GRADE EIGHT (8) RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

TOPIC: MORALITY
1. Describe Morality
ANSWER:
 is a set of rules and beliefs that distinguish good behaviour from bad behaviour
 Deals with the way people should behave towards each other, towards animals and
the environment
 Guides acceptable behaviour e.g in marriage, while raising and disciplining
children and in business transactions
2. Explain the purpose of spiritual and moral education.
 To make learners aware of moral choices
 To give the skills to make better choices
 Encourages respect for other people’s faith
 Helps to nurture tolerance
 To develop a positive self-image and mature as a person
3. Describe sources of moral codes
 Morals differ among cultures
 Moral code depends upon the situation and context in which it is upheld
 They may be written up formally or applied informally
SOURCES:
 Religious sources
- The Bible
- The Bhagavad Gita, Vedas, Upanishad
- The Quran and Hadith
 Secular (non-religious
 Our families
 Friends
 School
 Community
 Constitution
RELIGIOUS SOURCES OF MORAL CODES
 CHRISTIANITY- THE BIBLE
i. Christians believe that morals come from God or Jesus his messenger on Earth
ii. An example are the Ten Commandments in the old testament
iii. The Ten Commandments were revealed to Moses by God
 HINDUISM
i. Hindus understand morality through the Vedas, the Bhagavad Gita and the
Upanishads
ii. The Bhagavad Gita is the song of the Bhagavan, often called the Gita.
iii. The Vedas means knowledge
iv. The Vedas is a collection of many texts which came from ancient India
v. The Upanishads are a collection of writings that teach people how to live a moral
life
vi. Hindu morality focuses on the concepts of ‘Dharma’ and ‘Karma’.
 ISLAM
i. The Quran guides Muslims in all issues of Morality
ii. The five pillars of Islam guides Muslims’ behaviour
THE FIVE PILLARS
 There are given in the famous Hadith of Gabriel
A. Declare there is no god but God, and Muhammad is God’s messenger
B. Pray five times a day
C. Fast during the month of Ramadan
D. Give money to the poor (Charity)
E. Travel to Mecca at least once in a life time (pilgrimage)
MORAL DILEMAS
 A dilemma is a situation that requires a choice between two equal alternatives
 For moral dilemma you need to choose between two conflicting morals or
behaviours
 You cannot choose both behaviours
WHAT ARE VALUES
 Values are ideas people believe to be important
Examples of Values include:
 Justice
 Hospitality (is a value taught to us by families and culture)
 Compassion
 Sharing
IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING POSITIVE PERSONAL VALUES:
 Your values determine your priorities
 Positive personal values will help you to respect yourself
 Others will respect you for your integrity
 Your personal relationship will thrive
POSITIVE VALUES INCLUDE:
 Cheerfulness
 Self-discipline
 Gratitude
 Freedom
 Honesty
 Creativity
PERSONAL VALUES IN RELATION TO SEXUALITY
 Virginity refers to the state of never having had sexual intercourse
 Keeping virginity until marriage is a value taught by bothy Christianity and Islam
 Flee form sexual immorality
 He who sins sexually sins against his own body (1st Corinthians 6:18)
 ‘come not near to unlawful sexual intercourse , it is a great sin and an evil way’.
(Surah Al-Israa Q17:32)
BENEFITS TO KEEPING YOUR VIRGINITY UNTILL MARRIAGE
 You do not have to worry about pregnancy outside of marriage
You do not have to worry about contracting sexually transmitted diseases such as
HIV
 Because sex involves intense emotions, you will avoid emotional pain when a
relationship ends.
 If your parents ,culture and religion disapprove of sex before marriage, you will
have not to lie about what you are doing
 You will not form habits that could make your future marriage partner think you
are capable of being unfaithful
SUMMARY
 A moral code is a set of rules and beliefs that we live by.
 The Golden rule states that we should treat others as we would like to be treated
 Morals differ from culture to culture
 Values are ideas that people believe to be important
 Our values determine our priorities
 Moral dilemas occur when we have to choose between conflicting sets of
behaviour
 Maintaining positive values is important
 We must decide on our own personal sexual values and stick to them

TOPIC: GROWING UP
 Growing up is not just about physical changes. It includes the following:

Physical Growth
 Body will increase in size and height and various physical changes take place that
will lead to reproductive maturity
Intellectual Growth
 The brain will gather knowledge and develop the ability to understand and reason
Emotional Growth
 Learning to control feelings such as anger, sadness, joy and to think about the
feelings of other people.
Spiritual Growth
 Developing a spiritual relationship with God that becomes stronger and deeper as
one experience more of life
WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE DEVELOP
 People develop through their interactions with people, the environment and God
 We develop by being with people receiving and giving ( this is known as social
growth)
 People develop by using things properly e.g taking care of trees, taking care of
animals and the soil.
 Our relation with God deepens as we mature.
NAMES OF GOD
Language Name Meaning
Tumbuka Ciuta The great rainbow
Muthaski Protector
Mwenevyonse The owner of everything
Mphoski Saviour
Nyamalenga Creator
Bemba Kabuumba Creator
Kapekape Giver
Kikaonde Kalama Wethu Protector
Mbuumbi Creator
Silozi Nyambe He who does not speak
Nyanja Mulengi
Chitonga Leza
PROVERBS ABOUT GOD
 There are many proverbs in Zambian languages about God
Examples
 Bemba: Lesa ta lombanamaalombaumweo (From God you do not ask for meat
but life)
 Kikaonde: Waaja , wateekateembwe ye mwinanyam (Even as you eat, remember
God is the giver)
 Silozi: Sakufanyambetambula (whatever God has given you,accept it)
 Bemba: Lesanikapakapeuupelanabashamwishiba (God gives to everyone, even
those who do not know him.
 Tonga: Lezangunamasandulamazubaaakwe( God changes situations according to
how he wants them to be, because he is the owner of the world)
 Tumbuka: Pala ciutawajulanthoua, kulyewyuwangajalacala. ( when God opens a
door , nobody can close it. This means that when God blesses you no one can
rob you of the blessings)
 Proverbs are taught to children by their elders
TYPES OF GROWTH
 Physical
 Intellectual
 Emotional
 Spiritual
DIFFERENT KINDS OF LIFE
 God is the creator of both living and non-living things
Non-Living Things
 Mountains
 Rivers
 Deserts
Living Things
 Plants
 Animals
 Humans
GROWING UP IN THE FOUR MAIN RELIGIONS OF ZAMBIA
 Growing up in a religion means that you are taught the lessons and beliefs of that
religion from when you are a young child
 You grow in your faith as you grow up physically
CHRISTIANITY (Proverb 22:6)
 Parents should show by the way that they live how they value God’s teachings
as they appear in the Bible
 Parents should share their faith in God with their children.
 Children should be taught that when they give their life to Jesus Christ , they
will have a place in heaven and that God’s love is all forgiving
 Children should learn that one of the responsibilities of being a Christian means
putting God first at all times.
 Children should be taught to put others needs before their own
 Children should be taught to treat people with kindness, respect and love even
when they do not seem to deserve to be treated that way
HINDUISM
Hindu parents have the following responsibilities towards their children:
 Children should believe in God as the creator of the world and the protector of
the family
 Children should believe in heaven where God and the other gods live
 Children should do good. Whatever good they do will return to them in what is
called karma.
 Children should believe that they have a soul that links them to God
 Children should pray to God
 Children should believe that they will be with God one day if they live a good
life
 Children should respect their parents and pray to God to protect their family
 Children should not be cruel to other people or animals or have bad thoughts
about them
 Children should respect the beliefs of others who belong to a different religion.
ISLAM
Muslim parents are told in the Quran that they will be accountable for they way their
children grow up in Islam. Their children have the right to grow up into good Muslim
adults
 Children should be given a good name that reflects Islamic traditions
 Children in the family should be treated fairly
 Children should be taught about Islamic morals and values
 Children should be taught to recite the Quran and to understand how the
teachings of the Quran can help them solve everyday problems
 Children should be taught skills that will enable them to live according to
Islamic law
 Children should be encouraged to have good Islamic role models
 Children should be taught to respect the rights of other people around them
and to do good to others
 Children should be taught to have faith in Allah as the creator an controller of
everything in the world and that Allah is the only one worthy of being
worshiped
 Children have the right to be educated
 Children should be treated with love , understanding and forgiveness
Parents should spend money on their children to provide them with good
upbringing
ZAMBIAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION
 Children learn how to behave from their elders
 Elders teach the children their cultural traditions through stories, myths and
folk stories
 Followers of Z T R must respect their elders and people in authority.
 Honour their ancestors
 Look after the well-being of the community
 Provide for their families
–Describe the importance of self-concept
- As people grow their self-concept and self-image are formed by their
relationships with others and experiences in life
- Self- esteem grows when you are respected, given attention and
affection
- Self-esteem grows when both your successes and failures are
recognised and accepted
- Low self- esteem can cause depression
- You can develop your self-esteem by looking after children or by
helping adults
- Practical ways to develop self-esteem.
- At home: you can offer to help other people, start gardening to raise
school fees, help someone to look after a younger child.
- At school: you can join sports, debate, drama, chess club.
- In the community: you can join clubs that advocate for proper use of
natural resources, protecting government property.
SUMMARY
 People grow physically , intellectually , emotionally and spiritually
 People develop through their relationships with other people, with the world
around them through being with God.
 Human life is different from plant and animal because humans have belief
systems and spiritual life
 The four main religious of Zambia are Christianity , Islam, Hinduism and
African Traditional Religion
 All religious have their own ideas about God
 People grow by developing relationships with others , having life experiences
and being with God
 As people grow their self-concept and self-image are formed by their
relationships with others and experiences in life
 Self- esteem grows when you are respected, given attention and affection
 Self-esteem grows when both your successes and failures are recognised and
accepted
 Low self- esteem can cause depression
 You can develop your self-esteem by looking after children or by helping
adults
TOPIC: LEARNING ABOUT RELIGION
Major Religions In Zambia

- Christianity
- Hinduism
- Islam
- Zambian Tradition
A. CHRIATIANITY
 A religion of the followers of Jesus Christ , the Son of God
 Christians believe in the trinity of God the Father, God the son and God the
Holy Spirit
 Christians believe that God is the creator of all things in the universe
 God is all powerful and all loving
 They believe that God sent Jesus Christ to Earth to serve mankind
B. HINDUISM
 A collection of many different beliefs and ideas
 Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world
BELIEFS
 There is the one absolute God ,Brahman , who takes many forms
 The souls of people are reincarnated in many different forms until the soul is
pure enough to be united with Brahman
 The soul lives and dies and is reborn over and over
 What happens to a person in life is a direct result of the way that a person has
lived and behaved towards others
 Hindu values include truth, honesty and non- violence
C. ISLAM
 Children should be given a good name that reflects Islamic traditions
 Children in the family should be treated fairly
 Parents should spend money in their children to provide them with good
upbringing
 Children should be treated with love, understanding and forgiveness
 Children have the right to be educated
 Children have to be taught to have faith in Allah as the creator and controller
of everything in the world
 They should believe in all 99 names of Allah
 They should be taught to respect the rights of other people around them and
to do good to others
 Children should be encouraged to have good Islamic role models
 Children should be taught to recite a Quran and understand how the
teachings of the Quran can help them solve problems
GROWING UP IN ZAMBIA TRADITION RELIGION
 Children grow up in families where they learn how to behave from elders
 Elders teach them their cultural traditions through stories, myths and folk
stories
They respect their elders and people in authority e.g the village headmen and
chiefs
 They look after the well-being of their communities
 They honour their ancestors
 They provide for their families
WAYS OF LEARNING ABOUT RELIGION
 Seeing and imitating (seeing people at prayer)
 Hearing and repeating (hearing pastors preaching)
 Reading holy scriptures (books)
 They learn also through stories , songs and proverbs

TOPIC: RELIGIOUS SCRIPTURES

Religious Scriptures

- Different religious scriptures

- The Bible
- Quran and Hadith
- Hindu scriptures

Zambian tradition (why there are no scriptures)

Important dates and events in the history of the four religions

HOLY SCRIPTURES
 The holy scripture of a religion are a guide to followers
 They contain the history, traditions of the religion and moral rules
A. THE BIBLE
 Is the Christian scripture
 It is a collection of texts that are called books
 Written by different people who were guided by God
 It is the word of God
 It has two sections namely the old testament and the New testament
 The old testament is about life on earth before Jesus Christ
 The new testament was written 400 years after the old testament
 The new testament covers the life of Jesus Christ and the letters that the
apostles wrote to the early churches
PURPOSE
 The purpose of the bible is to show Christians how they can come to know God
through Jesus Christ
B. THE QURAN AND THE HADITH
THE QURAN
 The Quran is the Muslim holy scripture
 Muhammad was born 570 years after the birth of Jesus
 Muhammad received revelations from God through angel Gabriel
 The revelations were collected and written down in the Quran
 The Quran reveals the lives of the prophets and the creation of heaven and earth
 In the Quran,Muslims are taught what is permissible (Ha laal) and not
permissible (Ha ram)
 How they should live as good Muslims
 There are rewards and punishments that await them in heaven
 Muslims believe that the Quran comes from God (Allah)
THE HADITH
 Is a record of the sayings of the prophet Muhammad
 It is the second most important book in Islam
 Religious laws are learnt from the Hadith
 It gives Muslimsguidance on moral issues
C.HINDU SCRIPTURES
 They are grouped into ‘Shruti’ and ‘Smriti’
 Shruti scriptures are made up of sacred writings called the Vedas and
Upanishads
 Vedas means knowledge
 There are 108 Upanishads
 Smitri Scriptures are made up of stories and epic poems
 Smitri are the holy teachings and practices of the wise men of long ago
 The Bhagavad Gita is the best known Hindu scripture. It is the song of the lord
 The Bhagavad Gita is made up of the original story, religious laws, tales and
traditions
D.ZAMBIAN TRADITION RELIGION
 It has no founder
 It has no written holy scriptures
 Teachings are passed on orally by priests and elders

TOPIC: THE BIBLE

 The word ‘Bible’ comes from the Greek word ‘Biblia’ which means books.
 The Bible is divided into chapters and verses
 The books of the bible are divided into the old and new testament
 Bishop Steven Langston divided the bible into chapters
 The Old testament is about the agreement between God and the Israelites
(Jews)
 The new Testament is about the agreement between God and all people
 It is a guide to Christians about their beliefs
PARTS OF THE BIBLE
 The old testament contains 39 books
 The new testament contains 27 books
 The word ‘ Testament’ means agreement or covenant between God and his
people
ORIGIN OF THE JEWISH SCRIPTURE
 The books of the Old Testament form the ‘Written Torah’, which is part of
the Jewish Holy scriptures.
 The written Torah is also known as the Tanakh.

Jews divide the written Torah into:
 The law (Torah)
 The prophets (Nevin)
 The Writings ( Ketuvim)
 The oral Torah explains the meaning of the scriptures of the written Torah
and the how the laws should be followed
 The other name for the oral Torah is the Talmud
THE OLD TESTAMENT BOOKS
1. BOOKS OF LAW: There are five books of law. They are called Pentateuch or
Torah, these are Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, Leviticus and Deuteronomy.
2. HISTORY BOOKS: These are Joshua, Judges, Ruth , Samuel, Kings,
Chronicals, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Obit and Macceateus
3. WISDOM BOOKS: These are proverbs and Eccelesiastes
4. BOOKS OF POETRY AND HYMNS: These are job and Psalms.
THE NEW TESTAMENT
 The books of the New testament are the earliest writings by Christians, the
followers of Jesus Christ
 They were written between 50AD and 150 AD
There are two kinds of books in the new Testament:
 The Gospels are the books that contain the stories about Jesus’ life and the
beginning of the Christian church
 The remaining books are the book of Acts, which describes the work of the
apostles; a number of letters in which the apostles Paul, John, Peter, Jude
and James give advice, teaching and encouragement to the early Christian
churches; and the book of revelation which is the prophecy about the future
 The new testament begins with the birth of Jesus Christ
 The new testament is about the agreement between God and his people
 The writings of the new testament were not just for the Israelites but
were aimed at people of all nations and races, Jews and non-Jews
 the new testament is a guide to all Christians about their belief in Jesus Christ

GOSPELS

The Gospel means good news about Jesus Christ

There are Four gospel books written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John

The purpose of the Gospels is to teach people about the new laws of God that
replaced the laws of the old testament
GOSPEL OF MARK
 Was written to inform the Romans who were the leaders and valued action,
power and not religion
GOSPEL OF MATTHEW
 Was written to inform the Jews about Jesus
GOSPEL OF LUKE
 Was written to inform the Greeks who valued the pursuit of truth
DISAGREEMENTS OVER THE SCRIPTURES
 There are disagreements over the scriptures because:
 Different people wrote accounts of Jesus’s life
 The new testament was written over a period of 150 years
 The books of the new testament were written for different
audiences
Today, the Bible has been translated into over 2000
different languages, so that most of the people could read it

- TOPIC: CHOICES AND TALENTS

- Unchosen circumstance are Circumstances or conditions in our lives that
we have no control over like choosing parents, gender, race etc. We have
to deal with such circumstances because we are not able to deal with
them.
- On the other hand are Circumstances or conditions in our lives that we
have control over are called Chosen circumstances, e.g., our friends,
marriage, career, jobs, hobbies, type of clothes and activities we do in our
spare time.
There are three steps involved when making choices. These are see, judge
and Act
 SEE: We need to use our five senses to identify our options
 JUDGE: We need to evaluate the options and make a choice
 ACT: We need to make a choice and take action
CENTRAL TEACHING ON CHOICES
CHRISTIANITY
 Love God and love your neighbour
ISLAM
 Complete obedience to God and live as brothers
HINDUISM
 To be free from all selfishness and evil desires
ZAMBIAN TRADITION
 Respect for everybody and to be at peace with people
WHY JESUS CHOSE TO BE BAPTISED
 He wanted to show people publicly that he accepted the work which his
father had given him to do on earth.
 He wanted his life to be an example for people to follow
 Jesus’ baptism was important because God confirmed to the whole world
that Jesus was the Son of God (Read Luke 3:21-22)
THE TWO FORMS OF BAPTISM
 By dipping the person in water. Mostly practiced by protestants churches
 By sprinkling water on the person. Mostly practiced by Catholics

THREE FUNCTIONS OF BAPTISM

A. Baptism cleanses a person’s original sin
B. Baptism makes a person a child of God
C. Baptism makes a person a member of the church
 The baptism of Jesus meant that he did accept his accept mission to teach
people about God (Matthew 3:13-17)
 The most important choice for Jesus was to do the will of God.
TALENTS
 A talent is a special ability to do something well
 A gift from God
 Developed by trying to do many things
 Lost by not practicing often
PEOPLE WHO CAN HELP US VS DEVELO AND DISCOVED OUR
TALENTS
 Our family members
 Our teachers at school
 Our friends whom we play with
 Other people who are talented

SUMMARY
 We have a choice about some circumstances in our lives, such as our friends,
marriage partner and career
 We do not have a choice about other circumstances in our lives, such as who
our parents are and what Gender and race we are
 Religious leaders guide their followers on how to make choices that conform to
the teachings of their religion.

TOPIC: COMPETITION
Competition: is an event or situation in which people are competing to do better than
others.
ADVANTAGES
 Competition helps us fulfil our ambitions
 Competition can make you work harder
 Competition helps us to use our talents fully and share them with others
 Competition helps us to strive for better performance
DISADVANTAGES
 Winners become proud
 It leads to individualism
 Losers become discouraged and feel hopeless
 Losers become jealous of the winners
 It promotes greediness e.g some people want to have everything to themselves
 It promotes classes in society
 It promotes hatred and enemity between groups of people

COMPETITION IN ZAMBIAN TRADITION

 People compete in composing songs, having more cattle, in hunting, farming
and disciplining children
 Cooperation was encouraged while competition was discouraged.
WHAT IS COOPERATION?
 Cooperation means working together toward a common good in competition
LEVELS OF COOPERATION
 Economically- When you have a common goal of saving money
 Nationally- when their common goal is to achieve something for their money
 Ecumenically – when they work together as a group to spread religious
teachings
 Internationally – when they work together as humans to conserve and protect
Earth and its natural resources.
ADVANTAGES OF COOPERATION
1) Cooperation fosters unity and harmony
2) Working together gets things done in good time
3) Working together produces good results
4) Cooperation stimulates development
DISADVATANGES OF COOPERATION
1) People in the group tend to be lazy when working together
2) Bamukolwengabafulaubushikutabucabwangu

RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS ON COOPEARATION

ZAMBIAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION
 Cooperation is encouraged than competition
 Cooperation was seen in dances, songs and proverbs
 Cooperation is encouraged because of wanting to live in harmony
EXAMPLES OF COOPERATION IN ZAMBIAN SOCIETIES
 Building houses
 Herding cattle
 Growing food crops
 Fishing and hunting
 Decorating houses
 Dancing and singing
CHRISTIANITY
 Christian teaching place importance on love for one another#
 Christians believe people should be of service to others such as by:
 Feeding the hungry
 Clothing and sheltering the homeless
 Welcoming strangers
 Visiting people in hospitals and prisons

COOPERATION IN ISLAM
 Muslims help the lives of needy people through almsgiving
 Muslims observe ‘Muwasaat’ which means they should feel sympathy , kindness
and concerns of others
 God does not love the proud , boastful and selfish people
COOPERATION IN HINDUISM
 ‘There is more joy in doing one’s duty but doing someone else’s duty brings fear.’
( Bhagavad Gita)
 Develop talents that you were born for, and that work is a way to serve God and
other people
 Work is worship and that always do something for the benefit of others without
selfish motives

TRUST
 Trust is a belief that someone does not want to harm you and that they will keep
their promises
 Trust is needed for healthy competition and cooperation
 Trust is earned and not automatically given
 Trust is an important part of all relationships
RELATIONSHIPS OF TRUST OCCUR BETWEEN:
 Medical professionals and their patients
 Teachers and their learners
 Drivers and passengers
 Traders and Buyers
 Husbands and wives
TRUST IN THE BIBLE
Read (Mark 6:1-6) JESUS IS NOT TRUSTED
 Jesus was not trusted by his own people
 They doubted him
 The result of their mistrust was that Jesus could not perform miracles
Read (Acts 9:26-29) PAUL IS NOT TRUSTED
 His former name was Saul
 He used to make tents for his survival
 He persecuted and killed all those who believed in Jesus Christ
 On his way to Damascus , he met Jesus
 His name was changed to Paul
 Paul was not trusted because he used to kill Christians
 In Jerusalem , the apostles failed to believe that Paul had changed his behaviour
 Even after Barnabas’ explanation, people did not accept him

TOPIC: DIVISON, SIN AND FORGIVENESS

Causes of Division Between People
 Selfishness
 Jealousy
 Pride
 Exploitation
 Poor leadership
 Tribalism
 Greed
 Theft
 Deceit
 Favouritism
 Corruption
 Discrimination
Countries Fight Over:
 Resources such as land, oil and minerals
 Suspicion and mistrust
 Religious beliefs , ideology and economic systems
DIVISION IN THE EARLY CHRISTAIN CHURCH
Letters to churches in the New Testament teach that division between Christians
resulted because:
 Others did not believe in God and Christ (2 Corinthians 6:14-17)
 Some Christians did not behave appropriately (1 Corinthians 5:1-2, 9-11)
 They followed different leaders (1 Corinthians 1:11-13)
 They had different teachings about God and Jesus ( John 2:7-11)
EXAMPLES OF DIVISIONS AT THE TIME OF JESUS
JEWS AND GENTILES
 Anyone who was not a Jew was a Gentile
 Jews believed that they were chosen from God, so they distanced themselves from
non-Jews
JEWS AND SAMARITANS
 Pure blood Jews hated Samaritans because they did not accept some of the Jewish
customs and beliefs
 Samaritans were disobedient and unfaithful to God
 They followed a different religion
 They had their own temple and married non-Jews.
ROMANS AND JEWS
 Jews hated Romans because they forced the Jews to obey and practice the Roman
religion and to pay tax
JEWS AND TAX COLLECTORS
 Tax collectors were hated because they collected taxes on behalf of the Romans
 They enriched themselves by overcharging tax payers
JEWS AND LEPERS
 Leprosy (A skin disease) was thought to be a sign of punishment for one’s sins
 Lepers were regarded as unclean by the Jews
 Lepers were excluded from the community by the Jews
JEWS AND SINNERS
 Sinners such as prostitutes were looked down upon by Jews who obeyed God’s
laws strictly
 Sinners were considered to be unclean and so they were avoided
SITUATIONS WHERE JESUS OVER CAME DIVISION
 Jesus overcame division by being open and by being brave

Jesus was expected to stay away from sinners , tax collectors , Romans ,Gentiles
and Lepers and to treat Samaritans as enemies
EXAMPLES
 Jesus helped a Roman officer by healing his servant (Mat 8:5-13)
 Jesus talked with a Samaritan Woman (John 4:6-9)
 Jesus healed a leper (Luke 5:12-13)
 Jesus socialised (ate and drank ) with a Tax Collector (Luke 5:27-50)

OVERCOMING DIVISION AND HATRED IN THE FOUR RELIGIONS

CHRISTIANITY
 Christians teach that we should love our enemies and pray for those who
persecute us (Matthew 5:39-47)
ISLAM
 Islam teaches the repayment of evil deeds with a good deed
 The Quran say, ‘ Repay evil deeds with good deeds and the person who is your
enemy will become your dearest friend’.
HINDUISM
 Give blessings in return for blows and insults
 The Vedas states that do not repay a blow or an insult by insult, do not cheat a
person who has cheated you
 MAHATMA GANDHI said, ‘ Religion is defended only by the holiness and good
deeds of its followers and not by quarrels.
SIN
 The wrong things done by people
 A result of people’s inability to love one another completely
CHRISTIANITY
 Sin is the disobedience of God’s commandments.
 Sin is caring more about oneself than about God and others
ISLAM
 Sin is disobeying Allah and the Quran
 Sin is turning away from Allah and no longer being a Muslim
ZAMBIAN TRADITION
 Sin is neglecting spirits, offending spirits and engaging in witchcraft
HINDUISM
 Sin is greed, selfishness and caring more about material things and other people
than God
 Sin is a result of people’s failure to understand because they are temporary
 ‘Evil is always found where there is no knowledge of God’, (Vedas)
FORGIVENESS
 To forgive is to have or to show mercy and compassion
 To let go anger and hatred or to cancel the debt
 Everyone needs to forgive and be forgiven so that there can be conciliation with
God
STEPS NEEDED FOR FORGIVENESS
 CONFESSION: admitting wrong things done
 REPENTANCE: being sorry for the wrong things done
 PENANCE: accepting a punishment , paying back, replacing what has been taken
or destroyed
 FORGIVENESS: receiving forgiveness from offended person
CHRISTIAN TEACHINGS ON FORGIVENESS
BIBLE TEXTS (Read)
 Luke 17:1-4 – this passage teaches Christians that they need God’s guidance to
rebuke another for sinning and to help them to come to repentance
 Matthew 18:21- 35 – this is the parable of the unmerciful servant. This passage
encourages Christians to forgive whole heartedly and bear no grudges
 Matthew 6:9-11 – the lord’s prayer teaches us that we must forgive others in the
same way that God forgives us our sins
 Luke 12:57-59 - Christians must show love and forgiveness to an offender without
demanding their rights each time they are offended
FORGIVENESS IN ISLAM
 A kind word with forgiveness is better than kindness followed by insults
 God is forgiving
 One who is forgiven by the person he has offended must still be prosecuted
according to the law and must pay the offended person.
FORGIVENESS IN HINDUISM
 ‘When sin is confessed , it becomes less because it becomes the truth’ (Vedas)
 ‘A clean confession, combined with a promise never to sin again is true
repentance’. (Mahatma Gandhi)

TOPIC: LEARNING AND TRUTH

 There are two ways of learning i.e guided learning and unguided learning
 Guided learning is learning by observation, watching and imitating what others
are doing
LEARNING IN THE DIFFERENT RELIGIONS
CHRISTIANITY
 Jesus gave the disciples guided learning through direct teaching
 He also taught them through unguided learning when they watched , welcome
sinners and rebuke bad leaders
HINDUISM
 Hindus favours unguided learning which is done by observing the Guru
 The Guru teaches through riddles and parables
ISLAM
 Favours guided learning
 This is learning and doing what the Quran says is important
 Learning from people is not important because Allah has given direct guided
learning in the Quran.
WAYS IN WHICH A STATEMENT CAN BE TRUE
 Truths can be proved by evidence
 Emotionally true, which means the statement expresses true feelings and
emotions
Opinions or belief which refers to a statement that a person considers to be true,
but that may or may not be factually true
 To find out the truth, we must differentiate between facts, opinions and beliefs
TRUTH IN THE DIFFERENT BELIEF SYSTEMS
CHRISTIANITY
 The Holy Bible is the true word of God
 The presence of the Holy Spirit is in daily life
 The testimony of created things is in nature
HINDUISM
 Brahman is the only reality and the only truth
ISLAM
 The Holy Quran is the standard of truth and it encourages scientific research
ZAMBIAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION
 Truth is known by elders who have wisdom from their life experience
MODERN SCIENCE
 Truth is determined through observation and through experience
PREJUDICE
 Prejudice means judging a person or thing in advance
 We are prejudiced if we judge before we know all the facts
 Prejudice is not acceptable and must be overcome
GRADE NINE 9 RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

TOPIC: FREEDOM AND COMMUNITY

State different teachings on freedom.

What is freedom?

Freedom means being able to decide for yourself what you will do
Being able to do what you want, instead of being told what to do by another person
It means security to everyone and equal chances in life

FREEDOM IN CONFLICTS

In any society or community, a nation, a family or a school, the freedoms of

different individuals crash
E.g Musonda’s freedom to shout at Bwalya clashes with Chanda’s
freedom to study without being disturbed
Mr. Banda’s freedom to spend his salary on beer clashes with his
children’s freedom from Hunger
FACTORS THAT MAKE FREEDOM POSSIBLE:

People’s ability to communicate ( more literacy books, news papers, radio,

T.V, letters, telephones, knowing each other’s languages)
People’s successes in solving problems of time, distances and space. (Morden
methods of transport such as motor vehicles and air craft, modern cities)
People’s ability to organise their societies as they want them to be (people
gaining power through political parties and trade unions and cooperatives)
The development of science and technology (improved health, improved food
supplies and storage, better housing and clothing for more people)
FREEDOM AND LAWS

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREEDOM AND LAWS

At times there is a clash of freedoms e.g Chanda’s freedom to relax by playing

music, and Peter’s freedom to sleep after working on the night shift
Good laws help us to live more fully and freely
What you do in order to express your freedom might be destructive to the
environment you live in. e.g your freedom to grow crops should not make you cut
trees anyhow as this will destroy forests which in turn might cause you to suffer due to
droughts.
Rules and laws can help you to keep the environment
FREEDON IN THE BIBLE

THE BIBLE

It has laws which guide Christians to respect other people’s freedom

The laws are known as the Ten Commandments
The Ten Commandments express deep human values which come from the
hearts of Christians
These values include honesty, respect for others, fidelity and reverence for life
Reverence means having great respect for God

FREEDOM IN ISLAM

Muslims believe that God has given people a divine gift, freedom. This gift can be
used correctly or used badly like all God’s other gifts
Rumi , a great Muslim poet, explains it as battle within each person
God sent the prophets to show man the correct way, the five pillars of Islam and the
Shariah law
STATE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN IDEAL AND A REAL COMMUMITY

Differences between real and ideal community (1 Corinthians 12:14-20,21,24-

26)
You must contribute what you can to the whole community (Verse 14 -20)
You must be respected and cared for by all the other members (verses 22-24)
In order to protect the freedom of all the members within the community,
st
Christians follow the principles stated in 1 Corinthians 12:14-26
Ideal community

 An ideal community is something that is thought of as being perfect or

perfect example of community

 It can also mean as something existing only in ideas or an actual

community of standard for imitation

Characteristics of an ideal community

 Each member must contribute what he/she can to the whole community

 Each member must be respected and cared for by all the other members

 More respect and care must be shown to the weaker members

 Importance of ideal community according to apostle Paul:

Paul tells the Christians at Corinth that they should be a community like;

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 A human body (1 Corinthians 12:14-26)

 The scripture from Paul teaches us three (3) things;

 Each member contributes what he can to the whole community

 Each member must be respected and cared for by all other members

More care and respect

THE REAL COMMUNITY

A real community is a group where the freedoms of each member and of all
the members are respected
Each member cares for all the other members
Each member receives what he needs
Each member contributes what he can

TOPIC: AUTHORITY AND LEADERSHIP

AUTHORITY

It is a right some people have to make decisions, to organise, to man and

enforce them
Factors that hinder proper use of authority:

Corruption
Disrespect of people]
Getting to position not on merit
Lack of leadership qualities
Nepotism

 Leadership: achieving objectives through followers

Types of leadership

- Political
- Civic
- Traditional
- Religious
- Inherited
- Divine

LEADERSHIP IN THE FOUR RELIGIONS

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CHRISTIANITY: BIBLE TEXT

Read:
Deuteronomy 17:15-20
Psalm 72:12-14
Ezekiel 34:2-4
Mark 10: 42-45
Luke 22: 24-27
John 14:3-15
Mathew 12:17-20

LEADERSHIP IN THE OLD TESTAMENT

Deuteronomy

The king was chosen and appointed by God

The King was not supposed to have many wives
The king was not supposed to make himself rich
The king was supposed to have a copy of God’s law and teachings

Psalms 72:12-14

The king rescues the poor, helps the needy and those neglected from
oppression and violence
The king has pity on the weak and the poor

Ezekiel 34:2-4

God commanded the kings and shepherd of Israel because:

They took care of themselves and never attended to the sheep

They did not take care of the poor and the sick
They treated the poor in a cruel way

LEADERSHIP IN THE NEW TESTAMENT

The model of a good leader in the New Testament is Jesus. He is the servant of all the people
and a good shepherd to all. As a leader Jesus was sent for the weak, the poor and the
oppressed
John 14:3-15 (Jesus was a Servant)

Jesus washed the feet of his apostles

Peter tries to refuse but Jesus insisted saying that if he is not washed then he is
not part of the group
By washing their feet, Jesus showed that the leader must be a humble person
and be of service to others

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Luke 22:24-27

There was an argument among the apostles about who was the greatest among
them
Jesus concluded that the greatest among you must be the youngest and the
leader among you must be the servant
HINDUISM

Traditional Hindu leaders were the High Priest and were religious leaders
The great kings in ancient India used to take great advice from great Sages or
wise one
The wise teachers were the real leaders of society. Their principles were
simple, living and high thinking. They had thoughts above all earthly possessions.
Spiritual goals of high standard were the aim of their leadership
In modern India, Mahatma Gandhi could be considered as such a leader
All public figures in India respected him as a leader
Sacrifice, devotion, the welfare of the common people and the establishment
of truth are the basic aims of Hindu leadership.
ISLAM

Administration in an Islamic state in under an Amir or chief. He should have

the confidence of the majority for his knowledge of Islam and should show a fear of
God and have leadership qualities
The Amir is assisted by an advisory council called Shura. He administers the
country with their advice
The citizens have the right to criticise the Amir, and he has to give up his
office if he loses his confidence
The Ayatollahs are the religious leaders. They teach the Quran to the people
and are allowed much freedom in interpreting its exact meaning. They have great
influence and many of them are also political leaders
Among the Suuni, a sect, there is strong sense of community. They believe
that their traditions are the only ideas which have come from God
However they say that Muhammad taught tolerance, so they have adopted a
strong spirit of cooperation and accept the fact of differing ideas in Islam
ZAMBIAN TRADITION

The leader looks after the interest of the community

A leader demands special treatment because of his position
Leaders get into power through inheritance and consensus
Leaders are a fountain of knowledge and wisdom
In TZ community there are leaders or specialists who plays a special part in
the traditional religion

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TYPES OF LEADERSHIP

Democratic leaders
Dictators
Monarchy
God fearing

PURPOSE OF LEADERSHIP

They are needed to coordinate the people they lead

Help in setting up laws and regulations that govern a society
Bring positive change in the lives of people
Give courage and also help the community to move in the right direction
They guide the society in achieving what the community at the particular time

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LEADER

Must always have a common goal to be pursued

Must know what is to be done and how to achieve
Must inspire others to follow it in order to achieve certain goals
Leadership is about leading, not ruling
Must create room to delegate responsibilities
Must always say the truth and must be straight forward
Must listen to them and pays attention to their needs

THE IMPORTANCE OF LAWS AND RULES IN THE COMMUNITY

COMMUNITIES AND GROUP OF PEOPLE NEED LAWS AND RULES TO:

Control the selfishness and greediness of the members

Protect the freedom of each member to receive what he needs and to develop
fully
Coordinate the members so that they are working together to achieve the aim
of the group
SOURCES OF LAWS AND RULES

At school
A member of parliament
A policeman
A referee of a soccer match
A town mayor
The Quran
The teacher in school
The Ten Commandment

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The general manager of a company

TOPIC : AMBITIONS AND HOPE

Explain Ambition

An ambition is what someone plans and wants to do in the future

THREE TYPES OF AMBITIONS

Short Term – e.g We want to win the match on Saturday

Medium Term – e.g I am studying hard in order to be selected to grade 10
Long Term – e.g when I complete school, I would like to go and study
medicine
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE AMBITION

When you study hard

When you practice or spend many hours practicing

HOPE

Hope means the belief that something good is ahead

TWO TYPES OF HOPE

Realistic Hope: is based on good reasons to trust and believe that your hope
will be fulfilled
Unrealistic Hope: is when a person is just dreaming when there is no chance
that such hopes will never come true
RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS ON HOPE

THE HOPE OF CHRISTIANITY

Luke 12:16-21, 12:22-34, Psalms 62

ISLAM:

THE HOPE OF ISLAM

Muslims think about what they would like to be in the future

They must be faithful servants of God before everything else
The Muslims expresses his trust and faith in God by accepting all that happens
as God’s will, set by God.
VOCATION

It is a calling to do God’s work

It is the occupation to which an individual is specially, attracted to.

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Occupation one is the best suited for and has both the talent and qualification
to do.
TYPES OF VOCATION

Teachers
Nurses
Farmers
Carpenters
Policeman
Engineers

TOPIC: FRIENDSHIP, LOVE AND MARRIAGE

FRIENDSHIP:

Who is your friend?

A person whom you like very much, trust, share secrets with, enjoy being with
and respect
Any person you know who is not your enemy
A person you have sex with who is not your marriage partner

CONDITIONS OF TRUE FRIENDSHIP

Trust and love

RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS ON FRIENDSHIP:

CHRISTIANITY (OLD TESTAMENT)

1 Samuel 18:19-20
Ruth 1:1-17
Mathew 16:21-23
Mark 14:18
John 14:13-15

HINDUISM TEACHING ON FRIENDSHIP

The Rig Veda

The one who helps a passer-by when asked makes that passer-by a friend for
days to come
ISLAM TEACHING ON FRIENDSHIP

The Quran

All believers are brothers

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Be at peace with all brothers and make peace among them

LOVE

Meanings of love

Love is a feeling
Love is a decision
Love grows and matures
Love shares
True love is based on responsible friendship

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LOVE AND INFATUATION

TYPES OF LOVE
1. Parental love: love between parents and children.
2. Filial: love between children and parents.
3. Civic: love among people not related but based on mutual respect and
common interests.
4. Marital: love between husband and wife.
5. Creaturely: love between people and God
6. Agape: A God kind of love between God and People

FACTORS PROMONTING LOVE

Spiritual
Social
Emotional
Physical

Factors Hindering love

Hatred
Jealousy
Fighting
Laziness
Quarrelling
Disunity

RELIGIOUS TEACHING ON LOVE

CHRISTIANITY-TEACHING ON LOVE

Mathew 22:37-39

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Luke 10:27-37- the story of a good Samaritan
Mark 8:34-35
1 Corinthians 13:4-8

ISLAM (HADITH) TEACHING ON LOVE

All human beings are the sons and daughters of Adam and Eve. God loves the
person who loves the human beings
HINDUISM (THE MAHABHARATA) TEACHING ON LOVE

Do nothing to others which if done would cause you pain

True righteousness is to treat other people as you wish to be treated
Factors that hinder the expression of love

 Greed
 Selfishness
 Unfaithfulness

MARRIAGE

 Legal union between man and woman for love and to have a family.

Types of marriages

 Polygamy (more than one wife).

 Monogamy (one wife, one husband).

QUALITIES OF A GOOD HUSBANDB AND WIFE

QUALITIES OF A GOOD HUSBAND

Must be faithful and honest

Must be trust worthy
Should be sociable and able to share with his wife, family, friends his money
and food
Should be a loving and willing man to love his wife and children
Should be a God fearing man
Must protect and respect his wife
Should be healthy and not having chronic diseases

QUALITIES OF A GOOD WIFE

Must submit to her husband as a leader and head of a house

Must be faithful
Must love her husband , children ,relatives and children

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Must be able to produce children
Must be very hardworking (proverbs 31:10-31)
Must respect and be able to adopt the culture of the husband
Should be in good health
Should be attractive, very neat and well organised

RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS ON MARRIAGE

CHRISTIANITY TEACHING ON MARRIAGE

Genesis 1- 26-28

 Then God said,’ And now we will make human beings, they will have power over the fish
, the birds and all animals, domestic fall animals, large and small’. So God created human
beings, making them to be like himself, he created them male and female and blessed
them
 . Christianity-An expression of true love and real friendship between man
and woman. Children are a blessing from God (1Corinthians 7:3-4).

HINDUISM TEACHING ON MARRIAGE

The Law of Manu states:

In her childhood a girl should be under the will of her father, in her youth, she
would be under the rule of her husband and her old age, she would be under the rule
of her sons
Where women are not respected, prayers and sacrifices to God are often
useless
ISLAM TEACHING ON MARRIAGE

Quran states:

 ‘Oh man kind, verily we have created you from a single (pair) of a male and female.’

Islam-Marriage is a commitment to life, society and dignified meaningful

survival of human race.

Hinduism-Marriage is a strong bond between two families whose

purpose is pro-creation and creation of family between men and
women partnership.

Zambian tradition- Marriage is not between two people but

between two families. Procreation is key to the sustenance of the
marriage.

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CAUSES OF MARITAL DIFFERENCES

Unfaithfulness
Cheating
Dishonesty
Unemployment
Selfishness and greed

EFFECTS OF UNFAITHFUNESS IN MARRIAGE

Diseases
Divorce
Death
In case of orphans and street kids

TOPIC: SUFFERING AND DEATH

SUFFERING
 Suffering: Experience of pain or severe discomfort

 Undergoing unpleasant or traumatic experiences.

 Death: Cessation of vital functions required to keep an organism alive;
when physical life comes to an end.
 Bereavement: Death of a close relative or friend.

Effects of death

 On the bereaved: Deprives family of bread winner, brings sorrow, orphans

On society: creates sorrow, Deprives society of skilled manpower and

dependable members of society.

REACTIONSS TO SUFFERING AND DISAPPOINTMENTS

Become moody and angry

Blame others and distrust them too
Get lonely and shut themselves from other people
Resort to crying
Resort to taking alcohol
Seek for counselling from professional counsellors

EFFECTS OF DEATH

Poverty in the family

Increase of orphans in the family

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Increase of street kids
Malnourished children increase because of lack of food
Poor performance of children in class
Diseases increase

WAYS OF COMFORTING PEOPLE

Show love to them as we stand with them

Give the sick people hope that they will recover
Visit their homes and provide help whenever possible
Pray with them and give them a word of encouragement

RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS ON SUFFERING, DEATH AND LIFE AFTER DEATH

CHRISTIANITY
 Suffering came as a result of disobedience (Genesis 3:16-19) Adam and Eve disobeyed
God. They were both punished by God and God cast them out of the garden of Eden. This
was the beginning of suffering and disappointments in the life of human beings.
Eventually death came in.
 – Suffering comes as Punishment for sin Deu8:15-24
 Discipline HEB12:5-11
 -Testing or purifying people’s faith.(1st peter 1:6-7)

(Deut. 8:15-24, Hebrews 12:5-11, 1 peter 1:6-7)

In Christianity respect for the dead is very important

JESUS’ REACTION TO SUFFERING

(Mark 3:20-22, 14:22, 15:37)

He was always strong in his faith

He never hit back to his enemies
He never showed panic or despair, through his time for arrest was drawing
near
He was always praying to God his father
During his trial and suffering, Jesus was quiet. HINDUISM: IDEAS ABOUT LIFE
AFTER DEATH:

Hindus believe in the series of re-incarnation and final releases when they are
united with Brahman
Hindus believe that a person’s body is perishable while the spirit is permanent
Re-incarnation is the rebirth of one’s spirit. It is also called Samsord

MUSLIM TEACHING ABOUT LIFE AFTER DEATH ACCORDING TO THE

QURAN
 Suffering comes from God who has all power
 Life after death. Belief in life after death for the righteous.

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 Rise from the dead.

Reward the just.-punish unbelievers

Everyone has to die and test death
After death, one goes back to Allah
Allah will reward his believers and punish unbelievers
Mankind is rewarded , judged after death for their bad or good deeds
 There is judgement after death-

Zambian tradition: Suffering comes for neglecting spirits/witch craft

 Life after death
 -When a person dies the spirit of the person still lives on.

PREPARING FOR DEATH

Some people leave a written will

Some give instructions and delegate on how to handle certain business

RESPECT FOR THE DEAD IN ZAMBIA

There is often public mourning through which people express their sorrow for
a deceased person
A funeral in Zambia is a community affair therefore all responsible people are
expected to attend it
The dead is given a decent burial, if one is a Muslim or a Christian, religious
leaders are invited to lead the service
Even after the burial, those who are living continue to give respect to the dead
by taking care of the graves
Preparing for death
Respect for the dead
• Emotional preparation
• Physical preparation
How people show respect for the dead in Zambia
• Attend funeral.
• Stand still by the road side
• Give praise to the dead person
• Declaring national mourning/wearing black clothes.
LIFE AFTER DEATH IN CHRISTIANITY

(Isaiah 14:9-11, Psalms 16:9-10, Daniel 12:2, Acts 23:6)

HINDUISM

Hindus believe that the soul of a person does not die because it is part of the
great soul Braham

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Moksha is the freedom from being into another body
If the soul has not achieved moksha, it must be born again into another form of
life. If a person who lived a good life dies, the soul will be born into a better person
while the soul of a bad person will be born into a lower class or even into a dog
Hindus usually burn the bodies of the dead person in order to free the soul
from the body so that the soul gets united with Brahman. The act of burning the body
is called cremation
ISLAM

Muslims like Christians believe in the resurrection of the body and the last
judgment. The Quran says,’The righteous shall surely live in happiness but the wicked
shall burn in hell fire upon the judgement day.’
ZAMBIAN TRADITION

The following is what African tradition teaches about life and death

The spirit of the dead person lives on and remains part of the community
Spirits of the dead person has power to help and arm the living things
The spirit of the witch or wizard may continue troubling people
The spirit of a person who lived a good life on earth continues to give help and
brings blessings to the community
MARTYRS IN AFRICA
People who died for their faith in something are known as martyrs.
Examples:
1. Charles Lwanga of Uganda who was killed with more than 30 other men in 1986.
-They died joyfully whilst singing hymns and praying
2.Bernard Mizeki from Mozambique who was killed in Zimbabwe in 1896
3.Manche Masemora, a young girl from South Africa who was killed in 1928 for
becoming a Christian against the wishes of her parents
4.Yona Kanamuyezi from Burundi was killed in 1864 for helping refuges of both
sides

TOPIC: PRAYER AND RELIGION

RELIGION

Religion means or is the way people express their understanding of the

meaning of life
It is through religion that different communities or individuals relate with the
spiritual world
PRAYER

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Prayer may be words or actions or gifts
Prayer is communication between people and that greater life
For Muslims that greater life is the one God
For Christians , it is the trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit
For Hindus , it is Brahman
In Zambian traditional life, it is the creator God and the Spirits.

TYPES OF PRAYERS

There are three kinds of prayers

Private Prayer: is when a person alone communicates with God, or the spirits
or Brahman
Community Prayer: this is when people meet together to worship and pray
Prayer of Action: this is when express their religion in their everyday life
through their behaviour and attitudes towards other people
JESUS TEACHING ON PRAYER

Jesus taught his disciples to pray in private (Mathew 6:6)

He taught them to pray not only with words but also by their actions (Mathew
7:21)
Taught them to continue to share bread and wine in memory of him (1
Corinthians 1:23-25)
He taught this followers how to pray (Mathew 6:9-13)
He taught them that God would always answer their prayers (Luke 1:5-8)
Jesus taught his disciples to be humble when they prayed, not to boast to God,
but asking for forgiveness (Luke 18:10-14)

MUSLIM PRAYER
Every Muslim must worship God five times every day, sunrise, midday,
afternoon, in the evening and before going to sleep
Before praying a Muslim must wash his face, hands, arms and feet
A Muslim prays with his feet covered and his feet bare
He prays facing Mecca
The midnight prayers on Friday are held at a mosque

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

Believing and the stating God is most great. There is no one except God.
Muhammad is the Prophet
Praying five times a day
Helping the poor
Fasting in the month of Ramadan
Going on pilgrimage to Mecca

Bernard Tito. 0974896855. [email protected] 34

HINDU PRAYER

In Hinduism prayer is by the individual, not by a congregation

No rules about how to pray or how to worship
The holy word, OM is often used in Hindu prayer
Many Hindus use images and idols or objects to help them in prayer
Diwali a Hindu festival which is held in October or November lasts for four
days
Diwali means group of lights
Diwali is a feast of the goddess Lakshmi, the wife of the god Vishu.

Zambian tradition- Prayer is offered to family spirits of ancestors for healing.

Territorial spirits for rain and good crop.

Bernard Tito. 0974896855. [email protected] 35