiders and Webs, 18 Spirals, 103
Stained G lass Eggs, 90 Trees, 17 Star, 94
Egg Rack, 53, 60, 61 Procai, Anthony, 12, 13, 15 Varnish, 54, 60, 61
Egg Divisions, 49) Procai, Marie Sokol, 8, 11, 14) Water Rinse, 87)))

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