~ ~ , _ o o o <,_'°°"000<>000000<>000oooc-.

>000ococ>000<>000oooceo Vapour Power Cycles 523

Engineering Thermodynamics
522
from steam tables,
SOLVED EXAMPLES h 1 = (h 8)1bar = 2675.5 kJ/kg
s 1 = (s )lbar=7.3594 kJ1cg K=s2
8
Example 12.1 Determine the work required to compre
© .
1a state ti stea 1•"
isentropicallr from I bar to JO ba1; assummg that at the init. · 1 ss for p = 10 bar = 1 MPa ands= 7.3594 kJ/kg K, by interpolation
• • .
exists as (a) satllrated /rquid, and (b) saturated vapour Neglect h ie Stea111 h 2 = 3195.5 kJ/kg
. . . c anges i1 1 ki
and pote1111al energies. What co11clus1on do you derive from this example? netic W ,ev = 2675.5 - 3195.5 = - 520 kJ/kg
. thus observed that compressing steam in vapour form would require over 500
[LO 12.2]
. It is ore work tha n c ompressing it in liquid form for the same pressure rise.
Solution The compression processes are shown in Fig. 12 .40. tirnes rn
(a) Steam is a saturated liquid initially, and its sp eci fi c vo lume is ® Example 12.2 Steam at 20 bar. 360°C is expanded in a steam turbine to
V 1 = (v ) 1bar = 0.00 I 043 m3/kg O.OB bar. ft then enters a condense,; where it is condensed to saturated liquid
water. The pump feeds back the water into the boiler. (a) Assuming ideal processes,
Since liquid is incompress1ble, v 1 rem ains constant.
find per kg ofsteams ofthe net_work and the cycle efficiency. (b! If the turbine and
W= = f v dp =v1 <P 1 - p 2)= 0 .00 1043( 1 - IO) x J02 the pump ha ve each 80% efficiency. find the percentage reductwn zn the net work
and cycle efficiency. [LO 12.2]
=- 0.9387 kJ/kg.
Solution The prop erty values at different state points (Fig. 12.41) found from the
steam tables are given below.
h i= 3 159.3 kJ/kg SI= 6.9917 kJ/kg K
h = lz P = 173.88 kJ/kg s 3 = sfp2 = 0.5926 kJ/kg K
3 12
hfKpl = 2403 .1 kJ/kg sgp2 = 8.2287 kJ/kg K
v P = 0.001008 m 3/kg sfKpi = 7.6361 kJ/kg K
(b) 12
Now s 1 =sis= 6 .9917 = s P + Xis s1gp 2 = 0.5926 + x 2 • 7.6361
12
X = 6.3991 = 0.838
is 7 .6361

F',g. ll.40 Compression °1 steam isentropically

{b) Steam is a saturated .
entire comp . vapour imtially and remains a vapour during the
ress1on
considerably d • process · nee th e specific volume of a gas changes
Si
1es with p to perfo
compression
unng a th . . process, we need to know how v var·
available But r. rm . e integration - f v dp. This relation is not readily
property relauo:r an •sentropic process, it is easily obtained from the

Tds = dh - vdp = 0
or vdp =dh -s
w
rn,
.
-
r2
J,Vdp= I 2
d11=h -h
Fi&, 12.41
I I I 2
;-Le-=:,-::.:--b-o-;f:::D-:-:iffi:::c-ul-:--ry--- - - - hi, = '11,, +x!,/it, , = 173.88+ 0.838 X 2403.I
P- KP• - 2187.68 kJ kg
© Low complexuy: Level I and l.c,;el 2 Ca1e o
ml kN
@ Mednun complexuy- l.c,,,el 3 and Lev g ry h3=V1, (p, p,)=0.001008-xl9.92xl00-,
@ High complex uy Level Sand Lev I el 4 Ca1egory
C 6 Category
~ - ~ ~
"'2.008 k/kg
524 Engineering Thcnnodynamics "''""'''°°''°°°"""'>00<>000-ooo....000<»<><<>0o00o<>ooo----
. . , . .--~"""'"""""""""°"~"'°',ooc'°"°"""',ooc,ooo"""''°""'°""'oooc.-..... Vapour Power Cycles 525

h 45 = 175.89 kJ/kg test allowable steam pressure is

Wr = h - h2s The grea p, = 16.832 bar
1
' = 3159.3-2187.68
J" JV 969 = 971.62 kJ/k g h, = 3165.54 kJlkg
JlQnet = • r- ,=3159.3
=h,-h p = .61- kJ/kg
17 . h2s = 173.88+0.85x2403 l =2216.52kJ:kg
4 kJ/Jcg 5 89
1 = 2983.41 h3 = 173.88 kJ/kg
Wnct 969.61 h 45 - h 3 = 0.001 X (16.83 -0.08) X 100 = 1.675 kJ!kg
T/cyclc =Qi= .4 = 0.325, or 32.5% h4, = 175.56 kJ/kg
2983 1 45
(b) IfT/p= 80%, and T/r= 80% Q1 = h 1 -h = 3165.54- 175.56
rr 2-008 = 2990 kJ/kg
P = Cl8 = 2.51 kJ/kg Wr = h 1 h2s = 3165.54-2216.52- 949 kJlkg

TT'r = 0.8 x 97 L62 = 777 .3 kJ/kg WP = 1.675 kJ/kg

Jl'net = Tf'r - Wp= 774.8 kJ/kg Wnct 947 .32
•• reduction ID work output T/ cyc le = -Q,- = -2990
-- = 0.3168 or 31.68%

_- 969.61-774.8
_ x 100 = 20.1 % Mean temperature of heat addition
969 61 2990
h4 , = 173.88 + 2.5 I = 176.39 kJ/kg 7.0833 - 0.5926
Q 1 =3159.3 - 176.39 = 2982.9! kJ/kg = 460.66 K = 187.Sl°C
T/ = 774.8 _
cycle 2982 91 - 0.2597, or 25 .97% @Example 12.4 During on job training period. one tramee engineer was
00
reducuon ID C) cle efficien~ asked to design a steam power plant operating on Rankine cycle for which the
maximum tempera/llre of steam can not exceed 500ec. The condenser is to
0.325-0.2597 operate at a pressure of JO kPa and the moisture content at the mrbine exhaust
_ X 100 = 20.} o/o
0 325 is not to exceed J J % . If the turbine efficiency is 85°0. determine the maximum
allowable pressure at the turbine inlet. (LO 12.21
@ Example 12-3 4. cyclic steam . -
tempcratttre ar turbine inlet of 36oocpower plant is to be designed for a steam
nd
1senrrop1c erpanswn ofstea 1. h a an exhaust pressure of0.08 bar. After So luti on The property values at different state points (Fig. 12.43) found from the
exhaust 1s not to exceed :;;_ ; t e turbme, the moisture content at the turbine
steam tables are given below.
at 1he turbine mler and 15 °· etermme the greatest allowable steam pressure
1
theCU 1ate the Rank me eye Ie eJJ'ciency
cond lllons Esllmate· also ca ,n;
for these steam s fp2 = 0.6492 kJ/kgK, s f..r,pi - 7.5010 kJ'kgK.
mean tempera/ure of heat addition. [LO 12.21 "1;,2 = 191 .81 kJ/kg, hfgpl 2392 8 IJ kg 1--

Solution A s i or state 2s (Fig. 12 42) h

s + · , t e quality and pressure are known.
113 = v fp, = 0.00 IO I m 3 kg,s,7,2 - 6.3408 kJ kgK
Let us co-;,sider the turbme inlet pressure as
i
>2., f Xi., 5 /g = 0.5926 + 0.85
P1 = 6 MPa . Then. we have
( 822 87- 0.5926)
7 0833 k.J/kg K h, = 3422 I kJ kg. s 1 6.l>802 kJ kgK
Smee , 1 - s2,
... To locate state 2s, "e recogntze that
s1 7.0833 k.J,'kg K + --+S

1
.\·2., .\'/p2 '2,1 .... fgp~
At state I, the temperat
are thus known. At
k K h h ·
g • w IC is less than
,Cure and entropy
360 ,s -5.0526kJ/
So from the
table of superheated steam, at 11 _ 360 <c
st l◄.,,..3;------_!J.--~~ s.,\ ·'1.:?+'2.li·'h:J,~
68802 0.649.:!+\i,7'010
\, 0.8.107
Fis UAS

2179.51 kJ leg
h1, =hh,l +,,,hf$/Jl 191 :Sl +0.S307x23Q2.:S
and s1 7.0833 kJ/kg K, the pressure is
found to be 16.832 bar (by interpolation) fl& . 12.42
W Engineering Thennodynamics """"'lOOOO<>OOOOOOOOO(;;;;;;;,;;;;;:-::;::::::-----,
~

From the efficiency of the turbine, we get

h, -hi 3422.1-!ii
·t ~
------------•VapourPowuC)da srt
5
11r = O.S = h, -his 3422.1-2179.51 P1:: 150 bar 3
3
or h2 = 2365.9 kJ/kg
I-
The quality at the exit from the turbine can then found as
''2 = 2365.9 = hfp2 + X2hfgp2 =191.8 J + X2 x 2392.8
:. X4 = 0.9086
Since the moisture content is less than the permissible limit there •
1
mcreasmg . mlet
. the turbme . pressure. ' is a scope ,or
'
Now, let us consider p 1 = 8 MPa. Then, we have
hi= 3398.3 kJ/kg, SI= 6.7239 kJkgK
-s -s
To locate state 2s, we recognize that s1 = s2s = 6.7239 kJ/kgK. (a) (b)
Sis= S fpi + X2 sSfgp2
Fig.12.44
6.7239 = 0.6492+ Xis 7.50]0
Xls = 0.8098 Wr =(hi -h2s) + (h3 -h◄,)
his = h{p l+ X2shfgp i = 191 .81 + 0.8098 X 2392.8 = 2129.5 kJ/kg = (3465 _ 3065) + (3565 - 2300) = 1665 kJ/kg
From the efficiency of the turbine, we get Wnet =W:r -Wp =1665-15=1650kJ/kg

• -_ h1 -h2
11r-_ 085 3398.3-h _ w.,t = ~ = 0.4390, or 43.9%
2 1Jcycle - Qi 3758.17
h1 -h1, 3398.3-2129.5
or h2 = 2319.82 kJlkg Steam rate = 3600 = 2.18 kg/kWh
1650
The quality at the ex.it from the turbine can then be found as
hi= 2319 82 = hfp i + X2h/gp2 =191 .81 + X2 X 2392.8 . r /ant operates on the reheat
~
t..\ Example 12.6 A coal-fire~ steam poue,0,, turbine at JO MPa. 45O0c
X4 = 0.89 t the high-pressure ,n / oooc
Rankine cycle. Steam en ers h t d at constant pressure to 4
Therefore, the max.unum allowable pressure at the turbine inlet is 8 MPa. S 1·s then re ea e Th
and leaves at 2 MPa. team (LP) turbine to a pressure of JO kPa. _e
before it expands in the low-pressure 85 ent each and that ofthe pump IS
© Example 12.S A steam power station uses the following cycle: efficiencies of the HP an d LP
tIIrbmes are perc
t d liquid lfthe mass flow rate
. .r
Sream at boiler outlet-I 50 bar. 55O°C h . theequalitv 0· rsteam at thee.Tllo,
90 percent. Steam leaves t econ denser as a satura
Reheat ar 40 bar ro 55O°C · Io kgls determine • 'I
of steam through the eyeIe is
.
' fro the cycle and the cycle efficiency:
Condenser at 0.1 bar. low-pressure turbine, net power output m [LO 12.61
~sing the Mo/lier chart and assuming ideal processes, find the (a) quality al
turbine exhaust, (bJ cycle efficiency, and (c) steam rate. [LO 12.61
Solution The property va Iues aI different state

' . (Fig. 12.45) found from th e steam tables are

pomts 1--
Solution The property values at different states (Fig. 12.44) are read from ihe given below.
Molher chart.
h1 ~ 3240.8 kJ/kg • s1 = 6.4 l S9 kJ kgK
h1 "'3465, h2., 3065, h
3
- 3565,
r
h◄, - 2300 kl/kg, x4, = 0.88, h5 (steam table) - 191 .83 kJ/kg h3 ~ 3247.6 kJ/kg, s3 7 1270 kJ.kgK
Quality at turbine exhaust"' 0.88 -192. kJkgK, skP· s - ?.5 010 kJ'kgK.
ss - sfps 0.6 8 kJkg
WP =vt,.p 10 3 x 150 x 102 15 kl/kg h
vs "' Jp~ 19181
.
kJkg,li
. /gpS
=2392. ,
kJ k K
h6, 206.83 kl/kg v5 "' v,P 5 0.00!0lm11kg,sgp1= 6J.J0S., g
QI ~ (hi h6s) ... (h3 hi,)
= (3465 206.83) + (3565 - 3065)- 3758.17 k]/kg
. kJfkgI< · s·1nce
t 2
To locate sta e s• we recognize that s 1 = s2s U
= 6.4
~
. 189

~ ~t82~~':,d ",, • 283 7.99 kJ/kg. F<om th, effi,ioacy of th:1~

::, "~
f at 2s is superheated vap our. s ing linear interp , s :,. s
4 . n T h e p roperty values at different state points(Fig. 12.46) found from tbe
sohJt10 are given below.
2s . get Pressur stea!TI tables h1 = 3398.3 kJ/kg, s1 = 6.7239 kJ/kgK
turbme, we h1 - h2 - 3240.8- hi c
'7HPr=O.SS = 1,1-'12, - 3240.8-2837 .99
or '12 2898.4 1 kJ/kg
To locate state 4s, we recognize that s3 = s4s = 7 . 1270 kJ/kgK . T
= S_{p4 + X4,S fgp4
S4s t
7.1270 = 0.6492+x4, 7.50IO
x 45 = 0.8636
h4, = h(p4 + X4,hfgp4 = 191.81 + 0.8636 X 2392.8 = 2258.23 kl/kg
From the efficiency of the low pressure turbine, we get

1JLPT
h3 -
= 0.85 = - -h-
4
= 3247.6-h
4
h3 -h4s 3247.6-2258.23
or '14 = 2406.64 kJ/kg
The quality at the exn from the turbine can then be found to be - s
= 2406.64 = hfp4 + X4h[gp4
h4 = 191.81 + X4 X 2392.8 Fig. 12.46
x4 = 0.9256
From the pump work, we get . · we further get
Using linear mterpo 1atlon, = 6 5938 kJ/kgK
"6, = lz.; +vn,s(P6 - Ps) = 191.81 + 0.00101 (IO x l0 3 - I 0) = 201 .9 kJ/kg hi= 3279.5 kJ/kg'. S2 . - = 6 5938 kJ/kgK.
To locate state 3s, we recogruze that s2 - S35 .
From the efficiency of the pump, we have
s35 = S fp3 + X3,S fgp3
h6, -hs
T/p-_ 0 _90 _----=- 201.9-191.81 6.5938 = 0.6492+x3, 7.5010
h6 -hs h6 -191.81
or h6 = 203.02 kJik:g X3,
h3,
=
= 0.7925
h fp3 + X35h fgp3
= 19\.81 +0.7925X 2392.8 = 2088.1 kJ/kg
}';°etworkoutputofthecycle IS wnet = w[(h1 -h2) + (~ -h4)-(h6-hs)] From the efficiency of the turb"me, v.3279.5-
·e get h
hi-h3 = 3
= I0[(3240.8-2898.4J)+ (3247.6- 2406.64)-(203.02-19 I .81)] TIT= 0.88 = hi - h35 3279.5- 2088.1
= ll72I.4 kW
The total heat input is found as Q1 = w[ (h - h ) + (~ - hi)] or h3 = 2231.07 kJ/kg . then be found as
1 6 . fr om the turbme can
The quality at the exit = 1. l + x x 2392.8
= 10[(3240.8-203.02) + (3247.6- 2898.41)] = 33869.7 kW h3 = 2231.07 = h1p3 + X3h fgp) 19 8 3
The thermal efficiency of the cycle T/ . = ~net = 11721 .4 = 0.3461 or 34.61% 3
x = 0.8522 _ = 0.001004 m 31kg
cyde Q1 33869.7 h4 = hp4 = 125.77 kJikg, V4 - v/T4 /k

@ Example 12.7 In a vapour power plant Heam leaves the boiler at 8 MP,; From the pump work, we get 00I004(8.5 x 103 -8) = 134, kJ g
h5 , = h4 +vr4 (Ps - P4 ) =12577+ 0 · 3
an 1 500°C· Steam wh1/e flowing through the steam
0 d ' . pipe connectmg· tie boiler• •em.
1
t he turb.me m · Iet both heat lols and pressure drop and as a resu It the prernt1e From the efficiency of the pump, we get 7
·. , I·
and temperature of steam at the turbme mlet are 7.5 MPa and 450"C. respecme :; hs, - h4 - 134 3 - 12 5 7
Th e steam I eavel the turbine at JO kPa after expansion, while 1,e 1) p 0.90- h,-h - 1, -12577
P,,
J /iq11/tl. 11Afat, 4 5
leaves the condenser at 8 kPa, 300c. The pump raises the pressure 10 B.J_ -j/oll 5
or h 13525k.lkg_ ., -,i·[(h,-hi)-(li,-h )]
The efficiency of the turbine is 88% and that of the pump is CJ0"1,. If the ma.i'\;,,e, Net \\Ork. output of the cycle is JI n« )]4 _ 31168 5 kW
~
- · _
· 30 Kg
rate oJ,rsteam ts ,. I:s, determ ine the quality of steam at I e e~·ilortJie1111
LO t2.2,JI
11 ) ( 135">5-12).77 - .
net power output and the thermal efficiency of the plant I 1 - 30[(3279.5 - 2231.07 - - 35 25) = 97891.5 kW
he heat input .1s tound
_ as Q = 11.l 1, I _ h s) - 30 (3398.3 - I ·
1
. I _Wne1_31168.5
The thennal efficiency of the eye e 17cycle - -Q. - - = o318 the state 2 must lie in the superheated region. From the ....._.,__
1 97891.5 · 4 or JI 11 •
s2 ;:,, sg~ amt = 172°C, h 2 = 2796 kJ/kg
'"'l'fe Sinceheated se 2
,Q\Example 12.8 In a single-heater regenerative cycle th super S3 =6.9212=sJO.lbar+xls/sO-lbar
\l!ll
turbine at 30 bar. 400 oc an d th e exh aust pressure is 0. Jo
, be stea,n emers
. 11qe = 0.6493 + x 37.5009
heater is a d1rect-contact type w I11c
· Iz oper~tes at 5 bar. Find ar.
(a The JeedlVQter
r.

and the steam rate of the cycle, and (b) the increase in mean te, ~ Ihe efficien = 6.2719 = 0.836
addition, efficiency and steam rate, as compared to the Rania· nperature Ofhe~, XJ 7.5009
regeneration). Neglect pump work. ne cycle (ivithou, h3 = 191.83 + 0.836 X 2392.8 = 2192.2 kJ/kg
ILo 12.81 :. work is neglected
Solution Figure 12.47 gives the flow, T-s and h-s diagrams F h since pump h = I 91.83 kJ/kg = h
· rom t est earn tables, 4 5
the property values at various states have been obtained. h 6 = 640.23 kJ/kg = h7
'1 1 = 3230.9 kJ/kg
lance for the heater gives
s 1 = 6.9212 kJ/kg K =s = s Energy b a h
2 3 m(h 2 - h 6 ) =(l-m)(h 6 - 5 )
sg at 5 bar= 6.8213 kJ/kg K
m( 2796 _ 640.23) = (1 - m)(640.23 - 191.83)
30 bar400"C 2155.77 m =548.4-548.4m
548
m = .4 = 0.203 kg
2704.17
Wr = (h 1 -h 2) + (I -m) (h 2 - h3)
= (3230.9 - 2796) + 0.797 (2796 - 2192.2)
= 916.13 kJ/kg
Q = h 1 _ h6 = 3230.9 - 640.23 = 2590.67 kJ/kg
1

= 916 · 13 = 0.3536, or 35.36%

+0 '1cycle2590.67
3600
Steam rate = = 3.93 kg/kW b
916.13
(1-m)kg
T = h1 -h1 2590.67 - 511.95 K = 238.Soc
{a) ml S1 -S7 6.9212-1.8607
. . hi -h.i
T., 1 (without regeneration) = - -
I 1
4oo·c
s1- s4
3039.07

ti 6.9212-0.6493
=484.55 K

f =211.4°C
Increase in T due to regeneration
... 1 = 238.8 - 211 .➔ = 21..aoc
Jr r(Without regeneration)= h 1 - h3
-s
= 3230.9 _ 2192.2 = I 038. 7 kJ/kg
-s 3600 . ,
(b) St earn rate lwithout regeneration)= _ = 3 .46 kg kV. h
{c)
1038 7
Increase in steam rate due to regeneration
fla.U.47
= 3.Q3- 3.46 = 0.476 kg/kW b

F
532 Engineering Thennodynamics 000<0000<>o¢<>000<><'00(x,oo.oooc<><><><>ooo-..___ _
,-,.'°°"''°°"'"'°"'>000<>000<>000<>000C->OQ00¢00<>000e_....,_ Vapour Power Cycles 533

17cyclc (without regeneration)= h1 - h3 = 1038.7

h1-h4 3039m p.ea r
ranging h9-h1 213.16
m, = h2 -h1 = 2297.86 = 0.093 kg
= 0.3418 or 34 180
Increase in cycle efficiency due to regeneration · 1/o
. an energy balance for the Ip heater,
= 35.36-34. 18 = 1.18% BY rnaklng h) - (h h)
(J-m -m 2)(h7- 6 -mi 3- 1
1
@ Example 12:9 In a steam power plant the condition st _ O.O93 - 111 ) (419.04 191.83) = m 2 (2457. l -419.04)
2
steam (I m2 = 0.091 kg
d generator
I IS 20 bar and 300°C and the co, d of eam. at in/et to th
1 enser press
fiee water ,eaters operate at optimum temperature De . ure ts 0. J bar e WT= l(h 1 -h 2)+(1 m 1)(h 2 -h 3)
steam at lllrbine exhaust, (b) net work per kg ofst · /ermine (a) the qz 1'\\!o i· + (1 -m 1 - m2)(h 3 -hJ
the steam rate. Neglect pump work. eam, ic) cycle efficiencu.r, taand
tty(d)of = (3023.5 - 2716.9) + (1 - 0.093)(2716.9 - 2457 1)
. [LO 12 8 + (I -O.O93-O.O91) (2457 1 -2 144.3)=797.48 kJ/kg
Solution From Fig. 12.19 (a), ·I Q = h 1 - h 9 = 3023.5 632.2 = 2391.3 kJ'kg
1
h 1 = 3023.5 kJ/kg
Wr - Wp 797.48
SI = 6.7664 kJ/kg K = S2 = s = s Tlcycle = --Q-- = = 0.3334 or 33.34%
tsa, at 20 bar: 2120c 3 4 1 2391 3
tsa, at 0.1 bar= 46°C 3600
Steam rate =
/}JOA =2)2-46= 166oC Wnet

Temperature rise per heater= 166 = 5 5 oc = 36 00 = 4.51 kg/kWh

797.48
Temperature at which the first h!ater operates
=212-55 = 157°C- 15O0c ( @Example 12.10 Dry saturated steam at 40 bar expands in a turbine
1iemperature at which the second = assumed) isentropically to the condenser pressure of 0.075 bar Hot gases available at
(assumed) heater operates = 157 - 55 = I O20c = l00'C 2000 K. and 1 atm pressure are used for steam generation and then exhausted at
At 0.1 bar, 450 K to the ambient atmosphere which is at 300 Kand 1 arm. The heating rate
provided by the gas stream is JOO MW. Assuming c of hot gases as 1.1 kl/kg K.
hf= 191.83, h.li = 2392.8, s = 0.6493 give an exergy balance of the plant and compare ;/with the energ), balance, and
sg= 8.1502 g 'f
find the second law efficiency.
At 1OO°C, (LO 12.11)
h=41904h
'f · , Jg -- 2257.0, s = 1.3069, sg = 7.3549 Solution
At 15O°C, 1 Q1 = wgcpg (T,-T,) = 1001',,[W
w = mass flow rate of hot gas
6.7664 = 632 20 ' hfg -- 2114 .3 , sf= 1.8418, sg = 6.8379
hf= g '
18418 + X2 X 4.9961 100 x UY 58 _7 kgis
X2 = 0.986 1.1 X (2000 - 450)
hi = 632.2 + 0.986 X 2114.3 Exergy flow rate of inlet gas [ T, T, ]
= 2716.9 kJ/kg
6.7664 = J.3O69 + X X 6.0480 a
Jl
= w gpg
c To - -1- 1n -
To To
X3 = 0.903 l
'13 =419.O4+O.9O3x22570 "000 .,000]
or -5~7xt lx3OO ----1-ln---
h3 - 2457.1 kJ/kg . c. [ 300 300
6. 7664 = 0.6493 + K4 X 7.50 I 0 E. 73 :-,.1\\'
X4 = 0,8]6 \ergy llo,, rate of exhaust gas str.:-am
450 450
'14 = 191.83 t-O 8 I 6 X 2392 8 58., ,<I.IX 300 [ -1-ln ] = 1.83 MW
= 2144_3 kJ/kg · (If! 300 300
Smee pump work is neglected, I110
so e exergy loss rate is only about [ 1.s x Ioo] or-·'
., -o o o f t he m1ttal
11 lh 3 . · . exergy of the
balance for the hp heater • '1 9 , H - h,, h6 h5 • By making an eneri:>
(I -m 1)(h,;
73
/ )
ls - m,(1t2 - '19) urce gas.
. . lAgimeriag 'lhennodynamics 00000000(-.>oooooooo._,___

\,: The rate of cxergy decrease of the gas stream

I: a~= Exergy input rate= 73'_ 1.83 = 71 -
7 Wnet = Wr-Wp=Q1 -Q2=907kJ/kg
I \i The rate of exergy mcrease of steam = Exer . . . ·1 :::: 71.2 M\V
· :i I - gy utilization rate Q1 = w, x2628 = I00x 103 kW
)j 0fa -ws [h1 -h4 -T (s -s )]
0 1 ws = 38 kg/s
h =(h) -2
I = ~40 bar - 801 kl/kg, h3 = 169 kJ/k
4
a " = 38 (280 I - 172.8 - 300 (6.068 _ 0.576)]
S3 S4 - 0.576 kJ/kgK, h = 172 8 kJ g 1
=37.3 MW
s1 = s2 = 6.068 kJ/kgK / - 1890 2 :kg
WT= hi - h2 = 2801 -189t~= 91~ 8 ~kg Rate of
exergy destruction in the steam generator
= Rate of exergy decrease of gases - Rate of exergy increase of steam.
WP= h4 - h3 = 172.8 - 169 = 3.8 kJik /kg
Q, : h, - h4 = 2801 - 172.8 = 2628 k;/k j =aji - a/u = 71.2-37.3 = 33.9 MW
Q2 - 11 2 - h3 = 1890.2 - 169 = 1721 kJ/k: Rate of useful mechanical power output
Wnet = 38 X 907 = 34.5 MW
0 1 = 110 MW inpul Exergy flow rate of wet steam to the condenser
afc = ws [h2- hJ - To(s2-S3)]
= 38 [ 1890 - 169 - 300 (6.068 - 0.576)) = 2.8 MW
Flue gas ener
10MW(9.1%t This is the exergy loss to the surroundings.
The energy and exergy balances are shown in Fig. 12.48 (b) and (c). The second law
efficiency is given by
l7u = Useful Exergy output = 34.5 = 0.4 73 or 47.3%
Wne1 = 34.5 MW
(31 .5%) Exergy input 73

@ Example 12.11 In a steam power plant, the condition of steam at turbine

inlet is 80 bar, 500°C and the condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. The heat source
comprises a steam of exhaust gases from a gas turbine discharging at 560°C and
Condenser 1 atm pressure. The minimum temperature allowed for the exhaust gas steam is
450 K. The mass flow rate of the hot gases is such that the heat input rate to
-s the steam cycle is J00 MW. The ambient condition is given by 300 Kand 1 arm.
02 = 65.5 MW (59.5%)
(a) Determine T)p work ratio and TJu ofthe following cycles: (a} Basic Rankine cycle.
(b) without superheat, (b) Rankine cycle with superheat, (c) Rankine cycle with
73 MW input
reheat such that steam expands in the h.p. turbine until it exits as dry satun1ted
- 39.9MW vapour and (d) /deal regenerati~•e cycle. with the exit temperature of the exhaust
1.8 MW Flue gas
(46 .4%)
exergy (2.5%)
gas steam taken as 320°C. because the saturation temperature ofsteam at 80 bar
is close to 1000c. [LO 12.2, 12.6, 12.7)

34 .5MW Solution For the first la\\ analysis of each cycle. knowledge of the h values at each
.., (47.3%)
of the states indicated m Fig. 12.49 is required.
(n) Basic Rankine cycle lFig. 12 49 (a))
By usual procedure with the help of steam tables.
~ndenser
h "'2758. hi~ 1817. hJ"" 192 and h~ = 200 kJikg
1
7:MW(3.8%)
H'r ""h1 -hi= 941 IJ kg, WP_"" h~ -h3"' 8 kJ kg
(c) Ql = h1 h~ = 2558 kJ/kg. JJ n<I = 933 kJ kg
Fig.12.48 T-s diagram, (b) EnergY d'1stributian diagram, (c) Exergy distribution diog1o m = ~ = ~.,. 0.365 or 36.So/e
T) I Qi 2558
ngmccrmg
-~ ' Vapour Power Cycles 537
. Wr-WP 933 vernents in bo_th first law and ~econd law efficiencies are achieved with
Work rat10 =- - - = - = 0.991
Wr 941 (fllP;;ting. The specific work output is also in_creased. Therefore, conventional
.~peril r plants are almost always operated with some superheat
' 0 ur powe .
111P kine cycle with reheat (Fig. 12.49 (c))
(c) Ran - -
/I I == 3398, h2 = 2761, h3 - 3482, h4 - 2522, hs = 192 and h6 = 200 kJ/kg
T W Tl = 63 7 kJ/kg, WT2 = 960 kJ/kg
WT= 637 + 960 = 1597 kJ/kg, WP= 8 kJ/kg
Wnet = 1589 kJ/kg, Q 1 = 3198 + 721 = 3919 kJ/kg
1589
--s
Th = = 0.405 or 40.5%
-s 3919
(a)
(b)
Work ratio = Wnet = 1589 = 0.995
1 3
500' C Wr 1597
Mechanical power output = I 00 x 0.405 = 40.5 MW
T\ Exergy input rate = 59.3 MW,
T

I 71 11 --
40 5
°
_· - 0.683 or 68.31/o
59 3

I +. s
Compared with basic Rankine cycle, the second law efficiency for the reheat
cycle shows an increase of about 11 % [(0.683 - 0.616)/0.616]. Therefore, most
-s of the large conventional steam power plants in use today operate on the Rankine
(c)
(d)
cycle with reheat.
Fig. 12.49
(d) Rankine cycle with complete regeneration (Fig. 12.49 (d))
PO\\er output = 111 QI= 0.365 X I 00 = 36.5 MW t 531 at 0.1 bar = 45 .8°C = 3 I 8.8 Kand
Exergy mput rate = li g cpg [ (T - To) - To In io] t sat at 80 bar = 295°C = 568 K
n =11c =l-Ii=1-
318 8
· = 0.439or43.9%
'I/ arnot 7i 568.0
_ lOOxIOOO[ 833 ]
- 833-450 (833-300)-3001n- Q =h -h =2758-1316=1442kJ/kg
1 6 1
300
= 59.3 MW Wnet = Q 1 X 111 = J-142 X 0.439 = 633 kJ/kg
36.5 WP = 8 1.J/kg WT= 641 kJ/kg
11 u 0.616 or 61.6%
593
(b} Rankine cycle w11h superheat (F
ig. 12 .49 (bJJ Work ratio = 633 = 0.988
3398 6-H
,h 1 - •h2 213 0,hl 192andh 200kJ/kg Power output - 0.439 x 100 = -B.9 MW
,J'y 1268 kJ/k W 4
1260 g, P &kJ!kg,Q 1 3!98kJ,kg
11, - 0.394 or 39.4% 1oox1ooo[ls33-300)-300ln 833]
3198 Exergy input rate 833 _ 593 300
1260
_ o 994
Work ratio - _
1268 .
9-U83 MW =94.6 MW
Exergy input rate - 59 3 MW, w - Q 43.9
Tiu - = 0.464 or 46.4'1/o
36.5 °01 IX 11, 39.4 MW 94 6
Tiu - . - 0.664 or 66.4 %
59 3
531 Engineering Thennodynamics 000<-«>00«>00«>00«>000<>000<>oo«>ooo,:._,,__

The second Jaw efficiency is lower for regeneration becau

tial Joss of exergy carried by the effluent gas steam at 593 K . se of the lllore SUbs1aii. = 503.71 + Xi, X 2202.6
X = 2123.89 = 0 _964
@ Example 12.12 A certain chemical plant requires h 2s 2202.6
at I 20°C at the rate of 5.83 MJ/s and power at the r: t eajom Process
O S2s = sf+ Xi,· sfg = 1.5276 + 0.964 x 5.6020
generator terminals. Both the heat and power requirements ae lOOO kW Jrtea,,,
a,: in th
pressure turbine of 80% brake and 85% internal en:;ci . e met by ab e = 6.928 kJ/kg K
•rd d :IJ' ency, which h ack =s,
at , '-
· 12o h
· condensat'
".I' saturate . All the latent heat released dur mg ex OUsts steam
10
m tt1e process eater. Find the pressure and temperat . if n is Uti/' ;\t state I, h' = 3152.3 kJ/kg
b A 9 o • weo steamatrh . ised
tur me. ssume 0% efficiency for the generator. e 111/et to the s 1 = 6.928 kJ/kg K
[LO 12.15 12
. ' ,16J
from the Motlier chart
Solution At 120°C, hfg = 2202.6 kJ/kg = h 2 _ h 3 (F'1g. 12.50) p1 = 22.5 bar
t, = 360°C

@ Example 12.13 A certain factory has an average electrical load of

1500 kW and requires 3.5 MJ/s for heating purposes. ft is proposed to install a
single-extraction passout steam turbine to operate under the following conditions:
Initial pressure 15 bar.
Initial temperature 300°C.
Condenser pressure 0.1 bar.
Steam is extracted between the two turbine sections at 3 bar. 0.96 dry, and is
isobarically cooled wllhout subcooling in heaters to supply the heating load. The
internal efficiency of the turbine (in the LP Section) is 0.80 and the efficiency of
-s the boiler is 0.85 when using oil ofcalorific value 44 MJ/kg.
Fig.12.50 A thermodynamic system
If 10% of boiler steam is used for auxiliaries, calculate the oil consumption
per day. Assume that the condensate from the heaters (at 3 bar) and that from
QH = w, (h 2 - h3 ) = 5.83 MJ/s the condenser (at 0.1 bar) mix freely in a separate vessel (hot well) before being
pumped to the boiler Neglect extraneous losses. (LO 12.15]
w = 5830 _
s _ - 2.647 kg/s
2202 6 Solution Let w be the flov., rate of steam (kg, h) entenng the turbine, and w the
wnet = l000
_ kJ/s = Brake output
amount of steam :xtracted per hour for process heat (Fig. 12.51).
09 h 1 = 3037.3 kJ/kg
Now - Brake output (1000)/0.9 h, =56L47 +0.96X2 1638
71
brak Ideal output = w,(h1 -hi,)= 0.80 - = 2638.7 kJkg
s • l.6718+096X5.3201
2
h1 h1.s = 1000 = 6.7791 kJ kg K
0.9 X 0.8 X 2.647 - 524. 7 kJ/kg
- S3.,
Again Tl - h1 -h2 779 1 = 0.6493 t X 7.5009
- - ~ - 0.85
mtmta) s , - 6 l"J.r
1
h1 -hi,
hi - h2 = 0.85 x 524 7 = 446 kJ/kg ~=0.817
1
' • 7 5009
h2 - hg at I 20°C 2706.3 kJ/kg
h1, - 191.83 + 0.817 x 2392 .8 ~ 2146.75 kJ/kg
hi - 3 I 52.3 kJ/kg
h h,, 263!U - 2146 .75 ~ 491.95 kJ/kg
h2s - h 1 524.7 2627,6 kJlkg 2
= h1 +x1.s hfg
. pUJTlP work
r1egtect1ng Wr = 1500 kJ/s = 792.l 6 w, - 663.l 5
2163 .15
w, = _1 = 2.73 kgts = 9828 kg/h
792 6
,,
. energy balance for the hot well
BYrnaking (w, - w)h 4 + wh 5 = wA
(2. 73 - 1.685) I 91.83+ 1.685 X 561.4 7 = 2.73 x h6
200.46 + 946.08 = 2.73 h6
h6 = 419.98kJ/kg:h7
·· raising capacity of the boiler= I.I w, kg/h, since 10% of boiler steam is used
Steam
for auxiliaries.

(a)
where w =fuel burning rate (kg/h)
1
and CV = calorific value of fuel = 44 MJ/kg
_ = 1.lx9828x(3037.3-419.98)
I-
0 85
Ws kg/h l~j x44000

15 bar w = I.I X 9828 X 2617.32 = 756 _56 kg/h

or f 0.85 X 44000
wkg/h 2
7 756 .5 6 x 24 = 18.16 tonnes/day
3 bar
6
1000
(w.-w)kg/h X2 = 0.91
4
0.1 bar 3s 3 @example 12.14 A steam t11rbine gets its s11pply of steam at 70 bar and
450°C. After expanding to 25 bar in high pressure stages. it is reheated to 420-C
s
at the constant press11re. Next, it is expanded in intermediate pressure stages to an
(b) appropriate minim11m press11re s11ch that pan of the steam bled at this pressure
Fig.12.51
heats the feed\\'ater to a temperature of I 80°C. The remaining steam expands from
this pressure to a condenser press11re of 0.07 bar in the low pressure stage. Tl,e
hl - hl = 0.8 X 491 95 - 393.56 kJ/k:g
,sen tropic effic,ency of the hp. stage is ~8.5%. ll'hile that of the intermediate aNl

~l:=2638 7 393.56 - 2245.14 kJ/k:g

s 561.47 kJ/k:g, h4 = 191.83 kJ/k:g
LP stagcs is 83° o each. From the abon> data (a) determine the minimum prasiue
at which bleeding 1s necessan: and sketch a line diagram of the amm~t
01 the plam, (b) Sketch on
the T-s diai,-am all the processes. (c) dete11IUIW 1'e
QH w(,hl -hs) 2 (2638.7 - 561.47) = 3.5 MJ/s </lllllltity o{steam bled per kg ofJio11 at ;ht! t11rbine inlet and (d) calculate tlwcyd,
w = 3500 •1licie11 n · Neglect pump 11 ork. fLO 11JJ
Now 207?2 l 685 kg/s
Solutia
.. ·
n Figure ·
12 52 gi\es the flo,\ and T-s diagrams ot- the plant. Ir would be
WT= w,(hl h2) + (w, - w) (h h3)
~sSumed that the feetl,\ater heater 1s an open hearer Feedwarer 1s heated ro J80"C.
: w,(3037.3 2638.7) + (!, 1,685) X 393.56 0
P..., at l gQ"(' l Q bar is the pressure .Jt 11 hich the heater operates.
- w, X 398.6 t w, X 393,56 - 66
=792.16 w, 663.15 3.15
NI I 1 ~ 'Jhennodynlmics - - - - - - - . . - - .

1 kg
le 12.15 A binary-vapour cycle operatu 011 lllema:)I
70 bar, 450°C
@E•a~:,ercwyvapourat4.5barissuppliedtothemercu,yturbme,from
501urate at O.04 bar. The mercury condenser generate& satunited steam at J,S
e.ihau5t..s expan ded in a steam turbine to 0.04 bar. (a) Find theoveroll ....R:A ,,.,...of
.11..,1-·-,
h
1r/Jic ':e. (b) If 50.000 kg1h ofst~amjfows th':°ugh the steam turbine, what t, the
1/le eye h the mercury turbine' (c) Assum mg that all processes are revenible,
fto1v throug ,r,111 work done in the bi11a1J vapour cycle for the specified steam flow?
4S0°c
•15 the11se1,
whatrr the steai11 leaving the mercury condenser is superheated to a temperature
f..-
(d) I~ C . a superheater located in the mercw,· boiler, and if the internal
JOO" ,n · •
of . . .r the mercwJ and steam turbmes are 0.85 and 0.87, respectively,
FW nser t effi
c1enc1 es 01 I Th . ,r
the overall efficiency of the ere e e propernes o1 saturated mercury
ca/c11Iate .. (LO 12.13)
)$ 7 6 are buive11
"
be/0\i .

p (bar) t("C) 11, hg s1 sg v, vr

0 '""' Pump-2

(a)
Pump-1
-s

(b)
4.5 450
216.9
62.93
29.98
5.98
329.85
(k.Jlkg KJ
0.1352
0. 0808
(m 1lkgJ
0.5397 79.9 X / ~ 0.068
0.6925 76.5 X ] ~ 5./78
0.04
Fig. 12,52
Solution The cycle 1s shown rn Fig. 12.53.
Therefore. the pressure at which bleeding is necessary is 10 b F For the mercury cycle, h0 = 355.98 kJ/kg
Mo!her chan ar. rom the
s0 = 0.5397 kJ/kg K
h1 = 3285. h,_,., = 3010 , h3 = 3280 , h4.< = 3030 kJ/kg = sb = s -t- x b sfg
1
h, - h, = 0.83 (h3 - '14,) = 0.83 X 250 = 207 .5 kJ/kg = 0.0808 + Xb
h, = 3280- 207.5 = 3072.5 kJ/kg (0.6925 - 0.0808)
hs, =~5 kJkg
X = Q.4589 = Q.75
h4 - hs = C.S3 (h4 -hs,) = 0.83 x 847.5 = 703.4 kJ/kg 0.6117
b

hs = 3072.5- 703.4 = 2369.1 kJ/kg lib=29.98 0.75 X 299.87

.J..

h6 = 162.7 kJlk:g = 254.88 kJkg

hE = 762.81 kJ'k:g (W,)m = h0 -hb = 355.98 25-tSS
= IOI.I kJkg
h -112 : O' 85 (hi -hi,)= 0.785 x 275 = 215.9 kJ/kg
1
(WP)m =hd-hc -16.5 X 10{,X
h2 - 3285- 215 9 = 3069.1 kJ/kg
➔ .➔ 6 X 100 -s
Energy balance for the heater gives
= 3.41 x 10 ~l...J lg. i:-11.12.53
m x h4.,. (I - m)h 1 = I x h Jrnct = IOI.I kJ kg
8
m /. 3on.s-,. (I - m) x 162.7 = I x 762.8 1 Q1 =h 0 hJ- 355 98 -29.<IS
111= ~ = =326 J...J kg
2909.8 0.206 kg/kg steam flow at turbine inlet.
·• I)~ ~ IOI I - 0.31 or31 °o
'lcyc1c = (hi - h2) + (h1- h4 ) + (I - m)(h4 hs) ., Qi 326
For the steam C\ de
(h1-~)+(h1- h2 ) • h, ~ 2792.2 k.l 'kg
=
215 -9 + 207.5 + 0.794 X 7034 r,s,
\\ 64-W~U'l..gK
. = s,=s,-+-
. . .
_ 981,9 2522.2 + 210,9 0 -t!:26)
= 0.4~6 + ' ? (S -H46
-¾ =0.3592 or 35.92%
5M Eagineerin8 1bermodynamics oooooooo,>000<>000<>000<.._.,00oo00oo-.,__

.,.---- VapourPowa-Cyda
= 121.46 + 0.748 x 2432.9 = I 941 •27 kJ/k
h

T St
2
(W) =h 1 -h 2 = 2792.2- 1941.27 850 9 3 k . g
• Jik
h; = 121.46 = 0.806 x 2432.9,,, 2082_38 kJ/k
(Wp)st =lr 4 -/r 3 =0.001 x 1496x 100 l.4%k/ (Wr)st h'~ = 0.87 (3037.3 -2082.38)
= h'1 - g
h4 = 121.46-1- 1.5= 122.96kJ/kg kg.,l.skl,\ = 830.78 kJ.1cg
QI = "I - h4 - 2792.2 - 122.96 = 2669.24 kJfk g (Wr)toial = 11.12 X 85.94 + 830.78 = 1786.43 kJ/kg
(Jf'nct>s, - 850.93 - 1.5 849.43 kJ/kg g work is neglected.
purnP 1786.43
= TJ~"' = 849.43 =0 3 18 0 11overall = 3870.22 = 0.462 or 46.2%
'7,t Qi 2669 24 . or 3 1.81/o
o,erall efficiency of the binary cycle would be
'7°'-craJI - '1m + '1st - '1m · '1s, suMMARY
=0.31 +0.318-0.31 X0.318
- 0.5294 or 52.94% Rankine cycle 1s a phase-change cycle consisting of two reversible isobars (where heat is
supplied and reJected)_ and two reversible ad1abat1cs (where work is done by and upon the
11......n can also be deterrmned m the following way: system) represents a sunple steam power plant. The flow,p v, T-saod h-s diagrams of
B) "\\nting the energy balance for a mercury condenser-steam boiler the cycle are discussed.
m(hb-h, } = l(h 1 -h 4 ) The cycle efficiency, steam rate and heat rate are defined as
where m is the amount of mercury circulating for 1 kg of stea · '1 = Wr-We = Q1 -Q2 = (h1-h4 )-(h2 -h1 )
m 1n the botto
:. m = h1 - h4 2669.24 2669.24 mcycJc cycle Q1 QI hi - h•
hb - he 254 .88 - 29.98 224.9a
= 11.87 kg = ,_IL
= m(ha - hd) = 11.87 X 326 = 3869.6 kJ/kg
(Ql}iou T,.
(Wrlun1 = m(ha -
hb) + (h1 - h2) Steam rate =
3600
kg/k:Wh
= 11.87 X 101.1 + 850.93 = 2051 kJ/kg wncl
(Wp),_ may be neglected
Heat rate 3600 J?L kJ/kWh
_ Wr 2051 wnet
'70Yenll - - = - - - = 0.53or53% where T,. 1 is the mean temperature ofheataddition(h 1 -h.J,(s 1 -s.Jaod T2 tStbe temperature
Q1 3869.6
of heat rejection. The minimum value of T1 being fixed by the ambient condinon. the cycle
~~ kg'b of steam flows through the steam turbine, the flow rate of mercury ~. efficiency depends on T,. 1• Higher the mean temperature of heat addition. b,gher 1s the
cycle efficiency. The steam rate (SR) is the steam flow rate (kg.h) and the heat rate (HR) is
' w,. = 50,000 X 11.87 = 59.35 X 104 kg/h the heat release rate in the furnace (kJ h) to produce UDJt elccuical output (k\Vh). The SR
x J04 kJ/h
( If T)lotal = 2051 X 50,000 = l 0255 and the H.R. are the reciprocal of W... and C)cle effi~,eocy. respectively.
T,. 1 dunng heat supply can be increased by gomg 10 b,gbcr tcmpc:rarure T1, b,gher
Co = 0.2849 x 10s kW = 28 49 MW pressure, reheat and regeneration of steam. Toe maxunum steam temperature is limited
ns1dering the efficiencies of turbines .
by the metallurgical point. i.e. the ma"<!mum steam temperature tbal the metals can
(Wr)., = h. - h~ - 0.85 X 101.J = 84.95 kJ/kg withstand, the maximum steam pressure 1s resmcted to a certain fixed value due to stress
considerations and stresses subjected to the blades and the ma,timum moisture content
1,; 355 .98 85 .94 = 270.04 kJ/kg th at can be tolerated by the later sta~ of the turbine The reheating of steam UDpl'O\'CS
m' (hb' h,:) (h I - h4J th e turbine output srgnificantl) and not the cycle effic,eocy appreciably. The feedwater
m' 2669.24 heattng or regeneration by heating the ferowater wtth the steam e.'1racted from the turbine
24Q.o6 1112kg srgnificantl) impro,es the 9cle eflk1ency but reduces the turbme OUlpUL 1be closed
heaters are ul\\ ay, preforred in pracnse, but one open beata: fecdwaler, called deaeraror,
<Qi>~ m'<h. h,1) + l(h; h1> 1•.~rseJ to get nd of the d1ssol\"'1 gases bke CO and 0 m fecdwala-. 1be gun m cy<:le
2
2
11 12 32 elltcienc) folk"'' the t.m of d1m1m,hmg rerurn as the numbcrofbcalen mcreases, and the
· ,.. 6 (30373 2792 .2)
3870.22 kJ lkg llt:gr~e of r~g\!'n~n\tlon i~ opumis~J
1he mem, ,Ind demerit> of muluftuid coupled ~!cs bavc been discussed.
0.4226 ~ x'2 (8.4746 0.4226)
6 9160 1
s; · he cogenerution pl.mt meeting the dual demand of pilXCSS beat and cle(:lnCtly is
6.4934 th0
r; 8.0520 - ( J 806
' lllodyn.un1cal1) benefi.:1al