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WB-Lev-3 Trig Methods (p.46-p.71)

NZ G-12 WorkBook Trigonometric Methods

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Rajagopal Ganapathy
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25 views

WB-Lev-3 Trig Methods (p.46-p.71)

NZ G-12 WorkBook Trigonometric Methods

Uploaded by

Rajagopal Ganapathy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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walkemaths_ ox Trigonometric identities * An identity is an equation that is true for all values of x * An equation is true for only one or several values of x, but not for all values. Reciprocal trigonometric functions and identities * You are familiar with sine, cosine and tangent functions. * There are ti tions that you must become familiar with cosec@ (cosecant) sec@ (secant) and cot@ —_(cotangent). new ful cosecant: y = cosec 0 Ina right-angled triangle, cosee 9 = "yPpteneuse opposite sind secant: y = sec 0 ot § Ina right-angled triangle, sec 0 = PYesteneuse _ 1 ws i cotangent: y = cot 0 pana Ina right-angled triangle, cot @ = —2dlacent___1_ ‘opposite tan @ New trigonometric identities: Theses on yous formillashert cosec 6 | seeo=—t cot 0= sin 0 cos 6 tan 0 * These are important because a common technique is to convert expressions so they contain only sines and cosines * Your calculator does not give values for these, so you need the identities in order to evaluate functions Examples: 1 Evaluate sec 3 2 Evaluate cosec? 2.7 — 2cot Bowed cosec? 27 ~ 2c - RE eS eran 1 1 See ee (0.4274 1 5.4743 -2 = 3.4743 4“ roTOCoPING OF3.3 TRIGONOMETRY Evaluate the following 1 cosec 5 i 2 cot2 ies sin Wa dan 2 mea > -0:- 453 3 Acosec 5-sec?x eee ns ‘ Ds con =-S-\F 5 bseta+ — 6 cot?0.5x—1_+ 3cosec 3% pani sec 4 4 \ a ex ) + ton Ze == Identities and proofs ‘An identity = an equation which is always true for all values of x. ‘Structure: iene; — =| A proof = a rigorous mathematical argument which demonstrates that an identity is true. - i + vse sranirocasras pHOTO#OPHNG OFS NG RESTRETED NER LA aza cee reat ener ee nam Hints for proving identities art with the mo! plex side. 2 If the expression contains squares, the Pythagorean identities are likely to be useful. 3 If one side of the expression has fractions, start with that side. 4 Forane: probably need to rewrite it ression containing fractions which need to be added or subtracted, you will ith a common denominator: nator which is a sum or difference, you will probably of two squares: Then the denominator identity. > one term using a Pythagorean 6 You will often have to deal with fractions divided by fractions. Remember: ola. ala|o|a 7 Look at the functions on the other side (the ‘answer’: convert everything on the complex side to the same functions. 8 Ifyou are stuck, convert everything to sines and cosines, 9 Ifyou are stil stuck, try starting from the other side. 10 You can sor e both sides to the same simple expression: nd side Right-hand side imple expression the same simple expression jetimes different ways of completing a proof. If your answer is t, check it with your teacher.33 TRIGONOMETRY Two more trigonometric identities and simple proofs in a= 2 a sin @= H and cos 8 H oO tan@ A 2 eet a H cos 0 _ cos 6 = 2 ot Sane cord ane _ cos @ cot O= ‘sin New trigonometric identiti os 6 sin 0 tano cot 0= ‘We can combine these with the previous three identities: a seco=—1_ cot 0=—1_ cosec O= ng cos 6 tan 0 Note: These are all important for proofs involving identities. Examples: 1 Prove that tan @x cos @=sin @ Se si tan Ox cos = 288 x cos @ =sin@ sae sraotocasras_ puorOCaF¥G OF TS PE FESTRETED UNDER LA ”walkemaths aes _ 2 Prove that S20=se¢0 «cos 9 cosec 8 tan @ sin @~secé sec tan 0 tan 0 ; Convert everything _——— to sin @and cos 8 sing _cos@ sin@ sind cos@ cos d aay b_a,d sind ,cos@__1_, cos men ae 1 sin@ cos@ sind ad 1 You will use this often. sin 8 = cos 0-cosec 8 t @x sin 8= cos @ 2 tan @xcos @xcosec@=1 503.3 TRIGONOMETRY 4 sec? @x-sin 0x cot?@= cosec @ 5 1+cos@ sin 0° cosec 8+ cot 8 6 sina+3 = tan @+ 3sec @ cos @ 7 sin6-seca = cos0—cosec @ tan 6 ‘See seo.70ts72— moTocor¥NG OF TS EI RESTRICTED UNDER LAN 51walkemaths ees 8 tan Ax cos? @—cot Axsin? @=0 2 =120 8 _ acosec 6 = cosec 0- sec 0 sin 0 W ___ 2sin 8x cosec@ _ tang cos Ox cosec @ cot @ 52 oTOcoPNG OF MHS NCES RESTATED OER LAM, BN STEOT33 TRIGONOMETRY The Pythagorean identities Qesing But by Pythagoras we know that Q? + R?= 1 ZA o «Sin? + cos? = 1 Re cos 0 Divide this identity by cos? @: sinf@ , cos? __ 1 cos*@ ” cos? 6 cos? 2 tan? 041 = sec? @ Divide this identity by sin? 6: sin? , cost _ 1 sin?@” sin?@ sin? O 2 1+ cot? @ = cosec? 6 New trigonometric idonties: __ TRE eheiienaee] sin? 0 + cos? 0=1 tan? 0+ 1 =sec’d 1 + cot? 0 = cosec? 4 Note: These are very useful when identities contain squares. Examples: 1 4sin? @ - 3cos? @ + 2tan? @ -rivaraese-s [Son oat! Asin? @ - 3cos* @ + 2tan? @ = dsin’ @— 3(1 — sin? 6) + 2(sec? 8-1) = sin? 0-3 + 3sin? 0 + 2sec? 0-2 = 7sin? 0+ 2sec? 0-5 SSO 576017085728 PHTOCDPUNG OF THS PAE RESTRICTED UNDER LAN 53walkemaths___ 2 sect @- tan‘ = 2tan? +1 Use the difference of two squares, (2? - (bf = (a? - b9 (a? + b) sec! @— tan‘ @ = (sec? @- tan’ d(sec? 4+ tan? @) = ((tan? 0+ 1) ~tan? o\(tan? @ + 1) + tan? = (1)(@tan? 6+ 1) 2tan? 0+ 1 nA _1+cosA T-csA sinA ‘A sum or difference (e.g. 1 ~ cos A) Sa ———jcan often be eliminated by creating sinA sina 1+cosA a difference of two squares. T-cosA~ 1-cosA “1+ cos A _ sin A(1 + cos A) 1-co A —— __Then the difference of two squares can often be converted to a single expression using a Pythagorean in A(1 + cos A) si cos A) identity. sink — 1+ cos A sinA The more complex side is on the right, so start with that Where fractions with different __ denominators need to be added or subtracted, you must create a common _ Sin? 6+ 1-2cos 4+ cos? 6 denominator. = sin 1 — cos 6) gu ca ad: __ad# cb bid bd You will se this often, ~ sin {1 — cos 6) __2(1~cos @) So Sin = cos 6 sin? + cos'@= = 2 in 54 Seppo3.3 TRIGONOMETRY Prove the following identities. 1 sin?@+ tan?@= sec? -cos?é 2 cos 1 ~sin?6) = cos? 8 3 bcosec? @- Aco? 6 + 3) = 4cot? @ 4 2cot? @= cosec' @- cot! @-1 \spwreosr0nas728 PHOTORIPING OFM PGES RESTRCTEDLNOER LAN 55walkernaths __ es -TcCOPHNG OFS PE ESTATE UNOER33 TRIGONOMETRY Mixing it up Once you combine the use of many identities, it is important that you state your reasoning for most lines of working. cosec 0=—1_ sec 0= sin 8 tan 0 cos 0 sin? 6+ cos? 0=1 tan? 0+1=sec’ | 1+cot?@=cosec?O Examples: 1 cot @ + tan 0= sec A cosec @ cos@ , sind 0+ tan Oo = ne" sin @ * cos 8 2+ sin? @ sin 8 cos 8 Sissies sin @cos @ = sec @cosec 0 sini Ozscost One ap rears sin? 0 cos? 0 sin’ @ -cos*@__ (sin® @ ~ cos? @(sin? @ + cos’ 6) sin? 0 cos* 0 sin? 0 cos? 8 in? @ ~ cos? 6)(1) sin? es aren sin? @cos*@ sin? @.cos™O eee cos*@ sin? @ = sec’ @- cosec’ @ Ise saosrocasr28 pOCDPYNG OFS RE IRESTETED NER LAM 7Meine pe 1 tan 0+ cotO 3 (sec @-cos @(cosec @- sin ea ) sin 8 | ' (sec cos @(cosec - sin O) leas o eel soos This is a very simple cos @ ‘expression involving just sine and cosine sin? When this happens, it _is often easiest to try to simplify the other side of the identity to the same expression. cos @ d tan 0+ cot sin? 0+ cos O cos Asin @ 1 1 cos Osin @ = cos Osin @ Prove the following identities 2 (cot? @+1)(sec? 8-1) = 2sect @ =sin@333 TRIGONOMETRY 3 (1-sin 1 +cosec=cos@cot@ 4 — tan’? O+1 sin? @ sec 0 cos’ 5 cost @-sint@ _ 6 1+sin@ _ cos antomerac | cos@ 1 -sin@ Sse reowoeasr2a pToCOrYNG OF HS PE ISRESTRETEDUNDERLAN 5933 TRIGONOMETRY 3 (1-sin 1 +cosec=cos@cot@ 4 tan’? O+1 sin? @ sec 0 cos? @ 5 cost@-sint@ _ 6 1+sin@ __ cos antomeracr | cos@ «1 -sin@ sso o7eor70e728 RTOCORYNG OF HS PE ISRESTRETEDINDER LAN 593.3 TRIGONOMETRY 3 (1~sin @(1 + cosec 4 5 cost @-sint 6 A1+sin@ _ cose cost Oa sit 8 = oo gy A+sin@ __cosd_ sin ore cos 1-sind Sse 7eosroes728 pOTOCORYNG OF HS NG ISRESTRETEDNDER LA 59walkemaths 7 cos @~cot? Ox sec 9 sec @ sec 0 oo sin 6tan 6 _2sin 6 tan 0-133 TRIGONOMETRY Angle sums and differences Unlike most mathematical situations, in trigonometry: tan(A+B)=tanA+tanB and sin(A-B) =sin A-sin B, etc. ‘These are the new identities for finding a trigonometric function of a sum or difference of two angles: sin (A + B) = sin A cos B+ cos Asin B cos (A + B) = cos Acos B= sin AsinB tan A+tanB tan (A* B)= Stan A tan B 1 Simplifying expressions containing angle sums and differences * Using your knowledge of sine, cosine and tangent functions, itis often possible to simplify expressions containing sums and differences of angles. * You may find it useful to have a sketch of sine and cosine functions up to 2n to refer to: 4 é é Examples: Simplify the following. 1 sin(a+ 38) sinta + 38)~ sinaxcos $+ cosaxsin = sin ax (0) + cos ax (-1) =-cosa 14 tan bx tan 2 2 cot 6-2 cot (b tan b~tan 2% _ A+ tan bx (1) tan b= (1) _detanb wanb+t Ise oveoreeasras_ pHoToDarNG OF MS MEE RESTETED WER LA 6walkemaths___ Simplify the following expressions. 1 sin (20+ A) 2 & W33TSimnA 05 o COS TL SN sin ty ssinA = coscwew »°O - sina, | Brae Et pea. ~, en re 3 tan(b-n) 4 sec(5—A) sie Es eran -cosec A A+ senb tant =__ ten} — 0_ tenioxo _ tanlo a 6 cot (6 + 4a) 2 ~3e@c py ie — = +enbtan on 1 Faw pb ttan pee Nees =_\= _tOnbxo33 TRIGONOMETRY 2 Finding exact values of angle sums and differences * You already know how to find exact values for trigonometric functions cles Fand % a From page 12, recall that: ace BE sin 45° = w ° m sin = a YS sin 60° = sin 372 sin 30° ssing * You can now use the formulas for finding the sums and differences of angles to find ‘exact values for trigonometric functions of many other angles. * Domnot convert your answer to a decimal unles it terminates (e.g. = 0.9) ois recurring e.g. z= 0.69) Any other decimal will be rounded, so rotacs Examples: Find exact values for the following. 1 sin 210° sin 210° = sin (180° + 30°) = sin 180° x cos 30° + cos 180° x sin 30° v3 = 0x88 + xd 2 cot 1 -tanaxtan = an axtan x tana +tan= a 1-0x v3 0+v3 Peewalkernaths_— _ 388 2 tan 105° 5a oe Zt 3 sins 4 sec Zk 5 cosec 225° 6 sec33 TRIGONOMETRY 3 Proving identities with expressions containing angle sums and differences * You can use similar methods to those you have used earlier. Prove the following identities. 1 cos(A+ B)—cos(A~B)=—2sin Asin 2 — sin(A+B)sin(A-B)=sin?A—sin?B 3 SOR Yo tan x-tany 4 sin(E +A) +sin (EA) = v2cos A COs x cos y 4 4walkemaths__ a_i Ae a he CA -tan@=1 Prove the following identities and then use the graphs to show that each is true 6 tan(x+ @)=tand nia #0 = tan x & TOCOPNG OF TH PAGES RESTICED UNDER LA33 TRIGONOMETRY 7 sin(x-@)=sin@ ro) +q)~-sino na Sone eotroaasras_ pHoronarG OFS PGE RESTCTEDWNOER LA awalkemaths_——— 4 Bits and pieces 1 Find the 2 Simplify sin (A- 3 Iftan A= and tan B = %, find the value of tan (A + B) a worOcoPING OF THs GE EST33 TRIGONOMETRY Double angles © Unlike most mathematical situations, in trigonometry sin2Ax2sinA, cos2A=2cosA and tan 2A*2tan A © The formulae for calculating sums and differences of angles can be used to find the correct formulae for double angles. Sines of double angles: jin Acos A+ cos AsinA sin Acos A sin 2A Cosines of double angles: cos 2A = cos Acos A-sinAsinA = cos’A-sin?A s Substitute A (=sne Al eine or sane sin?A ee or cos*A -(1 cos’ A) cos*A = 1 Tangents of double angles: tan A+ tana tan 2A = tan Atan A __2tanA —tanr’ A These are the new identities for finding a trigonometric function of a double angle: sin 2A = 2sin A cos A | cos 2A = cos*A-sin?A = 2cos*A-1 =1-2sin?A tan 2A= —2tan 1- tan? A You will often need to think ‘carefully about which of these you use. ‘see aaoirogasPOTOCOFYNG OFTHIS PE IS RESTRETED INR LAN owalkernaths_ so Se 1 Using the formulae Itis useful to recognise these formulae. Examples: Write each expression as a single trigonometric ratio. ; x x n 40 1 1-2sin? ¥ = cos (2 x} cane sin? F = cos (2x4) 2 tan (2x40) =cos5 =tan 89 wing expressions as single trigonomet cos 60 SW 0" 03.3 TRIGONOMETRY 2 Finding exact values of double angles Examples: Find exact values for the following. 1 cos 20if0< <5 and cos 8= 05 2 cm oros-} cos 20 = cos? @- sin? 6 OnVvF-F “tata ie thes 2 cot 2015 < 0

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