Hindu literature

Hindu is a direct descendant of Sanskrit, in addition to Pankrit and Apabhramsha. Hindi has
been influenced and enriched by languages such as Turkish, Persian, Arabic, Portuguese,
English and Dravidian languages. It is a very expressive language that does not need special
terminology to convey emotions. It is also valid for scientific reasoning.
The Hindu literary tradition is basically oral and verse. Prose arrived later on the literary scene,
the first recognized work being the fantasy novel Chandrakanta, written by Devaki Nandan
Khatri. The earliest works were written to be sung or recited, and were passed down orally for
generations before being collected; so many of them could have been written centuries before
the date of publication.
The medieval period (Bhakti Kaal)
In medieval Hindu literature, many poets wrote in dialects such as Brij-bhasha and Avadhi, most
of the works were very long epic poems, so it is considered that literature developed in these
languages. This period of literature is marked by the influence of the Hindu Bhakti movement.
Bhakti poetry has two schools: the nirguna school that believed in a formless or abstract God,
and the saguna school that believed in a God with attributes and devotee of the reincarnations of
Vishnu.
Ritikavya Kaal
In the ritikavya or Ritismagra Kavya period, erotica becomes a dominant element of Hindu
literature.
Modern period of Hindu literature (after 1800 AD)
The influences of the Marathi, British and Afghans influenced the Hindu of Central India. Avadhi
and Braj lost their prestige as the language of scholars. Khari became the main literary
language. The literature of the early 18th century is not of great quality. Some examples are
Chand Chhand Varnan Ki Mahima by Gangabhatt, Yogavashishtha by Ramprasad Niranjani,
Gora-Badal ki katha by Jatmal, Mandovar ka varnan by anonymous author, a translation of
Ravishenacharya's Jain Padmapuran by Daulatram (in 1824).
In 1857, the East India Company founded Fort William College in Calcutta. The school principal
hired teachers to write books in Hindi and Urdu. Some of these books are: Premsagarby
Lalloolal, Naasiketopaakhyan by Sadal Mishra, Sukhsagar by Sadasukhlal of Delhi and Rani
Ketaki ki kahani by Munshi Inshallah Khan.
By this time, Hindustani was the language of everyone. Muslim scholars, to differentiate
themselves from the people, used to write in Urdu (which had a lot of lexicon from Persian and
Arabic) and Khadiboli was used by educated Hindus. Khadiboli with great influences from the
Sanskrit or Hindu Sahityik (literary Hindu) lexicon was disseminated thanks to the works of
Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Bhartendu Harishchandra and others. Bhartendu Harishchandra
preferred the Braj dialect for poetry, but used Khadiboli for his prose works. Other important
writers of this period are: Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, Maithili Sharan Gupt, RN Tripathi and Gopala
Sharan Sinha. The rise of newspapers and magazines made khaboli popular among educated
society.
Munshi Premchand contributed realism to Hindu literature and is considered the most important
person in realist literature and the progressive movement. Several of his works have been
translated into different languages. Before this author, all literature revolved around elves, fairies,
magical fables, entertainment stories or religious themes.
Jainendra Kumar, Phaneshwar Nath Renu and Ajenya (Satchidananda Vatsyayan) are other
important figures of the time. Jainendra Kumar analyzed the human psyche in some of his novels
such as: Sunita and Tyagapatra. Renu's Maila Aanchal is one of the most important works of this
era. Ajneya brought experimentalism (prayogvaad) to Hindu literature, his best-known novel is:
Shekhar Ek Jivani (1941).
Chhayavaadi Movement
Romanticism is very present in 20th century Hindu literature. This is known as Chhayavaad and
the literary figures of this school are called Chhayavaadi. The most important Chhayavaadi poets
are Jaishankar Prasad, Sumitranandan Pant, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' and Mahadevi Varma.

HINDU ITERATURE
It is not possible to properly speak of Indian literature due to the diversity of languages
existing in that territory. In other words, more than eighty languages and dialects
corresponding to four linguistic families are spoken there. In general, the northern
languages are derived from ancient Indo-Aryan, which dates back to 2000 BC. Those
from the south almost all belong to the group of Dravidian or Tamil languages.

The oldest Indian literature is religious and philosophical in inspiration, and is written
in ancient Sanskrit. These first manifestations are constituted by the Vedas (Collection
of sacred books that were transmitted orally by Brahmin priests).

There are four Vedas, of which the Rig-Veda is the oldest of all. The others are the
Yajur-Veda , the Sama-Veda and the Atharv-Veda , which contain numerous ritual
formulas. The Rig-Veda consists of 1,028 hymns distributed in 10 books, and refers to
the gods of the ancient Aryans who embodied personifications of celestial phenomena.

There are three other prose treatises that were added to the hymns, which were called
Brahmanas , Aranyakas and Upanishads . These contain the doctrine of the "universal
soul", of which the individual soul is only a part that must return to the first after a
series of reincarnations.

The Buddhist literature that developed after the death of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
consisted of the precepts that he taught and that were collected by his disciples in a
dialect known as Pali . Among these texts, those known as Sutras , which narrate the
master's exploits, stand out for their literary value. The Vinaya contain the precepts for
the monastic orders.

Several centuries before the beginning of the Christian era, the two great epic poems
were already known: the Mahabarata and the Ramayana . The first apparently lacks
unity. With the interpolations that have been made, it consists of about 220,000 verses,
called zlocas.

The religious legends called Puranas belong to this same period, which deal with the
Indian gods and the creation of the world. The Agma are ritual books of a philosophical
nature.

In this same period, called classic, dramatic production is also present. One of the
earliest known dramas is Sudraka's "Micchakatika". Another renowned drama is the
"Raksasa Mudra", whose theme is historical in nature. The most important playwright of
the time is Calidasa, who was at the same time a lyric poet. His masterpiece is the
"Sakuntala", written in seven acts. Calidasa's other two dramas are "Malawi Kagnimitra"
and "Vikramorvasi." Calidasa also wrote an epic poem called "Raghuvamsha", and the
"Ritusamhara", a lyric poem on the cycle of the seasons.

It should be said that this classical era is characterized by the grace and elegance of its
painting and sculpture, and by having achieved a unified artistic style throughout India.
Many of the famous frescoes from the underground Buddhist temples of Ayanta belong
to it, as well as the reliefs of Vishnu and other deities of Hinduism found in Vdayagiri.
In the 12th century, Jayadeva stood out in lyric poetry, who sat at the court of the kings
of Bengal. His great dramatic poem is the "Gita Govinda", which sings the loves of
Krishna and Gopis with an accentuated tone of pantheistic and sensual zalatción.

Indian literature is characterized by the development of a literary genre for didactic

After having analyzed the characteristics of Hindu literature, as well as having read
representative works of its production, I have come to the conclusion that this literature
lacks something.

Perhaps it is that they were written when the language was not yet unified, or that it
has many regionalisms or aspects specific to India, but in general, I think that as such,
the structure in their productions leaves a lot to be desired.

On the other hand, the theme that he touches on in his works is interesting in principle,
but it is nothing more than a retelling of legends or mythical stories, which instead of
entertaining, bore.

On the contrary, before Buddhism we have a totally new philosophical conception, since
it tells us about searching for the truth in ourselves, and in this way finding our inner
self, and in this way reaching spiritual plenitude on earth. . But, at the same time, these
productions do not have many literary structures either.

In general, I identified more with Nahuatl literature than with Hindu literature, and I
think it is because of the way of seeing life from the Nahua point of view, where nature
is a gift , the most beautiful, and that we must come to Be wise to be able to be happy.

Indian Literature is usually considered one of the oldest in the world. India has 22 officially
recognized languages, and over time an extensive literature has been generated in these
languages.

In Indian literature, oral literature is as important as tinamou worship. Hindu literary traditions
dominate a large part of Indian culture. Apart from the Vedas which are sacred forms of
knowledge, there are other works such as the Hindu epic poems Ramayana and Mahabharata ,
treatises such as the Vaastu Shastra on architecture and city planning, and the Arthashastra on
political science. Hindu devotional drama, poetry and songs are present throughout the
subcontinent. Among the best known are the works of Kālidāsa (author of the famous Sanskrit
play Recognition of Shakuntala ) and Tulsidas (who wrote an Indian epic poem based on the
Ramayana, called Raamcharitmaanas ) . Furthermore, Buddhist literature once made up a
considerable part of Indian literature, with texts ranging from philosophical discourses to
biographies, although today it is only especially preserved in foreign languages such as
Chinese. Tamil poetry of Sangam poetry dating back to the 1st century BC. C. is well known. In
Caranese, the extinct Prabhrita and Chudamani ("Crest Jewel"), both from the 7th century or
earlier, are significant. 1 2 3 4 5 Muslim literary traditions also dominate a large part of Indian culture
.

In the medieval period, during which India was almost always under Muslim rule, Indian Muslim
literature flourished especially as Persian and Urdu poetry. Already in contemporary literature,
the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore became India's first Nobel Prize winner. Beyond that

Collection of Indian Literature exponent of literature