III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.

:1

INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS

UNIT III:
Internet Services-Online chatting and Conferencing Concepts-E-mail Mailing Lists-Usenet Newsgroup
Concepts-Reading Usenet Newsgroups - Video Conferencing.

INTERNET SERVICES
To access/exchange a large amount of data such as software, audio clips, video clips, text files, other
documents, etc., we need internet services. You must use an Internet service to connect to the Internet. Data
can be sent from Internet servers to your machine via Internet service. Some of the commonly used internet
services are :
 Communication Services
 Information Retrieval Services
 File Transfer
 World Wide Web Services
 Web Services
 Directory Services
 Automatic Network Address Configuration
 Network Management Services
 Time Services
 Usenet
 NewsGroup
 Ecommerce
Now let us discuss them one by one
1. Communication Services: To exchange data/information among individuals or organizations, we need
communication services. Following are some of the common communication services:
 IRC(Internet Relay Chat): Subscribers can communicate in real-time by connecting numerous
computers in public spaces called channels.
 VoIP: It stands for Voice over Internet Protocol, which describes how to make and receive phone calls
over the internet. A larger number of people believe VoIP is a viable alternative to traditional landlines.
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is a technique that helps us make voice calls via the Internet rather
than over a traditional (or analog) phone line. Some VoIP services may let you call only other VoIP
users, while others may let you call anyone with a phone number, including long-distance, mobile, and
local/international lines. If you have an internet connection you can easily call anyone without using a
local phone service because VoIP solutions are based on open standards, they can be used on any
computer. More than just setting up calls is what VoIP service providers do. Outgoing and incoming
calls are routed through existing telephone networks by them.
 List Server (LISTSERV): Delivers a group of email recipients’ content-specific emails.
 E-Mail: Used to send electronic mail via the internet. It is a paperless method for sending text, images,
documents, videos, etc from one person to another via the internet.
 User Network (USENET): It hosts newsgroups and message boards on certain topics, and it is mostly
run by volunteers.
 Telnet: It’s used to connect to a remote computer that’s connected to the internet.
 Video Conferencing: Video conferencing systems allow two or more people who are generally in
different locations to connect live and visually. Live video conferencing services are necessary for
simulating face-to-face talks over the internet. The system can vary from very simple to complex,
depending on the live video conferencing vendors. A live video-based conference involves two or more
individuals in separate locations utilizing video-enabled devices and streaming voice, video, text, and
presentations in real-time via the internet. It allows numerous people to connect and collaborate face to
face over large distances. Tools available for this purpose are Zoom, FreeConference, Google Hangouts,
Skype, etc.
RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS
III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:2

2. Information Retrieval Services: It is the procedure for gaining access to information/data stored on the
Internet. Net surfing or browsing is the process of discovering and obtaining information from the Internet.
When your computer is linked to the Internet, you may begin retrieving data. To get data, we need a piece of
software called a Web browser. A print or computer-based information retrieval system searches for and
locates data in a file, database, or other collection of data. Some sites are:
 www.geeksforgeeks.org: Free tutorials, millions of articles, live, online, and classroom courses,
frequent coding competitions, industry expert webinars, internships, and job possibilities are all
available. A computer-based system for searching and locating data in a file, database, or another source.
 www.crayola.com: It includes advice for students, parents, and educators on how to be more creative.
3. File Transfer: The exchange of data files across computer systems is referred to as file transfer. Using the
network or internet connection to transfer or shift a file from one computer to another is known as file
transfer. To share, transfer, or send a file or logical data item across several users and/or machines, both
locally and remotely, we use file transfer. Data files include – documents, multimedia, pictures, text, and
PDFs and they can be shared by uploading or downloading them. To retrieve information from the internet,
there are various services available such as:
 Gopher: A file retrieval application based on hierarchical, distributed menus that is simple to use.
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol): To share, transfer, or send a file or logical data item across several users
and/or machines, both locally and remotely.
 Archie: A file and directory information retrieval system that may be linked to FTP
4. Web services: Web services are software that uses defined messaging protocols and are made accessible
for usage by a client or other web-based programs through an application service provider’s web server.
Web services allow information to be exchanged across web-based applications. Using Utility Computing,
web services can be provided.
5. World Wide Web: The internet is a vast network of interconnected computers. Using this network, you
can connect to the world wide web (abbreviated as ‘www’ or ‘web’) is a collection of web pages. The web
browser lets you access the web via the internet.
6. Directory Services: A directory service is a set of software that keeps track of information about your
company, customers, or both. Network resource names are mapped to network addresses by directory
services. A directory service provides users and administrators with full transparent access to printers,
servers, and other network devices. The directory services are :
 DNS (Domain Number System): This server provides DNS. The mappings of computer hostnames and
other types of domain names to IP addresses are stored on a DNS server.
 LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol): It is a set of open protocols that are used for
obtaining network access to stored data centrally. It is a cross-platform authentication protocol for
directory services and also allows users to interact with other directory services servers.
7. Automatic Network Address Configuration: Automatic Network Addressing assigns a unique IP address
to every system in a network. A DHCP Server is a network server that is used to assign IP addresses,
gateways, and other network information to client devices. It uses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol as
a common protocol to reply to broadcast inquiries from clients.
8. Network Management Services: Network management services are another essential internet service that
is beneficial to network administrators. Network management services aid in the prevention, analysis,
diagnosis, and resolution of connection problems. The two commands related to this are:
 ping: The ping command is a Command Prompt command that is used to see if a source can
communicate with a specific destination & get all the possible paths between them.
 traceroute: To find the path between two connections, use the traceroute command.
9. Time Services: Using facilities included in the operating system, you may set your computer clock via the
Internet. Some services are :
 Network Time Protocol (NTP): It is a widely used internet time service that allows you to accurately
synchronize and adjust your computer clock.

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:3

 The Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP): It is a time-keeping protocol that is used to synchronize
network hardware. When a full implementation of NTP is not required, then this simplified form of
NTP is typically utilized.
10. Usenet: The ‘User’s Network’ is also known as Usenet. It is a network of online discussion groups. It’s
one of the first networks where users may upload files to news servers and others can view them.
11. News Group: It is a lively Online Discussion Forum that is easily accessible via Usenet. Each
newsgroup contains conversations on a certain topic, as indicated by the newsgroup name. Users can use
newsreader software to browse and follow the newsgroup as well as comment on the posts. A newsgroup is
a debate about a certain topic made up of notes posted to a central Internet site and distributed over Usenet, a
global network of news discussion groups. It uses Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP).
12. E-commerce: Electronic commerce, also known as e-commerce or e-Commerce, is a business concept
that allows businesses and individuals to buy and sell goods through the internet. Example: Amazon,
Flipkart, etc. websites/apps.
ONLING CHATTING AND CONFERENCING CONCEPTS
ONLING CHATTING CONCEPTS
What is Chatting? – Definition, Types, Platforms, Risks:
Chatting refers to the kind of communication done with the help of the internet which present live
transmission of text messages from sender to receiver. Online chatting can be termed as the point-to-point,
one sender-to-one receiver, or one sender-to-many receiver. It also features voice, video, and also web
conferencing services. Chatting can be done as a chat-based as well as video-based (using webcams).
Chatting nowadays has evolved uniquely. In today’s world, we have a lot of applications and websites which
are widely used across the world.
Following are the most common type of chatting:
 Instant Messaging: It is the most common way of chatting. It is text-based communication. It happens
between two people or groups of people.
 Internet Relay Chat: It is known as IRC. It is also a text-based chat. It is not owned by any company
and to use IRC we need a client program. Using IRC we can participate in discussion channels or can
communicate with only two partners or users.
 ICQ: It is known as I seek you. It is the most useful communication program. Using ICQ we can send
files, URLs, and more. It is just like instant messaging but allows you to enter into the chat room and
can chat with multiple people at a time.
 Voice Chatting: We can chat not only with text but also with sounds as well. It is known as voice
chatting. Voice chatting can be used with the internet just as a phone call. Internet voice call is free and
unlimited, it only needs a good internet connection.
 Video chatting: Video chatting is also a kind of chatting which is also done with the help of the internet
and it also requires a webcam as it is a face to face chatting. Internet speed required by video chatting is
higher as compared to text and video chatting. And a good quality camera too.
Chat Room
A chat room is a part of an online service where users can have conversations with each other through the
internet. It can also be termed a virtual room. First users need to register to the server after registration users
can log in with the help of a username and password. In the chat room, users are allowed to have
conversations in multiple mediums such as text voice, or even video calls. Transmission of multimedia
( images, videos, etc.) can also be done in the chat room.
Chat Etiquette
Following are some chat etiquette that we should follow while chatting:

 Never use abusive words during a chat session.

 Don’t create too many groups unless necessary.
 Never share sensitive information on chat especially in groups.
 Don’t share viral posts unless it’s verified.
 During chats, banking details must not be shared.

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:4

 Never share private messages of user/friend/ person without asking their permission.
 Always remember no one is perfect so always respect people.
Chatting Platforms
Nowadays there are many chatting platforms available for users. Some of them are mentioned below:
 Facebook: Facebook is one of the oldest and most used platforms for chatting. It was founded in
February 2004. Facebook offers text, voice, and video chat to its users. Users can also post some
materials on Facebook. Facebook is available for users in many different languages. Facebook is
currently owning different chatting applications. (WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook Messenger).
 WhatsApp: WhatsApp is also one of the most used platforms. It is owned by the Facebook group.
WhatsApp too offers all types of chatting (Text, voice, and video). It is available in many different
languages.
 Skype: Skype was initially released in August 2003. It is mostly used for live meetings. It is available in
101 different languages.
 Telegram: Telegram is a popular chatting application widely used across the world. It also allows group
as well as individual conversations. It is a multiplatform application, it can be used on different
operating systems for example mac, windows, Linux, ios, android.
 Snapchat: Snapchat is a mobile application for both Android as well as ios. One of the core concepts of
Snapchat is that the message sends to anyone whether it’s a videos message, text, or audio it will only
last for a short period.
 Hike: Hike messenger also known as hike sticker chat is a mobile application. Its main feature is that it
comes with sticker chatting which is unique as compared to other apps whatever text you want to send it
can be converted into a sticker.
Risk from Chatting
Chatting also has some risks which one should be aware of:
 During Chatting always be aware of fake profiles, fake profiles are very dangerous as they will allure
you to share some confidential information, which can be used in blackmail.
 Never use that application or platforms which don’t offer proper end-to-end encryption. Using such
platforms can lead to chat leaks.
 Cyberbullying is a major of risk chatting over the internet, it includes sending threatening messages,
spreading lies about anyone, commenting bad or abusive language on someone’s online profile, or
blackmailing someone to bash their looks or reputation.
 Never share your profile passwords with anyone, it can be missed in multiple ways ad can get down
your reputation.
How Chat Safely?
While chatting keep the following points in mind for safely chat:
 Never share personal information with any unknown user.
 Before chatting always check the profile of the user, and try to determine if it’s fake or real.
 Only chat with those users who have a genuine profile picture.
 Don’t trust anyone. Never trust any unknown user to share banking details or any personal information.
 Always keep your guard. During online chat never keep your guard off, always be aware if someone is
trying to peek into the device.
 Do complain (tell your parents) instantly if noticed some unsuspicious activity.
ONLINE CONFERENCING CONCEPTS
 Web conferencing is any type of online meeting that involves two or more participants in different
locations.
 These participants could be anywhere in the world. With a reliable internet connection and conferencing
software, they can see, talk, and hear each other in real-time.
Video Conferencing And Web Conferencing
 It isn’t uncommon for someone to think that video conferencing and web conferencing are the same
technology that goes by different names. But the truth is, there’s a big difference between the two terms.

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:5

 Web conferencing allows for the sharing of web-based content, and is often used as an umbrella term
for different types of meeting solutions.
 Video conferencing is one of these solutions. As the name suggests, it’s the technology that enables the
sharing of video (and audio) in real-time.
Types Of Web Conferencing
Presenting slide shows, explaining spreadsheets, and transfering files—you can do all this and more with
web conferencing. This technology has brought an unprecedented level of communication and collaboration
to businesses, and it’s one of the main reasons that so many companies have embraced it.
 Interactive Team Meetings
Online conferencing technology makes virtual meetings interactive.When the flow of information goes both
ways, participants can make better decisions. Everyone can bring up ideas, share their opinions, and have
access to numerous collaborative features like annotation and screen sharing. They can also use a webcam to
support other visual cues.
 Video conferences
The main purpose of a video conference is to establish a visual link between the participants. It does have
potential for collaborative capabilities, so it can also be used for team meetings. Companies maximize the
experience by setting up specialized equipment (screen, camera, and microphone) in a dedicated room. This
way, everyone from the office can join a meeting from that specific location.
 Webinars
A webinar (web-based seminar) is a presentation conducted over the internet. Potential guests typically sign
up in advance to join. Over the course of the webinar, the presenter is in control and may solicit feedback
from the audience through a poll, survey, or question-and-answer session.
 Webcasts
A webcast (web-based broadcast) is a live or pre-recorded show facilitated over the internet. While the
audience can also participate by submitting questions or answering a poll or survey, control is primarily on
the hands of the presenter(s).
ELECTRONIC MAIL
Introduction:
Electronic mail, commonly known as email, is a method of exchanging messages over the internet. Here are
the basics of email:
 An email address: This is a unique identifier for each user, typically in the format of
[email protected].
 An email client: This is a software program used to send, receive and manage emails, such as Gmail,
Outlook, or Apple Mail.
 An email server: This is a computer system responsible for storing and forwarding emails to their
intended recipients.
To send an email:
 Compose a new message in your email client.
 Enter the recipient’s email address in the “To” field.
 Add a subject line to summarize the content of the message.
 Write the body of the message.
 Attach any relevant files if needed.
 Click “Send” to deliver the message to the recipient’s email server.
Emails can also include features such as cc (carbon copy) and bcc (blind carbon copy) to send copies of
the message to multiple recipients, and reply, reply all, and forward options to manage the conversation.
 Electronic Mail (e-mail) is one of most widely used services of Internet. This service allows an Internet
user to send a message in formatted manner (mail) to the other Internet user in any part of world.
Message in mail not only contain text, but it also contains images, audio and videos data. The person
who is sending mail is called sender and person who receives mail is called recipient. It is just like
postal mail service. Components of E-Mail System : The basic components of an email system are :

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:6

User Agent (UA), Message Transfer Agent (MTA), Mail Box, and Spool file. These are explained as
following below.
 User Agent (UA) : The UA is normally a program which is used to send and receive mail. Sometimes,
it is called as mail reader. It accepts variety of commands for composing, receiving and replying to
messages as well as for manipulation of the mailboxes.
 Message Transfer Agent (MTA) : MTA is actually responsible for transfer of mail from one system to
another. To send a mail, a system must have client MTA and system MTA. It transfer mail to mailboxes
of recipients if they are connected in the same machine. It delivers mail to peer MTA if destination
mailbox is in another machine. The delivery from one MTA to another MTA is done by Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol.

 Mailbox : It is a file on local hard drive to collect mails. Delivered mails are present in this file. The
user can read it delete it according to his/her requirement. To use e-mail system each user must have a
mailbox . Access to mailbox is only to owner of mailbox.
 Spool file : This file contains mails that are to be sent. User agent appends outgoing mails in this file
using SMTP. MTA extracts pending mail from spool file for their delivery. E-mail allows one name,
an alias, to represent several different e-mail addresses. It is known as mailing list, Whenever user have
to sent a message, system checks recipient’s name against alias database. If mailing list is present for
defined alias, separate messages, one for each entry in the list, must be prepared and handed to MTA. If
for defined alias, there is no such mailing list is present, name itself becomes naming address and a
single message is delivered to mail transfer entity.
Services provided by E-mail system :
 Composition – The composition refer to process that creates messages and answers. For composition
any kind of text editor can be used.
 Transfer – Transfer means sending procedure of mail i.e. from the sender to recipient.
 Reporting – Reporting refers to confirmation for delivery of mail. It help user to check whether their
mail is delivered, lost or rejected.
 Displaying – It refers to present mail in form that is understand by the user.
 Disposition – This step concern with recipient that what will recipient do after receiving mail i.e save
mail, delete before reading or delete after reading.
Advantages Or Disadvantages:
Advantages of email:
 Convenient and fast communication with individuals or groups globally.
 Easy to store and search for past messages.
 Ability to send and receive attachments such as documents, images, and videos.

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:7

 Cost-effective compared to traditional mail and fax.

 Available 24/7.
Disadvantages of email:
 Risk of spam and phishing attacks.
 Overwhelming amount of emails can lead to information overload.
 Can lead to decreased face-to-face communication and loss of personal touch.
 Potential for miscommunication due to lack of tone and body language in written messages.
 Technical issues, such as server outages, can disrupt email service.
 It is important to use email responsibly and effectively, for example, by keeping the subject line clear
and concise, using proper etiquette, and protecting against security threats.

MAILING LIST
Mailing List
 In order to send same email to a group of people, an electron list is created which is know as Mailing
List. It is the list server which receives and distributes postings and automatically manages subscriptions.
 Mailing list offers a forum, where users from all over the globe can answer questions and have them
answered by others with shared interests.
Types of Mailing List
Following are the various types of mailing lists:
 Response List
It contains the group of people who have responsed to an offer in some way. These people are the customers
who have shown interest in specific product or service.
 Compiled List
The compiled list is prepared by collecting information from various sources such as surveys, telemarketing
etc.
 Announcements
These lists are created for sending out coupans , new product announcements and other offers to the
customers.
 Discussion List
This list is created for sharing views on a specific topic suchas computer, environment , healt, education etc.
6 types of mailing lists with examples
You can create different mailing lists depending on your goal and who you want to reach. Below are 6
examples:
 Newsletter:A newsletter lets you inform people or give updates about a product, service or company.
 Marketing mail:In a marketing email, you can include offers, coupon codes, and discounts.
 Service message:In a service message, you inform people about a product or service, for example, when
maintenance is needed.
 Member letter:In a membership letter, you can inform about activities, events and the association itself.
 Geographical email:A geographical mail is intended for people from a specific location, for example, if
you are an international company and want to mail Dutch customers.
 Demographic email:A demographic email targets people with specific characteristics, such as age and
occupation.

How does mailing list work?

Before joining a mailing list, it is mandatory to subscribe to it. Once you are subscribed, your message will
be sent to all the persons who have subscribed to the list. Similarly if any subscriber posts a message, then it
will be received by all subscribers of the list.

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:8

Finding Mailing List

There are a number of websites are available to maintain database of publically accessible mailing list. Some
of these are:
 http://tile.net./lists
 http://lists.com
 http://topica.com
 http://isoft.com/lists/list-q.html

Subscribing to Mailing List

 To subscribe to a list, you need to send an email message to the administrative address mailing list
containing one or more commands. For example, if you want to subscribe to Harry Potter list in
gurus.com where name of the list server us Majordomo, then you have to send email to
[email protected] containing the text, Subscribe harry potter in its body.
 There are many list servers available, each having its own commands for subscribing to the list. Some of
them are described in the following table:
List Server Command Example

LISTSERV subscribe listname yourname subscribe commdhtml rahul

Majordomo subscribe listname subscribe commdhtml

ListProc subscribe listname yourname subscribe commdhtml rahul

USENET NEWSGROUP CONCEPTS

USENET
 Usenet is the contraction of the User Network. It resembles just a Bulletin Board System where users
can post articles or posts on various topics.
 The Usenet of newsgroups is hierarchical and, similar to the Domain Name System (DNS). A usenet is
a collection of user-submitted articles or posts on various topics/subjects that are posted to servers on
world wide network.
Working of Usenet
The Usenet is built on the Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP), a standard Internet protocol in Request
for Comments (RFC) 977 and has two components:
 A client/server portion that allows users running client software such as Google Chrome to interact with
the news servers by downloading a list of available. Usenet newsgroups on the server, read existing
messages in the newsgroups, reply to existing messages, or post new messages.
 A server/server portion that allows news servers to establish communication with each other, for the
purpose of replicating messages from newsgroups. For example, Microsoft Exchange Server fully
supports NNTP.
RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS
III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:9

Newsgroup
Each topic collection of posted notes is known as a Newsgroup. There are thousands of newsgroups and it is
also possible to form a new one. Many newsgroups are hosted on Internet-connected servers but they can
also be hosted from servers without the Internet.
READING USENET NEWSGROUP
Usenet (USEr NETwork)
 Like mailing lists Usenet is also a way of sharing information. It was started by Tom Truscott and Jim
Ellis in 1979. Initially it was limited to two sites but today there are thousands of Usenet sites involving
millions of people.
 Usenet is a kind of discussion group where people can share views on topic of their interest. The article
posted to a newsgroup becomes available to all readers of the newsgroup.
Newsgroup Classification
 There exist a number of newsgroups distributed all around the world. These are identified using a
hierarchical naming system in which each newsgroup is assigned a unique name that consists of
alphabetic strings separated by periods.
 The leftmost portion of the name represents the top-level category of the newsgroup followed by
subtopic. The subtopic can further be subdivided and subdivided even further (if needed).
 For example, the newsgroup comp.lang.C++ contains discussion on C++ language. The leftmost
part comp classifies the newsgroup as one that contains discussion of computer related topics. The
second part identifies one of the subtopic lang that related to computer languages. The third part
identifirs one of the computer languages, in this case C++.

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:10

The following table shows the top-level hierarchies of Usenet Newsgroup:

Computer related topics including computer Comp.lang.java.beans
Comp.*
hardware, software, languages etc. Comp.database.oracle

News.* Newsgroup and Usenet topics News.software.nntp

Artistic activities, hobbies, or recreational

Rec.* Rec.arts.animation
activities such as books, movies etc.

Sci.* Scientific topics Sci.bio.botany

Soc.* Social issues and various culture Soc.culture.india

Conventional subjects such as religion, politics

Talk.* Soc.politics.india
etc.

Humanities.* Art, literature, philosophy and culture Humanities.classics

Miscellaneous topics i.e. issues tat may not fit Misc.answers

Misc.*
into other categories Misc.books.technical
Working of Usenet Newsgroup
 When a newsreader such as outlook express connects to a news server, it downloads all the new
messages posted in the subscribed newsgroup. We can either reply a message after reading or post a
news article to the news server.
 The article posted to a news server is appended to the file maintained for that newsgroup Then the news
server shares article with other news servers that are connected to it.
 Then each news server compares if both carry the same newsgroup. If yes, then by comparing the files it
checks that if there are any new articles in the file, if so they are appended to the file.
 The updated file of the news servers is then sent to other news servers connected to it. This process is
continues until all of the news servers have updated information.

Reading Articles
 If user wants to read article, user has to connect to the news server using the newsreader. The
newsreader will then display a list of newsgroups available on the news server where user can subscribe

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:11

to any of the news group. After subscription the newsreader will automatically download articles from
the newsgroup.
 After reading the article user can either post a reply to newsgroup or reply to sender by email. The
newwsreader saves information about the subscribed newsgroups and articles read by the user in each
group.
Posting an Article
 In order to send new article to a newsgroup, user first need to compose an article and specify the names
of the newsgroup to whom he/she wants to send. An article can be sent to one or more newsgroup at a
time provided all the newsgroups are on same news server.
Replying an Article
 After reading the article user can either post a reply to newsgroup or reply to sender by email. There are
two options available Reply and Reply group. Using Reply, the reply mail will be sent to the autor of
the article while Reply group will send a reply to whole of the newsgroup.
Cancelling an Article
 To cancle an article after it is sent, select the message and click Message > Cancel message. It will
cancle the message from the news server. But if someone has downloaded an article before cancellation
then that person will be able to read the article.
Usenet netiquette
While posting an article on a newsgroup, one should follow some rules of netiquette as listed below:

Mailing list vs. Newsgroup

S.N. Mailing List Newsgroup

Messages are delivered to Messages are not posted to individual

1. individual mailboxes of subscribed mailboxes but can be viewed by anyone
member of group. who has subscribed to that newsgroup.

Working with mailing list is easier Working with a particular newsgroup

2. than newsgroup. It is easy to requires proper knowledge of that
compose and receive emails. newsgroup.

In order to send or receive mails,

3. It requires a newsgroup reader.
you required an email program.

Messages are delivered to certain

4. Messages are available to public.
group of people.

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:12

Mailing list does not support

5. Newsgroup supports threaded discussion.
threaded discussion.

Messages delivered to listed Article posted on a newsgroup can be

6.
subscribers can not be cancelled. cancelled.

VIDEO CONFERENCING
 Commonly video conferencing is defined as the type of online meeting where two or more people
converse in real time. Using a strong and consistent internet connection the participants are able to see
each other here and are able to participate from any part of the world without any lag or time differences
or drop in communication quality.
 Hence businesses are able to use video conferencing for collaboration communication and continued
engagement with users outside of the organization. The need to use hardware that is highly
recommended with video conferencing software is a necessity for these quality experiences.
The Types Of Video Conferencing
Constant development of voice over internet protocol(VoIP) has eventually led to the consolidation of
several features into the current video conferencing solution. The power of this solution is visible in it being
a tool for communications and collaboration, all in your pocket, using just a mobile.
The evolution of VoIP technology has drastically brought down the costs of technical infrastructure and is
now within the reach of every business regardless of its size. Small size businesses are also able to leverage
this collaboration for in-person meetings or multiple meetings between client groups and presentations by
case workers.
What Is Video Conferencing?
 Commonly video conferencing is defined as the type of online meeting where two or more people
converse in real time. Using a strong and consistent internet connection the participants are able to see
each other here and are able to participate from any part of the world without any lag or time differences
or drop in communication quality.
 Hence businesses are able to use video conferencing for collaboration communication and continued
engagement with users outside of the organization. The need to use hardware that is highly
recommended with video conferencing software is a necessity for these quality experiences.
What Are The Types Of Video Conferencing?
 Organizations are quickly adapting to the needed ecosystem for video conferencing. Meeting rooms are
set up with cable internet connection and Powerful audio systems high definition cameras and
peripherals. By using hardware that is specifically designed for video conferencing meetings the
experience of the users is amplified along with seamless voice and video conferencing software.
 Considering the extensive use of this communication mode, two types of video conferencing have
emerged: point to point conferencing and multipoint conferencing.
Point-To-Point Conferencing
 In this method only two participants can communicate in real time despite their geographic locations. In
this type of video conferencing feature, the participants use the platform for face to face discussions. For
example, it is an ideal method for job interviews to be conducted as top employers are able to speed up
the hiring process and can complete the hiring procedures especially the job interview virtually through
video conferencing.
 This is already a much popular option in the covid situation and brings a lot of flexibility to companies
that operate remotely. It also improves the modern customer experience that businesses offer at a
personalized level. The ideal software and the video conferencing hardware always provide the actual
connection between any concerns and enquiries raised by clients as well.

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:13

Multipoint Conferencing
 In this method of video conferencing 3 or more participants are involved in interaction creating the
essence of group video conferencing. This is essentially a feature that is different from the traditional
three-way calling that is typical of business phone systems.
 In multipoint conferencing the host will provide links for participants to join meetings in larger groups.
For example It supports businesses in several office locations and remote workers by becoming an
office bridge for multipoint conferencing. For software and hardware bridging, creating a hub for large
conference calls, multiple point conferencing is a solution.
Features Of Video Conferencing Software

 Video conferencing software is essentially VoIP Technology where transfer of audio and video signals
between the two locations is based on special algorithms called codecs or coder decoder. In the first
stage of data compression the image of the meeting or conference is captured by the camera analogue
video Signals and speech and audio signals are all packaged into data sellers for the internet to
understand and transfer to begin.

 In data the compression or decoding of the transfer of the data over the internet and tourist destination is
reached and changes back to analogue video and audio signals for attendees at the other side to hear and
see. Video conferencing app are focusing on echo cancellation and other sound delays.
There are several features that makeup video conferencing software which are discussed in the following
sections:
Screen Sharing
 In video conferencing solutions, screen sharing is a critical must-have feature. It is necessary for sharing
documents in common while presenting or discussing or representation of graphs or images during the
video calling. Screen sharing enables the whole discussion to be centered on the visual on the screen
while the speakers continue to speak about the contents on the page or referencing it for discussions.
 It enables the whole team to brainstorm and effectively contribute to the discussion. It provides for a
sufficient information exchange for the large group to arrive at necessary decisions. Point to be noted
here is that some apps allow only the host to share the screen and others are allowed upon permission to
present.
Simultaneous Annotation
 In this feature the need to annotate on a shared screen is supported. In the middle of discussions and
exchange of ideas points or concepts need to be annotated and shared on screen for discussion points to
be made. Hence it is important that simultaneous annotation features are enabled for a video
conferencing solution. Some apps allow only the host to annotate and simultaneous annotation is
enabled upon permission.

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:14

Chat Box
 In this feature the chat box supports multiple conversations between the participants. This allows a chat
box to appear allowing the participants to mention and suggest without interrupting the speaker.
 This could be for discussions among the listeners or for the speaker to observe and included within the
conversation bus stop new paragraph while most apps offer private as well as group chat option apart
from chat logs being saved at the end of the video conference.
File Sharing
 This is one of the important features of video conferencing as it allows for secure transfer of files
between participants on the live video call. It helps in providing the complete document transfer are
video audio recording within the meeting itself and will not have to depend on third party solutions.
 The most important aspect here is that a secure ecosystem is available for the transfer of data since
businesses constantly use confidential documents with use for audio bytes.
Video Call Recording
 A video conferencing solution is a necessary procedure for business operations. Firstly, recorded video
calls will help those who have not attended the meeting or for others to evaluate and gather information,
or gather business insights for further referencing and documentation purposes or simply streaming at a
later point of time.
 Typically, this video call recording feature is a must for documentation purposes and for later
discussions.
Device Switching
 One of the key features in video call recording is device switching. Device switching is a seamless
ability to continue the video conference across different devices.
 An essential feature is that there is no description of a meeting needed, and the participants can have
mobility and better access to quality internet that’s enough for device switching conferences.
Advantages & Disadvantages Of Video Conferencing
Video conferencing solutions have changed the way organizations communicate and collaborate. Companies
are able to rely on audio conferencing as well as video call recording to improve the communication of your
organization.
Advantages Of Video Conferencing:
 Improved Productivity : Collaborative work options are enhanced in video conferencing essentially
allowing for screen sharing group chat system transfer collaboration which brings about improved
output. It also builds on audio conferencing email SMS where everybody is able to synchronize and
arrive at informed decisions at a faster rate and efficiently.
 Humanized Conversations:Communicators are able to see each other, in the video conferencing
solution this visual aspect helps in improving the video conferencing experience and has become one of
the most engaging forms for exchange of conversation. It helps in building body language and facial
expressions and does not need a face to face interaction.
 Superior Communication:It is a fact that visual data is processed faster by humans than text data or
audio data. Hence, in a video conference the participants have better understanding and information
retained is also comparatively better to a telephonic call or a teleconference. At the same time, visual
communication ensures that all participants are alert and there is focus on the discussion points.
 Well-Structured Meetings: It is identified that video conferencing are scheduled and follow strict start
and end time. The participants have time bound discussions and conversation and the primary focus on
their gender is updated consistently.
Types Of Video Conferencing
 Organizations are quickly adapting to the needed ecosystem for video conferencing.
 Meeting rooms are set up with cable internet connection and Powerful audio systems high definition
cameras and peripherals.
 By using hardware that is specifically designed for video conferencing meetings the experience of the
users is amplified along with seamless voice and video conferencing software.

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:15

 Considering the extensive use of this communication mode, two types of video conferencing have
emerged: point to point conferencing and multipoint conferencing.
1. Point-To-Point Conferencing
 p2p video conferencing: In this method only two participants can communicate in real time despite
their geographic locations.
 In this type of video conferencing feature, the participants use the platform for face to face discussions.
 For example, it is an ideal method for job interviews to be conducted as top employers are able to speed
up the hiring process and can complete the hiring procedures especially the job interview virtually
through video conferencing.
 This is already a much popular option in the covid situation and brings a lot of flexibility to companies
that operate remotely.
 It also improves the modern customer experience that businesses offer at a personalized level.
 The ideal software and the video conferencing hardware always provide the actual connection between
any concerns and enquiries raised by clients as well.
2. Multipoint Conferencing:
 In this method of video conferencing 3 or more participants are involved in interaction creating the
essence of group video conferencing.
 This is essentially a feature that is different from the traditional three-way calling that is typical of
business phone systems.
 In multipoint conferencing the host will provide links for participants to join meetings in larger groups.
 For example It supports businesses in several office locations and remote workers by becoming an
office bridge for multipoint conferencing. For software and hardware bridging, creating a hub for large
conference calls, multiple point conferencing is a solution.

There are several features that makeup video conferencing software which are discussed in the following
sections:
 Screen Sharing
In video conferencing solutions, screen sharing is a critical must-have feature. It is necessary for sharing
documents in common while presenting or discussing or representation of graphs or images during the video
calling. Screen sharing enables the whole discussion to be centered on the visual on the screen while the
speakers continue to speak about the contents on the page or referencing it for discussions.

It enables the whole team to brainstorm and effectively contribute to the discussion. It provides for a
sufficient information exchange for the large group to arrive at necessary decisions. Point to be noted here is
that some apps allow only the host to share the screen and others are allowed upon permission to present.
 Simultaneous Annotation
In this feature the need to annotate on a shared screen is supported. In the middle of discussions and
exchange of ideas points or concepts need to be annotated and shared on screen for discussion points to be
made. Hence it is important that simultaneous annotation features are enabled for a video conferencing
solution. Some apps allow only the host to annotate and simultaneous annotation is enabled upon permission.
 Chat Box
In this feature the chat box supports multiple conversations between the participants. This allows a chat box
to appear allowing the participants to mention and suggest without interrupting the speaker. This could be
for discussions among the listeners or for the speaker to observe and included within the conversation bus
stop new paragraph while most apps offer private as well as group chat option apart from chat logs being
saved at the end of the video conference.
 File Sharing
This is one of the important features of video conferencing as it allows for secure transfer of files between
participants on the live video call. It helps in providing the complete document transfer are video audio
recording within the meeting itself and will not have to depend on third party solutions. The most important

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS

III UNIT-III – INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page No.:16

aspect here is that a secure ecosystem is available for the transfer of data since businesses constantly use
confidential documents with use for audio bytes.
 Video Call Recording
A video conferencing solution is a necessary procedure for business operations. Firstly, recorded video calls
will help those who have not attended the meeting or for others to evaluate and gather information, or gather
business insights for further referencing and documentation purposes or simply streaming at a later point of
time.Typically, this video call recording feature is a must for documentation purposes and for later
discussions.
 Device Switching
One of the key features in video call recording is device switching. Device switching is a seamless ability to
continue the video conference across different devices. An essential feature is that there is no description of
a meeting needed, and the participants can have mobility and better access to quality internet that’s enough
for device switching conferences.

Disadvantages Of Video Conferencing:

 No Personal Interaction:While video conferencing is a good solution, it fails in the one aspect of
perception – that of personal interaction. The virtual space face to face interaction is highly technology -
laden and possibilities of missing out on the vital body language in a pixelated image and stuttering
videos.
 Technical Issues:The most important factor of video conferencing is the difficulties of technical
glitches. Whenever there is a failure in hardware or software on a network there are no smooth
transitions available. This results in failure of remote connections and hampers the change in the
settings of the video calls.
 Expensive to Set Up:Video conferencing solutions are very expensive to set up. The simple features
available on a tight budget will be insufficient to support advanced features that require substantial
expenditure in the process.
 Different Time Zones: Fundamental issues with video conferencing are the different time zones in
which year the communicators are attending. However, this is not really a video conferencing solution
drawback but more towards the working capacities of the organization. The comparison of the
advantages and disadvantages of video conferencing solutions leads to the conclusion that the
advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. Business using video conferencing solutions is of vital
importance both strategically as well as monetary.

------------------- UNIT-III --------------------

RAJESWARI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN,BOMMAYAPALAYAM-MS.K.RATHI DEVI-DEPT. OF CS