Hardware

All physical components that make up a computer is known as

computer hardware.

It includes all components that we can see and touch i.e. processor,
input devices like keyboard, mouse, output devices like visual
display unit (VDU), printer, speaker, connecting wires, casing,
storage devices etc. Block diagram depicting major components of
computer is shown below:

COMPONANTS OF A HARDWARE

 INPUT DEVICE
 OUTPUT DEVICE
Input devices provide us a way to give input or instruct the computer to
perform a function. Let us read ahead to know more about the various input
devices in computers and their functions.

List of Input Devices

 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 Barcode Reader
 Touchscreen

1. Keyboard: The keyboard is the main input device of the computer that is
used most often. The keyboard is used to perform all typing tasks on the
computer. The keyboard has many types of keys for proper function. The
QWERTY keyboard has 6 types of keys:

 Indicators
 Function keys
 Alphanumeric Keys
 Control keys
 Number keys
 Navigation keys

keyboard
2. Mouse: The mouse is also the main input device. With which the pointer
on the computer screen is controlled. That is why it is also called a pointing
device. Mouse is used to open, close, drag and drop files,icons on a
computer. The use of the mouse has increased a lot with the introduction of
GUI (Graphic User Interface).

MOUSE

3. Scanner: A scanner is used to scan documents and enter them into the
computer in digital form. The scanned document can be saved as an image
on the computer. You can also edit the document if you want.

Scanner
4.Barcode Reader: This is an input device that is used to read the code
hidden in the lines of the barcode. A barcode is a vertical (permanent) line of
black colour, in which a lot of information is hidden: product name, product
price, product price, batch number, company name, etc.

Barcode Reader

7. Touch Screen: A touch screen is a screen that you control with the touch
of your finger. You can also use your finger or stylus to control it. An Android
phone is a simple example of a touch screen, as a touch screen is available in
most Android phones. You don't need a separate mouse or keyboard to run it.

Touch screen
Use of Input Devices

 Keyboard: The keyboard is probably the primary means of

communication of the user with the computer system. It was also the
first example of input devices
 Mouse: Users can control the cursor and select all types of text,
files and icons on the computer screen.
 Touch Screen: On the touch screen, users can select any text, file
and image with their own fingers without any other device.
 Barcode Scanners: With the help of a barcode, large companies
can track their products. You can quickly find out prices and stock
levels from the barcode. Companies use it in their computerised
centralised system to increase their efficiency and productivity.

 OUTPUT DEVICE

An output device is any hardware device that is used to send data from a
computer to another device or user. We have many output devices, but the
following are the most commonly used output devices:
1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Speaker

1. Monitor
Monitor is the most important output device of a computer as it is the
visual output device. Without it, the computer is incomplete. The monitor
is a basic device of the computer for the visual display of all types of
information or data in any form. The monitor is designed to display
information in symbolic and graphical types. It shows all the data and
information as a Soft Copy of that data on its screen. Anyone can view
Files, photos, videos, texts, graphics, and tables in real-time through the
monitor.
MONITER

2. Printer
A Printer is a device that takes text and graphic data from a computer
and transfers the information to paper. Printers can be differentiated on
the basis of size, speed, complexity, and cost.

PRINTER
3. Speaker
They are the audio output devices. Computer speakers are hardware
output devices that connect to a computer to reproduce sound. The
signals used to reproduce sound from your computer's speakers are
produced by your computer's sound card.
SPEEKER

Uses of output device

 Mointer : Displays visual output such as text, images, videos, and graphical user
interfaces (GUIs). Viewing documents, browsing the internet, watching videos,
playing games, and interacting with software applications.
 Printer : Produces a hard copy of digital documents. Printing documents, photos,
spreadsheets, and other materials.
 Speeker : Output audio signals for users to hear. Playing music, watching videos,
participating in online meetings, and gaming.

SOFTWARE
Software refers to a set of instructions or programs that tell a computer how to perform
specific tasks. It is a broad term that encompasses various types of programs, applications,
and data that enable a computer to function. In simpler terms, software is what makes
hardware usable.

Software can be categorized into two main types:

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
 Operating systems: Examples include Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, and
Android. Operating systems manage hardware resources and provide services for
computer programs.
 Device drivers: These are specialized programs that allow the operating system to
communicate with specific hardware devices like printers, graphics cards, etc.
 Utilities: Tools that perform specific tasks, such as antivirus software, disk cleanup
tools, and backup programs.

2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE

 Productivity software: Includes word processors (Microsoft Word, Google

Docs), spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets), and presentation
software (Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides).
 Media players: Software for playing audio and video files, such as VLC Media
Player.
 Graphics software: Programs for creating and editing images, like Adobe
Photoshop.
 Web browsers: Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and
Microsoft Edge.

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

1. OPEN SOURCES SOFTWARE

 Software whose source code is freely available to the public. Users can view,
modify, and distribute the code. Examples include the Linux operating system
and the Apache web server.

2. CLOSED SOURCES SOFTWARE

 Software whose source code is not freely available. Users can use the software
but cannot view or modify the source code. Examples include Microsoft Office
and Adobe Photoshop.

3. FREEWARE SOFTWARE
 Software that is available for free but may have restrictions on usage,
distribution, or modification. Examples include some antivirus programs.
4. SHAREWARE SOFTWARE

 Software that is initially provided for free, but users are typically required to
pay a fee after a trial period or for advanced features. WinRAR is an example.
5.COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE

 Software that is developed and sold for profit. Examples include Microsoft
Windows, Adobe Creative Cloud, and various business applications.
6.WEB-BASED SOFTWARE (WEB APPS)
Software that is accessed and used through a web browser without the need for installation.
Examples include Google Drive, Salesforce, and Gmail.

TYPE OF COMPUTER NETWORK

Computer networks can be categorized based on their size, scope, and purpose. Here are
some common types of computer networks:

1.LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): A LAN is a network that is limited to a small geographic
area, such as a single building or a campus. It is often used for connecting computers and
devices within an organization.

2. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN): WANs cover a broader geographical area, connecting LANs
that may be located in different cities or countries. The Internet is an example of a global
WAN.

3. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN): MANs have a size between LANs and WANs,
typically covering a city or a large campus. They provide high-speed connections for regional
areas.

4. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN): A PAN is a small network for personal devices within
the range of an individual person, typically within the range of a few meters. Bluetooth is an
example of a PAN technology.

5. WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN): A WLAN is a type of LAN that uses wireless
communication to connect devices instead of physical cables. Wi-Fi is a common technology
for WLANs.

6. CAMPUS AREA NETWORK (CAN): A CAN interconnects LANs within a specific geographic
area, such as a university campus or an industrial complex.

7. STORAGE AREA NETWORL (SAN): SANs are dedicated networks used for storage purposes,
connecting storage devices to servers. They are often used in data centers.

8. INTRANET: An intranet is a private network within an organization that uses Internet

technologies to share information, collaboration tools, and other resources among
employees.

9. EXTRANET: Similar to an intranet, an extranet allows limited access to external users, such
as business partners, suppliers, or customers.

10. PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK (P2P): In a P2P network, computers share resources and
responsibilities without the need for a central server. Each computer can act as both a client
and a server.
WWW
The World Wide Web is abbreviated as WWW and is commonly known as
the web. The WWW was initiated by CERN (European library for Nuclear
Research) in 1989.
WWW can be defined as the collection of different websites around the
world, containing different information shared via local servers(or
computers).
History:
It is a project created, by Timothy Berner Lee in 1989, for researchers to
work together effectively at CERN. is an organization, named the World Wide
Web Consortium (W3C), which was developed for further development of the
web. This organization is directed by Tim Berner’s Lee, aka the father of the
web.

Working of WWW:
The World Wide Web is based on several different technologies: Web
browsers, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
A Web browser is used to access web pages. Web browsers can be defined
as programs which display text, data, pictures, animation and video on the
Internet. Hyperlinked resources on the World Wide Web can be accessed
using software interfaces provided by Web browsers. Initially, Web browsers
were used only for surfing the Web but now they have become more
universal. Web browsers can be used for several tasks including conducting
searches, mailing, transferring files, and much more. Some of the commonly
used browsers are Internet Explorer, Opera Mini, and Google Chrome.
FEATURE OF WWW:
 HyperText Information System
 Cross-Platform
 Distributed
 Open Standards and Open Source
 Uses Web Browsers to provide a single interface for many services
 Dynamic, Interactive and Evolving.
 “Web 2.0”

Components of the Web: There are 3 components of the web:

1. Uniform Resource Locator (URL): serves as a system for resources on

the web.
2. HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP): specifies communication of
browser and server.
3. Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML): defines the structure,
organisation and content of a webpage.
U2- WINDOW OPERATING SYSTEM

Microsoft Windows was announced by Bill Gates on November 10, 1983. The first versions
of Windows (1.0 through to 3.11) were graphical shells that ran from MS-DOS.
In 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT 3.1, the first version of the newly
developed Windows NT operating system, followed by Windows NT 3.5 in 1994,
and Windows NT 3.51 in 1995.
"NT" is an initialism for "New Technology".
The first version of Windows was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical
operating system shell for MS-DOS. Over time, Windows has become the most
popular desktop operating system globally, with a 70% market share as of March
2023. However, when considering both mobile and desktop operating systems,
Android surpasses Windows due to its massive growth.
The most recent versions of Windows include Windows 11 for consumer PCs and
tablets, Windows 11 Enterprise for corporations, and Windows Server 2022 for
servers. Windows continues to evolve, shaping the digital landscape for users
worldwide.

Different Types of Operating Systems

 Microsoft Windows
It is a form of an operating system that comes in 32 and 64-bit variants
Microsoft Windows. Microsoft was the one that created it. It offers a
Graphical User Interface (GUI), the ability to manage virtual memory,
multitasking features, and compatibility for a wide range of peripheral
devices.

Characteristics of window operating system

Windows operating systems, developed by Microsoft, have evolved over the years with
various versions. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, here are some common
characteristics associated with Windows operating systems.

1.GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI): Windows is known for its user-friendly graphical
interface, which includes a desktop, icons, windows, and a taskbar. Users interact with the
system through point-and-click actions.

2. MULTITASKING: Windows supports multitasking, allowing users to run multiple

applications simultaneously. This feature enhances productivity by enabling users to switch
between different programs seamlessly.

3. DEVICE SUPPORT: Windows is designed to support a wide range of hardware devices.

Plug-and-play functionality simplifies the installation of hardware components such as
printers, scanners, and USB devices.

4. SOFTWARE COMPATIBILITY: Windows has a vast ecosystem of software applications,

both commercial and freeware. This extensive software compatibility contributes to the
popularity of Windows.

5. UPDATE & SERVICE PACKS: Microsoft regularly releases updates and service packs to
address security vulnerabilities, improve performance, and introduce new features. Windows
Update is a built-in tool for managing these updates.

6. TASKBAR & START MENU: The taskbar and Start menu are essential components of the
Windows interface. The Start menu provides access to installed applications, settings, and
search functionality, while the taskbar allows quick access to frequently used programs.

7.SYSTEM RESTORE & BACKUP: Windows provides tools like System Restore and Backup
to help users recover from system errors or failures. These features allow users to revert the
system to a previous state or create backups of important data.

THE RECYCLE BIN

The recycle bin is a feature commonly found on desktop operating systems such as
Microsoft Windows and macOS. It serves as a temporary storage location for files and folders
that have been deleted by the user. Instead of immediately permanently deleting the files,
they are moved to the recycle bin, providing a safety net in case the user wants to restore
them.

Here's how the recycle bin typically works:

1.DELETING FILES: When you delete a file or folder on your computer, it is not immediately
erased from the storage. Instead, the operating system moves it to the recycle bin.

2. RECOVERY: If you realize you need a file that you deleted, you can open the recycle bin,
locate the file, and restore it to its original location. This action simply moves the file back to
where it was before deletion.
3. EMPTYING THE RECYCLE BIN: To free up space on your storage device, you can choose
to empty the recycle bin. This permanently deletes the files and they cannot be easily
recovered.

4. AUTOMATIC DELETION: Some operating systems have settings that allow the automatic
deletion of files from the recycle bin after a certain period or when the bin reaches a specific
size limit.

The concept of a recycle bin helps prevent accidental data loss, as it provides a chance to
recover deleted files before they are permanently removed from the system. It's a good
practice to periodically check and empty the recycle bin to reclaim storage space, especially
if you are sure you no longer need the deleted files.

NOTEPAD
On the Windows operating systems, Notepad is a very simple text-editing tool
that is preinstalled. For producing brief documents that you wish to keep in
plain text, Notepad is fantastic. There are some other essential functions of
Notepad that you may use as well. Images, however, are incompatible with
Notepad because it is only a text editor.
Both Windows 10 and earlier Microsoft operating systems, such as Windows
7, have essentially the same Notepad interface and functionality. The
following basic interface appears when Notepad is launched.

How to Access Notepad in Windows Using Keyboard?

1. First Process
 By pressing "Win key + R," you can bring up the "Run" command box.
 Type "notepad" into the "Open" drop-down box.
 Next, hit "enter" to signal "OK."



2. Alternative Process
 By pressing the "Windows" key, you can launch the "Start menu";
 Go to "All Programs" with the arrow keys.
 Launch every installed programme.
 Then click on "Accessories".
 Finally, click "Notepad," and the Notepad windows will appear.
The image below shows how the Windows Notepad program will open
with a blank, unnamed window.
Notepad

MOUSE
A computer mouse is an essential input device used with computers.
mouse has two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel. By moving the
mouse along a flat surface, you can control the cursor on the screen.

The term "mouse" is derived from its physical appearance, as early

models had a cord attached that resembled a tail. Modern mice come in
various shapes and sizes, and they may be wired or wireless.

Uses of Mouse in Computer

1.CURSOR MOVEMENT: The primary function of a mouse is to move the cursor

on the computer screen. This allows users to point to and interact with icons, menus,
buttons, and other graphical elements.

2. CLICKING: Mice typically have two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel.
Clicking the buttons can perform various actions, such as selecting items, opening
files or folders, and activating options in software applications.

3. DOUBLE-CLICKING: Double-clicking the left mouse button is a common

action to open files, folders, and applications. It is a quick way to execute a
command.
4. RIGHT-CLICKING: Right-clicking provides access to context menus, which
contain additional options and settings related to the selected item. It is a way to
access shortcuts and perform secondary actions.

5. DRAGGING & DROPPING: By holding down the left mouse button and
moving the mouse, users can drag and drop files or objects from one location to
another. This is a convenient way to organize and manipulate digital content.

6. SCROLLING: Mice with a scroll wheel allow users to scroll through documents,
web pages, and other content vertically. This provides a quick way to navigate
lengthy documents.

7. GAMING: In gaming, mice with additional buttons and features are used to
control character movement, perform in-game actions, and access various
commands. Specialized gaming mice may have customizable settings for different
gaming scenarios.

8. GRAPHIC DESIGN & EDITING: Graphic designers and video editors often
use mice for precise cursor control when working on detailed tasks. Some mice are
designed with high sensitivity and precision to cater to these needs.

9. PRASENTATIONS: In presentation software, a mouse is often used to navigate

slides, highlight points, and control the flow of the presentation. Wireless mice
provide added convenience during presentations.

The mouse is a fundamental input device that has been integral to personal
computing for decades, offering a convenient and intuitive way for users to interact
with their computers.

Window accessories
Windows operating system ships with some handy applications known as
Windows accessories.
Calculator, Notepad, Paint, Explorer, WordPad are some of the most frequently
used accessories.

1.calculator
Calculator is a calculating application included in all the versions of
Windows. It can be used to perform simple calculation, scientific
calculation and Programming calculation.

2.paint
Microsoft Paint is a simple graphics editor that has been included in all versions of
Microsoft Windows. The program opens and saves files in Windows bitmap (BMP),
GIF, PNEG,JPEG and single-page TIFF formats.
MS Paint is used to colour, draw and edit pictures. This program can be in colour
mode or in black and white mode. Ms paint is the basic tool that is present in every
windows software.

3.NOTEPAD
Notepad is a common text-only (plain text) editor . Notepad is a simple text editor
that comes pre-installed with Microsoft Windows operating systems. It is a
lightweight application designed for basic text editing tasks.

4.WORDPAD
WordPad is a free word processing program, that is part of the Microsoft
Windows program. A word processor is a program used to process, format,
and store documents like letters, memos, reports, resumes and many more. It
is also capable of producing a printed version, when it done.
Unit -3
Find and Replace in Microsoft Word:
1. Open your Microsoft Word document.
2. Navigate to the "Home" tab:
 Click on the "Home" tab in the ribbon at the top
of the Word window.
3. Click on "Replace":
 In the "Editing" group, you will find the
"Replace" option. Click on it.
4. Enter the text you want to find:
 In the "Find what" box, type the text you want to
find in your document.
5. Enter the text you want to replace it with:
 In the "Replace with" box, type the text you want
to replace the found text with.
6. Choose optional settings:
 If you want to refine your search, you can use
the "More" button to access additional options.
Here you can specify formatting criteria, such as
font or style.
7. Perform the Find and Replace:
 To replace one instance at a time, click "Find
Next" and then "Replace" or "Replace All" to
replace all instances at once.
8. Close the Find and Replace dialog:
 Once you're done, close the "Find and Replace"
dialog.
Keyboard Shortcuts:
 Find:
 Press Ctrl + F (Windows) or Command + F
(Mac).
 Replace:
 Press Ctrl + H (Windows) or Command + H
(Mac).
Advanced Options:
 Wildcards:
 You can use wildcards for more complex
searches.
 Match Case:
 Check "Match case" to make the search case-
sensitive.
 Match Whole Word:
 Check "Match whole word" to find only whole
words.
 These steps should help you find and replace
text efficiently in Microsoft Word.

PAGE DESIGN AND LAYOUT

Microsoft Word is a versatile word processing tool that allows you to create
documents with various layouts and designs. Here are some tips for page design and
layout in Microsoft Word.

1. Page Setup:

 Go to the "Layout" or "Page Layout" tab, depending on your

version of Word.

 Here, you can set the size of your document, orientation (portrait
or landscape), and margins.
2. Margins:

 Adjust margins according to your needs. Common margin

settings are 1 inch on all sides, but you can customize them.

3. Columns:

 To create columns, go to the "Layout" or "Page Layout" tab, and

click on "Columns." You can choose the number of columns and
customize the width and spacing.
4. Breaks:

 Use breaks to control the layout of your document. For example,

if you want to start a new section on a new page, use a page
break. Go to the "Layout" or "Page Layout" tab, click on
"Breaks," and choose the appropriate type of break.

5. Watermark:

• Add a watermark to your document from the "Design" or "Page Layout"

tab.
• This is useful for designating documents as drafts or confidential.

6. Themes and Styles:

• Apply themes to your document for a consistent design.

• Use the "Design" tab to choose from a variety of themes.

7. Page Borders:

• Add page borders through the "Design" or "Page Layout" tab.

• This is useful for creating a decorative frame around the page.
Printing documents

To print documents in Microsoft Word, you can follow these

general steps:

1. Open Your Document:

 Launch Microsoft Word.

 Open the document you want to print.

2. Check Print Preview:

 Before printing, it's a good idea to check how the

document will look on paper. You can do this by
clicking on the "File" tab, then selecting "Print." You'll
see a print preview on the right side of the screen.
3. Set Print Options:

 Adjust print settings if needed. You can select the

printer, choose the number of copies, specify which
pages to print, and set other options.

4. Print:

 Once you are satisfied with the print preview and

settings, click the "Print" button. Alternatively, you
can press Ctrl + P (Windows) or Command + P
(Mac) to open the print dialog.
5. Select Printer and Print:

 In the print dialog, choose the printer you want to

use. If you have multiple printers installed, make
sure to select the correct one.

 Click the "Print" button to start the printing process.

Remember that the exact steps may vary slightly depending

on the version of Microsoft Word you are using, but the
general process is similar. Additionally, the options available
may depend on the capabilities of your printer.

Character and paragraph formatting

Character Formatting:

1. Font Style and Size:

 Select the text you want to format.

 Go to the "Home" tab.

 In the "Font" group, you can change the font, font

size, and apply bold, italic, or underline.
2. Text Colour and Highlighting:

 Select the text.

 In the "Font" group, use the colour and highlight

buttons to change text colour and apply background
colour.

3. Character Spacing:

 Select the text.

 In the "Font" group, click the small arrow in the

bottom right corner to open the Font dialog box.
 Go to the "Advanced" tab to adjust character
spacing.

4. Subscript and Superscript:

 Select the text.

 In the "Font" group, use the subscript and

superscript buttons.

5. Strikethrough and Double Strikethrough:

 Select the text.

 In the "Font" group, use the strikethrough buttons.

Paragraph Formatting:

1. Alignment:

 Select the paragraph or text.

 In the "Home" tab, use the alignment buttons (left-

align, centre, right-align, justify).
2. Line Spacing:

 Select the paragraph or text.

 In the "Home" tab, use the line spacing options (1.0,

1.5, 2.0, etc.).

3. Paragraph Spacing:

 Select the paragraph or text.

 In the "Home" tab, use the spacing before and after

options in the Paragraph group.
4. Indentation:

 Use the Increase Indent and Decrease Indent

buttons in the "Paragraph" group.

5. Bullets and Numbering:

 Select the paragraphs.

 In the "Home" tab, use the bullets or numbering

buttons.
Styles:
 Word provides pre-defined styles that combine various character
and paragraph formatting settings. You can access these in the
"Styles" group on the "Home" tab.

 Remember that you can also format text using the right-click
context menu and the Format Painter tool for copying formatting
from one place to another. Explore these options to make your
document visually appealing and consistent.

Creating and printing merged documents

Creating Merged Documents:

1. Open Microsoft Word:

 Launch Microsoft Word and open a new or existing document.
2. Select Mailings Tab:
 Go to the "Mailings" tab on the ribbon.
3. Start Mail Merge:

 Click on the "Start Mail Merge" button in the Mailings tab.

4. Select Document Type:
 Choose the type of document you want to create (e.g., Letters,
Envelopes, Labels) from the "Start Mail Merge" group.

5. Select Recipients:
 Click on "Select Recipients" and choose the data source for your
merge. You can use an existing list, create a new list, or use
Outlook Contacts.
6. Insert Merge Fields:
 Click on "Insert Merge Field" to add fields from your data source
to the document. These fields will be replaced with actual data
during the merge.

7. Preview Results:
 Click on "Preview Results" to see how the merged document will
look for each record.
8. Complete the Merge:
 Click on "Finish & Merge" and choose "Print Documents" from the
dropdown menu.

Printing Merged Documents:

1. Set Print Options:
 In the "Finish & Merge" menu, choose "Print Documents."

 In the "Merge to Printer" dialog box, specify the range of records

to print or print all records.
2. Select Printer:
 Choose the printer you want to use from the "Printer" dropdown
menu.

3. Complete Printing:
 Click "OK" to start the printing process.
4. Review and Save:
 Review the printed documents. You can save them if needed.