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A REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TYPES OF PROBLEMS WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD) Stress of Concrete
where:
CONCRETE 1. Design - given the load, determine the size Mc (kd)
DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR FLEXURE fc = Mc - resisting moment
a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock or other 2. Investigation - given the size, determine the load IN.A. of concrete
aggregates held together in a rock-like mass with a b b fc = 0.45 fc'
paste of cement and water.
kd C
Stress of Steel
ADMIXTURES MODES OF FAILURE IN BENDING N.A.
materials added to concrete to change certain h
characteristics such as workability, durability and time 1. Crushing of Concrete - when the strain concrete d-kd fs = Ms (d - kd) where:
of hardening. reaches the ultimate strain of 0.003 mm/mm. T n IN.A. Ms - resisting moment
As z nAs fc/n of steel
JOSEPH ASPDEN 2. Yielding of Steel - when the actual tensile stress of
an English bricklayer who obtained a patent for steel "fs" reaches the yield stress "fy" Beam Section Transformed Stress Diagram
Portland cement Section Compressive force of Concrete
3. Simultaneous crushing of concrete and
JOSEPH MONIER Yielding of Steel where:
C = 1/2 fc kd b
a Frenchman who invented reinforced concrete a h = overall depth of the beam (mm)
received a patent for the const. of concrete basins and z = steel covering (measure from the centroid of bar)
tubs and reservoirs reinforced w/ wire mesh and iron TYPES OF DESIGN d = effective depth of the beam (mm) Tensile force of Steel
wire in 1867. 1. Overreinforced - when failure is due to crushing of d = h -z
concrete. As = area of the reinforcement ( square millimeters)
T = As fs
DESIGN METHODS: fc' = compressive strength of concrete (MPa)
2. Underreinforced - when failure is initiated by yielding fs = tensile strength of steel (MPa)
1. WSD - Working Stress Design, Alternate of steel. b = base of the beam (mm)
Stress Design,or Straight-Line Design n = modular ratio(always a whole number) Moment Arm ( jd )
3. Balanced Design - when failure is caused by n = Es /Ec
2. USD - Ultimate Stress Design or Strength Design
simultaneous crushing of concrete and d = jd + kd/3
yielding of steel Location of the neutral axis (kd) j = 1 - k/3
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: S MN.A. = 0
CONCRETE: FACTORED LOAD COMBINATION b(kd)(kd/2) - nAs (d - kd) = 0
Constant ( k )
fc - allowable compressive stress of conc. (NSCP C101-01) kd = --------
- 0.45 fc' ( beams/slabs/footings) k = n ( For Design Only )
- 0.25 fc' ( columns) Moment of Inertia of the Transformed Section n + fs/fc
1. U = 1.4DL + 1.7LL
fc' - specified compressive strength of conc.
at 28 days curing (MPa) 2. U = 0.75(1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7 W)
> (# 1)
I N.A.= (1/3)(b)(kd)³ + nAs (d - kd)²
gconc.- unit weight of concrete U = 0.90DL + 1.3W k = 2rn + (rn)² - rn (For Investigation)
- 23.54 KN/m 3 Only )
3. U = 1.1DL + 1.3LL + 1.1E)
Ec - modulus of elasticity of concrete > (# 1) Resisting Moment of Concrete:
U = 0.90DL + 1.1E Steel Ratio
- 4700 fc' (MPa)
4. U = 1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7H Mc = C(jd)
STEEL : U = 0.90DL
> (# 1)
Mc = fc/2 (b)(kd)(jd) r = As
bd
fs - allowable tensile stress of steel (MPa) Mc = (1/2)(fc)(kj)(bd²)
fs - 0.50 fy ( beams/slabs/footings)
fs - 0.40 fy ( columns)
DL - Dead Load E - Earthquake Load
fy - yield stress of steel (MPa) Resisting Moment of Steel:
LL - Live Load H - Earth Pressure
gsteel - unit weight of steel
W - Wind Load
- 77 KN/m3 Ms = T jd
Ec - modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ms = As fs jd
- 200,000 MPa

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ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)

2. Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam where:
FOR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
A. BEAMS (FLEXURAL STRESS) (Reinforced in Tension/Compression) a = depth of equivalent stress block
As = area of tension reinforcement, square millimeters A. Computing Mu with given tension
1. Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
b 0.85 fc' b = width of the compression face of member
(Reinforced in Tension Only) steel area (As)
C' c = distance from extreme compression fiber to N.A. (mm)
As' a
b 0.85 fc' C d = distance from extreme compression fiber to
d centroid of tension reinforcement (mm) I. Solve for r = As
C = 0.85 fc'ab bd
a N.A. d' = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme
c
tension fiber to center of the bar or wire, (mm) II. Check if steel yields by computing rb
d T
d - a/2 fc' = specified compressive stress of concrete (MPa)
N.A. Mn As rb = 0.85 fc' b1600
fy = specified yield strength of steel (MPa)
fy ( 600 + fy)
As Mn = nominal moment, (N-mm)
T = As fy b 0.85 fc' If r < rb steel yields , proceed to step III
Mu = factored moment at section, (N-mm)
Beam Section Elevation a/2 r = ratio of tension reinforcement = As/bd If r > rb steel does not yield , proceed to
C
rb= balance steel ratio step IV
a = b1 c d - a/2 f = strength reduction factor III. r < rb
As1 Mu1 r fy
For fc' < 30 MPa , use b1 = 0.85 w =
T1 = As 1 fs fc'
For fc' > 30 MPa ,
Mu = f fc' bd w ( 1 - 0.59 w )
2
1st STAGE C. SHEAR STRESS AND DIAGONAL
b1 = 0.85 - 0.008 (fc' - 30) TENSION
but should not be less than 0.65 As' fs' d' IV. r > rb (fy = fs)
C'
As fy As' Vu = f Vn b 0.85 fc' 0.003
a =
0.85 fc' b Mu2
d - d'
where f = 0.85 a
C = 0.85 fc'ab
c c
As2 Vn = Vc + Vs d
r fy d - a/2
w = T2 = As 2 fs' N.A. Mn d-c
fc' Vc =1/6 fc' bd
2nd STAGE As T = As fy e = fs/Es
Mu = f Ru bd
2
(Resisting Moment) Spacing of Stirrups: Es = 200,000

fc' w ( 1 - 0.59 w) 1st STAGE 2nd STAGE Solve for fs from the strain diagram:
Ru = Av fy d
S= fs/Es 0.003 d-c
Forces: Forces: Vs = ; fs = 600
r = 0.85 fc' 1 - 1-
2Ru
C 1 = 0.85 fc' ab C' = As' fs'
d-c c c
fy 0.85 fc' T = As 1 fs T1 = As 2 fs (d-d') Solve for c by summing up forces along hor.
NSCP/ACI Code Specs:
As = r bd Resisting Moment: Resisting Moment: T = C ; a = b1 c
If Vs < 1/3 fc' bd ,Smax = d/2 or 600mm 2
600 As (d-c) = 0.85 b1 f'c b c
Mu1 = f 0.85fc'ab (d-a/2) Mu2 =f As'fs' (d-d')
If Vs > 1/3 fc' bd , Smax = d/4 or 300mm
Mu1 = f As1 fs (d-a/2) f
Mu2 = As2 fs(d-d')
( rb )
Use quadratic formula to solve for "c"
Balanced Steel Ratio Av min = bS/3fy Then, solve for fs and "a" with known "c"
TOTAL :
rb = 0.85 fc'b1 600 fs = 600
d-c
; a = b1c
T = T1 + T2 A S = As 1 + As2 c
fy ( 600 + fy) Vu = factored or ultimate shear
MU= MU1 + MU2 Finally, solve for Mu:
Vc = shear force provided by conc.
Maximum and Minimum Steel Ratio M u = f 0.85fc'ab (d-a/2) or
Vn = nominal shear
M u = f As fs (d-a/2)
rmax = 0.75 r Avmin = area of steel to resist shear
b
= 2 Asteel
rmin = 1.4 / fy

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B. Computing the required tension steel VERTICAL STIRRUP DESIGN

IV. Verify of compression will yield. III. Verify if Compression steel will yield
area (As) of beam with given Mu
b ec
d' where: fs' = 600 c - d'
I. Solve for rmax and M umax c As' c-d' es' = fs'/Es
c I. Compute the factored shear force, Vu
If fs' > fy, proceed to step IV.
II. Calculate the shear strength provided
rmax = 0.75 0.85 fc' b1600
N.A.
=
r c-d
If fs' < fy, proceed to step V.
As es by concrete, Vc
fy ( 600 + fy)
Mumax = with considered factored load Es = 200,000 IV. Since fs' > fy, compression steel yields Vc =1/6 fc' bd
r fy c - d'
w = = ________ fs' = 600
c
MU= MU1 + MU2 If Vu > f Vc , stirrups is necessary,
fc'
MU = f As1 fy (d-a/2) + f As' fy(d-d') proceed to to Step III.
2 If fs' > fy, proceed to step V.
M umax = f fc' bd w ( 1 - 0.59 w ) If Vu < f Vc , but Vu > 1/2 f Vc
If fs' < fy, proceed to step VI. V. Since fs' < fy, assumption is wrong proceed to to Step V
If Mu < Mumax design as Single Reinforced
V. fs' > fy, then use fs' = fy 0.85 fc' If Vu < 1/2 fV c , stirrups are not needed
then, proceed to step II. d' C2 = As'fs'
(compression steel yields) a c
If Mu > Mumax design as Doubly Reinforced NA
C1 III. Calculate the shear strength Vs to be
As' = As2 d - a/2 provided by the stirrup.
II. Solve for r VI. fs' < fy, then use fs' 1. Vn = Vu /f
T = As fy
(compression steel will not yield) 2. Vs = Vn - Vc = Vu /f - V c
Mu = f Ru bd
2
(Solve for Ru)
C2 = T2 c - d'
fs' = 600
c If VS < 2/3 fc' bW d , proceed to IV.
r = 0.85 fc' 1 - 1-
2Ru
= ____
As' fs' = As 2 fy From stress diagram.
fy 0.85 fc' As' = ________ If VS > 2/3 fc' bW d , adjust the size
[ C1 + C2 = T ]
of the beam
As = r bd = _________ 0.85 fc' ab + As' fs' = As fy
a = b1 c IV. Spacing of stirrups:
B. Computing Mu of a Doubly Reinforced
c - d'
FOR DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM Beam with given As and As' 0.85 fc' b1 c b + As' 600 c = As fy Spacing, S = Av fy d
Vs
A. Computing As and As' of a Doubly b 0.85 fc' As' fs' Solve for c by quadratic formula
a/2 C' d'
If S < 25mm, increase the value of Av.
Reinforced Beam with given Mu. As' a C Solve for fs' and "a" either by bigger bar or shear area.
d d-d'
Solve for Mu :
d-a/2
b 0.85 fc' As' fs' Maximum spacing, s:
As' C
a/2 C' d'
Mu = f 0.85fc'ab (d-a/2) + f As' fs' (d-d')
As T1 = As 1 fy T2 = As fy
d
d-a/2 Mu2
d-d' If Vs < 1/3 fc' bd ,Smax = d/2 or 600mm
Mu1 I. Assume Compression steel yield If Vs > 1/3 fc' bd , Smax = d/4 or 300mm
As T1 = As 1 fs T2 = As 2 fs' (fs' = fy)
V. If Vu < f Vc , but Vu > 1/2 f Vc
As 2 = As' = _______
I. Solve for As 1 = r maxbd As 1 = As - As' = _______ Av min = bw S /3fy
II. Solve for "a" and "c": C 1 = T1 II. Solve for a and c: where S = d/2 or 600mm (whichever
0.85 f'c ab = As1 fy ; a = ____ [ C1 = T1 ] is smaller
a = b1 c ; c = ______ 0.85 fc' ab = As1 fy ; a = ____
a = b1 c ; c = ______
III. Solve for MU1, MU2 and As2
Mu1 = f As1 fy ( d-a/2 )
Mu2 = MU1 - MU
Mu2 = f As2 fy(d-d') ; As2 = ____

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TYPICAL RESISTANCE FACTORS ARE AS FOLLOWS: SHEARING STRESS OF RC BEAMS For members subjected to significant axial tension: For Interior Beam
SITUATION 1) b = L/4
Nominal Shear Strength Provided by Concete: Vc = 1 0.30N u
Flexure, without axial load 0.90 fc' bw d 1 + 2) b = 16t + bw choose the
6 Ag smallest
Axial tension and axial tension w/ flexure 0.90
Vn = Vc + Vs where: 3) b = S1 /2 + S2 /2 + b w
Shear and torsion 0.85 Nu/Ag = expressed in MPa
where: For End Beam
Compression members, spirally reinforced 0.75 Nu is negative for tension
Vn = nominal shear strength of RC section
Other Compression members 0.70 For shear reinforcement, fy < 414 MPa. 1) b' = L/12 + b'w
Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
Bearing on concrete 0.70 Vs = nominal shear strength of the shear reinforcement Distance of Stirrups from support: 2) b' = 6t + b'w choose the
smallest
Plain Concrete: flexure, compression, shear 0.65 For members subjected to shear and flexure only: a. 0.50 S from face of column support
3) b' = S3 /2 + b'w
and bearing
b. 0.25 S from face of beam support
Vc = 1 fc' bw d For Symmetrical Interior Beam
6
CODE PROVISIONS: FOR DESIGN OF
For members subjected to axial compression: T - BEAMS 1) b = L/4
SINGLY-REINFORCED BEAMS choose the
2) b = 16t + b w
Vc = 1 fc' b w d 1 + Nu smallest
3) b = center-center
rmax 6 14Ag
To ensure yield failure: = 0.75 rb Code Requirements for T-beams spacing of beams
where:
To avoid sudden tensile failure : rmin = 0.25 fc' > 1.4 Ag = gross area of section in sq.mm 1. In T-beam construction, the flange and web 4. Isolated beams in which T-shape are used to
Nu = factored axial load occurring with Vu provide a flange for additional compression
fy fy shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively
To control deflection: r < 0.18 fc'
(- ) for compression, (+) for tension
bonded together. area shall a flange thickness not less than 1/2
fy Nu/Ag = expressed in MPa
the width of the web and an effective flange
2. The width of slab effective as a T-beam shall width not more than four times the width of
BALANCED STEEL RATIOS For members subjected to shear and flexure: not exceed 1/4 of the span of the beam, and the web.
effective overhanging flange on each side of the
1 fc' + 120 rw Vu d
b
Vc = bw d web shall not exceed:
1. BEAM REINFORCED FOR TENSION 7 Mu t
but shall not be greater than b1 b2
a) 8 times the slab thickness and
rb = 0.85 fc'b1 600
b) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web
fy ( 600 + fy) Vc = 0.30 fc' bw d
where:
Vu d < 1.0 3. For beams with slab on one side only, the
2. BEAM REINFORCED FOR COMPRESSION
Mu Mu = factored moment ocurring effective overhanging flange shall not exceed: bw
Checking Ductility
rw = As simultaneously w/ Vu a) 1/12 the span length of the beam,
bw d
r = rb + r ' where: r '= As'
b) 6 times the slab thickness
bd For members subjected to axial compression: c) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web
if r < r , tension steel yields fs = fy t > bw /2
4h - d b b'
For compression steel Mm = Mu - N u b < 4b w
8
rlim = 0.85 b fc' d' 600 + r'
but shall not be greater than b1 b2 b3
fy d (600-fy) t
0.30N u
if r < rlim , compression steel yields fs = fy Vc = 0.30 fc' bw d 1+
Ag S1 bw S2 S3 bw'

Substitute Mm for Mu and Vud/Mu not limited to 1.0

Interior Beam End Beam
where, h = overall thickness of member

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A. Steps in determining the Tension Steel III. a > t B. Steps in Determining Mu of a T-Beam Solve for z:
Area As of a T-Beam with given Mu with given As. Ac = A f + bw z
b 0.85 fc' (see Steps I for values of Ac and Af)
I. Assume that the entire flange is in compression I. Assume steel yields (fs = fy) and compute the
t 1 C1 t/2 0.85 fc' area of compression concrete, Ac Verify if steel yields:
and solve for Mu1: z
a
d 2 C2 a = t + z = _____
Compression force in concrete: d' d-t/2 d'-z/2 C=T c = a / b1 = ______ fs = 600(d-c)/c = _____
C = 0.85 fc' b f t As T1 = As 1 fy T2 = As 2 fy
0.85 fc' Ac = As fy
Mu1 = f C(d - t/2) bw Ac = _____ If fs > fy, steel yields (correct assumption)
Mu1 Mu2
If fs < fy, steel does not yield (seldom happen)
Mu1 = f 0.85 fc' bf t(d - t/2) Area of compression flange, Af = bf t
Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
Mu1 = _____________ If Ac < Af, a < t, proceed to Step II Mu1 = f C1 (d - t / 2)
Mu1 = the same value in Step 1 If Ac > Af, a > t, proceed to Step III
Mu1 = f 0.85 fc' A f (d - t / 2)
If Mu1 > Mu, then a < t, proceed to Step II Mu2 = Mu - Mu1
If Mu1 < Mu, then a > t, proceed to Step III Mu2 = f C2 (d'-a/2) Mu2 = f C2 (d' - z / 2)
II. a < t
Mu2 = f 0.85 fc' bw z (d' - z / 2)
Mu2 = f 0.85 fc' bw z (d'-z/2) b 0.85 fc'
t a C =0.85 fc' ab
II. a < t
b 0.85 fc' z = _______ d d-a/2 Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
t a C =0.85 fc' ab
d d-a/2 T=C T = As fy
As fy = C1 + C2 ACI/NSCP Coefficients for Continuous
T = As fy Solve for a:
As fy = 0.85 fc' b t + 0.85 fc' bw z
Beams and Slabs
Solve for a: As = _______ Ac = bf x a
Mu = f C (d-a/2) a = ____ Requirements:

Mu = f 0.85 fc' ab (d-a/2) Solve fo r min = 1.4 / fy and compare with As Mu = f As fy (d-a/2) 1. Two or more spans
bw d
2. Loads are uniformly distributed
a = _______
If As > r min , design is OK! Verify if steel yields(this may not be necessary) 3. Beams or slabs are prismatic
bw d
T=C c = a / b1 fs = 600 (d-c) / c 4. L - S < 20%S
As fy = 0.85 fc' ab
If As < r min , use r = r min(seldom) If fs > fy, steel yields (correct assumption)
5. 1.7 wll < 3.0
As = _______ bw d 1.4 wdl

Solve for r max and compare with

As As = r min b w d If fs < fy, steel does not yield (seldom happen)
w (kN/m)
bf d
If As < r max , design is OK! Solve for Asmax .
bf d III. a > t L1 L2 L3 L4

If As > r max , beam needs compression a = b1

600 d
bf d steel (seldom happen) 600 + fy b 0.85 fc' wL1 /2 wL/2 wL/2 1.15wL/2
As max = 0.75 A sb C1 t/2
Solve fo r min = 1.4 / fy and compare with As
t 1 0.85 fc'
a
bw d d z 2 C2
0.85 fc' ( b f t + (a-t) bw d' d-t/2 d'-z/2
V-D
If As > r min , design is OK! As max = 0.75
fy
bw d As
-1.15wL/2 -wL/2 -wL/2 -wL4 /2
T1 = As 1 fy T2= As 2 fy
If As < r min , use r = r min (seldom) If As < As max , value is OK bw Mu1 Mu2 2
wL1 /14
2
wL2 /16
2
wL3 /16
2
wL4 /11
bw d
If As > As max , the beam needs 2 2 2
As = r min b w d
-wL /10 -wL /11 -wL /11 2
compression steel (seldom happens) 2
-wL1 /16
2
-wL /11
2
-wL /11
2
-wL /10
-wL4 /24

Note:
L = the average span between adjacent
spans in shear and negative moment

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COLUMNS ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN

2. SPIRAL COLUMNS
Classification of column as to: P
Minimum spiral steel ratio : rs
ex
A. REINFORCEMENT Dc D
ey
1. TIED COLUMNS rs = 0.45 [ (D/Dc)2 - 1 ] fc'/fy x
Pu S = spacing of spiral ties
Applied Axial Load:
s rs = 4 A sp (Dc - db ) y
longitudinal bars
Pu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL s 2
s s Dc P P P
P P
where:
Resisting Axial Load: ex ey
Asp = area of the spiral reinforcement
Pu = f 0.80 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] Applied Axial Load: rs = spiral steel ratio P
Mx = Pey

Dc = core diameter (mm) P

Pu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
f = 0.70 for tied column Note: My = Pex My = Pex
rg = gross steel area
To be safe, Pu act. < Pu res.
= As/Ag 3. COMPOSITE COLUMN
Resisting Axial Load: A. Compression plus Uniaxial
ACI Code specs: As = total steel area
db = bar diameter
rg = 0.01 - 0.08 Pu = f 0.85 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] Bending
1. Steel
2. Minimum side cover = 40 mm Section
3. Minimum vertical bars
f = 0.75 for spiral column emin = 0.10 h for rectangular section
emin = 0.05 D for circular section
4 - 16mm dia. - for rec. section To be safe, Pu act. < Pu res.
6 - 16mm dia. - for round section where:
4. Minimum lateral tie bar dia. ACI Code specs: h = column dimension parallel to
10mm dia.- for < 32 db main bar eccentricity (mm)
12mm dia.- for > 32 db main bar 1. rg= 0.01 - 0.06 B. SLENDERNESS
D = column diameter (mm)
5. Spacing of lateral ties (use the smallest) 2. minimum diameter = 250 mm 1. Short Column
a. 16 vert. bar diameter 3. min. vertical bars = 6-16 mm Klu/r < 34 - 12 M1/M2
4. minimum spiral = 10 mm
b. 48 lateral tie bar diameter 5. clear distance between vertical bars 2. Slender Column
a) 1.5 times bar diameter 1. e = 0 Pu
c. least column dimension Klu/r > 34 - 12 M1/M2
b) 1.5 times max. size of coarse aggregate
6. Minimum side dimension of 6. spacing of spirals c.g.
column = 200 mm a) not more that 75 mm C. SECTION
b)not less than 25 mm
7. Clear distance between longitudinal bars c) not less than 1.5 times coarse aggregate 1. Square/rectangular
a) 1.5 times bar diameter d) not more than one-sixth
b) 1.5 times max. size of coarse aggregate 2. Round/Circular
Axially Load:
8. Minimum covering of ties 7. Spacing of spiral tie:
a) 40 mm for interior columns D. LOAD
b) 50 mm for exterior columns Pu = f 0.80 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)]
c) 1.5 times max. size of coarse aggregate 4A sp 1. Axially Loaded
s =
9. When there are more than four vertical bars, rs Dc 2. Eccentrically loaded
additional ties shall be provided so that every
longitudinal bar will be held firmly in position. No a. Uniaxial bending Pu = f 0.85 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)]
bar can be located at a greater distance than 150 mm b. Biaxial bending
clear in either side from a laterally supported bar.

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Compression plus Uniaxial Bending: ACI Moment Magnifier Method

2. e = e min Pu Pn
e e Pu Factored Design Moment:
c.g.
emin As As'
pc Mc = dbM 2b + ds M2s

where:
Axially loaded (Neglect the effect of moment) pc
e
Pn b = bending
s = sidesway
Pu = f 0.80 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] d = moment magnification factor
b
As As'
Moment Magnifiers
0.85fc'
Pu = f 0.85 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] d T1 T2 Cm
where:
db = > 1.0
C1' C2' Pn - nominal load cap.of column at 1 - Pu
0.85fc'
C ex and ey f Pc
es1 Pno - nominal load cap.of column at
3. e min < e < eb T es2 e=0
C C'
Cm
es'1 es'2 Pnx - nominal load cap.of ds = > 1.0
Pu a
ec ey and ex 1 - S Pu
e
c
Pny - nominal load cap.of column at fS Pc
Eccentrically loaded d-c c e & e =0
c.g.
Consider effect of moment es
emin es'
Failure by crushing of concrete
SLENDER COLUMNS
d'
fs' = fy Cm = 0.60 + 0.40 M1/M2 > 0.40
d-c c A. Columns braced against sidesway
fs < fy
4. e = e b (for braced without transversed loads)
Gross Steel Ratio: 1. When Klu/r < 34 -12 M1 /M 2 , column is short.

Pu rg = (As + As') / Ag 2. When Klu/r > 34 -12 M 1 /M 2 , column is slender. Cm = 1.0 (for all other cases)
e
Eccentrically loaded Ag = bh B. Unbraced Columns M1 /M 2 = smaller end moment
c.g. 1. When Klu/r < 22, column is short. bigger end moment
eb Consider effect of moment Mn = Pn (e)
2. When Klu/r > 22, column is slender. where: = + for single curvature
fs' = fy Mu = f Mn = - for double curvature
fs = fy
Effective length factor, k
Mn = nominal moment Condition Value of k
5. e b < e
Mu = ultimate moment pinned at both ends 1.0
Pu
e
Eccentrically loaded
fixed at both ends
fixed at one end, pinned at the other
0.5
0.7 Pc =
p 2 EI EI =
Ec Ig / 2.5
c.g. Consider effect of moment SHORT ECCENTRICALLY LOADED fixed at one end, free at the other 2.0 (Klu) 2 1 +bd
eb k 1.0 for braced frames, no sidesway
Failure initiated by yielding ROUND COLUMNS k > 1.0 for unbraced frames, with sidesway
of tension steel k = 1.0 for compression members in frames braced against where:
sidesway unless a theoretical analysis shows that a
fs = fy Column Interaction Eqtn: (Homogenous Mat'l.) lesser value can be used.
Ec = 4700 fc' (MPa)
Ig = bh3 /12
6. e b <<< e fa + fbx + fby < 1.0 For slender columns (to consider PD - effect factored axial dead load
Fa Fbx Fby or secondary moment) bd =
factored axial total load
Pu Very large moment and 1. When Mu(A) < Pu(15 + 0.03h), Klu/r = slenderness ratio
e negligible axial load Bresler's Eqtn: (Reinf. Conc.-Composite Mat'l.)
c.g. Column behaves like a use Mu = Pu (15 + 0.03 h) r = 0.30h for rectangular
eb beam
Pn Pn Pn
+ + < 1.0 2. When Mu(A) > Pu(15 + 0.03h), = 0.25D for round column
Pnx Pny Pno
use Mu = Mu(A) Pu = Pdl + Pll

CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 13/20 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 14/20
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA

A. BEARING ON SOIL D. TWO -WAY OR PUNCHING SHEAR For top bars:

FOOTINGS
q = P / Af Applied Punching Shear Force: Ld is multiplied by a factor 1.4
Types of Footing:
2 2
Vp = qu [ L - (c + d) ]
1. Spread Footing (Isolated Footing) To be safe, q < q all For 35 mmØ and smaller bars
2. Wall Footing Resisting Shear force of Concrete:
where:
3. Combined Footing 0.02 Ab fy
4. Mat and Raft Foundation q = bearing stress on soil (MPa) Vp = vpc (Ap)
Ld =
q all = allow. bearing stress on soil (MPa) fc'
5. Footing on Piles
P = column load Resisting Shear stress of Concrete in Punching:
Minimum Ld = 300 mm
SPREAD FOOTING Af = area of soil in contact with bearing vpc = f [ 1 + 2 / bc ] 1/6 fc' < f1/3 fc'
stress of soil (mm 2) For 45 mmØ bars
Modes of failure:
B. BENDING OR FLEXURE To be safe, Vp < vpc
1. Bearing of soil 25 A b fy
Applied Moment: Ld =
2. Bending or Flexure where: fc'
2
3. One-way Shear or Beam Shear Mu = qu ( Lx ) / 2 L = side dimension of footing (m)
4. Two-way Shear of Punching Shear c = column dimension (mm) Minimum Ld = 300 mm
Resisting Moment of steel: qu = net upward soil bearing stress or pressure (MPa)
For 55 mmØ bars
SPREAD FOOTING (ISOLATED FOOTING) Mu = f As fs (d-a/2) 1.4 PDL + 1.7 PLL
qu = 40 fy
Af Ld =
P Resisting Moment of Concrete: fc'
Ap = 4 (c + d) d
Mu = f r fy bd2 [ 1 - 0.59 r fy / fc'] Minimum Ld = 300 mm

To be safe, Mu act < Mu resist. CHECK DEVELOPMENT LENGTH B. STEEL IN COMPRESSION

C. ONE -WAY OR BEAM SHEAR

d 0.02 Ab fy 0.02 Ab fy
t
Applied Ultimate Shear:
Ldreqd = Ld =
q fc' fc'
Vu act = qu ( H z )
c+d Minimum Ld = 0.04 dbfy or 300 mm
Vu act - critical shear force 'd" from the
c.s.for bending
face of support
DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
d/2
H c+d c
c.s.for punching shear Resisting Ultimate Shear Force of concrete A. STEEL IN TENSION
d/2
c.s.for beam shear
f Vc = f 1/6 fc' bd
0.02 Ab fy
Ld =
dz where: fc'
x
f = capacity or strength reduction
L factor
= 0.85 for shear and torsion Minimum Ld = 0.06 dbfy or 300 mm

Vc = nominal shear force capacity

of concrete
b,d = beam dimensions (mm)

CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION To be safe, Vu act < Vc 15/20 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 16/20