Title: Sequence and Series

Chapter: Sequence and Series

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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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Harmonic progression (H.P.)

A sequence is said to be in H.P if the reciprocals of its terms are in A.P.. If the sequence a1, a2, a3,...., an is in
H.P. then 1/a1, 1/a2,...., 1/an is in A.P.
Note: (i) Here we do not have the formula for the sum of the n terms of an H.P.. For H.P. whose first term is a and
ab
second term is b, the nth term is tn = .
b  (n  1)(a  b)
2ac a ab
(ii) If a, b, c are in H.P.  b = or = .
ac c bc
ab a
(iii) If a, b, c are in A.P.  =
bc a
ab a
(iv) If a, b, c are in G.P.  =
bc b

Harmonic mean (H.M.):

2ac
If a, b, c are in H.P., b is called as the H.M. between a & c, then b =
ac
If a1, a2 , ........ an are ‘n’ non-zero numbers then H.M. 'H' of these numbers is given by
1 11 1 1
=    .......  
H n  a1 a2 an 

1 1
Example # 1: The 7th term of a H.P. is and 12th term is , find the 20th term of H.P.
10 25
Solution: Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of corresponding A.P.
a + 6d = 10
a + 11d = 25
5d = 15
d = 3, a = – 8
T20 = a + 19d
= – 8 + 19 × 3 = 49
1
20 term of H.P. =
49

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3 3
Example # 2: Insert 4 H.M between and .
4 19
Solution: Let 'd' be the common difference of corresponding A.P..
19 4

so d = 3 3 = 1.
5
1 4 7 3
  = +1= or H1 =
H1 3 3 7
1 4 10 3
= +2= or H2 =
H2 3 3 10
1 4 13 3
= +3= or H3 =
H3 3 3 13
1 4 16 3
= +4= or H4 = .
H4 3 3 16
2 12
Example # 3: Find the largest positive term of the H.P., whose first two term are
and .
5 23
5 23 30 23 16 9 2 –5
Solution: The corresponding A.P. is , ........ or , , , , , .......
2 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
12 12 12 12 12 12
The H.P. is , , , , , – , .......
30 23 16 9 2 5
12
Largest positive term = =6
2
Self practice problems:
(13) If a, b, c, d, e are five numbers such that a, b, c are in A.P., b, c, d are in G.P. and c, d, e are in H.P.
prove that a, c, e are in G.P.
(14) If the ratio of H.M. between two positive numbers 'a' and 'b' (a > b) is to their G.M. as 12 to 13, prove
that a: b is 9: 4.
ba bc
(15) a, b, c are in H.P. then prove that + =2
ba bc
(16) If a, b, c, d are in H.P., then show that ab + bc + cd = 3ad

Arithmetico-geometric series:
A series, each term of which is formed by multiplying the corresponding terms of an A.P. & G.P. is called the
Arithmetico-Geometric Series. e.g. 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 +.....
Here 1, 3, 5,.... are in A.P. & 1, x, x2, x3..... are in G.P..
Sum of n terms of an arithmetico-geometric series:
Let Sn = a + (a + d) r + (a + 2 d) r² +..... + [a + (n  1)d] rn1, then

Sn =
a


dr 1 r n 1
a  (n  1)dr n , r  1.
1 r 1 r  1 r
2

Sum to infinity: If r < 1 & n  , then Limit rn = 0 and Limit n.rn = 0 
n n

a dr
  S =  .
1 r 1 r 2
2 3
 4n  1   4n  1   4n  1 
Example # 4: The sum to n terms of the series 1 + 5   + 9  4n – 3  + 13  4n – 3  + ....... is .
 4n – 3     
4n  1
Solution: Let x= , then
4n – 3
–4 1 (4n – 3)
1–x= , =–
4n – 3 1– x 4

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x (4n  1)
=–
1– x 4
S = 1 + 5x + 9x2 + ....... + (4n – 3)xn–1
Sx = x + 5x2 + ........ (4n – 3)xn
S – Sx = 1 + 4x + 4x2 + ......... + 4xn–1 – (4n – 3)xn.
4x
S(1 – x) = 1 + [1 –xn–1] – (4n – 3)xn
1– x
1  4x 4xn  (4n – 3)
S= 1  – – (4n – 3)xn  = – [1– (4n  1)  (4n – 3)x n – (4n – 3)xn ] = n (4n – 3).
1– x  1– x 1– x  4

Example # 5: Find sum to infinite terms of the series 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ....., –1 < x < 1
Solution: let S = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ..... ........(i)
xS = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + ......... ........(ii)
(i) - (ii)  (1 – x) S = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ..........
1
or S=
(1  x)2

Example # 6: Evaluate: 12 + 22x + 32x2 + 42x3 ....... upto infinite terms for | x | < 1.
Solution: Let s = 12 + 22x + 32x2 + 42x3 ............  ...(i)
xs = 12x + 22x2 + 32x3...............  ...(ii)
(i) – (ii)
(1 – x) s = 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 + ........
1 2x
(1 – x) s = +
1 x 1  x 
2

1 2x
s= +
1  x  1  x 
2 3

1  x  2x
s=
1  x 
3

1 x
s=
1  x 
3

Self practice problems:

4d 4  2d
(17) If 4 + + ......... = 1, then find d.
5 52

(18) Evaluate : 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + ...... upto infinite term, where | x | < 1.
2
 1  1
(19) Sum to n terms of the series : 1 + 2  1   + 3  1   + ......
 n  n
64
Ans. (17) –
5
1
(18)
(1  x)3
(19) n2

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Exercise – I
1 1
1. Find the 4th term of an H.P. whose 7th term is and 13th term is .
20 38

2. Insert three harmonic means between 1 and 7.

a–x a–y a–z

3. If = = and p, q, r are in A.P. then prove that x, y, z are in H.P.
px qy rz

4. If a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. show that b + c , c + a, a + b are in H.P.

1 1 1 1
5. If b is the harmonic mean between a and c, then prove that + =  .
ba bc a c

6. Sum the following series

2 3 4
(i) 1+ + + + ........ to n terms.
2 22 23
3 7 15 31
(ii) 1 + + + + + ..... to infinity.
4 16 64 256

7. Find the sum of n terms of the series the rth term of which is (2r + 1)2r.

1 1 3
8. If the 3rd, 6th and last term of a H.P. are , , , then the number of terms is equal to
3 5 203
(A) 100 (B) 102 (C) 99 (D) 101

ba bc
9. If a, b, c are in H.P. then the value of + is
b–a b–c
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 2

10. If the roots of the equation x3 – 11x2 + 36x – 36 = 0 are in H.P. then the middle root is
(A) an even number (B) a perfect square of an integer
(C) a prime number (D) a composite number

11. Let the positive numbers a, b, c, d be in A.P. Then abc, abd, acd, bcd are:
(A) not in A.P./G.P./H.P. (B) in A.P.
(C) in G.P. (D) in H.P.

1 1
12. If 3 + (3 + d) + (3 + 2d) +...... + upto  = 8, then the value of d is:
4 42
(A) 9 (B) 5 (C) 1 (D) 4

13. Let 'n' Arithmetic Means and 'n' Harmonic Means are inserted between two positive number 'a'
and 'b'. If sum of all Arithmetic Means is equal to sum of reciprocal all Harmonic means, then
product of numbers is
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) 3
2

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14. Let a1 , a2 a3 ........ be in A.P. and h1, h2, h3,...... in H.P. If a1 = 2 = h1 and a30 = 25 = h30
then (a7 h24 + a14 h17 ) equal to :
(A) 50 (B) 100 (C) 200 (D) 400

15. Statement 1 : 3,6,12 are in G.P., then 9,12,18 are in H.P.

Statement 2 : If three consecutive terms of a G.P. are positive and if middle term is added in
these terms, then resultant will be in H.P.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation
for STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct
explanation for STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true

39 37 5.36 36 7.34
+ ..…...upto infinite terms, then   S equals to
25
16. S = 310 + 39 +   + +
4 2 16 16 64  36 

(A) 69 (B) 310 (C) 311 (D) 2. 310

1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9

17. The sum of infinite series  2  3  4  ......
2 2 2 2
(A) 21 (B) 22 (C) 23 (D) 24

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Answer Key
1 14 14 14 2ac 2n 8
1. 2. , , 5. b= 6. (i) 4 – (ii)
11 11 8 5 ac 2n 1 3
7. n.2n + 2 – 2n + 1 + 2.
8. (A) 9. (D) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (A)
13. (A) 14. (B) 15. (A) 16. (B) 17. (C)

Solution
1 1
1. T7 =  a + 6d = 20 ; T13 =  a + 12d = 38
20 38
1 1
d = 3, a = 2 so T4 = =
29 11
1
2. 1, A1, A2, A3,
7
1
= 1 + 4 .d
7
1
–1
7 –6 –3
d= = =
4 28 14
3 11
A1 = 1 – =
14 14
6 18
A2 = 1 – =
14 14
9 5
A3 =1 – =
14 14
14 14 14
so , , are three harmonic means
11 8 5

a–x a–y a–z

3. Let   k
px qy rz
a–x a–y a–z
P= ,q = ,r =
kx kx kz
a– y a– x a–z
2  
 ky  kx kz
a  a a
2  – 1 = – 1 + – 1
y  x z
2a a a
 
y x z
2 1 1
 
y x z
Hence x, y, z are in H.P.

4. a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.

Let b + c, c + a, a + b are in H.P.
1 1 1
then are in A.P.
bc c a ab
2 1 1
= +
ca bc ab
2b2 = a2 + c2
hence a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.
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if a2 , b2, c2 are in A.P. then b + c, c + a, a – b are in H.P.

2ac
5. b=
ac
1 1 1 1
+ = 
ba bc a c
1 1 1 1 (a  c) (a  c)
L.H.S. =  = + = +
ba bc 2ac 2ac a(2c  a  c) c(2a  a  c)
a c
ac ac
ac (a  c) a  c  1 1 ac 1 1
= + =    = = + = RHS
a(c  a) c(a  c) (c  a)  a c  ac a c

2 3
6. (i) 1+ + + ........... n terms
2 22
n
Tn = n–1
2
2 3 n
S = 1+ + +............+ ...(i)
2 22 2n–1
1 1 2 (n – 1) n
S = + + ..........+ + ...(ii)
2 2 22 2n–1 2n
(i) – (ii) we get
1 1 1 1 n
S = [1+ + +.........+ n–1 ] – n
2 2 22 2 2
  1 n 
1. 1–    n
  2   2n
– n  S = 4 –4   – n
1 n 1 2n
S= ; S=4–
2 1 2 2
  2 2n–1
1–
2
3 7 15 31
(ii) S=1+ + + + + ........ ..... (i)
4 16 64 256
1 1 3 7
S= + + + ........   ..... (ii)
4 4 16 64
(i) – (ii), we get
3 1 1 1 3 1 8
S=1+ + + + ........ S= S =
4 2 4 8 4 1/ 2 3

7. Tr = (2r + 1) 2r
S = 3.2 + 5.22 + 7.23 + .........+ (2n + 1) 2n ...(i)
2S = 3.22 + 5.23 + .........+ (2n + 1) 2n + (2n + 1) 2n–1 ...(ii)
(i) – (ii) we get
– S = 3.2 + (2.22 + 2.23 + ......+ 2.2n) – (2n +1) 2n+1  – S = 6 + 8 (2n–1 –1) – (2n + 1) 2n+1
S = 2 – 2n+2 + n. 2n+2 + 2n+1  S = n.2n+2 – 2n+1 + 2

1 1 3
8. T3 = , T6 = . Tn =
3 5 203
203
then 3rd , 6th term of A.P. series are 3, 6,
3
a + 2d = 3  a = 5d = 5
2 5
d= ,a=
3 3

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203 5 203
a + (n – 1)d =  + (n–1) =
3 3 3
(n–1)2 = 198
n = 100

9. a, b, c are in H.P., then

1 1 1
, , are in A.P.
a b c
1 1 1 1
 
ba bc a b c b
S = + = +
b–a b–c 1 1 1 1
– –
a b c b
1 1 1 1
Let –  – d
a b b c
 1 1  1 1  1 1
a  b –c  b  a – c  2d
S=     =   =2
d d d

10. x3 – 11x2 + 36x – 36 = 0

if roots are in H.P. , then roots of new equation
1 11 36
–  – 36  0 are in A.P.
x3 x 2 x
36x3 + 36x2 – 11x + 1 = 0
36x3 – 36x2 + 11x –1 = 0
Let the roots be , , 
 = 1
3 = 1 (2, =  + )
1
=
3
so middle roots in 3.

a b c d
11. a, b, c, d  ; , , , 
abcd abcd abcd abcd
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , ; , , , 
bcd acd abd abc abc abd acd bcd
abc, abd, acd, bcd 

1 1
12. 3+ (3+d) + (3+2d) + ..................+  = 8
4 42
S = 3 + (3+d) + (3+2d) + ..................+  ... (i)
1 3 1
S= + (3 + d) + ..............  ... (ii)
4 4 42
(i) – (ii) we get
1
d
3 1 1 3 4
S=3+ d+ d + ..........  S= 3+ 
4 4 42 4 1
1
4
3 d 12 4 4 4
 S=3+ ;S= + d=8 =4+ d = 8  d = 4  d = 9 Ans
4 3 3 9 9 9

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ab ab
13. n   = n    ab = 1
 2   2ab 

14. If first and last term of A.P. and H.P. are same the product of x terms begining in A.P. and kth
term from end in H.P. is constant and equal = first term × last term
a7 h24 + a14 h17 = ab + ab = 2ab = 2(25) (2) = 100

15. Let a, b, c in G.P. then b2 = ac then a + b , 2b, b + c in HP

1 1 1 2 1 1
, , in AP = +
ab 2b bc 2b ab bc
(a + b) (b + c) = (a + c + 2b) b  ab + b2 + ac + bc = ab + bc + 2b2
 b2 = ac So statement (1) and (2) is true

 1
10 310  
62.310
 
3 6 25  10
16. S=  = S = 3
 1  1
2
52  36 
1  6   1 
   6 

3 15 35 63
17. S=     .......
2 22 23 24

1 3 15 35
S     .......
2 22 23 24

S 3 12 20
    .......
2 2 2 22 2 3
again use same concept S = 23

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