Lab 1: Learning basic Linux commands OS Used:

Ubuntu (22.04 LTS)

1.1. Command Name: ls
Inside a folder you can list all the files that the folder contains using
the ls command:
 Syntax: ls [options] [file]
 Usage: used for listing directory contents
 Commands Used:
 ls -> lists all the unhidden files and directories within current director

 ls -l -> This option enables the long listing format, providing detailed
information about each file or directory.
 ls -t -> This option sorts the list by modification time, with the newest
files or directories appearing first.
 ls -r -> This option reverses the order of the sort, displaying the oldest
files or directories first.
So, "ls -ltr" will list the contents of the current directory in long format, sorted
by modification time, with the oldest files or directories appearing first.
Output:

1.2. Command Name: cd

Once you have a folder, you can move into it using
the cd command. cd means change directory. You invoke it specifying a folder
to move into. You can specify a folder name, or an entire path.
 Syntax: cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]
 Usage: used for listing directory contents
 Commands Used:
 cd .. -> get back to cc directory
 cd ../.. -> move to upper directory
 cd ~ -> move to home directory
Output:
1.3. Command Name: mkdir
You can create folders using mkdir command.
 Syntax: mkdir [option] DIRECTORY
 Usage: used for making directory
 Commands Used:
 mkdir -v -> creates directory and prints message for it
 mkdir –p -> creates directories including parent directories in a
specified path.
Output:

1.4. Command Name: rmdir

This command is designed to remove directories only if they are empty.
 Syntax: rmdir [option] DIRECTORY
 Usage: used for removing empty directory
 Commands Used:
 rmdir -v -> removes directory and prints message for it
 rmdir –p ->
Output:

1.5. Command Name: rm

This command removes the specified file from the file system.
 Syntax: rm [option] [file]
 Usage: used for removing files and directories
 Commands Used:
 rm –ri -> removes directory and files contained and prompts before
every removal
 rm –v -> removes folders and explains what is being done
Output:

1.6. Command Name: grep

Syntax: grep [option] patterns [file]

Usage: used for searching patterns in each file

Commands Used:
➢ Grep Nepal Nepal.txt -> prints the whole line of matched term “Nepal” from
the Nepal.txt file.
➢ grep -o -> prints only matched term
➢ grep -n -> prints matched content with line number
Output:

1.7. Command Name: sudo

Syntax: sudo [option]

Usage: used for executing command as a super user or other user

Commands Used:
➢ sudo -i => runs login shell for current user (prastab)
➢ whoami => prints current user name associated with current
effective user ID
➢ sudo whoami => prints root user
➢ sudo apt-get update => resynchronizes the package index files fromtheir
sources
➢ sudo -l => list user privilege or check a specific command
Output:

1.8. Command Name: pwd

Syntax: pwd [option]

Usage: used for printing the name of current working directory

Commands Used:
➢ pwd -> prints current working directory
➢ pwd - - help -> prints help menu for pwd
➢ pwd -P -> prints the physical directory without symbolic links
Output:
1.9. Command Name: mv

Syntax: mv [option] SOURCE DESTINATION

Usage: used for moving/renaming files

Commands Used:
➢ mv styles.css css/ -> moves styles.css file to css directory
➢ mv errors.html error.html -> renames errors.html file as error.html
➢ mv -v blogs.html blog.html -> explains what is being done
Output:

1.10. Command Name: cat

Syntax: cat [option] FILE

Usage: used for concatenating and printing on the standard output

Commands Used:
 cat index.html -> prints the content of index.html
Output:
1.11. Command Name: chmod
Syntax: chmod [MODE] File
r -> read
w- > write
x- > execute
Usage: used for changing file mode/permissions
Commands Used:
➢ chmod +rwx poem -> adds read,write and execute permissionto poem
➢ chmod -rwx poem -> removes read,write and execute
permission from poem
➢ chmod +x poem -> adds executable permission to poem file
Output:

1.12. Command Name: chown

Syntax: chown [option] [owner] [:[group]] FILE

Usage: used for changing the user and group ownership of file
Commands Used:
➢ chown mark Music/ -> changes ownership of Music folder to
mark.
➢ chown -v root story -> changes ownership to root and prints
diagnostics for it

Output:
1.13. Command Name: clear

Syntax: clear

Usage: used for clearing the terminal screen

Commands Used:
➢ clear -> cleans terminal screen
Output:
1.14. Command Name: passwd

Syntax: passwd [option] [login]

Usage: usef for changing the user password

Commands Used:
➢ passwd => change current user’s password
➢ sudo passwd Maharjan => change Maharjan’s password
➢ sudo passwd -d Maharjan => delete user’s password
➢ sudo passwd -e Maharjan=> immediately expires an
account’spassword
➢ sudo passwd -q => quiet mode
➢ sudo passwd -u => unlocks the password of the named
account
Output:

1.15. Comma
ndName
:Useradd
Syntax: useradd [options]

Usage: used for creating new users

Commands Used:
➢ useradd wizard -> creates a new user with the name khonshu
➢ useradd -m mark -> creates the user’s home directory
➢ useradd Life -c “Life is beautiful” -> adds short description of login

Output:

1.16. Command Name: userdel

Syntax: userdel [options]

Usage: used for removing user

Commands Used:
➢ apt-get update -> resynchronizes the package index files from their
sources
➢ apt-get upgrade -y -> install the newest versions of all packages
currently installed on the system from the sources
➢ apt-get install gimp -> installs gimp software
➢ apt-get purge gimp -> uninstalls gimp
➢ apt-get autoclean -> clears out the local repository of
retrievedpackage files
➢ apt-get autoremove -> removes packages that were automatically
installed to satisfy dependencies for other packages and are now
no longer needed

Output:
1.17. Command Name: apt-get
Syntax: apt-get [options]
Usage: used for handling packages
Commands Used:
 apt-get update -> resynchronizes the package index files from theirsources
 apt-get upgrade -y -> install the newest versions of all packagescurrently
installed on the system from the sources
 apt-get install gimp -> installs gimp software
 apt-get purge gimp -> uninstalls gimp
 apt-get autoclean -> clears out the local repository of retrievedpackage files
 apt-get autoremove -> removes packages that were automaticallyinstalled to
satisfy dependencies for other packages and are now no longer needed

Output:
1.18. Command Name: date

Syntax: date [option] [format]

Usage: used for displaying current date in given format

Commands Used:
 Date -> prints the current date
 date -R -> prints date in RFC format
 date +’%a, %b %d’ -> print date in given format
 date -d yesterday -> prints yesterday's date
 date -u -> prints in UTC format

Output:
1.19. Command Name: time

Syntax: time [option] [command]

Usage: used for printing the a summary of system resource usage

Commands Used:
 time
 time -p prints time in POSIX format\
 time sleep 5

Output:

1.20. Command Name: tar

Syntax: tar [options] [archive-file] [file or directory to be archived]

Usage: used for create Archive and extract the Archive files

Commands Used:
 tar cvf archive.tar -> creates a tar file called `archive.tar` which is the Archive of all
.html files in current directory
 tar xf archive.tar -> extracts files from Archives and make a copy of the existed file
 tar tf archive.tar -> shows all the files and folder present in the folder
Output:
1.21. Command Name: gzip
Syntax: gzip [Options] [filenames]
Usage: used for compressing files

Commands Used:
 gzip -k journel.txt -> creates compressed file of journel.txt named as journel.txt.gz
and also keeps the original file
 gzip -d journel.txt.gz -> decompress a file
 gzip -vd journel.txt.gz -> displays the name and percentage reduction for each file
decompressed

Output:
1.22. Command Name: kill

Syntax: kill [option] <pid>

Usage: used for sending a signal to a process

Commands Used:
 kill -l -> lists signal name
 kill 13986 -> process receives a kill signal

Output:

1.23. Command Name: pkill

Syntax: pkill [options] pattern

Usage: used for sending signals to the processes of a running program based on given
criteria

Commands Used:
 ps aux | grep gedit ->
 kill 4947 -> kills processes for 4947
 pkill -e chromium-browse -> displays name and PID of the process being killed
(chromium-browse)
Output:

1.24. Command Name: man

Syntax: man [command]
Usage: used for displaying manual page for commands

Commands Used:
➢ man echo -> displays manual page for echo
➢ man -f grep -> displays short description about grep
➢ man -k mkdir -> searches the given command as a regular
expression in all the manuals and it returns the manual pageswith
the section number in which it is found
➢ man -w pkill -> returns the location in which the manual
pageof a pkill command is present
Output:

1.25. Command Name: cp

Syntax: cp [option] source destination
Usage: used for copying files and directories
Commands Used:
➢ cp grepfilter.txt haa.txt -> copies contents of grepfilter.txt to haa.txt

➢ cp -r src web/ -> recursively copies src directory to web directory