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AIML Unit 2 Introduction To Machine Learning

The document discusses machine learning including its definition, types, algorithms, applications and challenges. It covers supervised and unsupervised learning as well as semi-supervised and reinforcement learning. It also discusses the machine learning process and major applications.

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108 views

AIML Unit 2 Introduction To Machine Learning

The document discusses machine learning including its definition, types, algorithms, applications and challenges. It covers supervised and unsupervised learning as well as semi-supervised and reinforcement learning. It also discusses the machine learning process and major applications.

Uploaded by

varshithaga3052003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Machine

Learning
S. Sridhar and M. Vijayalakshmi
Chapter 1

Introduction to Machine Learning


Need for Machine Learning?
• BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS HAVE NUMEROUS DATA
• NEED TO ANALYZE DATA FOR TAKING DECISIONS

1.High volume of available data to manage


2. Cost of storage has reduced: capture, process, store,
distribute, and transmit the digital information.
3. Availability of complex algorithms now.
Need for Machine Learning?
What is Machine Learning?
• “MACHINE LEARNING ISA FIELD OF STUDY THAT GIVES THE COMPUTERS TO
LEARN WITHOUTBEING EXPLICITLYPROGRAMMED”

Y=f(x), f is the learning function that maps the input x to output y. Learning of
function f is the crucial aspect of forming a model in statistical learning.
What is a Model?
A MODEL CAN BE ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING –

• MATHEMATICAL EQUATION
• RELATIONAL DIAGRAMS LIKE GRAPHS/TREES
• LOGICAL IF/ELSE RULES
• GROUPINGS CALLED CLUSTERS
• TOM MITCHELL DEFINITION OF MAC HINE LEARNING

“A computer program is said to learn from experience E, with


respect to task T and some performance measure P, if its
performance on T measured by P improves with experience E.”
The important components of this definition are experience E,
task T, and performance measure P.
Machine Learning and AI
• RELATION BETWEEN MACHINELEARNING AND AI
Machine Learning and Data Science
• DATA SCIENCE ISAN “UMBRELLA TERM”COVERING FROM DATA
COLLECTION TO DATA ANALYSIS.
Machine Learning and Data Science
CHARACTERISTICS OF BIG DATA
Big data is a field of data science that deals with data’s following characteristics:
1. Volume: Huge amount of data is generated by big companies like Facebook,
Twitter, YouTube.
2. Variety: Data is available in variety of forms like images, videos, and in
different formats.
3. Velocity: It refers to the speed at which the data is generated and processed.
Machine Learning and Data Science
1.Data Mining
Data mining’s original genesis is in the business

2. Data Analytics: aims to extract useful knowledge from crude data


3.Pattern Recognition: It uses machine learning algorithms to extract the features for pattern analysis
and pattern classification.
Machine Learning and Statistics
1.It is mathematics intensive and models are often complicated equations and involve many
assumptions.
2.Statistical methods are developed in relation to the data being analyzed
Machine Learning Types
Labelled Data
1. Data is a raw fact.
2. Data is represented in the form of a table.
3. Data also can be referred to as a data point, sample, or an
example.
4. Each row of the table represents a data point.
5. Features are attributes or characteristics of an object.
6. Columns are attributes. Out of all attributes, one attribute is
important and is called a label
Unlabelled Data
DATA THAT ISNOT ASSOCIATEDWITHLABELS ISCALLED UNLABELLED DATA.
Supervised Learning
1. Supervised algorithms use labelled dataset.

2. There is a supervisor or teacher component in supervised


learning.
3. A supervisor provides labelled data so that the model is
constructed and generates test data
Supervised Learning
Supervised learning has two methods:
1. Classification
2. Regression
Supervised Learning
The input attributes of the classification algorithms are called independent
variables.
The target attribute is called label or dependent variable.
The relationship between the input and target variable - classification model.
In classification, learning takes place in two stages.
• Training stage, the learning algorithm takes a labelled dataset and starts
learning. After the training set, samples are processed and the model is
generated.
• Constructed model is tested with test or unknown sample and assigned a
label. This is the classification process.
Supervised Learning
Supervised Learning
KEY ALGORITHMS
Supervised Learning
REGRESSION ALGORITHMS

The regression model takes input x and generates a model in the form of a fitted line of the form y = f(x).
Here, x is the independent variable that may be one or more attributes and y is the dependent
variable
Unsupervised Learning
1.learning is by self-instruction.
2.There are no supervisor or teacher components.
3.In the absence of a supervisor or teacher, self-instruction is
the most common kind of learning process.
4.This process of self-instruction is based on the concept of trial
and error
Unsupervised Learning
Cluster Analysis
1. group objects into disjoint clusters or groups.
2. Clusters objects based on its attributes.
3. All the data objects of the partitions are similar in some aspect and
vary from the data objects in the other partitions significantly.
Unsupervised Learning
KEY ALGORITHMSOF UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
Key Differences
Semi-supervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning
1. Reinforcement learning mimics human beings.
2. Allows the agent to interact with the environment
to get rewards.
3. The agent can be human, animal, robot, or any
independent program. The rewards enable the
agent to gain experience. The agent aims to
maximize the reward.
4. The reward can be positive or negative
(Punishment). When the rewards are more, the
behavior gets reinforced and learning becomes
possible.
Challenges of Machine Learning
1.Problems –
2. Huge data –
3.High computation power .
4. Complexity of the algorithms –
5. Bias/Variance – Variance is the error of the
model..
Machine Learning Process
MACHINE LEARNING/DATA MINING PROCESS
CRISP-DM stands for Cross Industry Standard Process – Data Mining
Machine Learning Applications
MACHINE LEARNING MAJOR APPLICATIONS

1. Sentiment analysis: NLP words of documents are converted to sentiments


like happy, sad, and angry.
2. Recommendation systems – These are systems that make personalized
purchases possible.
3.Voice assistants –Amazon Alexa, Microsoft Cortana, Apple Siri, and Google
Assistant are all examples of voice assistants. They take speech commands and
perform tasks.
4.Technologies like Google Maps and those used by Uber are all examples
of machine learning which offer to locate and navigate shortest paths to reduce time.

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