0% found this document useful (0 votes)

28 views

p1 Booklet-Compressed

Uploaded by

tawana nyika

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

28 views

p1 Booklet-Compressed

Uploaded by

tawana nyika

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 247

Cambridge IGCSE™

GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
Paper 1 Geographical Themes February/March 2023

INSERT 1 hour 45 minutes

INFORMATION
*4466779804-I*

● This insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

● You may annotate this insert and use the blank spaces for planning. Do not write your answers on the
insert.

This document has 4 pages.

DC (RW/SG) 311897/2
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

Fig. 2.1 for Question 2

Fig. 2.2 for Question 2

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/F/M/23

Fig. 2.3 for Question 2

Fig. 2.4 for Question 2

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/F/M/23 [Turn over

Fig. 3.1 for Question 3

The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply
official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its
authorities, or of the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/F/M/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 4 6 6 7 7 9 8 0 4 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
Paper 1 Geographical Themes February/March 2023

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed)

Calculator
Ruler

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total, one from each section.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● If additional space is needed, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet; the question
number or numbers must be clearly shown.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 75.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 32 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (RW/SG) 311896/3
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, which shows information about birth rates and death rates in Japan (an MEDC)
between 1970 and 2020.

15
rate per
1000 people

5
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
year
Key
birth rate
death rate

Fig. 1.1

(i) What was the birth rate in Japan in 1970?

.................. per 1000 [1]

(ii) Which of the following statements are true about birth and death rates in Japan between
1970 and 2020?
Tick two answers in the table below:

tick
(✓)
The birth rate and the death rate remained constant.
The birth rate decreased overall.
The birth rate was always higher than the death rate.
The death rate fluctuated more than birth rate.
The death rate increased overall.
[2]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

(iii) Calculate the rate of natural population decrease in Japan in 2020.

You should show your calculations.

......................................
[3]

(iv) Suggest reasons to explain why natural population decrease is occurring in some
MEDCs, such as Japan.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 1.2, which shows the population changes expected in each continent between
2020 and 2100.

Europe
North
America Asia

Africa
South America
and the
Caribbean
Australasia

Key
0 1000
2020
population
2050 (millions)
2100

Fig. 1.2

(i) State the expected population changes of Africa, Asia and Europe between 2020 and
2100.
Do not use statistics in your answer.

Africa .................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Asia ...................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Europe ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

(ii) Suggest the problems likely to be faced by the economies of LEDCs where rapid
population growth occurs.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

(c) For a named country you have studied, describe the positive and negative impacts of a policy
used to influence population growth.

Name of country ..........................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

2 (a) Study Figs. 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 (Insert), which are photographs taken of different urban land
uses in Warsaw, Poland (an MEDC in Eastern Europe).

(i) Which photograph shows an area where redevelopment is taking place?

Circle one answer from the list below.

Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2 Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.4 [1]

(ii) Suggest two reasons why traffic congestion may be a problem in the areas shown in
Figs. 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain how public transport, such as the trams shown in Fig. 2.2, reduces traffic
congestion.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) State two other methods that can be used to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas.
For each method explain how it reduces traffic congestion.

Method 1 ...........................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Method 2 ...........................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 2.5, which shows levels of air pollution in selected urban areas in India.

250

200

150
amount of
air pollution
(μg / m3) 100

0
Surat Chandigarh Ahmedabad Mumbai Delhi
cities
Key
sulfur dioxide
nitrogen dioxide
particulate matter

Fig. 2.5

(i) Describe three differences in the levels of air pollution in Ahmedabad and Delhi.
Do not use statistics in your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

(ii) Describe the impacts of air pollution on people who live in urban areas.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

Name of urban area ..........................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), which is a photograph of a coastal landform.

(i) Identify the type of coastal landform marked by X in Fig. 3.1.

....................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe two features of the coastal landform shown in Fig. 3.1.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest how the landform shown in Fig. 3.1 may change in the future as a result of
coastal erosion.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) The coastal landform shown in Fig. 3.1 is located on a headland. Explain why headlands
form along some coastlines.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 3.2, which is a map showing the delta of the River Nile.

Mediterranean Sea

Abukir Lake
Bay Burullus

El Mallahah
Al Manzalah
L.
Ro nch Lake
Br
se
a
tta

Suez Canal
Lake

D a m i e tt a Bran
Mariout

Ismailia C.
ch

N Timsah L.

Great
Bitter Lake

Canal
Suez
0 50
River

km
Nile

Suez
Gulf

Fig. 3.2

(i) Using Fig. 3.2 only, describe the shape and size of the delta.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

(ii) Suggest why the River Nile has formed a delta in the area shown in Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

(c) For a named coastline you have studied, describe the hazards resulting from natural
processes and their impacts on people.

Name of coastline ..........................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, which shows two traditional weather instruments.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 4.1

(i) Which weather element is measured by the two instruments shown in Fig. 4.1?
Underline one answer from the list below.

humidity precipitation temperature wind [1]

(ii) Explain how readings are taken from the two weather instruments shown in Fig. 4.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Describe and explain an ideal location for the weather instruments shown in Fig. 4.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

(iv) Describe the disadvantages of using traditional instruments rather than digital ones to
record weather data.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

(b) Study Fig. 4.2, which shows the maximum and minimum temperatures at Maleny, Australia,
during January 2018.

44
40
36
32
28
temperature
24
(°C)
20
16
12
8
4
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
January 2018
Key
maximum
minimum

Fig. 4.2

(i) Compare the daily range of temperature on the 1 and 31 of January 2018 at Maleny. Use
statistics in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

(ii) Explain how a traditional weather instrument can be used to obtain data to show
changes in maximum and minimum temperature for a period of one month.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

Name of river ..........................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which shows information about employment in the tourist industry in selected
countries.

100

80 St Lucia

60 Maldives
share of total Bahamas
employment
(%)
40
Cayman Islands

20 New Zealand
Namibia

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
number of jobs (000s)

Fig. 5.1

(i) Complete Fig. 5.1 by plotting the following information for Jamaica:

There are 400 000 jobs in the tourist industry.

30% of total employment is in the tourist industry. [1]

(ii) Put the following countries in rank order according to the number of jobs in the tourist
industry.

Namibia New Zealand St Lucia

........................................... most jobs in the tourist industry

...........................................

........................................... least jobs in the tourist industry [2]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

(iii) Use Fig. 5.1 only to identify the country from the list below in which you think the tourist
industry is most important. Give reasons for your answer.

Cayman Islands Bahamas Maldives

Name of country ................................................................................................................

Reasons for choice ...........................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest different types of jobs in the tourist industry which are likely to be available in
countries such as those listed in (iii).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 5.2, which shows the amount of money spent by international tourists in Australia
between 2010 and 2018.

35
amount spent
(in billion US$)

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
years

Fig. 5.2

(i) Describe the changes in the amount of money spent by international tourists in Australia
between 2010 and 2018. Do not use statistics in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

(ii) Explain how the local natural environment may be at risk when large‑scale tourism
becomes important in an area.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

(c) For a named example you have studied, explain how physical (natural) attractions have led to
the development of the tourist industry.

Name of example ..........................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1, which shows some information about the production of one cotton T‑shirt.

5000 litres of water

134 grams of fertiliser are used
are used

0.55 kg of fossil fuels

are used
5 grams of pesticides
are used

4.1 kg of carbon dioxide

71 grams of other is produced
gases are produced

Fig. 6.1

(i) Name one example of a fossil fuel.

.................................................................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 6.1, identify the two inputs used by cotton farmers which will pollute local
rivers.

1 .......................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain why river pollution is a threat to the local natural environment.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

(iv) Explain how carbon dioxide produced by economic activities causes global warming to
increase.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

(b) Study Fig. 6.2, which shows information about the main causes of soil erosion.

0%
90 10
Key

overgrazing
80 20
deforestation

arable farming
70 30
gathering fuelwood

60 40
50

Fig. 6.2

(i) Complete Fig. 6.2 by plotting the following information:

cause of soil erosion percentage

deforestation 30
arable farming 28
gathering fuelwood 7
[3]

(ii) Explain how economic activities, such as those shown in Fig. 6.2, contribute to soil
erosion.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

(c) Describe the effects of desertification on people and the natural environment.
You should refer to places where desertification is occurring.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

Additional pages

If you use the following page to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be
clearly shown.

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23
30

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23
31

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third‑party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer‑related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/F/M/23

Cambridge IGCSE™

GEOGRAPHY 0460/11
Paper 1 Geographical Themes May/June 2023

INSERT 1 hour 45 minutes

INFORMATION
*9014316318-I*

● This insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

● You may annotate this insert and use the blank spaces for planning. Do not write your answers on the
insert.

This document has 8 pages.

DC (PQ/CT) 312254/3
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

Fig. 2.1 for Question 2

Fig. 2.2 for Question 2

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/INSERT/M/J/23

Fig. 2.3 for Question 2

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/INSERT/M/J/23 [Turn over

Fig. 2.4 for Question 2

Gaotai

He
ihe
Ri
ve
r
Linze

Zhangye

iv er
R
ihe
He

0 20 40 km

Key
settlements
river
railway line
main road
bridge

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/INSERT/M/J/23

Fig. 3.1 for Question 3

Earthquakes (6 June–3 October 2019)

Albania | 5.6 M China | 5.1 M Arctic Ocean

depth of focus 10 km depth of focus 10 km

© UCLES 2023
21 September 2019 7 September 2019 USA | 7.1 M
148 1546 1 63 5173 Taiwan | 5.9 M depth of focus 17 km
depth of focus 10 km 6 July 2019
Atlantic 7 August 2019
Ocean Pakistan | 5.6 M USA | 6.4 M
depth of focus 10 km 1 depth of focus 11 km
24 September 2019 4 July 2019
39 746 4697 Philippines | 6 M 50
depth of focus 10 km
26 July 2019 Atlantic
8 63 19 Ocean
Iran | 5.7 M
depth of focus 10 km Philippines | 5.6 M
8 July 2019 depth of focus 24 km
China | 5.8 M
1 128 depth of focus 10 km 9 July 2019
17 June 2019 1 3 119
13 200 12 700 Indonesia | 7.3 M
5

Atlantic depth of focus 10 km

Indonesia | 6.9 M 14 July 2019
Ocean depth of focus 53 km
2 August 2019 8 134 2334

0460/11/INSERT/M/J/23
6 3 505
Indonesia | 6.5 M Pacific
depth of focus 18 km Atlantic
25 September 2019 Ocean
Indian Ocean
Ocean 31 179 176

Southern Ocean

Key
earthquake events
6 June – 3 October 2019 earthquake with significant impact
magnitude (M) Country | M > 10 deaths
5.0 – 5.4 M plate boundaries
5.5 – 6.4 M deaths

[Turn over
6.5 – 7 M injured people
≥7M damaged/destroyed buildings
6

Fig. 4.1 for Question 4

X Y

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/INSERT/M/J/23

Fig. 4.2 (at X) for Question 4

Fig. 4.3 (at Y) for Question 4

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/INSERT/M/J/23 [Turn over

Fig. 5.2 for Question 5

North
America Europe Asia

Tropic of
Cancer
Africa
Equator
South
America
Tropic of
Capricorn Australasia

Key
food consumption
in calories daily
over 3000
2501–3000
2000–2500
less than 2000
no data

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/INSERT/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 9 0 1 4 3 1 6 3 1 8 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/11
Paper 1 Geographical Themes May/June 2023

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed) Ruler

Calculator
Protractor

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 24 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (PQ/CT) 312253/3
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, which shows information about the total world population since 1800 with
estimates up to 2100.

12
Estimate X

total world
population 8
since 1800 Estimate Y
in billions

0
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
year

Fig. 1.1

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23

(i) What was the total population of the world in 2020?

.................... billions [1]

(ii) Compare the growth of the world’s population from 1800 to 1950 with the growth between
1950 and 2020. Use statistics in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Which of the two estimates for future population growth do you think is most likely,
X or Y? Give reasons for your choice.

Estimate ....................

Reasons ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Some countries are under-populated. Describe the problems caused by under-population.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 1.2, which shows information about types of migration.

migration

international internal

voluntary forced rural to urban urban to rural regional

(involuntary)

Fig. 1.2

(i) Define the following types of migration:

international migration

...........................................................................................................................................

internal migration

...........................................................................................................................................

forced (involuntary) migration.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Explain why large numbers of immigrants may have positive impacts on the area which
they are moving to.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]
© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23
5

(c) For an example you have studied, explain why migration of large numbers of people has
taken place. You should refer to push and pull factors.

Migration from ........................................................... to ...........................................................

Explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23 [Turn over

2 (a) Study Figs. 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 (Insert), which are photographs taken in different types of
settlement.

(i) Tick the statement which is true about the dispersed rural settlement shown in Fig. 2.1.

tick (3)

buildings are scattered amongst areas of farmland

the area is densely populated

there are many high order services in the settlement

the settlement has grown up around a road junction

[1]

(ii) Identify two features of the settlement shown in Fig. 2.2 which are typical of an urban
area.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State three different land uses in the rural-urban fringe shown in Fig. 2.3.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 .................................................................................................................................. [3]

(iv) Suggest problems which urban sprawl may cause for people and the natural environment
in an area such as that shown in Fig. 2.3.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23

(b) Study Fig. 2.4 (Insert), which is a map showing settlement in the basin of the Heihe River in
north west China.

(i) Describe the distribution of settlement in the area shown in Fig. 2.4 (Insert).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest different reasons for the distribution of settlement in the area shown in Fig. 2.4
(Insert).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23 [Turn over

(c) For a named rural area or rural settlement in a country you have studied, describe and
explain the service provision.

Name of area or settlement ............................................ Country ............................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23 [Turn over

Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), which shows information about earthquakes between June and
October 2019.

(i) What was the magnitude of the earthquake in Pakistan on 24 September 2019?

........................................................... [1]

(ii) Identify the name of the country from Fig. 3.1 where the earthquake:

caused the most injuries ...........................................................

damaged/destroyed the most buildings. ........................................................... [2]

(iii) Compare the impacts of the earthquakes in the Philippines on 9 July and 26 July 2019.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest reasons why the earthquakes in the Philippines (an LEDC) had a greater impact
than the earthquakes in the USA (an MEDC) between June and October 2019.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23

(b) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows an earthquake at a plate boundary.

Plate
A

Plate
B
X

Key
direction of plate
movement

Fig. 3.2

(i) Identify the features labelled X, Y and Z on Fig. 3.2.

X = ...........................................................

Y = ...........................................................

Z = ........................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain why earthquakes occur at plate boundaries, such as the one shown in Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]
© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23 [Turn over
12

Name of volcano ............................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23

4 (a) Study Figs. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3, (Insert), photographs taken on a beach in Spain. Figs. 4.2 and
4.3 were taken at X and Y, which are labelled on Fig. 4.1.

(i) Tick the statement which describes the coastline shown in Fig. 4.1.

tick (3)

gently sloping beach with high cliffs

gently sloping beach with low cliffs

steeply sloping beach with high cliffs

steeply sloping beach with low cliffs

[1]

(ii) Describe the beach material at X (Fig. 4.2) and Y (Fig. 4.3).

X ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Y ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest reasons why the cliffs are eroding rapidly in the area shown in Fig. 4.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest two methods which could be used to reduce coastal erosion in the area shown.
For each method explain how it would reduce erosion.

Method 1 ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Method 2 ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23 [Turn over
14

(b) Study Fig. 4.4, which is a map showing an area formed by coastal deposition in the USA.

N Strait of Juan de Fuca

Spit
ss
e ne
ng
Du

pit
ard S
Dungeness Bay

ey
Cline Spit

Grav
Dungeness
Bay
Old Town

r
ve
Ri
0 5 10 Dungeness

s
es
en
km
ng
Du

Fig. 4.4

(i) Describe the main features of Graveyard Spit.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Describe the processes which form a spit.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]
© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23
15

Name of coastal area ............................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23 [Turn over

Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which shows information about rice farming in Laos, an LEDC in South East Asia.

Seasonal Rice Crop Calendar

upland

lowland

irrigated land
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Months
Key
planting growing season harvesting

Fig. 5.1

(i) Many rice farmers in the upland areas of Laos are subsistence farmers.
What is meant by subsistence farming?

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 5.1, identify a month when:

lowland farmers plant rice ..........................................................

rice is harvested from irrigated land. .......................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest why many farmers in lowland areas of Laos irrigate some of their land.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23

(iv) Rice farmers in some areas in Laos keep some animals on their farms.
Explain two advantages of growing crops and keeping animals on the same farm.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), which shows information about food consumption in different parts of
the world.

(i) Using information from Fig. 5.2, suggest where shortage of food is most likely.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain why many people in some parts of the world do not have enough food to eat.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]
© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23 [Turn over
18

Named farm or agricultural system ............................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23

6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1, which shows information about the changes in methods of generating
electricity in four countries which are predicted to occur by 2035.

China

India

USA

Japan

–1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

decrease increase
change in amount of electricity generated (TWh)
Key
coal natural gas nuclear renewable methods

Fig. 6.1

(i) What is the total increase in electricity generation which is predicted for India by 2035?

.................... TWh [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 6.1, identify the following:

– the country where the generation of electricity using nuclear power is predicted to
decrease by 2035

............................................

– the country where the greatest amount of total extra electricity generated is predicted
to be from renewable methods.

............................................ [2]

(iii) Compare the predicted changes in the amount of electricity generated by 2035 in China
and the USA. Do not use statistics in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23 [Turn over

(iv) Explain why the generation of electricity is predicted to increase in many countries.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 6.2, which shows four plans which the government of an MEDC in Europe is
considering to maintain energy supplies in the future.

Plan 1

Build a new nuclear power station.

Plan 2

Increase the amount of wind generators offshore and in the mountains.

Plan 3

Search for oil and gas in offshore areas.

Plan 4

Import large amounts of coal from China.

Fig. 6.2

(i) Give three reasons why some people in the country may object to Plan 1.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23

(ii) Choose the plan, 2, 3 or 4, that you think will be most effective in maintaining energy
supplies in the future.

Explain your choice by referring to the advantages of your chosen plan and the
disadvantages of the plans you have rejected.

Plan chosen ............................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23 [Turn over

Country ............................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/11/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™

GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
Paper 1 Geographical Themes May/June 2023

INSERT 1 hour 45 minutes

INFORMATION
*4288463106-I*

● This insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

● You may annotate this insert and use the blank spaces for planning. Do not write your answers on the
insert.

This document has 8 pages.

DC (LK/SG) 312172/2
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

Fig. 2.1 for Question 2

N
River Ganges

CBD

0 4
km
Key
residential river
shops and services others
public buildings national highway
industry state highway
open / arable major road
parks / green spaces other road
/ forest / plantation railway
airport city boundary

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/M/J/23

Fig. 2.2 for Question 2

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/M/J/23 [Turn over

Fig. 4.2 for Question 4

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/M/J/23

Fig. 5.1 for Question 5

AUSTRIA Key
HUNGARY iron and steel
Varaždin heavy industry
SLOVENIA oil refining
Zagreb
shipbuilding
Ivanić-Grad Kutina Osijek gas processing
Rijeka Sisak Slavonski Vukovar Opatovac
Karlovac
Omišalj Brod chemicals
textiles
Pula
food processing
CROATIA
BOSNIA AND SERBIA light industry
HERZEGOVINA (wood, paper, glass
Zadar and ceramics)
tourism
Šibenik capital city
ITALY Split

N Adriatic Sea
MONTENEGRO
Ston

Dubrovnik
0 25 50 75 100
km

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/M/J/23 [Turn over

Fig. 5.2 for Question 5

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/M/J/23

Fig. 5.3 for Question 5

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/M/J/23 [Turn over

Fig. 5.4 for Question 5

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 2 8 8 4 6 3 1 0 6 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
Paper 1 Geographical Themes May/June 2023

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed) Ruler

Calculator
Protractor

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 32 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (LK/SG) 312171/4
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, which shows information about migration to selected countries in Europe
between January and September 2019.

Croatia
N 0 250 Romania
San Bosnia and
km France Marino Herzegovina
Monaco Serbia
Andorra Bulgaria
1757
Montenegro Kosovo
9432
Spain North
Macedonia
Portugal Italy Albania
24 623
Greece
Turkey
51 825
2911 Malta
Algeria 5575
Cyprus

Tunisia Mediterranean Sea

Morocco
Libya

Key number of deaths

migration route 1–5
migration flow 6 – 50

number of 51 – 150
migrants arriving

Fig. 1.1

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

(i) Put the following countries in rank order of the number of migrants arriving between
January and September 2019. Two have been completed for you.

Cyprus Italy Malta Spain

1st Greece most

2nd ........................................

3rd ........................................

4th ........................................

5th ........................................

6th Bulgaria least [1]

(ii) Describe the locations of two different areas where there were many deaths of migrants
as they attempted to cross the Mediterranean Sea.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Some of the migration to Europe shown on Fig. 1.1 was forced (involuntary) migration
from LEDCs.
Give three reasons why there is forced migration from some LEDCs.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

(iv) Explain why the arrival of large numbers of migrants from LEDCs may cause problems
for countries in Europe.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

(b) Study Fig. 1.2, which shows the number of migrants arriving in Greece, Italy and Spain
between January and September 2019.

20 000

18 000

16 000

14 000

12 000
number of
migrants 10 000
arriving
8000

6000

4000

2000

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
months
Key
Greece
Italy
Spain

Fig. 1.2

(i) Complete Fig. 1.2 by plotting the following information for September 2019:

Greece = 11 000 migrants

Italy = 3500 migrants
Spain = 3500 migrants
[3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

(ii) Describe the problems which many migrants may face after migrating to Greece, Italy
or Spain.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

(c) For a country you have studied with a high dependent population, describe the problems
caused by this population structure.

Country .....................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), which is a map showing land use in Bhagalpur, a city in India (an
LEDC in Asia).

(i) What is the distance along the railway line from the railway junction south east of the
CBD to the eastern boundary of Bhagalpur?

............................ km [1]

(ii) Describe the distribution of shops and services in Bhagalpur.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State three likely differences between the shops and services in the CBD of Bhagalpur
and those in the area labelled X in Fig. 2.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Using evidence from Fig. 2.1 only, explain two likely reasons for the growth of many
shops and services in area X.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

(b) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), which is a sketch map showing information about the spheres of
influence of two shops in an urban area.

(i) Using information from Fig. 2.2 only, compare the sphere of influence of the general
store and the large supermarket.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain why a general store and a large supermarket will have different spheres of
influence.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

(c) For a named urban area you have studied, describe the methods used to improve the
housing conditions of the people who live there.

Name of urban area ..........................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which shows information about the impacts of two of the most devastating
earthquakes which have occurred this century.

deaths homeless
5
injuries

400 4

350

300 3
millions
250
(000 000s)
thousands
(000s) 200 2

150

100 1

0 0
China Haiti China Haiti
2008 2010 2008 2010

Fig. 3.1

(i) How many people were made homeless as a result of the earthquake in Haiti in 2010?

................................... million [1]

(ii) Compare the number of deaths and injuries caused by the earthquakes in China and
Haiti.
Do not use statistics in your answer.

deaths ................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

injuries ................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

(iii) In Haiti over 70% of the population live on less than US$2 per day.
Suggest how this contributed to the large number of deaths and injuries caused by the
earthquake in Haiti.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Describe the likely effects of severe earthquakes, such as those in China and Haiti, on
the economies of the countries.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 3.2, which is a map showing information about the location and magnitude of
earthquakes in Alaska, USA (an MEDC in North America).

Key N
6.0 – 6.9
North American Plate
7.0 – 7.9
magnitude

Canada
8.0 – 8.4 on

Alaska
8.5 – 8.9 Richter scale
9.0 or larger
faults
direction of plate movement

North A
merican Plate

X
fic Plate 0 500
Paci
km

Fig. 3.2

(i) Describe the distribution of earthquakes shown in Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

(ii) Suggest how physical (natural) processes cause earthquakes in the area marked X on
Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

Name of example ........................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, which shows the weather recorded in Olsztyn, Poland, for a week in June
2019, along with Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph of the sky taken one day during that week.

Weather observations – Olsztyn 1–7 June 2019

maximum minimum air wind precipitation cloud

wind
date temperature temperature pressure speed cover
direction
(°C) (°C) (mb) (km / h) (mm) (oktas)
1 June 16 9 1002 23 NW 2.75 4
2 June 20 12 1008 18 W 4 3
3 June 23 13 1015 5 S 0 1
4 June 24 14 1018 2 SE 0 0
5 June 21 12 1010 11 SE 1 3
6 June 19 10 1006 10 SW 4 6
7 June 17 10 998 19 W 9.5 8

Fig. 4.1

(i) Identify the type of cloud shown in Fig. 4.2.

............................................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 4.1, suggest the date in June 2019 when you think the photograph shown in
Fig. 4.2 was taken.
Give a reason for your answer.

date ....................................................

reason ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

(iii) Explain how a maximum and minimum thermometer (Six’s thermometer) was used to
collect the information on temperature in Fig. 4.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Name the traditional weather instruments used to collect information on air pressure,
wind speed, wind direction and precipitation.

air pressure ............................................

wind speed .............................................

wind direction .........................................

precipitation ............................................ [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

(b) Study Fig. 4.3, which is a diagram showing the monthly average cloud cover at Bodrum,
Turkey.

cloud cover
(oktas) 3

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
months

Fig. 4.3

(i) Using Fig. 4.3 only, describe the seasonal variation in the amount of cloud at Bodrum.
Do not use statistics in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

(ii) Explain how data on cloud cover and cloud type can be collected over a period of a
month.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

Name of river ...........................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), which is a map showing information about industry in Croatia (an
MEDC in Europe), along with Figs. 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 (Insert) which are photographs taken in
part of Croatia where the tourist industry is important.

(i) Name the settlement in the north west of Croatia where tourism and shipbuilding are
important.

.................................................... [1]

(ii) Cruise ships take tourists along the coast of Croatia. What is the distance and direction
they will travel from Split to Dubrovnik?

distance ...................................... km

direction ...................................... [2]

(iii) Using Figs. 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 (Insert) only, identify one different tourist attraction shown in
each photograph.

Fig. 5.2

...........................................................................................................................................

Fig. 5.3

...........................................................................................................................................

Fig. 5.4

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Describe the benefits of the tourist industry to the people who live in Croatia.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

(b) Study Fig. 5.5, which shows information about the number of tourists visiting Croatia between
2006 and 2019.

15
number of
tourists
(millions
000 000s)
10

0
2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019
years

Fig. 5.5

(i) Describe the changes in the number of tourists visiting Croatia between 2006 and 2019.
You may use statistics to support your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

(ii) Suggest reasons why the number of tourists visiting a country may change from year to
year.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

(c) For a named tourist area you have studied, describe the problems tourism causes for people
and the natural environment.

Name of tourist area ....................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1, which shows the employment structure of Italy (an MEDC) and Nigeria (an
LEDC) in 1990 and 2020.

Italy
0% 0%
90 10 90 10

80 20 80 20

70 30 70 30

60 40 60 40
50 50 Key
1990 2020 agriculture
industry
Nigeria
services
0% 0%
90 10 90 10

80 20 80 20

70 30 70 30

60 40 60 40
50 50
1990 2020

Fig. 6.1

(i) What percentage of the working population was employed in industry in Italy in 1990?

....................................................... % [1]

(ii) Identify one similarity and one difference between the employment structures of Italy
and Nigeria in 2020.

similarity ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

difference ...........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

(iii) Compare the changes which have taken place in the employment structure of Italy and
Nigeria between 1990 and 2020.
Do not use statistics in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest reasons for the changes in the employment structure of Nigeria (an LEDC)
which have taken place between 1990 and 2020.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 6.2, which shows information about brick manufacturing.

digger

clay

metal grid

roller
sand + water

wire cutter mould

bricks bricks

drying oven

24 – 48 hrs
cooling
chamber kiln kiln

48 – 72 hrs high moderate

870 °C – 1300 °C 200 °C – 980 °C

packaging

delivery

Fig. 6.2

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

(i) Complete the table below by inserting the following words to show examples of inputs,
processes and outputs of the brick manufacturing industry shown in Fig. 6.2.

cutting bricks electricity smoke/fumes

bricks rolling the clay sand

Inputs Processes Outputs

.................................. ..................................................... ...........................................

[3]

(ii) Suggest how the natural environment may be at risk from brick manufacturing.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

(c) For a named example of a factory or industrial zone you have studied, explain the factors
which influence its location.

Name of factory or industrial zone .......................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™

GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
Paper 1 Geographical Themes May/June 2023

INSERT 1 hour 45 minutes

INFORMATION
*0151517999-I*

● This insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

● You may annotate this insert and use the blank spaces for planning. Do not write your answers on the
insert.

This document has 8 pages.

DC (EF/SG) 312276/2
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

Fig. 1.1 for Question 1

Average annual rate of population change (%), 2015–2020

Ukraine

USA

India

Angola

Key
rate of change (%)
4.1 to 5
3.1 to 4
2.1 to 3
1.1 to 2
0.1 to 1
–1 to 0
less than –1
no data

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/INSERT/M/J/23

Fig. 2.1 for Question 2

Kariba N
JOSIAH TONGOGARA

JOSIAH CHINAMANO

BLAKISTON

COLQUHOUN

MAZOWE

SECOND

FOURTH
THIRD

SIXTH
FIFTH
BAINES

FIFE

HERBERT CHITEPO
LEOPOLD TAKAWIRA
Harare
PRINCE EDWARD

LIVINGSTONE
Gardens

PARK LANE
Geology
HARARE

Museum
National
SELOUS
Art Gallery

CENTRAL
Bulawayo PARK LANE

SAMORA MACHEL

Mutare
CHINHOYI

UNION
SECOND
PARK

NELSON MANDELA
ANGWA

FIRST

JAS UNITY
ON GEORGE SILUNDIKA
MOY SQUARE
ARE

NDA

O
HAR

JASON MOYO
EHA

SPE

FIFTH
KE
E
YA N

RER

INEZ

SPEKE
ALB
ION
NYE
MBU

ROBERT MUGABE
US
YI

I
JUL
NHO

JASON MANYIKA
E
ERO

END
CHI

CAM

SOUTH
REZ

BAN
K
KENNETH KAUNDA

0 100 200
Key metres
open space
main road
other roads
pedestrianised street
bus station
car park
railway station
hospital
main post office
built-up area
large public buildings

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/INSERT/M/J/23 [Turn over

Fig. 2.2 for Question 2

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/INSERT/M/J/23

Fig. 2.3 for Question 2

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/INSERT/M/J/23 [Turn over

Fig. 3.1 for Question 3
Earthquakes (1 January–5 June 2019)

Albania | 5.2 M

© UCLES 2023
depth of focus 10 km
Philippines | 6.1 M Atlantic
1 June 2019
depth of focus 22 km Ocean
5 100 22 April 2019
Costa Rica | 6.1 M
18 256
Papua New Guinea | 7.5 M depth of focus 19 km
12 May 2019
depth of focus 10 km
14 May 2019 2

Indian Pacific El Salvador | 6.6 M

Ocean Ocean depth of focus 65 km
Indonesia | 5.4 M 30 May 2019
Atlantic
depth of focus 10 km 1 1 57
Ocean 27 Feb 2019
6

48 350 Ecuador | 7.5 M

depth of focus 145 km
Indonesia | 5.6 M Southern 22 Feb 2019

0460/13/INSERT/M/J/23
depth of focus 10 km Ocean 5
17 Mar 2019 Papua New Guinea | 7.1 M Peru | 8.0 M
6 45 depth of focus 146 km depth of focus 123 km
6 May 2019 26 May 2019
130 2 15 1419

Key
earthquake events plate boundaries
1 January–5 June 2019
magnitude (M) significant impact
5.0–5.4 M deaths
5.5–6.4 M injured people
6.5–7.4 M damaged buildings
≥7.5 M
earthquakes with significant impact
7

Fig. 5.2 for Question 5

Fig. 5.3 for Question 5

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/INSERT/M/J/23 [Turn over

Fig. 5.4 for Question 5

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/INSERT/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 0 1 5 1 5 1 7 9 9 9 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
Paper 1 Geographical Themes May/June 2023

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed) Ruler

Calculator
Protractor

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 32 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (EF/SG) 312275/3
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1 (Insert), which shows information about the average annual rate of population
change between 2015 and 2020.

(i) Insert the following words in the equation below to show how overall population change
is calculated.

death rate

migration

birth rate

............................ – ............................ +/– ............................ = overall population change

[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 1.1 only, put the following countries in rank order according to their average
annual rate of population growth between 2015 and 2020.

Angola India Ukraine USA

1st ............................................................ highest growth

2nd ...........................................................

3rd ............................................................

4th ............................................................ lowest growth [2]

(iii) Describe the distribution of countries with an increase in population of between 4.1 to 5%.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

(iv) Describe four problems that many people face in countries where population growth is
rapid.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

4 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 1.2, which shows two important factors which influence birth rates and death rates.

Fig. 1.2

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

(i) Explain how the availability of education can reduce birth rates in a country.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain how improving access to good healthcare can reduce death rates in a country.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

(c) For an example you have studied, describe the positive impacts of international migration on
the destination and origin countries of migrants.

Migration from ........................................................... to ...........................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), which is a map showing part of the Central Business District (CBD) of
Harare, the capital city of Zimbabwe (an LEDC in Africa).

(i) Name an area of open space in the CBD of Harare.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Identify from Fig. 2.1:

the street which is pedestrianised .....................................................................................

a form of public transport which serves the CBD of Harare. .............................................

[2]

(iii) Describe the street layout in the area shown on Fig. 2.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Describe and suggest reasons for the location of the hospital which is shown on Fig. 2.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 (Insert), which are photographs taken in different parts of the CBD of
Harare.

(i) Describe three differences between the parts of the CBD shown in Figs. 2.2 and 2.3.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest reasons why the shops and services in the CBD of Harare have a large sphere
of influence.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

Name of urban area .................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), which shows information about earthquakes between January and
June 2019.

(i) What was the magnitude of the earthquake in Costa Rica on 12 May 2019?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Identify the name of the country from Fig. 3.1 where the earthquake:

caused the most deaths ....................................................................................................

had the deepest focus. ................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) Describe the distribution of earthquakes shown on Fig. 3.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Describe the natural processes which cause earthquakes to occur at conservative plate
boundaries.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 3.2, a cross-section which shows information about a volcanic eruption on
Whakaari (White Island), New Zealand in December 2019.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 3.2

(i) Using Fig. 3.2 only, identify three different hazards caused by the eruption of the volcano
on Whakaari.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 .................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

(ii) Explain the causes of the eruption of the volcano on Whakaari.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

Name of volcano .................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, which is a map showing hot deserts.

NORTH
EUROPE
Ca Cur

ASIA
AMERICA
lifo ren

Canaries
rn t

Mojave
ia

Current
n

Tropic of Thar
Cancer
Sahara
Equator SOUTH Arabian
AMERICA AFRICA
Atacama Kalahari
Pe
ruvian Curren

Tropic of Capricorn AUSTRALASIA

Benguela W. Australian
Current
Current Namib
Australian
t

Key
hot deserts
prevailing winds
cold ocean currents

Fig. 4.1

(i) Name the hot desert which occupies the largest area of land.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe two differences between the locations of the Atacama Desert and the Mojave
Desert.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

(iii) Describe the global distribution of hot deserts.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest why the cold ocean current and prevailing winds cause rainfall totals to be low
in the Atacama Desert.

cold ocean currents ...........................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

prevailing winds .................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 4.2, which is a diagram showing different cloud types.

cirrus
cirrocumulus
high level
above 5500 metres

cirrostratus

altocumulus
mid level
1700 to 5500 metres

altostratus

stratocumulus

low level
0 to 1700 metres cumulus
cumulonimbus
nimbostratus

stratus

Fig. 4.2

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

(i) Using Fig. 4.2 only, compare the characteristics of altostratus and cirrus clouds.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Describe the processes which result in the daily formation of cumulonimbus clouds which
result in heavy rainfall in equatorial areas.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

Name of desert .................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which shows information about the employment structure of Nigeria in 1990,
2005 and 2020, along with Figs. 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 (Insert), which are photographs of workers
in Nigeria (an LEDC in Africa).

1990 2005
0% 0%
90% 10% 90% 10%

80% 20% 80% 20%

70% 30% 70% 30%

60% 40% 60% 40%

50% 50%

2020
0%
90% 10% Key

Primary
80% 20%
Secondary

Tertiary
70% 30%

60% 40%
50%

Fig. 5.1

(i) Insert the words below into the correct spaces to identify the sectors of employment
shown in Figs. 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4.

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Fig. 5.2 .....................................................

Fig. 5.3 .....................................................

Fig. 5.4 ..................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

(ii) Complete Fig. 5.1 by plotting the following information for 2005:

Secondary 10%

Tertiary 35% [2]

(iii) Describe three changes in the employment structure of Nigeria between 1990 and 2020.
Do not use statistics in your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Explain the importance of jobs, such as that shown in Fig. 5.2 (Insert), to an LEDC such
as Nigeria.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 5.5, which is a table showing four development indicators for selected countries in
Asia.

Human energy use per person access to internet malnourished children

Development (kg oil equivalent) (% of total population) (% of total number of
Index under 5-year-olds)
(HDI)
Bangladesh 0.632 201 15 31
China 0.761 1695 54 8
India 0.645 560 35 35
Indonesia 0.718 850 40 30

Fig. 5.5

(i) State three pieces of evidence from Fig. 5.5 that show that Indonesia is more developed
than India.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Describe the differences between the Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross
National Product (GNP) per capita as indicators of development.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

(c) Explain why the process of globalisation has occurred.

You should refer to different places and examples.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1, which shows information about the types of energy used for electricity
generation in the different states of Australia.

100

60
percentage
of the total
energy 50
generated
40

0
New South Victoria Queensland Western South Tasmania Northern
Wales Australia Australia Territory
state
Key
coal natural gas oil HEP other renewables

Fig. 6.1

(i) Which Australian state uses the highest percentage of oil for electricity generation?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 6.1, put the fuels used for electricity generation in Western Australia in rank
order of importance. One has been done for you.

1st ............................................................ most important

2nd ...........................................................

3rd other renewables

4th ............................................................

5th ............................................................ least important [2]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

(iii) Compare the percentage of three different types of energy used for electricity generation
in Queensland and Tasmania. Do not use statistics in your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest reasons for the variation in importance of HEP and other renewable forms of
energy in the different states of Australia.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 6.2, which shows information about oil and natural gas in Australia.

N
Darwin

Northern
Territory Queensland

Western
Australia

South Brisbane
Australia
New South Wales
Perth

Adelaide Sydney
Key Victoria
Australian oil and gas facilities Melbourne
crude oil production
natural gas production 0 800 Tasmania
Hobart
refineries km
gas processing

Fig. 6.2

(i) Using Fig. 6.2 only, describe the distribution of crude oil production in Australia.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

(ii) Explain why many countries are reducing their dependence on fossil fuels such as oil
and natural gas.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

Location .................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/13/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™

GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2023

INSERT 1 hour 45 minutes

INFORMATION
*4597270570-I*

● This insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

● You may annotate this insert and use the blank spaces for planning. Do not write your answers on the
insert.

This document has 8 pages.

DC (RW/FC) 312736/3
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

Fig. 2.1 for Question 2

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/O/N/23

Fig. 2.2 for Question 2

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/O/N/23 [Turn over

Fig. 3.2 for Question 3

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/O/N/23

Fig. 4.2 for Question 4

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/O/N/23 [Turn over

Fig. 5.1 for Question 5

Age: 15–24 years

Asia
North Europe
America

China
Africa India
South Tanzania
America
Oceania

New Zealand
Key
literacy rate (percentage)
90 and over 30 to 39
80 to 89 20 to 29
70 to 79 10 to 19
60 to 69 less than 10
50 to 59 no data
40 to 49

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/O/N/23

Fig. 5.2 for Question 5

Age: over 65 years

Asia
North Europe
America

China
Africa India
South Tanzania
America
Oceania

New Zealand
Key
literacy rate (percentage)
90 and over 30 to 39
80 to 89 20 to 29
70 to 79 10 to 19
60 to 69 less than 10
50 to 59 no data
40 to 49

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/O/N/23 [Turn over

Fig. 6.1 for Question 6

Tropic of Cancer

Chad

Nigeria

Gabon Equator

Key
risk of desertification
very high risk
high risk Angola
moderate risk Madagascar
low risk
Botswana Tropic of Capricorn
N
0 1000
km

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/INSERT/O/N/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 5 9 7 2 7 0 5 7 0 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2023

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed) Ruler

Calculator
Protractor

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 28 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (RW/FC) 312735/3
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, information about birth rates and death rates in Germany between 1950 and
2020 (Germany is an MEDC in Europe).

rate
(per 1000)
12

0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
year
Key
birth rate
death rate

Fig. 1.1

(i) What was the death rate in Germany in 1950?

...................... per 1000 [1]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23

(ii) What evidence in Fig. 1.1 suggests that:

– there was a decrease in the natural population growth rate in Germany between
1965 and 1970?

...........................................................................................................................................

– natural population decline occurred in Germany between 1990 and 2000?

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Calculate the natural population growth rate in Germany in 1960.

You should show your calculations in the box below.

...................... per 1000

[3]

(iv) Explain why birth rates are low in MEDCs such as Germany.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 1.2, information about the origins of migrants to Germany.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 1.2

(i) Complete Fig. 1.2 by plotting the following information about the origin of migrants to
Germany:

Turkey = 13%
Poland = 8%
Syria = 7% [3]

(ii) Describe the problems which may be faced by international migrants when they arrive in
Germany.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23

Migration from ............................................... to ...............................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23 [Turn over

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a photograph taken in Dhaka, Bangladesh (an LEDC in Asia).

(i) What type of settlement is shown at X in Fig. 2.1?

Circle one of the following.

dispersed settlement rural settlement squatter settlement [1]

(ii) Using evidence from Fig. 2.1, suggest two problems faced by people living in the
settlement shown at X.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) In many urban areas there are inequalities. Suggest reasons for the inequalities which
may exist between the people living in settlements X and Y in Fig. 2.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest two different types of pollution in the area shown in Fig. 2.1. For each type of
pollution explain why it may occur.

type of pollution 1 ..............................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

type of pollution 2 ..............................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23

(b) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph showing part of the metro in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (a
country in Southeast Asia).

(i) Explain how a public transport system, such as the Kuala Lumpur Metro, reduces traffic
congestion.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Describe other strategies which can be used to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23 [Turn over

Name of urban area ...............................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23
9

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23 [Turn over

Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, a map of the drainage basin of the Kalinadi River in India.

Kalinadi River

Y
Key
watershed
river and HEP site
0 24
km

Fig. 3.1

(i) In what general direction does the river flow between X and Y?

............................................... [1]

(ii) Mark the following on Fig. 3.1:

– an M on the mouth of the Kalinadi River

– a C on a confluence. [2]

(iii) Suggest three likely differences between the river valleys at X and Y.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23

(iv) One benefit of living in the drainage basin of the Kalinadi River is that hydroelectric power
(HEP) can be generated.
Suggest reasons why hydroelectric power can be generated at the sites shown in
Fig. 3.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph of a waterfall.

(i) Describe the features of the waterfall shown in Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest how the waterfall shown in Fig. 3.2 was formed.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23

...................................................................................................................................................

[7]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23 [Turn over

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing two hot deserts in Mexico.

USA

Gulf of
Californian Mexico
Current
Tropic of Cancer
N
MEXICO
Pacific Ocean

0 500
Guatemala
km
Key
Sonoran Desert
Chihuahuan Desert
cold ocean current
prevailing winds
international boundary

Fig. 4.1

(i) Tick (✓) one statement which best describes an area of hot desert.

tick
✓
strong winds always cause sandstorms
the annual rainfall is less than 250 mm
the climate is the same all year round
the landscape consists only of sand dunes
[1]

(ii) State one difference and one similarity between the locations of the Sonoran Desert and
the Chihuahuan Desert.

difference ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

similarity ............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23

(iii) Explain why there is a big difference in temperatures between day and night in deserts
such as the Sonoran Desert and the Chihuahuan Desert.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Using evidence from Fig. 4.1, explain why the Sonoran Desert and the Chihuahuan
Desert do not receive much rainfall.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23 [Turn over

(b) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph of vegetation growing in an area of hot desert.

(i) Using Fig. 4.2, identify three features of the vegetation shown which help it to survive in
areas of low rainfall.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Describe other methods which vegetation uses to survive in a hot desert.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23

Name of area ...............................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23 [Turn over
18

Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 (Insert), maps showing the literacy rate for two different age groups.
Fig. 5.1 shows the literacy rate for people aged 15 to 24 years.
Fig. 5.2 shows the literacy rate for people aged over 65 years.

(i) In which one of the following countries was the literacy rate the same for people aged 15
to 24 and people aged over 65?

Circle your answer.

China India New Zealand Tanzania [1]

(ii) Put the following countries in rank order of their literacy rate for people aged over 65.

China India New Zealand Tanzania

1st ............................................... highest literacy rate

2nd ...............................................

3rd ...............................................

4th ............................................... lowest literacy rate [2]

(iii) Using Fig. 5.2, compare the literacy rates of people aged over 65 in Africa and North
America.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 0460/12/O/N/23

(iv) Name two other development indicators. For each one explain how it shows the level of
development of a country.

indicator 1 ..........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

indicator 2 ..........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 5.3, a triangular graph showing the employment structure of Bangladesh (an LEDC
in Asia) in 1970 and 2020.

100 0

90 10

80 20

70 30

se
60
ry

co
ma

1970

nd
50 50
pri

ary
40 60

30 70

20 80
2020
10 90

0 100
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

tertiary

Fig. 5.3

(i) Using Fig. 5.3, compare the employment structure of Bangladesh in 1970 and 2020. Do
not use statistics in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain how changes in technology can result in changes in the employment structure of
a country.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

Name of transnational corporation ...............................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1 (Insert), a map showing information about desertification in Africa.

(i) Which one of the following countries has the largest amount of land with a very high
risk of desertification?

Circle your answer.

Botswana Chad Gabon Madagascar [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 6.1, describe the distribution of the areas at very high risk of desertification
in Africa.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Compare the risk of desertification in Angola and Nigeria.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest likely problems that desertification will cause for people who live in countries
such as Angola and Nigeria.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 6.2, information about the emission of greenhouse gases in the world between
2000 and 2020.

50 000

40 000

greenhouse gas 30 000

emissions
(million metric tonnes
of carbon dioxide
equivalents, MMTCDE) 20 000

10 000

0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
year
Key
CFCs
nitrous oxide
methane
carbon dioxide

Fig. 6.2

(i) Describe the changes in the emissions of greenhouse gases between 2000 and 2020.
You should use statistics to support your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain why global warming occurs.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

Cambridge IGCSE™

GEOGRAPHY 0460/11
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2023

INSERT 1 hour 45 minutes

INFORMATION
*0417354429-I*

● This insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

● You may annotate this insert and use the blank spaces for planning. Do not write your answers on the
insert.

This document has 8 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

Fig. 2.1 for Question 2

Fig. 3.1 for Question 3

N Key
magnitude of
earthquake
9.0–9.9
8.0–8.9
7.0–7.9
6.0–6.9

Sumatra Borneo

Indonesia
Sulawesi
New
Java Guinea

0 500 1000
km

Fig. 3.2 for Question 3

Fig. 4.2 for Question 4

Fig. 4.4 for Question 4

Fig. 6.1 for Question 6

N
NORTH KOREA

Hwach’on
Fe
Seoul
Ch’ôngp’yông-ni
Fe Mukhojin-ni
Pukp’yong-ni
Samch’ôk
Inch’ôn Yôngwul W
Ch’ungju Sn
Fe W Tanyang
Fe
Ch’ôngju G

G
P’ohang
Changhang SOUTH
KOREA
Kunsan W Taegu
Fe
Yongnam Ulsan

Masan Fe
Kwangju Cu
Ka
Mokp’o Naju
Pusan
Chinhae
Ch’ungmu
Yôsu

0 50
Cheju
km
Key:
economic activity
industry
iron and steel smelter mining
shipbuilding and repair car assembly Sn tin Fe iron ore
textiles electronics W tungsten G graphite
food processing oil refining Cu copper Ka kaolin
chemical thermal electric power coalfield
cement hydro-electric power
fertiliser major fishing port
plywood and veneer

BLANK PAGE

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 0 4 1 7 3 5 4 4 2 9 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/11
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2023

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed)

Calculator
Ruler

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 28 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, information about the number of emigrants from four different parts of the
world.

22 22

20 20

18 18

16 16

14 14

number of 12 12 number of
emigrants emigrants
(million) (million)
10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

0 0
2005–2009 2010–2014 2015–2019
years
Key
Central and Southern Asia
East and Southeast Asia
South and Central America
Sub-Saharan Africa

Fig. 1.1

(i) What was the total number of emigrants from the four parts of the world shown in Fig. 1.1
between 2005 and 2009?

....................... million [1]

(ii) Complete Fig. 1.1 to show the following information about the number of emigrants
between 2015 and 2019.

East and Southeast Asia = 3 million

Central and Southern Asia = 6.5 million [2]

(iii) Using Fig. 1.1, describe the change in the number of emigrants from different parts of
the world between the periods 2005–2009 and 2010–2014.
Do not use statistics in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest two advantages and two disadvantages for LEDCs of large numbers of people
moving away from them.

advantage 1 ......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

advantage 2 ......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

disadvantage 1 ..................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

disadvantage 2 ..................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 1.2, which shows information about the main migrations of workers in Southeast Asia.

to USA and Japan

China N
Myanmar
Laos

Thailand
to countries Vietnam
around the Cambodia Philippines
Persian Gulf

Malaysia Brunei

Singapore

Indonesia Key
migration
0 1000
of workers
km

Fig. 1.2

(i) Identify the following:

– a country from which many workers migrate to Thailand

..............................................

– a country to which many workers migrate from the Philippines

..............................................

– a country which has many workers migrating both to and from it.

.............................................. [3]

(ii) Suggest reasons why many workers and their families move away from LEDCs such as
the Philippines.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

Name of country or area ................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a photograph of a settlement in Croatia (an MEDC in Europe).

(i) What type of rural settlement is marked by X on Fig. 2.1?

Circle one of the following.

dispersed linear nucleated [1]

(ii) Using evidence from Fig. 2.1, identify two resources which would have been useful for
the people who first settled at X.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Describe the site and situation of settlement X.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest two reasons why the settlement at X has remained small and not grown into an
urban area. Develop your answers.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 2.2, a graph showing the results of a survey in the USA (an MEDC) about where
people would like to live.

65 and over

50–64
age of
people

30–49

18–29

0 20 40 60 80 100
percentage
Key

rural area

town

city

Fig. 2.2

(i) Using information from Fig. 2.2, compare the results of the people aged 18–29 and
50–64 who completed the survey.
Do not use statistics in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest reasons why many people aged 65 and over would like to live in a rural area.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

(c) For a named urban area you have studied in an LEDC, explain why large numbers of people
migrate to it from surrounding rural areas.

Name of urban area ................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

BLANK PAGE

Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), information about earthquakes which have occurred in and around
Indonesia (an LEDC in Southeast Asia) between 1900 and 2019.

(i) How many earthquakes of a magnitude between 8.0 and 8.9 occurred in the area shown
on Fig. 3.1 between 1900 and 2019?

....................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 3.1, describe the distribution of earthquakes.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest three likely impacts of earthquakes in Indonesia.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Explain why many people still live in areas where earthquakes occur.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph of the main crater of Mount Vesuvius, a volcano in Italy.

(i) Describe the landscape of the crater shown in Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain the advantages of living close to a volcano such as Mount Vesuvius.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

Name of volcano ...............................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 25]

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, which shows traditional instruments used in a weather station. Fig. 4.2 (Insert)
is a photograph showing one of these instruments.

maximum-
minimum
anemometer thermometer barometer

WEATHER STATION

wind vane
wet-and-dry-bulb
thermometer

rain gauge

Fig. 4.1

(i) Which of the weather instruments listed in Fig. 4.1 is shown in Fig. 4.2?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the method used to take readings from the weather instrument shown in Fig. 4.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Identify the three weather instruments listed in Fig. 4.1 which are kept in a Stevenson
Screen.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 .................................................................................................................................. [3]

(iv) Explain why some weather instruments are kept in a Stevenson Screen.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 4.3, a diagram of a digital weather station which has been bought by a school.
Fig. 4.4 (Insert) is a photograph showing where the weather station is going to be located.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 4.3

(i) Describe three benefits of using a digital weather station rather than traditional instruments.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) The school is considering locating the digital weather station at X in Fig. 4.4.
Explain the disadvantages of this site.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

Name of equatorial area ...............................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

BLANK PAGE

Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, a map showing information about the main coal-using countries.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 5.1

(i) How much coal is used per year in Australia?

.............................................. million oil-equivalent tonnes. [1]

(ii) Put the following countries in rank order of the amount of coal used per year.

Brazil China Russia United States

1st ......................................... most

2nd .........................................

3rd .........................................

4th ......................................... least [2]

(iii) Using Fig. 5.1, describe the global distribution of the main coal-using countries.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Explain how the use of coal increases global temperatures.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 5.2, a scatter graph showing the relationship between GDP per person and the
use of electricity per person in 2019. GDP per person is a measure of wealth.

60 000
Australia
50 000
Japan
Germany USA Canada
40 000 France
GDP per person Italy Spain
USD($) 30 000
South Korea
20 000
Brazil Saudi Arabia
Argentina
10 000 Russia
China South Africa
0
0 5000 10 000 15 000 20 000
electricity use per person (kWh)

Fig. 5.2

(i) Describe the relationship between GDP per person and the use of electricity per person.
Use statistics to support your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain why there is a relationship between the wealth of a country and the amount of
electricity it uses.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]
© UCLES 2023 0460/11/O/N/23
23

Name of country ...............................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1 (Insert), a map showing information about economic activity in South Korea.

(i) Which one of the following statements about the distribution of economic activity in
South Korea is correct?
Tick (3) one statement in the table.

tick (3)

all clustered in the east of the country

close to the border with North Korea

mainly on or close to the coast

spread evenly across the country

[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 6.1, identify the following:

– a major fishing port ................................................

– a location where hydro-electric power is generated. ................................................ [2]

(iii) Describe the similarities and differences in the economic activity at Kwangju and Ulsan.

similarities .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

differences .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Using evidence from Fig. 6.1, explain two different reasons for the growth of industry in
the north-east of South Korea, in and around Mukhojin-ni.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 6.2, information about the value of production from selected industries in South
Korea.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 6.2

(i) Compare the value of production from the car assembly and metals production industries
in South Korea in 2007, 2012 and 2017. Use statistics to support your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Many of the industries shown in Fig. 6.2 are part of transnational corporations.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of transnational corporations for LEDCs.

advantages ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

disadvantages ...................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

(c) Name and locate an economic activity you have studied.

Explain how this economic activity threatens the natural environment.

Name of economic activity ...............................................................

Location ...............................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2023

INSERT 1 hour 45 minutes

INFORMATION
*6058039879-I*

● This insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

● You may annotate this insert and use the blank spaces for planning. Do not write your answers on the
insert.

This document has 8 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

Fig. 2.1 for Question 2

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 2.2 for Question 2

Fig. 3.2 for Question 3

BLANK PAGE

Fig. 5.2 for Question 5

Fig. 5.3 for Question 5

Fig. 5.4 for Question 5

Fig. 6.1 for Question 6

Mexico

Peru
Angola
Bolivia
Australia

Key
percentage (%) of electricity generation
from renewable sources
80 and above
60–79.9
40–59.9
20–39.9
below 20
no data

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 6 0 5 8 0 3 9 8 7 9 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2023

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed) Ruler

Calculator
Protractor

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 32 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, a graph showing information about population change in New Zealand
between 1964 and 2019 (New Zealand is an MEDC in Australasia).

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

number 20 20 number
of people of people
(000s) 10 10 (000s)

0 0

– 10 – 10

– 20 – 20

– 30 – 30

– 40 – 40
1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019
year
Key
natural increase
net migration
(Net migration is the difference between immigration and emigration).

Fig. 1.1

(i) Which year had the highest net migration?

.......................... [1]

(ii) Which of the following statements are correct about population change in New Zealand
between 1964 and 2019?

Tick two answers in the following table:

tick
(3)
Net migration and natural increase were directly
proportional.
Net migration fluctuated more than natural increase.
Net migration increased overall but there was a decline in
natural increase.
Net migration increased continuously.
Net migration was lower than natural increase throughout
the period.
[2]

(iii) Using Fig. 1.1, compare the overall population change in 1999 with the overall population
change in 2019. Use statistics to support your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest reasons for the low rate of natural population increase in New Zealand.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 1.2, showing information about migrants from islands in the Pacific Ocean to New
Zealand.

90% 10%

Key
Samoa
80% 20% Cook Islands
Tonga
Fiji
Niue
Tokelau
70% 30%
Other Pacific Islands

60% 40%

50%
Fig. 1.2

(i) Complete Fig. 1.2 by plotting the following information about the origin of migrants from
islands in the Pacific Ocean to New Zealand.

Samoa = 43%
Cook Islands = 23%
Tonga = 14% [3]

(ii) Once they have arrived in New Zealand many of the migrants from the islands in the
Pacific Ocean live in and around the city of Auckland.
Suggest the advantages and disadvantages of this migration for Auckland.

advantages ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

disadvantages ...................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]
© UCLES 2023 0460/13/O/N/23
5

(c) For an example of international migration you have studied, explain why there has been
movement of large numbers of people. You should refer to push and pull factors.

Migration from ...................................................... to ......................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a graph showing the results of a survey about the quality of life in four
urban areas in a country in Eastern Europe.

(i) What percentage of the people surveyed in area C were unhappy about education?

........................... % [1]

(ii) Put the four urban areas in rank order of the percentage of people who were unhappy
about housing.

first .......................................... most unhappy

second ..........................................

third ..........................................

fourth .......................................... least unhappy [2]

(iii) Describe three differences between the results of the survey in area A and area B. Do
not use statistics in your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest why some people in the urban areas shown may be unhappy about
transportation.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph showing housing in a city in Eastern Europe.

(i) Describe three likely problems of living in the housing shown in Fig. 2.2.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) In many urban areas there are inequalities. Suggest reasons for the inequalities which
exist between the people living in urban areas.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

Name of urban area ..................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, a sketch showing a coastal area which has been shaped by erosion.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 3.1

(i) Name the coastal landform labelled X in Fig. 3.1.

Circle one answer from the following:

delta sand dune spit wave cut platform. [1]

(ii) Identify the features labelled Y and Z in Fig. 3.1.

Y ........................................................

Z ........................................................ [2]

(iii) The area shown in Fig. 3.1 is affected by destructive waves.

Describe three differences between destructive and constructive waves.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 .........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Describe the problems which may be caused by coastal erosion for people living on or
near the coast.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph showing part of a headland.

(i) Describe the features of the headland shown in Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest how natural processes have formed the cave labelled C in Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

Name of area of coast ..........................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

BLANK PAGE

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, showing volcanoes at two different types of plate boundary.

constructive (divergent) boundary

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

destructive (convergent) boundary

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 4.1

(i) Compare the direction of plate movement at the constructive (divergent) and destructive
(convergent) plate boundaries.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Choose the correct label to be placed at each of X and Y in Fig. 4.1.

Choose your answers from the following list:

– convection currents

– earth’s core

– epicentre

– lava escaping from the volcano

– subduction.

X ........................................................................................................................................

Y .................................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Describe the main characteristics of shield volcanoes which form at constructive
(divergent) plate boundaries.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Explain why volcanoes are formed at destructive (convergent) plate boundaries.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 4.2, a scatter graph showing the relationship between the length of volcanic
eruptions and the time between them.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 4.2

(i) To what extent does Fig. 4.2 show that there is a relationship between the length of
volcanic eruptions and the time between them?

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Describe the strategies which can be used to reduce the impacts of volcanic eruptions.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

Name of volcano ............................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

BLANK PAGE

Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, a map showing the island of Zakynthos, Greece (an MEDC in Europe), along
with Figs 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 (Insert), photographs taken in part of Zakynthos where the tourist
industry is important.

Korithi
Ágios Nikolaos
part of
Alykes mainland
Planos-Amboula Greece
Katastari Alikanes
Tsilivi
ZÁKYNTHOS Zákynthos
Ágios Léon
Argassi
Porto Zoro
Laganás Ágios Nikolaos
Agios Sostis Vasilikos
Limni Keriou

Keri
0 10
Ionian Sea
km

Key
airport
main town
tourist resort
main road
minor road

Fig. 5.1

(i) Which one of the following statements is correct about the distribution of tourist resorts
in Zakynthos?

Tick (3) your answer in the table:

tick
(3)
They are evenly distributed around the coast.
They are in all parts of the island.
They are inland in the north and west.
They are on the coast, mainly in the east and south.
[1]

(ii) What is the distance and direction from the airport to Alykes?

distance .................................... km

direction .................................... [2]

(iii) Using Figs 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 (Insert), identify three different ways in which Zakynthos
benefits economically from tourism.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest how the infrastructure of Zakynthos has been developed as a result of tourism.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 5.5, a graph showing information about the climate of Zakynthos.

35 210

30 180

25 150

20 120
temperature rainfall
(°C) (mm)
15 90

10 60

5 30

0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
month

Fig. 5.5

(i) Suggest reasons why the main tourist season in Zakynthos is from May to September.
Use statistics to support your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Every year 900 000 tourists travel to Zakynthos. 95% of tourists arrive between May and
September.

Suggest what problems there may be for people who live on Zakynthos caused by large
numbers of tourists arriving between May and September.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

(c) For a named area you have studied where tourism is important, describe the attractions of
the physical and human landscape.

Name of area ..............................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1 (Insert), a map showing the percentage of electricity generated from renewable
sources in 2020.

(i) What is meant by renewable sources of energy?

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Which of the following countries generate more than 60% of their electricity using
renewable sources?
Circle two answers from the following list:

Angola Australia Bolivia Mexico Peru. [2]

(iii) Suggest reasons why some countries generate a greater percentage of electricity using
renewable sources than other countries.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) China and the USA use large amounts of fossil fuels. Describe the threats to the natural
environment of using fossil fuels.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 6.2, a graph showing information about the amount of energy used for industry
and transport in the USA between 1970 and 2020.

35 industry

30
transport
25
amount of
energy used
20
(quadrillion
Btu)
15

0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
year

(Btu = British thermal unit. It is a way of measuring the amount of energy used.)

Fig. 6.2

(i) Compare the amount of energy used in industry and transport between 1970 and 2020.
Do not use statistics in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Energy is one of the inputs of an industrial system.

Explain what is meant by an industrial system.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

Name of factory or industrial zone ............................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

Letter of Job Application: February 20, 2023
No ratings yet
Letter of Job Application: February 20, 2023
2 pages
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF - Module 3
100% (1)
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF - Module 3
7 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
32 pages
0460 - m23 - QP - 12 2023 March
No ratings yet
0460 - m23 - QP - 12 2023 March
32 pages
Year 11 Test
No ratings yet
Year 11 Test
38 pages
November 2022 (v2) QP - Paper 1 CAIE Geography IGCSE
No ratings yet
November 2022 (v2) QP - Paper 1 CAIE Geography IGCSE
32 pages
Geo Before 10 PDF
No ratings yet
Geo Before 10 PDF
32 pages
9696_w24_qp_22
No ratings yet
9696_w24_qp_22
4 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: Geography 0460/12
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: Geography 0460/12
32 pages
Geography Paper 2
No ratings yet
Geography Paper 2
32 pages
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
No ratings yet
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
28 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
40 pages
0460 w22 QP 11-Merged
No ratings yet
0460 w22 QP 11-Merged
60 pages
Rivers
No ratings yet
Rivers
28 pages
0460_s24_qp_12 (1)
No ratings yet
0460_s24_qp_12 (1)
24 pages
Complete 2023 Geo
No ratings yet
Complete 2023 Geo
24 pages
Paper 12
No ratings yet
Paper 12
29 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
32 pages
Cambridge International AS & A Level: GEOGRAPHY 9696/41
No ratings yet
Cambridge International AS & A Level: GEOGRAPHY 9696/41
4 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
40 pages
IGCSE 0460-11 Geography June 2022 PDF
No ratings yet
IGCSE 0460-11 Geography June 2022 PDF
28 pages
Geography Paper 1
No ratings yet
Geography Paper 1
28 pages
June 2022 (v1) QP 2
No ratings yet
June 2022 (v1) QP 2
28 pages
Geographical Theme June 2024
No ratings yet
Geographical Theme June 2024
12 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/11
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/11
24 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
32 pages
0460_s23_qp_11
No ratings yet
0460_s23_qp_11
27 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/11
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/11
8 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
24 pages
Cambridge Ordinary Level: Cambridge Assessment International Education
No ratings yet
Cambridge Ordinary Level: Cambridge Assessment International Education
28 pages
9696 s22 QP 21 PDF
No ratings yet
9696 s22 QP 21 PDF
4 pages
0460_m18_qp_12
No ratings yet
0460_m18_qp_12
32 pages
Geo v1 2021 Ms
No ratings yet
Geo v1 2021 Ms
32 pages
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
No ratings yet
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
28 pages
Geo Paper 1 Sequential
No ratings yet
Geo Paper 1 Sequential
180 pages
University of Cambridge International Examinations International General Certificate of Secondary Education
No ratings yet
University of Cambridge International Examinations International General Certificate of Secondary Education
28 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
28 pages
0460_w17_1_2_qp
No ratings yet
0460_w17_1_2_qp
28 pages
University of Cambridge International Examinations International General Certificate of Secondary Education
No ratings yet
University of Cambridge International Examinations International General Certificate of Secondary Education
28 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: Geography 0460/11
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: Geography 0460/11
32 pages
0460_w24_in_13
No ratings yet
0460_w24_in_13
8 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: Geography 0460/11
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: Geography 0460/11
32 pages
0460_w19_qp_11
No ratings yet
0460_w19_qp_11
28 pages
June 2015 (v3) QP - Paper 1 CIE Geography IGCSE
No ratings yet
June 2015 (v3) QP - Paper 1 CIE Geography IGCSE
28 pages
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
No ratings yet
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
32 pages
ARKUSZ ZADAŃ
No ratings yet
ARKUSZ ZADAŃ
28 pages
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
No ratings yet
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
28 pages
Cambridge International AS & A Level: GEOGRAPHY 9696/42
No ratings yet
Cambridge International AS & A Level: GEOGRAPHY 9696/42
4 pages
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
No ratings yet
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
32 pages
Igcse Geo Booklet 2020 TRMD
No ratings yet
Igcse Geo Booklet 2020 TRMD
362 pages
Cambridge International AS & A Level: GEOGRAPHY 9696/21
No ratings yet
Cambridge International AS & A Level: GEOGRAPHY 9696/21
8 pages
Geography Paper 1
No ratings yet
Geography Paper 1
28 pages
June 2023 (v1) QP - Paper 1 CAIE Geography IGCSE
No ratings yet
June 2023 (v1) QP - Paper 1 CAIE Geography IGCSE
24 pages
9696_w21_in_21
No ratings yet
9696_w21_in_21
4 pages
2217_w17_qp_13
No ratings yet
2217_w17_qp_13
32 pages
Geo P2 Insert
No ratings yet
Geo P2 Insert
4 pages
03_0460_12_insert_afp_m25_17022025
No ratings yet
03_0460_12_insert_afp_m25_17022025
12 pages
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
No ratings yet
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
28 pages
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
No ratings yet
Cambridge IGCSE: GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
8 pages
November 2022 Question Paper 12
No ratings yet
November 2022 Question Paper 12
32 pages
Construction Science and Materials
From Everand
Construction Science and Materials
Surinder Singh Virdi
No ratings yet
AP Statistics Flashcards, Fifth Edition: Up-to-Date Practice
From Everand
AP Statistics Flashcards, Fifth Edition: Up-to-Date Practice
Barron's Educational Series
No ratings yet
BRAC Tower A Mixed Use Multistorey Dhaka
No ratings yet
BRAC Tower A Mixed Use Multistorey Dhaka
58 pages
Malta Sample Interest Statement
No ratings yet
Malta Sample Interest Statement
1 page
PHD Thesis - Anthony Lo - 9 Dec 2014
No ratings yet
PHD Thesis - Anthony Lo - 9 Dec 2014
264 pages
International Principles and Standards for the Ecological Restoration and Recovery of Mine Sites
No ratings yet
International Principles and Standards for the Ecological Restoration and Recovery of Mine Sites
51 pages
SDG 13 Climate Action Storyboard
No ratings yet
SDG 13 Climate Action Storyboard
11 pages
APEGBC Eng Syllabus All Disciplines Complementary Studies
No ratings yet
APEGBC Eng Syllabus All Disciplines Complementary Studies
4 pages
ST Kitts Country Initiative On Education For Sustainable Development
No ratings yet
ST Kitts Country Initiative On Education For Sustainable Development
15 pages
Anh 6. đề thi cuối kỳ 2 (2023-2024) .HT
No ratings yet
Anh 6. đề thi cuối kỳ 2 (2023-2024) .HT
12 pages
Sustainable Development Time To Act
No ratings yet
Sustainable Development Time To Act
2 pages
04 - PFMA Process Out-Briefing
No ratings yet
04 - PFMA Process Out-Briefing
42 pages
Sustainable Rural and Urban Livelihood Exam
No ratings yet
Sustainable Rural and Urban Livelihood Exam
3 pages
Las Ucspq2 Week 7 8
No ratings yet
Las Ucspq2 Week 7 8
9 pages
The Earth Brokers Power Politics and World Development Pratap Chatterjee - Download the ebook now and read anytime, anywhere
100% (1)
The Earth Brokers Power Politics and World Development Pratap Chatterjee - Download the ebook now and read anytime, anywhere
78 pages
01 Introduction To BD Corridor Project
No ratings yet
01 Introduction To BD Corridor Project
29 pages
NUS Survey Report 2022-23
No ratings yet
NUS Survey Report 2022-23
6 pages
Operation Dronagiri
No ratings yet
Operation Dronagiri
3 pages
Ge8-Sts Co
No ratings yet
Ge8-Sts Co
3 pages
(Ebook) HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - Air Pollution Control Engineering by Lawrence K. Wang, Norman C. Pereira, Yung-Tse Hung ISBN 9781588291615, 9781592597789, 1588291618, 1592597785 - The full ebook with all chapters is available for download now
100% (1)
(Ebook) HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - Air Pollution Control Engineering by Lawrence K. Wang, Norman C. Pereira, Yung-Tse Hung ISBN 9781588291615, 9781592597789, 1588291618, 1592597785 - The full ebook with all chapters is available for download now
47 pages
Buku 1
No ratings yet
Buku 1
27 pages
Green Building 2
No ratings yet
Green Building 2
21 pages
Spp Doc 201 209 Group 2 Final
No ratings yet
Spp Doc 201 209 Group 2 Final
139 pages
The Value of Biodiversity
No ratings yet
The Value of Biodiversity
3 pages
Institutions And Environmental Change Principal Findings Applications And Research Frontiers Oran R Young Leslie A King Heike Schroeder pdf download
No ratings yet
Institutions And Environmental Change Principal Findings Applications And Research Frontiers Oran R Young Leslie A King Heike Schroeder pdf download
79 pages
Greenwashing Risk Indicator
No ratings yet
Greenwashing Risk Indicator
28 pages
Lesson 9 - Problem Solution
No ratings yet
Lesson 9 - Problem Solution
10 pages
Grade 8B PDF
No ratings yet
Grade 8B PDF
1 page
Reindeer of ST Matthew Data Activity
No ratings yet
Reindeer of ST Matthew Data Activity
4 pages
Proposed Riverbank Protection Using Gabion Retaining Wall as an Alternative to the Collapsed Sheet Pile at Brgy. Bambang, Candaba, Pampanga
No ratings yet
Proposed Riverbank Protection Using Gabion Retaining Wall as an Alternative to the Collapsed Sheet Pile at Brgy. Bambang, Candaba, Pampanga
10 pages