CURRICULUM GRADE 10 -12 DIRECTORATE

NCS (CAPS)

JUST IN TIME DOCUMENT

GRADE 11

GEOGRAPHY

2024

LEARNER DOCUMENT

1
PREAMBLE

This support document serves to assist Geography Grade 11 learners in dealing with
curriculum content gaps and learning losses. Activities serve as a guide on how
various topics are assessed at different cognitive levels and prepare learners for
informal and formal tasks in Geography.

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CONTENT PAGE
TERM CONTENT PAGES
1 THE ATMOSPHERE 4-24
2 GEOMORPHOLOGY 25-47
3 DEVELOPMENT 47-62
4 RESOURCES AND SUSTAINABILITY 63-80

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THE EARTH’S ENERGY BALANCE

The unequal heating of the atmosphere and the transfer of energy

• Insolation: incoming solar radiation heats the earth’s atmosphere

• Terrestrial radiation: heat given off by the heated surface of the earth.
• Amount of insolation which reaches the earth’s surface.
is determined by:
1. Latitudinal temperature differences
2. Seasonal temperature differences
Areas closer to the Equator do not get hotter and hotter. Winds and ocean
currents transfer surplus energy from equatorial areas to the poles. Therefore,
a heat balance is maintained on Earth.

https://cdn.shopifycdn.net/s/files/1/0558/3332/9831/files/Geographical_latitude_affects_solar_radiant_ene
rgy.webp?v=1652697430

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https://www.google.com/url?sa
A - Direct sunrays on the equator
• More heat on a smaller surface area of the earth
• Therefore Hotter
B - Less direct sunrays further towards the poles
• Less energy as a bigger surface of the earth is heated
• Therefore Cooler

Significance of the Earth’s axis and revolution around the sun

You must know the following:
• Seasons in each hemisphere
• Position of the sun at each season
• Length of day and night
• Solstices and equinoxes
SEASONS

SUMMER WINTER
Areas towards the sun: Areas away from the sun:

• Longer days, • Shorter days

• shorter nights • longer nights
• More insolation • Less insolation
• Hotter • Cooler

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studypage
DAY AND NIGHT

• Earth’s axis is at an angle of 23½° to the vertical

• Different parts of the earth are tilted towards the sun.
• This causes unequal lengths of day and night
• It takes 3651/4 days or one year to complete one revolution and results
in seasons

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSegLTtnZ4_nDjc1p_uy-
yLDGRCZLKJpOTv0A&usqp=CAU
• Earth’s axis is an imaginary line between the North and South Poles
• Earth rotation is 24 hours – And result in day and night
• Day and night are 12 hours long each

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ACTIVITY 1.1: UNEQUAL HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE
1.1 Choose a term in COLUMN B that matches the description in COLUMN A.
Write only the letter (A–I) next to the question numbers (1.1.1–1.1.8) in the
ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.1.9 J
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.1.1 The angle of the earth’s axis A. Revolution
as the earth revolves
1.1.2 Movement of the earth B. Orbit
around the sun
1.1.3 Incoming solar radiation C. Equinox
1.1.4 The path that the earth D. Insolation
travels around the sun.
1.1.5 Radiation from the earth. E. terrestrial radiation
1.1.6 When one hemisphere is F. Latitude
tilted towards the sun on 21
December.
1.1.7 When neither hemisphere is G. Parallelism
tilted towards or away from the sun.
1.1.8 Line between the light and H. circle of illumination
dark halves of the earth.
I. solstice

THE WORLD’S OCEAN CURRENTS

• Radiant energy enters the atmosphere from the sun

• This energy is reflected, absorbed and scattered throughout the
atmosphere and across the earth’s surface, but it is not evenly
distributed
• The system stays balanced because temperature differences create
winds and ocean currents that transfers heat around the globe, which
helps to balance out uneven distribution of insolation

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https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/images/thumb/f/f4/Ocean-Currents_gkplanet.jpg/800px-Ocean-
Currents_gkplanet.jpg

ACTIVITY 1.2: OCEAN CURRENTS

Refer to the diagram below, illustrating the movement of the warm and
cold ocean currents.

Source: sageography.myschoolstuff.co.za
1.2.1. What is an ocean current? (1x2) (2)

1.2.2. Coriolis force is one reason for the development of ocean currents. Provide
TWO other reasons. (2x1) (2)
1.2.3. How does Coriolis force influence the movement of ocean currents? (1x2) (2)
1.2.4. Explain how current A will influence the weather of the nearby eastern coastal
regions of Africa. (2x2) (4)
1.2.5. Refer to the movement of the warm and cold currents.

(a) What is the climatological importance of this movement of the warm and

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cold currents?
(b) Explain how this circular movement of the warm and cold currents stays (1x2) (2)
connected.
(2x2) (4)
GLOBAL WINDS

Global winds systems and ocean currents act together to transfer energy and
produce the climate matters that is experienced on earth.

GLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION

• Global/worldwide/whole world (large scale)

• Circulation – movement of air around the globe
• Global air circulation: refers to a large continuous air movement
covering thousands of km’s
• Pressure belts: are seasonal horizontal pressure variations created in
the earth’s atmosphere just above the earth surface.
What are high and low pressures?

• The unequal heating of the atmosphere results in the development of

high- and low-pressure cells.
• It is important that you know the characteristics of High- and Low-
pressure cells

The characteristics of high-pressure cells and low pressure cells

HIGH PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE

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• Air subsides (decend) • Air ascends (rises)
• Air Diverge at the centre • Air converges at the centre
• Clear/dry skies • Condesation takes place
• No release of latent heat • Latent heat is released during
• No cloud formation condensation
• Oval shaped isobars • Clouds form and recipitation
• Air circulates in an anticlockwise occurs
rotation • Circular shaped isobars
• Also kow as an anticyclone • Air circulates in a clockwise
• Isobar values increase towards rotation
the centre of the low pressure • Also kow as a cyclone
• Also called an Anticyclones • Isobar values decrease towards
the centre of the low pressure
• Also called a Cyclone
WORLD’S PRESSURE BELTS

• The development of High- and Low-pressure cells results in the development

of the pressure belts at different latitudes because of pressure gradient and
Coriolis force that have an impact on the global circulation of the atmosphere.
• Pressure belts: are specific zones of high or low pressure along particular
latitudes
• They move seasonally with the varying intensity of the sun’s direct rays.
• Atmospheric pressure is shown on maps by isobars, which are lines joining
places of equal pressure.
The world pressure belts

https://www.insightsonindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Pressure-and-Pressure-belts3.png

PRESSURE BELTS:

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• Polar high: at 90° N and S
• Sub-polar Low: at 60° N and S
• Sub-tropical High: at 30 °N and S
• Equatorial low: at 0°

ACTIVITY 1.3
Figure 1.3 GLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION

1.3.1 The area at A where maximum heating occurs. (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.2 The type of air pressure (high pressure or low pressure) that will be associated
with descending air at B. (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.3 The pressure belt that can be found on the surface at B. (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.4 A weather system that forms at C, where the westerly winds and polar
easterlies meet. (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.5 The type of air movement that usually occurs in the upper atmosphere at A. (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.6 The name of the cell at E. (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.7 Name the cell at D. (1 x 1) (1)

(7 x 1) (7)

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR TEMPERATURE, AIR PRESSURE

AND WIND

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https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQy8X6715_DzD3OUpCeLf4YxQR2LPjKelpSjA
&usqp=CAU

• Hot air expands and rises

• Leads to low pressure on Earth’s surface
• Cold air is dense and heavy
• Sinks to Earth’s surface
• Air (wind) moves from high pressure to low pressure

Pressure gradient, Coriolis force and geostrophic flow

• Pressure gradient force: is the force that causes air to flow from high
pressure to low pressure.(STEEP/GENTLE)
• CORIOLIS FORCE- deflects winds and ocean currents to the right in
the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern hemisphere
• GEOSTROPHIC FLOW: wind blowing parallel to the isobars. wind that
would result from an exact balance between the Coriolis force and the
pressure gradient force

PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE

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[Source: http://en]
CORIOLIS FORCE wikipedia.org/wiki
/geostrophic]

[Source: http://en]

GEOSTROPHIC FLOW

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR_gZfc1sGD13AgN72UGoHnM2U-rbFsDrq0WQ&usqp=CAU

TRI-CELLULAR MODEL

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• Tri-cellular model: is made up of 3 different air masses, these control
atmospheric movements and the redistribution of heat energy.
• There are THREE convectional cells produced per hemisphere:

➢ Hadley cell
➢ Ferrell cell
➢ Polar cell

Source: https://static.prepp.in/public/image/b5571ed0058e8e4e6281b90e28f56e70.png?tr=w-512,h-
413,c-force

Regional: Monsoon winds

• Are seasonal winds characterized by a complete reversal of wind
direction between summer and winter, which results in totally different
weather conditions especially rainfall between summer and winter.
• Seasonal winds in tropical regions
• Regions affected: northern Australia, Africa, South America, USA
• Mostly known in India

SUMMER MONSOON
• Hot land surfaces cause rising air and thus a low pressurOver the ocean
temperatures are not as warm and result in a higher pressure
• Warm, moist winds blow onshore from the ocean towards the land
mass.
Resultant weather:
• Humid winds blow onto the land from the Indian Ocean.

WINTER MONSOON

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• Cold winter temperatures cause strong subsiding air
• Subsiding air is stable high-pressure area over the continent.
• A low pressure develops over the ocean.
• Cool, dry winds blow offshore from the interior towards the lowpressure
region over the ocean.
Resultant weather:
• Dry winds with very little rainfall.

LP

HP

LP

HP

Source: https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6MaNEiX2eII/WCyeihC0W1I/AAAAAAAAX0E/N5u2BZazE-
88NStrbIaz61J9eDtQDxI5ACLcB/s1600/103A-Image%2BMonsoons%2BMap.jpg

ACTIVITY 1.4

MONSOON WIND

1.4.1 Why is a monsoon wind an example of a regional wind? (1 x 1) (1)

1.4.2 Why are monsoon winds referred to as seasonal winds? (1 x 2) (2)

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1.4.3 Discuss the role that the Himalayan mountains play in the winter monsoon. (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.4 How does the summer monsoon develop? (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.5 Explain the negative impact that the summer monsoon has on the people of
India. (2 x 2) (4)
[15]
Africa’s weather and climates

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww

• Along the equator there is a strong convection current which creates the low pressure.
Strong winds from North and South converges on the equatorial low pressure. Air rises and
creates better chances of condensation.
• There are areas of high pressure along 30°N and S because of subsiding air. This area is
known as subtropical high-pressure belt. Less condensation takes place along this area
hence there is less rainfall.

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THE ROLE OF OCEANS IN CONTROLLING THE CLIMATE OF SOUTH AFRICA

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fp-

• Oceans influences the places along the coast over which the blow.
• Along the east coast of South Africa, there is a warm Mozambique current blowing the
equator.
• Air blowing from the Indian ocean is therefore worm and moist increasing chances of rainfall
along the east coast of South Africa
• Along the west coast of South Africa there is Cold Benguela current blowing from the south
Pole.
• Air blowing from Atlantic Ocean is therefore cold and dry hence there are limited chances of
rainfall.

El Nino and La Nina

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rainviewer.com

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• El Nino is the weather event that results in the warming of the Pacific Ocean
• La Nina is the weather event that results in the cooling of the Pacific Ocean
• El Nino is associated with hotter and drier conditions and is responsible for drought in some
parts of Southern Africa
• La Nina is associated with cooler and wetter conditions and can bring higher than normal
rainfall is Western parts of South Africa.

DROUGHT AND DESERTIFICATION

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com

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• Drought is an extended period of time where there is less or no rainfall.
• Desertification refers to loss of fertile and areas becoming arid.
• Drought are caused by High evaporation rates that exceed precipitation
• Uneven distribution of rainfall, global warming/ climate change and El Nino conditions
• Desertification is caused by incorrect methods of farming such as overgrazing, monoculture,
farming down the contour, or farming on marginal land. It can also be caused by
deforestation.
Impacts of droughts and desertification
• Loss of crops and livestock leading to food insecurity.
• Food prices increase as food will have to be imported.
• Workers on farms lose their Jobs (socio-economic).
• Loss of natural vegetation, loss of habitat, disruption of ecosystem/ biodiversity. Breaking
down of food web/ chain, soil erosion.
Strategies to reduce negative impacts of drought
• Education on community on how to save water. Conservation of water e.g. construction of
dams, reservoirs and use of Jojo tanks.
• Encourage cultivation of indigenous plants since alien plants uses more water.
• Protection of wetlands and catchment areas and use of water transfer schemes
Strategies to reduce desertification
• Use of correct methods of farming like crop rotation, contour ploughing and rotational grazing.
• Planting of trees and use of organic fertilizers instead of inorganic fertilizers.

CASE STUDY: Drought in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa and trends in rainfall
characteristics

Much of the Eastern Cape province in South Africa has been experiencing a severe drought
since 2015. This drought has had major socio-economic effects particularly on the large
impoverished rural population as well as on some urban areas where supplied water services
have broken down in several cases. The region is influenced by both midlatitude and tropical
systems leading to a complex regional meteorology that hitherto has not been much studied
compared to other parts of South Africa. Here, the ongoing drought is examined in the context
of long-term trends and the interannual rainfall variability of the region. Although the region has
experienced drought in all seasons since 2015, focus here is placed on the spring (September–
November) which shows the most consistent and robust signal. On average, this season
contributes between about 25–35% of the annual rainfall total.

Based on CHIRPS data, it is found that this season shows a significant decreasing trend in both
rainfall totals as well as the number of rainfall days (but not heavy rainfall days) for spring over
most of the province since 1981. On interannual time scales, the results indicate that dry (wet)
springs over the Eastern Cape are associated with a cyclonic (anticyclonic) anomaly southeast
of South Africa as part of a shift in the zonal wavenumber 3 pattern in the midlatitudes. Over the
landmass, a stronger (weaker) Botswana High is also apparent with increased (decreased)

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subsidence over and near the Eastern Cape which is less (more) favourable for cloud band
development and hence reduced (enhanced) rainfall during dry (wet) springs. Analysis of mid-
century (2040–2060) CMIP5 rainfall projections suggests that there may be a flattening of the
annual cycle over the Eastern Cape with the winter becoming wetter and the summer drier. For
the spring season of interest here, the multi-model projections also indicate drying but less
pronounced than that projected for the summer.

Source: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05413-0

Reading and interpreting synoptic weather map

Winter synoptic weather map: 29/June/2019

Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa

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Summer synoptic map

Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa

• Synoptic weather map is a summary of weather conditions for a specific area.

• Isobars are symbolic lines on a synoptic weather map connecting places with equal pressure.
• Pressure gradient is arrangement of isobars on a synoptic weather map. It indicates the
movement of air in a particular area. If wind is stronger, it will be shown by isobars closed
together (steep pressure gradient). If wind is weaker, it will be shown by isobars far apart
(gentle pressure gradient)

Winter synoptic weather map

Date shows winter months, Kalahari high pressure cell dominant over the land, South Atlantic
high pressure cell and South Indian High pressure cell shift Northwards, mid-latitude cyclone
also shift Northwards, temperatures are low below 25°c and cloud cover shows clear skies.

Summer synoptic weather map

Date shows summer months. Kalahari high pressure shrinks and Thermal low dominates over
the land as a result of the heating of the earth. Presence of tropical cyclone. South Atlantic high
pressure cell and South Indian High pressure cell shift Southwards. mid-latitude cyclone also
shifts Northwards, temperatures are high above 26.5°c and cloud cover are over cast.

ACTIVITY 1.5. OCEAN CURRENTS

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1.5. Study the diagram below showing the currents and answer the questions

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fslideplayer.com

1.5.1 What is an ocean current? (1x2) (2)

1.5.2 Identify the cold and warm ocean currents from the diagram provided. (2x1) (2)
1.5.3 What is the annual rainfall in Port Nolloth as indicated in the diagram? (1x1) (1)
1.5.4 Describe temperature characteristics for ocean currents identified in question
1.5.2. (2x1) (2)
1.5.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines compare Port Nolloth (Western
Cape) and Durban (KZN) in terms of temperature and rainfall as a result of
the ocean currents named in question 1.5.2. (4x2) (8)
[15]

ACTIVITY 1.6. DROUGHTS

1.6 Read the case study below about Droughts and answer the following
questions
Drought is a prolonged dry period in the natural climate cycle that can occur anywhere in the
world. It is a slow-onset disaster characterized by the lack of precipitation, resulting in a water
shortage. Drought can have a serious impact on health, agriculture, economies, energy and the
environment. An estimated 55 million people globally are affected by droughts every year, and
they are the most serious hazard to livestock and crops in nearly every part of the world. Drought
threatens people’s livelihoods, increases the risk of disease and death, and fuels mass migration.
Water scarcity impacts 40% of the world’s population, and as many as 700 million people are at-
risk of being displaced as a result of drought by 2030As climate change exacerbates droughts
and makes countries’ water supplies even more unpredictable, development projects in Africa are
using a growing number of anti-drought techniques such as wastewater reuse, groundwater
recharge and agroforestry. Such innovative techniques could be applied in other regions
threatened by water shortages, whether for direct human and animal consumption or for farming
and industry. South Africa lies around 30°South the equator along the high pressure and that the

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main reason why we experience low rainfall. https://www.who.int/health-topics/drought?gad_source

1.6.1 What is meant by Drought? (1x2) (2)

1.6.2 Identify any TWO Anti-drought techniques outlined in this case study. (2x1) (2)
1.6.3 According the case study, why South receives low rainfall? (1x1) (1)
1.6.4 Evaluate any THREE impacts of Drought in the economy of South Africa (3x2) (6)
1.6.5 Discuss any TWO strategies (not mentioned in the case study) to reduce the
impact of drought. (2x2)(4)
[15]
ACTIVITY 1.7. DESERTIFICATION

1.7. Study the infographic below about desertification and answer the questions.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%

1.7.1 What is meant by desertification? (1x2) (2)

1.7.2 Which part of South Africa (west or east) is mostly affected by desertification? (1x1) (1)

1.7.3 List any Two causes of desertification from the infographic. (2x1) (2)
1.7.4 Discuss any sustainable strategy that can be adopted to reduce
desertification. (2x1) (2)
1.7.5 In a paragraph of approximately EGHT lines discuss economic impacts of
desertification. (4x2) (8)

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ACTIVITY 1.8. STATION MODELS

1.8. Use figure 1.8 below showing station models and choose the letter(Y/Z) in column B that
corresponds with the statement in column A. writhe only the letter next to question
number e.g. 1.8.9. Z

[Source: South African Weather Service]

Column A Column B
1.8.1 Cloud cover is overcast with a wind speed of 15 Y: Station Model C
knots Z: Station model D
1.8.2 Dew point temperature is 5°c Y: Station model A
Z: Station model C
1.8.3 Shows stable weather conditions Y: Station model A
Z: Station model D
1.8.4 Form of precipitation is Drizzle Y: Station model A
Z: Station model D
1.8.5 Air temperature is 15°c Y: Station model B
Z: Station model C
1.8.6 Wind speed is 5 knots Y: Station model A
Z: Station model B
1.8.7 Shows the big temperature range Y: Station model B
Z Station model A
1.8.8 Showing cooler temperatures Y: Station model C
Z: Station model A
(8x1) (8)

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SYNOPTIC WEATHER MAP
1.9. Study the synoptic weather map below and answer the following questions.

Enlarged weather station C

1.9.1 What is synoptic weather map? (1x2) (2)

1.9.2 The season depicted by synoptic weather map is summer. Provide one
reason from the synoptic weather map to substantiate this statement. (1x2) (2)
1.9.3 What is isobaric interval on this synoptic weather map? (1x1) (1)
1.9.4 Is pressure gradient at A steep or gentle? (1x1) (1)
1.9.5 Pressure cell A is a high pressure cell. Provide TWO Map evidence to
substantiate that. (2x2) (4)
1.9.6 Describe weather for station model C (enlarged weather station model) by
referring to all shown weather elements (5x1) (5)
[15]

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TOPOGRAPHY ASSOCIATED WITH HORIZONTALLY LAYERED ROCKS
Characteristics associated with the development of:
• Hilly landscapes, basaltic plateaus, canyon landscapes, karoo landscapes
(Mesa, Butte, conical hill)
HILLY LANDSCAPES
• Forms in areas with layers of horizontal layered rocks with uniform resistance
to erosion. The climate of the area influences the nature of the hilly
landscape.
Hilly landscape in humid (wet) areas Hilly landscape arid (dry) areas

Source:https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/image
Source:https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:A s?q=tbn:ANd9GcT8nQUKSOTcB5Ltt3PO-
Nd9GcTkyixgGOM8v0HFQ2bgCT5F- VuQ6SydACWRohafVQ&usqp=CAU
s3hOJEV8wEDew&usqp=CAU
• Slopes area rounded as sheet wash • Landscape is more angular
takes place. and rugged there is little
• Results in gently undulating rounding of slopes.
landscape. • Soils are coarse and thin on
• Deep soils form on the slopes. the slopes.
• Chemical weathering is dominant • Mechanical weathering is
dominant.

BASALTIC LANDSCAPE
• Consecutive fissures of eruptions cause lava to flow onto the Earth’s surface.
• The lava forms thick layers of basaltic rocks.
• Vertical joints form in the basaltic layers due to shrinkage when cooling.
• These layers are horizontal and of uniform resistance to erosion.
• They give rise to basaltic plateaus.

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Source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-plateau
CANYON LANDSCAPE
• This type of topography is associated with horizontal rocks (stratified) which
are not uniformly resistant to erosion.
• This means horizontal rocks erode at a different rate.
• Canyon landscape forms deep, steep-sided valleys with a narrow valley floor.
• Most common in arid areas as mechanical weathering is more active.
• In humid areas water erodes the slopes so that the canyon walls area gentler
and more rounded.

Arid environment humid environment

KAROO LANDSCAPE
• Karoo landscape developed from the canyon landscape.
• This landscape forms as a result of erosion over millions of years.
• The landscape is characterised by flat-topped hills separated by wide, flat
plains.
• Dolerite sills and sandstones form the top of these hills as they are more
resistant to erosion.

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Source: https://mycourses.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Geography-
Geomorphology-Notes.pdf
Mesa Butte Conical hill
• Flat topped • Flat topped • Isolated rounded
• The resistant cap • The resistant cap hill.
rock is wider than rock is smaller than • Lower than the
its height its height. original plateau
• Scarp retreat • Scarp retreat due to the removal
erodes the plateau erodes the mesa of the cap rock.
making it smaller making it smaller to
forming the mesa. form the butte.

SCARP RETREAT OR BACK WASTING

• Scarp retreat refers to the change in the position of the scarp as a result of
erosion.
• This means that the scarp erodes backwards.
• If the scarp is capped by a hard resistant rock, the scarp will maintain its
shape as it retreats.
• Scarp retreat takes place along the edges of the plateau, mesa, buttes.

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Source:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825219300522

UTILISATION OF THESE LANDSCAPES BY PEOPLE

• Utilisation is determined by relief, soil and climate as well as social and
economic needs.
Hilly landscape
• Steep slopes limit cultivation
• Slopes are more suitable for grazing.
Basaltic plateau
• Produce fertile soils rich in iron
• High rainfall and fertile soils produce good agricultural land
• Access to high altitude plateaus limited.
• High altitude plateaus experience low winter temperatures which are not
suitable for agriculture.
Canyon landscape
• Steep sides and limited valley floor space makes it difficult to farm
• Water in the valley is not always accessible
• Construction of infrastructure is expensive.
• Tourist attraction because of its aesthetics (beauty)
Karoo landscape
• Flat therefore easy to farm and build transport routes
• Soils are thin and rainfall is limited
• Suitable for sheep farming
• Tourist attraction because of its beautiful scenery, plant life and fossils.

TOPOGRAPHY ASSOCIATED WITH INCLINED ROCK STRATA

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This type of topography is associated with stratified rocks which have been tilted by
forces with in the crust.
Characteristics and process associated with the development of:
• Homoclinal ridge
• Scarp slope and Dip slope
• Cuesta and hogsback
• Cuesta basin and Cuesta dome
Homoclinal ridge
• Homoclinal ridge is a collective name given to the landforms formed when
rock layers are tilted.
• Sedimentary rocks that were once horizontal can become tilted as a result of
folding or intrusion of magma below.

Scarp slope and dip slope

Scarp slope Dip slope

• the scarp slope is steeper than • the dip slope is less steep than
the dip slope. the scarp slope.
• Forms the cliff face • Dip slopes shows the direction in
• Concave in shape which the rock layers dip.
• Eroded rock from the scarp face • the soils are thinner on the dip
lands on the talus. slope.

Cuesta and hogsback

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Depending on the angle of the resistant strata, we differentiate between a cuesta
and a hogbacks.
Cuesta Hogsback

• an angle of dip slope is less than • angle of dip is greater than 45°
45° • symmetrical in shape
• asymmetrical in shape • dip and scarp slopes are nearly
• has a gentle dip slope and equally steep.
steeper scarp slope • Forms a narrow crested ridge

Cuesta dome and cuesta basin

As a result of folding, strata are raised into a dome shape or bend downwards into a
basin shape. This leads to the formation of a cicular shaped cuesta dome or circular
shaped cuesta basin.
Cuesta dome Cuesta basin

• Forces deep beneath the surface • Sedimentary strata is intruded by

of the earth thrust up a portion of magma.
the earth. • When magma cools down it
• Intruding batholiths or laccoliths shrinks and sags causing
can cause the overlying rock sedimentary strata to sag as well.
strata to be tilted. • The dip slope will face in wards
• The dip slope faces outwards and towards the centre of the basin
the steeper scarp slope faces and the scarp slope faces
towards the centre of the dome. outwards

Utilisation of landscapes associated with inclined strata

• The ridges and valleys formed by inclined strata can be important to people.

31
o The dip slope of the cuesta can be used for forestry.
o The scarp slope of a cuesta is too steep and cannot be used by
people.
o Cuesta basins allow for the seepage of water into the centre resulting
in a good source of groundwater.
o Farmers can use the water for irrigation.
o Cuesta domes may contain oil and natural gas.
TOPOGRAPHY ASSOCIATED WITH MASSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
• This type of topography is associated with massive igneous rocks such as
granite.
• Massive rocks do not have any layers or bedding planes.
• Massive rocks may have cracks or joints.
Identification of igneous intrusions:
• Different types of igneous intrusions are created when magma cools and
solidifies below the Earth's crust.

Dyke

Source;https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.Y7DQRQCL4A0qi3PbUA7CswEaDc?rs=1&pid=ImgDetMain

• Batholiths: large dome shaped intrusions of magma which occur at great

depths beneath the surface. The rock type is granite
• Laccoliths: smaller mushroom-shaped intrusion of magma connected by a
pipe to the source. This intrusion is found between layers of sedimentary
rocks. Forms cuesta domes.
• Lopolith : saucer shaped intrusions found between layers of sedimentary.
Forms cuesta basins.
• Dykes: vertical intrusions of magma across the horizontal layers of
sedimentary rocks.
• Sill: horizontal intrusions of magma between sedimentary rocks forms a sill.
Dolerite is the most common rock type of sill.
Characteristics associated with granite domes and tors

32
Granite domes

Source: https://portfolio.photoseek.com/image/I0000icsYJ1g9jkI
• Convex shaped outcrop of granite which is part of a deeper batholith
• While still deep underground, the igneous intrusion such as a batholith, is
under great pressure from the overlying rocks.
• Over time the overlying rocks are eroded away, releasing the pressure on
the granite intrusion.
• With reduced pressure the granite expands, joints develop parallel to the
surface.
• When it is eventually exposed surface weathering causes exfoliation.
• Exfoliation causes then sheets of rock to peel off, leaving the dome
smooth and round

TORS
• Tors are piles of rocks balancing on top of each other.
• rocks are not joined to each other.
• Formed buy igneous rocks, either granite or dolerite.

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Source: https://www.langstonemanor.co.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2021/04/Rocks_on_Great_Staple_Tor.jpg

Development of tors
• Tors develop when magma cools below the surface.
• Cooling magma contracts resulting in joints and cracks in the rock.
• Groundwater seeps into the joints and cracks resulting in weathering.
• Groundwater also dissolves minerals in the igneous rock.
• Removal of overlying rock exposes the core stones of igneous rock.

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OVERVIEW OF SOUTH AFRICAN TOPOGRAPHY

Source: https://za.pinterest.com/pin/258323728601089395

SOURCE: https://www.jobilize.com/course/section/the-climate-of-south-africa-temperature-by-openstax

The interior plateau:

• South Africa consists of a flat interior.
• Interior lies approximately 1000m above sea level
Rivers on the plateau:
• rivers from the plateau drain westwards to Atlantic Ocean.
• Limpopo river is the only river on plateau to flow eastwards into the indian
ocean.

35
• The escarpment on the western side
• Only reaches a height of 1000m above sea level

The coastal plain

• Narrow on the western side of the country
• Wide on the eastern side of the country.

Rivers on the eastern side

• Shorter rivers drain down the eastern escarpment.

The escarpment
• Separates the high interior from the low lying coastal plane.
• Runs the entire edge of the South African coast line
• Escarpment along the eastern side is 1900m above sea level
• The escarpment in KZN forms the majestic Drakensberg range, which
separates Lesotho from KZN.

SLOPES

• Slope elements are different parts of a slope.

• When we look at any landform, it’s profile will show one or more slope
elements.
• There are four slope elements, crest, cliff, talus, and pediment.

Source:https://sageography.co.za/wpcontent/uploads/sites/2/2013/01/4elementslope.png

Crest
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• It is a highest slope element.
• It where the cliff and plateau meet.
• It is convex in shape.
• Sheetwash erosion occurs.
Cliff/scarp/free face

• It is the steepest slope element.

• It is made of resistant rock.
• These rocks do not weather or erode easily.
• Rocks falls are common in this slope.
Talus/debris slope/scree slope

• It is known as debris or screen slope.

• It lies below the cliff.
• Rock fallen from the cliff from this side.
• It is slightly concave in slope.
Pediment slope

• It is the lowest slope element forming at the base of talus.

• The pediment slopes gently from the talus
• The point where pediment joins the talus is known as knickpoint/Knick line.
• Soil creep or sheetwash are common on this slope.
• Slope changes overtime.
• They change due to temperature, forces.
MASS MOVEMENTS AND HUMAN RESPONSE

• Mass movement: the term used to describe how gravity cause weathered
material to move down slope.
• The type of material that can be carried down includes:
o Broken rocks
o Loose stones
o Soil
• Mass movements are also referred to as ‘slope failure’ which occurs when the
force of gravity is greater than the force of resistance.
• There are different types of mass movements.
o Rockfalls
o Landslides
o Slumps
o Mud flow
o Solifluction
o Soil creep

37
Source:https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.01b0e5765796c98466a33df72d9a0b4a?rik=0Nq508enKMQqNw&pid=Im
gRaw&r=0

Rockfalls

• Rockfalls are mostly in cliffs and occurs in cuestas.

• may be caused by earthquakes.
• may be caused by trucks passing by.
• It may be caused by mine blasting.
Landslides

• also known as rockslide.

• occurs when mass of a material moves down slowly.
• may be caused by major earthquake.
Slumps

• occurs when the loose material slump down the slope.

• It is on the part of the hillside.
• water accumulates in the part of hillside.
• This causes the loose particles to side easily.
Mudflows mass movement.

• Mud: Is soil or broken rock material mixed with water.

• The more water there is, the more runny mud is.
• occurs when there is so much water present in the soil.
• The loose material begins to act like fluid.
• It can be caused by heavy rainfall.

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Solifluction

• take place where waterlogged soil moves slowly down slope.

• occurs over impermeable: frozen material.
• The upper portion of the ground thaws (defrost)in summer.
• The defrosted material flows over the impermeable frozen soil below it.
• This cause unique on the hill slope.

Soil creep

• refers to the slowest movement.

• The movement rate is less than a centimetre a year.
• It cannot be easily seen.
• When it has occurred, it leaves the following evidence:
o Terrace (steep like features).
o Bent tree trunks.
o Fence posts and telephone poles.
o Cracks in walls and buildings.

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The impact of mass movement on people and environment.

Source:https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.TTRzdLxFeLYZ6DgubfynvwHaE8?rs=1&pid=Im
gDetMain
• Homes are swept away.
• People may be trapped under the layers of mud.
• Businesses, cars and trucks may be swept away.
• People may be missing or never found again.
• Rockfalls can block roads.
soil creep and solifluction may cause:

o walls; fences and telephones to lean downslope.

o damaged buildings.

Causes of mass movement

• Steeping of the slope

• Removal of vegetation
• Construction on upper slope and weight
• Construction on upper slope increases water seepage.
• Vibrations caused by earthquakes.
• Mine blasting and passing trains or trucks.

Prevention of mass movement

• Make the slope stable by:

• Cover the steep slope with vegetation to reduce the surface runoff.
• Spray them with concrete.

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• Building retaining walls to stabilise the slope.
• Using the rock bolt to hold the slope together.
• Inserting drainage pipes into the slope to allow ground water to drain.
• Flattening over the steep slope to reduce the slope.
• Introducing the plant species with strong roots systems to hold upper layers of
soil together.

GEOMORPHOLOGY ACTIVITIES

2.1. HORIZONTAL LAYERED STRATA

Match a term/word in COLUMN B with the description in COLUMN A. Write the letter
ONLY (A-I) next to the question number (2.1.1 to 2.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g
2.1.9. C
COLUMN A COLUMN B
2.1.1. Large isolated flat topped hill A. Lava
2.1.2. The Three Sisters is an example of B. Scarp retreat
this. C. Mesa
2.1.3. Small flat topped hill D. Conical hill
2.1.4. Volcanic rock that forms a plateau E. Butte
on the surface. F. Basalt
2.1.5. Molten rock that erupts on the G. Weathering
surface of the earth. H. Hilly landscape
2.1.6. This process is also known as I. Karoo landscape
backwasting.
2.1.7. Landscapes that develop out of the
canyon landscape.
2.1.8. A process in which rocks are broken
into smaller pieces by mechanical
and chemical weathering.

(8 x 1) (8)

2.2. HILLY LANDSCAPE

41
Refer to diagram A and B showing hilly landscape of different climatic
regions. Match the statements below to either diagram A or B. Write only the
letters A or B next to the question number, e.g 1.2.1 B
DIAGRAM A DIAGRAM B

Source: google image

2.2.1. Landscape that develops in humid regions
2.2.2. Landscape that develops in dry regions
2.2.3. Used for agriculture
2.2.4. Mechanical weathering results in thin layers of soil
2.2.5. Chemical weathering is dominant
2.2.6. Of little use to humans
(6 x 1) (6)

2.3. KAROO LANDSCAPE

Refer to the sketch showing the karoo landscape.

Source: google image

2.3.1 Identify landforms A,B and C. (3 x 1) (3)
2.3.2 Explain the difference between landform A and landform B. (2 x 2) (4)
2.3.3 Comment on the general climate of this area. (1 x 2) (2)

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2.3.4 Scarp retreat influences the formation of these landforms. Explain what scarp
retreat is. (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.5 In a paragraph of approximately eight lines discuss how this topography can
be utilised by people. (4 x 2) (8)

2.4. INCLINED ROCK STRATA

Choose a term/word in COLUMN B that matches the description in

COLUMN A. Write only the letter (A-H) next to the question numbers 2.4.1 to
2.4.7 in the answer book.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
2.4.1. Scarp slope faces inwards and A. Homoclinal shifting
the dip slope outwards. B. Cuesta
2.4.2. Steep slope of a homoclinal C. Cuesta dome
rigde. D. Scarp
2.4.3. Dipping strata is more that 45° E. Dip
2.4.4. Gentle slope of a homoclinal F. Cuesta basin
rigde. G. Hogsback
2.4.5. Yields groundwater if rocks are H. Homoclinal ridge
permeable.
2.4.6. Describes asymmetrical ridges.
2.4.7. Dipping strata lies at an angle of
10° − 25° (7x1) (7)

2.5. INTRUSIVE LANDFORMS

Refer to the sketch on intrusive landforms. Choose the correct landform form
the sketch that the description below refers to. Write ONLY the landform next

43
to the question numbers (2.5.1 to 2.5.7) in the answer book, e.g 2.5.8
Volcanic cone.

Dyke

Source: google image

2.5.1. The largest of all intrusive lanforms.

2.5.2. A vertical intrusion of igneous rocks.
2.5.3. When magma is exposed on the Earth’s surface.
2.5.4. Igneous intrusion that forces strata upwards.
2.5.5. A horizontal intrusion between layers of sedimentary rocks.
2.5.6. Igneous intrusion that is saucer-shaped.
2.5.7. Triangle shaped hill formed from material of eruption.
(7x1) (7)

2.6. MASSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

Refer to the sketch that illustrates the the development of massive igneous
intrusions.

44
Source: google image

2.6.1. Name the intrusive rock at A. (1 x 1) (1)

2.6.2 Provide the TWO characteristics of the intrusion at A. (2 x 1) (2)
2.6.3 Refer to the granite dome in stage 4.
(a) Name the type of weathering that occurs on granite domes. (1 x 1) (1)
(b) Explain how this type of weathering occurs. (2 x 2) (4)
2.6.4 In a paragraph of approximately eight lines discuss how granite domes are
formed. ( 4 x 2) (8)
2.7. GRANITE DOMES
Refer to the sketch showing granite domes and tors

Source: google image

2.7.1 Name the landform at H. (1 x 1) (1)
2.7.2 Describe one characteristic of the rock from which the above-mentioned
landform developed. (1 x 2) (2)

45
2.7.3. The weathering process of exfoliation results in the rounded shape of
landform G. Briefly explain this process. (1 x 2) (2)
2.7.4 In a paragraph of approximately eight lines discuss the difference between the
formation of granite domes and tors. (4 x 2) (8)

2.8. SLOPE ELEMENTS

Refer to the figure showing four slope elements. Give one term/word that
matches the description below. Write only the term/word next to the question
numbers (2.8.1 to 2.8.7), e.g. 2.8.8 Crest.

Source: google image

2.8.1. Slope element with a convex shape.

2.8.2. Slope element with a low angle.
2.8.3. Slope element on which soil creep occurs.
2.8.4. Slope element that is a rocky, vertical outcrop.
2.8.5. Slope element composed mainly of weathered material.
2.8.6. Slope on which thickness of soil increases.
2.8.7. Slope that is suitable for farming. (7x1) (7)

2.9. SLOPE ELEMENTS

Refer to the image showing different slope elements.

46
B

Source: google image

2.9.1 Identify the slope element at A and the type of mass movement that will
dominate. (1 + 2) (3)
2.9.2 Name the geomorphological process responsible for the formation of the
talus. (1 x 1) (1)
2.9.3 Explain why the talus maintains a constant. (1 x 2) (2)
2.9.4 Comment on the vegetation cover at B and C. (2 x 2) (4)
2.9.5 Evaluate the impact of slope element B on human activities. (2 x 2) (4)

2.10 MASS MOVEMENT

Refer to the sketch below showing movements.

Source: google image

2.10.1 Provide evidence form the illustration that mass movement is taking place.
(1 x 2) (2)
2.10.2 On which slope dip or scarp is the mass movement most likely to take place?
(1 x 2) (2)
2.10.3 Explain your answer to QUESTION 2.10.2. (1 x 2) (2)
2.10.4 Why do you think people should be made aware of mass movement before
building on slopes? (1 x 2) (2)

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2.10.5 In a paragraph of approximately eight lines discuss the factors that cause
mass movements and strategies that can be used to minimize or prevent
mass movements. (4 x 2) (8)

TERMINOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT

Development: Refers to the growth of a country in terms of its wealth, social conditions and
standard of living. Development is not just about wealth, it is about using resources and technology
to improve people’s quality of life, which is how happy and content people are.
Globalization: refers to the way in which the economic, social, political, and cultural activities of
countries across the world are interconnected.
Multi-national Corporations(MNCs): company that owns or controls production facilities in more
than one country.
Export-led development: economic strategy used by developing countries to catch up to
developed countries through increasing wealth by increasing exports.
Sweatshop workers: Workshops/ factories where many people work in poor conditions for low pay;
often manufacturing illegal goods
Informal sector: unregistered businesses that do not pay tax i.e. SARS.
Life expectancy: an average number of years a person can expect to live.
Socialism: A political system, in which industry and trade are owned and controlled by the state; in
theory, everyone has an equal opportunity to benefit from a country’s wealth
Less Economically Developed Country (LEDC): A nation with a low level of material well-being;
important to note that there is no established convention
More Economically Developed Country (MEDC): A developed country is an economically wealthy
country.
Primary sector: an extraction of raw materials from earth’s surface
Secondary sector: processing and manufacturing of raw materials
Tertiary sector: provision of services
Quaternary sector: intellectual services eg. Research, IT, espionage
Quinary sector: high decision making eg. Cabinet ministers
Economic growth: An increase in a country’s national output (GDP) over a given period of time.
Economic development: A broader concept encompassing economic growth, but often includes
intangible improvements in the standards of living for a country’s citizens.
Climate change: refers to long term changes to weather patterns.
Global warming: Refers to the average increase to the world’s temperature due to greenhouse
gases.
Economic Indicators: using income or wealth to measure development.
Environmental Indicators: How well countries take care of the environment.
Social indicators: Using human development as a measure e.g. levels of education or health.
Trade: the exchange of goods and services between two countries
Imports: goods that are bought into the country.
Exports: good that are sold to other countries.

48
CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPED: refers to an economically wealth country.

• A developed country is one that allows all its citizens to enjoy a free and healthy life in a safe
environment (as defined by Kofi Annan, former Secretary General of the United Nations);
often involves certain economic measures such as national income, indices for life
expectancy or education.
• Also known as: first world, Rich, North, More economically developed country (MEDC).
DEVELOPING: refers to an economically poor country.
• A nation with a low level of material well-being; important to note that there is no established
convention for the designation of “developed” and “developing” countries or areas in the
United Nations system.
• Also known as: Third world, south, poor, less economically developed country (LEDC).
BRANDT LINE: is the imaginary line which separate the richer (MEDC) and poorer (LED) countries,
based on wealth.
• The line does not follow the equator.

www.researchgate.net
ECONOMIC COUNTRY
• it is the ability of a country to generate wealth through proper control and use of resources.
• Some countries have natural resources that can be used in processing and manufacturing.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• This refers to the level of education, standard of living, gender inequality, access to basic
services and control of diseases.

49
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• Conservations of resources so that it is available for future generation to use.

DEVELOPENT INDICATORS

INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
An indicator is a factor or aspect which can be measured, and which gives a person an idea of what
the country is like economically, socially and environmentally.
In the past the focus on development was very narrow and development was only perceived or
seen as economic development, which is industrialisation, production and making money .
Current view on development is broader and includes social, cultural development, technological
development, and economic growth.
The indicators are grouped under:
• Demographic
• Social
• Economic
• Sustainable Development

Demographic Social Economic Sustainable Development

indicators indicators indicators indicators

50
Infant mortality rate Levels of GDP Energy consumption
education and
literacy rate
Life expectancy GNP Water quality
Quality of life
(HDI
Population growth Gender GNP per Co2 emissions per capita
rate inequality capita
% urbanised Access to poverty Greenhouse gas emissions
basic services
e.g. water
,electricity,
clinics
disease Economic
structure
Balance of
trade

Adult literacy: is adults being able to read and write.

Child vitality: is strength or life or health of kids when they are born.
Life expectancy: is the number of years a person can expect to live. It is higher in Developed
countries.
Gross National Product : The total value of goods and services produced by permanent
inhabitants.
Gross Domestic Product or GDP: The total value of goods and services produced in a country in
a year.
The GNP per capita is the GNP divided by the total number of people.
The GNP per capita used to indicate or assess how well off a country is.
A high GNP per capita means that a country has a high production level of industries and service
industries.
Gini-coefficient is a social indicator that measures the distribution of wealth.
When the Gini-coefficient is zero, wealth is equally distributed in a country.
If the Gini-coefficient is one, it means that the gap between rich and poor is larger and that wealth is
less equal spread

FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT

51
STANDARD OF LIVING QUALITY OF LIVING
• The value of their possession and savings. • Is the general well- being of a person.
• The type of home they live in. • It is affected by education, health, care,
• Weather people own items such as washing services, utilities, environment and social,
machine, television, car, telephone. political and religious freedom.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT DEVELOPMENT

Factors that affect development including access to resources, energy, history, trade imbalance,
population growth, education and training, natural resource limitation and environmental
degradation.
Access to natural resources
• One of the most important factors in development is geography, where the country is located
in the world and the countries’ climate.
• Poorest countries are in the tropics, where it is hot, the land is less fertile, water is scarcer
and disease flourish.
• Europe and North America have large tracks of very fertile land, a temperate climate and
good rainfall.
• In very hot or cold climates much energy goes into survival and there is not much left over for
economic development.
Energy
• The largest energy consumers are the richer countries of North America and Europe.
• Global demand for energy is increasing rapidly. It is expected to double by 2030.
• Increasing fuel prices and concern about national fossil fuels emissions will mean that our
power generation industries have to become more efficient.
• It is difficult for developing countries to move away from fossil fuels like coal for power

52
generation.
Population growth
• Countries with a rapidly increasing population may not have enough resources for
development.
Trade imbalance
• International traded is not always fair towards poorer countries.
• Poorer countries turn to export lower value raw materials, often to richer countries.
• Richer countries tend to export higher value manufactured goods which poorer countries
struggle to afford.
Unsustainable development
• Historical factors may present an obstacle to development of a country.
• War, corruption and incompetence are the main factors here.
Environmental degradation
• This continues the cycle of underdevelopment as it can ruin farming and fishing.

Rural and urban community–based development

Since 1994, government has developed a strategy to formulate public policy and to plan and
establish economic policies that directly support community empowerment.
The most important aspect of community driven project for development are:
• Build local economies
• Community driven
• Capacity building
• Community empowerment
• Increase access to market
• Focus on disaster preparedness

TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

International trade: The exchange of good and services between countries
Barter trade: to exchange goods for other goods rather than selling them for money
Market: place where buyers and sellers meet in order to trade
Commodities: are goods and services that countries trade.

Imports Exports
Goods that are brought into a country Goods that are shipped out of a country

53
Types of trading relationships
• Free trade: the free movement of goods, capital and labour without regulation or controls.
• Fair trade: trade between LEDCs and MEDCs in which fair prices are paid to the producers.
• Trade barriers: regulations or policies that restrict international trade (tariffs, quotas and
subsidies).
Tariffs Type of tax placed on imported goods which makes these goods more
expensive than the local product
Quotas Limits to the amount of imported goods that may enter a country within a
particular time-frame
Subsidy Form of financial assistance paid by government to an industry or any
economic sector

GLOBALISATION AND ITS IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT

• The process that links places throughout the world, making boundaries of little importance.
• The linking of the world’s economies, societies and technologies.

Advantages of globalisation for developing Disadvantages of globalisation for developing

countries countries
a few giant global multinational companies have
rapid spread of new technologies, brands
a monopoly over world’s economy (not good for

54
small business and job creation)
loss of family ties and cultural identity of separate
rapid global communication, travel countries (‘everyone is the same’ – cultural
uniformity)

greater global trade global trade controlled by unfair quotas, duties

and tariffs
improved global governance, e.g. Kyoto
Protocol increased pollution and environmental damage

open borders, global workforce rapid spread of global health problems (e.g.
SARS; HIV/AIDS)

THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON DEVELOPMENT

source: economicshelp.org/blog/147654/economics/factors-affecting-economic-development

Advantages of MNCs Disadvantages of MNCs

Creates jobs to boost local economy Potential abuse of workers
Brings expertise in that skills of workforce Threat to local business
Cheaper labour Loss of jobs

55
DEVELOPMENT ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
The effect of development on the environment
• Air pollution: from coal burning power station contribute to acid rain, global warming and
climate change.
• Water pollution: is harmful to humans and plants, aquatic life and animals.
• Deforestation: results in soil erosion and less oxygen.
• Land pollution: is caused by damping refuse and builder’s rubble, poor agricultural practice,
industries and mining.
• Nature market space: for people’s homes, industries, infrastructure and mining
• The supply of materials goods increase but the quality of life deteriorates.

ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT AID

Development aid is the aid given by the government and other agencies to support the economic,
environmental, social and political development of developing countries.
The types of development aid
• Technical aid: is a form a foreign aid, where help is provided to developing human
resources through improvement in the level of skills, knowledge, technical know-how and
productive aptitudes of the population in developing countries.
• Conditional aid: where on country donates money or resources to another but with
conditions attached. These conditions will often be in the MEDCs favour.
• Humanitarian assistance: is aid and action designed to save lives, alleviate suffering and
maintain and protect human dignity during and in the aftermath of emergencies.
• Financial aid: involves a money transfer, it can be a donation or a loan.

56
57
ADDITIONAL CONTENT
1. What is local economic development?
• Local economic development (LED) is seen as one of the most important ways of decreasing
poverty.
• Local economic development must aim to create jobs by making the local economy grow.
• This means that more businesses and factories should be started in the municipal area.
• As part of the IDP (Integrated Development Planning), key stakeholders in a municipality
must come together to reach agreement and take decisions to make the National and
Provincial government provides support for municipalities in developing local economic
strategies

The Department of Provincial and Local Government has identified the following as key principles
underlying LED:

• Poverty and unemployment are the main challenges facing South Africa. LED strategies
must priorities job creation and poverty alleviation
• LED must target previously disadvantaged people, marginalized communities and
geographical regions, black economic empowerment enterprises and SMMEs to allow them
to participate fully in the economic life of the country.
• There is no single approach to LED. Each locality may develop an approach that is best
suited to its local context.
• LED promotes local ownership, community involvement, local leadership and joint decision
making.
• LED involves local, national, and international partnerships between communities,
businesses, and government to solve problems, create joint business ventures and build
local areas.
• LED uses local resources and skills and maximizes opportunities for development.
• LED involves the integration of diverse economic initiatives in an all-inclusive approach to
local development
• LED relies on flexible approaches to respond to changing circumstances at local, national
and international level.

2. LED strategies for Municipalities.

The following are some key strategies that a municipality can put in place to meet its goals:

• Developing the infrastructure of the municipality to make it easier for businesses to

operate (i.e. houses, transport, roads, water and electricity etc). This is mainly addressed in
the IDP of the municipality. Whilst it contributes to providing better living conditions it also
creates an environment that promotes economic growth.
• Promoting tourism, which currently is one of the biggest growth industries in South Africa.
This includes developing local tourist sites and facilities, improving security and ensuring that
all residents are welcoming of tourists.

58
• The municipalities tender and procurement policies must favour small contractors and
emerging businesses. Where these companies cannot provide the required services, steps
must be taken to get larger companies to enter into joint ventures with smaller partners.
• Marketing the municipality, its infrastructure and people to local and international businesses.
This can be combined with service centres that provide assistance and information to
businesses that wants to start operations in the municipality.

Activity 3: DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

Table showing differences between the UK (MEDC) and Ethiopia (LEDC)

Comparison of Development Indicators
Development Indicator United Kingdom Ethiopia
Life expectancy 79 years 42 years
Ratio of doctors to people 1:455 1:32000
Literacy rate 99% 41%
nutrition 3100 calories per person 1800 calories per person
Access to clean water 100% 27%
GNP per capita US$ 21410 US$100
Birth rate 12 per 1000 40 per 1000
Death rate 10 per 1000 19 per 1000
Infant Mortality Rate 5 per 1000 110 per 1000
Natural increase 0,3% 2.5%

3.1.1. Name three different indicators to compare the level of development between places and
give examples of each. (3x1)(3)
3.1.2. Give the definition of the following economic indicators.
a) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
b) Gross National Product (GNP)
c) Primary activities (3x2)(6)
3.1.3 Explain what you understand by: social indicators. (1x2)(2)
3.1.4 Name the TWO social indicators. (2x1)(2)
3.1.5 The percentage of the population living in urban areas is sometimes used as an indicator of
development. Do high levels of urbanisation in developing countries indicate a true state of
development? Support your answer. (4 x 2)(8)

Activity 3.2: DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

59
Refer to the graph global difference in development.

3.2.1. What does the development indicator under-five mortality mean? (1x2) (2)
3.2.2. Which global region had the highest under-five mortality rate in 2008? (1x1) (1)
3.2.3. Which global region had the lowest under-five mortality rate in 2008? (1x1) (1)
3.2.4. Which global region experienced the greatest decrease in
under-five mortality rate between 1990 and 2008? (1x1) (1)
3.2.5. How can a country reduce its mortality rate? (1x1) (1)
3.2.6. Why is the reduction of child mortality a Millennium development
goal across the globe? (1x2) (2)

3.3. DEVELOPMENT TERMINOLOGY

60
Choose a term from COLUMN B that matches the description in COLUMN A.
Write ONLY the letter (A–H) next to the question number (3.3.1 to 3.3.7),
for example 3.3.8.I.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
3.3.1 The development of industries in a A. globalisation
country
3.3.2 Located in LEDC’S where B. foreign trade
resources are cheap and wages
are low

3.1.3 Involves the movement of goods, C. multiplier effect

services, capital, ideas and people
around the world
3.3.4 Exchange of goods between D. sustainable development
countries
3.3.5 An increase in activity and E. industrialisation
investment in one area triggers
off activity and investment in
other areas
3.3.6 Countries generally located in the F. developing
north with high income
3.3.7 Balances economic, social and G. transnational corporations
environmental objectives
H. developed (7x1) (7)

3.4. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Refer to the extract below on the initiative of the Perdekraal East Wind Farm
organisation.

THE PERDEKRAAL EAST WIND FARM COMMUNITY PROJECT

A community trust has been created and owns 2,5% of Perdekraal East Wind
Farm, which is invested in community social welfare development programmes for
the benefit of the beneficiary communities.

During the construction phase of Perdekraal East Wind Farm, the communities
had access to skills and training opportunities, as well as more job and business
opportunities than was previously available in the area.

During the operations phase, Perdekraal East Wind Farm will spend 2,8% of its
revenue on socio-economic welfare and 0,2% on local enterprise development,
within the beneficiary communities, for a period of 20 years.

The socio-economic development projects are focused on implementing

programmes within the beneficiary communities of Ceres and neighbouring

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districts with the aim of enabling upward social mobility.

These programmes and early childhood development initiatives help to alleviate

illiteracy; healthcare initiatives; community awareness campaigns; infrastructure
development; women empowerment and youth are also addressed. Perdekraal
East Wind Farm assists and accelerates the sustainability of local enterprises
owned by previously disadvantaged people and women-owned vendors. This
programme allows for business support and ensuring sustainability.

[Adapted from https://perdekraaleastwind.co.za]

3.4.1 What is community development? (1 x 2) (2)

3.4.2 According to the extract, how did communities in the area benefit from the
construction phase of the Perdekraal Wind Farm? (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.3 State TWO focus areas of the community development projects that benefited
the social welfare of the community. (2 x 1) (2)
3.4.4 Why is the monitoring of community-based projects for sustainable
development required? (1 x 2) (2)
3.4.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines explain why the Perdekraal Wind
Farm community project is important to the country’s broader development
aims. (4 x 2) (8)

62
Activity 3.5: GLOBALISATION

3.5. Study the following cartoon about globalisation.

3.5.1. Define globalisation. (1x2) (2)

3.5.2. From a ‘development’ point of view, what do parts of Asia, South America and Africa
have in common? (2x2) (4)

3.5.3. Copy and complete the table below.

Advantages of globalisation for Disadvantages of globalisation for

developing countries developing countries

1) 1)

2) 2)

3)
3)
4)
4)
(4x2) (8)

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SOIL AND SOIL EROSION

KEY CONCEPTS

CONCEPT DEFINITION

Erosion The movement of material from the Earth’s surface.

Eutrophication A spurt of growth of algae and plant matter because
of fertilisers.

CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION

o Biotic factors: people, animals & tiny organisms

o Abiotic factors: wind, water, ice movements and the sea
o Humans and animals contribute to soil erosion in a number of ways;
➢ Overgrazing
➢ Ploughing against the contour
➢ Overcultivation
➢ Deforestation
➢ Burning vegetation
➢ Mining

Source: Source: https://img.freepik.com/premium-photo/soil-

https://agbenyuie.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/invisible erosion-deforestation-accelerates-soil-erosion-diminishing-
-fences-1.jpg fertility-agricultural-productivity-causing-longterm-
environmental-consequences_427877-2026.jpg

Overgrazing Deforestation

o Physical factors that cause soil erosion include;

➢ Wind that lifts the topsoil
➢ Sun that bakes the exposed surface
➢ Heavy rainfall causes particles of the soil to become dislodged

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o Past and present: while erosion has been ongoing for millions of years, it is
only recently that accelerated erosion has occurred as humans have
attempted to produce food from the same area.

EVIDENCE OF SOIL EROSION IN SOUTH AFRICA

o Every year in South Africa, soil loss ranges from 300 to 400 million tons for
each hectare of land (University of Western Cape)
o In 1998, about 60% of Limpopo Province and 56% of the Eastern Cape were
under severe threat of water erosion.
o About 59 tons of sandy soil in the Free State and North-West Provinces is lost
to wind erosion.

Evidence of water erosion in Turfloop Nature Reserve, Limpopo

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Martin-
Potgieter/publication/309610614/figure/fig1/AS:423917316775936@14780811720
92/Gully-erosion-USDA-Natural-Resource-Conservation_Q320.jpg

THE EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION ON PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Effects on people Effects on natural environment

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o Land becomes less o Topsoil that sustains plant
economically productive. growth is removed.
o Degradation of soil limits o Siltation of dams in times of
agricultural practice floods
o Migration of people to better o Eutrophication occurs.
farming areas o Destruction of animals that live
o Fertile soil is washed away for in water (less oxygen)
people to farm. o Destruction of habitats of
o Loss of food for people and organisms and insects
animals o Vegetation which is food for
o Hunger, malnutrition and organisms is removed
poverty

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO PREVENT AND CONTROL SOIL EROSION

o Farmers limiting the number of livestock kept on an area.
o Educating the public about preventative measures to soil erosion.
o Planting trees (buffer) areas that are prone to erosion as evident below.

Source:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrdc.org%2Fstories
%2Fsoil-erosion-101&psig=AOvVaw0lsxZoNRV6

o Practicing rotational grazing and crop rotation

o Controlling veld fires
o Practising contour ploughing
o Binding the soil by adding humus
o Sandbagging method as evident below.

66
Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccisupplies.co
m.au%2Funcategorized%2Fconstruction-consumables%2Ferosion

67
GRADE 11 GEOGRAPHY
ACTIVITY FOUR
SOIL EROSION
MARKS: 15

4.1. Refer to the infographic based on soil and soil erosion.

Soil Erosion During April 2022 KZN Floods
SOIL EROSION IN KZN
The high rainfall in the April
2022 flooding led to severe
soil erosion and mudslides
in KwaZulu-Natal. Poorly
planned settlements on
sandy soils, on steep
slopes or on disturbed land
promoted soil erosion.

Kwazulu-Natal naturally
problematic environment Source: www.aljazeera.com
for soil erosion and land
degradation are
exacerbated by human Factors/Activities that have contributed to
soil erosion in KZN:2022
activity in the form of
50%
deforestation, intensive 45%
livestock grazing and 40%
conventional crop 35%
production… 30%
25%
[Extracted 20%
https://saees.ukzn.ac.za] 15%
10%
5%
0%

Source: [Examiner’s graph]

4.1.1. Define the concept soil erosion. (1x2) (2)

4.1.2 Identify the physical factor from the text, that resulted to soil
erosion. (1x1) (1)
4.1.3 Mention the province where soil erosion occurred in 2022. (1x1) (1)
4.1.4 Provide evidence from the picture that supports that soil
erosion was detrimental to people. (1x2) (2)
4.1.5 Identify an activity from the bar graph that contributed least

68
to soil erosion. (1x1) (1)
4.1.6 How did the activity (answer to OUESTION 4.1.5) contribute
to soil erosion? (2x2) (4)
4.1.7 Suggest TWO measures that could be employed by local
municipalities to manage and control soil erosion. (2x2) (4)

CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE

ENVIRONMENT

KEY CONCEPTS

CONCEPT DEFINITION

Conventional energy Refers to the energy provided by traditional means,

resources includes fossil fuels and other non-renewable
resources.
Non-renewable Natural resources which take millions of years to
resources form, they cannot be replaced as fast as they are
used up.
Renewable A resource which can be replaced as fast as it is
used up.
Fossil fuel A natural source of energy extracted from the Earth
such as coal, oil, and gas.
Thermal energy Energy given off when heat is transferred from one
source to another.
Thermal electricity Thermal energy that is used to generate electricity.
Nuclear energy Energy produced by nuclear reaction
Combustion The burning of fossil fuel to produce heat.
Surface mining Method of extracting coal used if the coal seam is
close to the surface of the Earth.
Underground mining Method of mining used if the coal seam is not close
to the surface of the Earth.
Kinetic energy Stored energy that is released due to motion or
movement.
Environmental Erosion of the environment through the depletion of
degradation natural resources, the destruction of ecosystems
and the extinction of plant and animal species.
Acid rain Any form of precipitation with acidic components
that fall to the ground from the atmosphere.

69
THERMAL, HYDRO, AND NUCLEAR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN SOUTH
AFRICA

Thermal energy production (using coal) in South Africa

o Thermal energy is a fossil fuel that creates heat (natural gas)

o Coal is used to produce thermal energy.
o Oil is made from coal and fits into thermal energy production.
o This type of energy is harmful to the environment and releases harmful
gasses that cause acid rain which contribute to climate change.
o Coal is crushed and pulverised so that it can be blown into the boiler.
o The boiler is hot furnace with many tubes carrying water through it.

Source:
https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.W0HKITulp0YCyPGmUuKOEgAAAA?rs=1&pid=I
mgDetMain

o The water is boiled to form superheated steam at high pressure.

o The steam is led along pipes and turn turbines.
o Spinning turbines are linked to generators which produce high voltage
electricity.
o Electricity is conducted through transformers which step down the voltage
best suited for transmission in the national grid system.
o Later used for homes, factories, and other applications

70
Advantages Disadvantages
o Coal reserves are expected to o Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and
last 300 years at current rates sulphur dioxide are the pollutants of
of extraction. burning coal. Sulphur dioxide causes
o Giant excavators helped to acid rain and the other two contribute to
strip-mined coal at an global warming.
economical rate. o Mining accidents are common.
o Coal is using in the iron and o Poisonous fumes are giving off many
steel industry. years in coal mines.
o Many jobs are created in coal o Pollution of water due to mine dumps
mines. o Coal is ugly, dirty, and expensive to
transport.
o Environmental despoliation

ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA

Energy management: towards greener economies and sustainable lifestyles

• People must ensure that they are smart and responsible about how to use
the natural environment (going green)
• Green economy is characterised by low pollution, efficient use of resources
and energy, introduction of carbon taxes etc.
• This will ensure that energy is conserved through a sustainable lifestyle.
• The article below details the natural resource efficiency and green economy.

Natural resource efficiency and green economy: Key takeaways on clean

energy, globalization, and innovations in BRICS countries

Green growth refers to fostering economic growth and development while

maintaining the ecosystems and resources on which all life depends to survive.
Cities must become more resource efficient toward a green economy and global
sustainability. As a result of their proximity to economic activities, they can bring
efficiency gains and technological innovations, reduce resource and energy
consumption, and increase consumer choice and sustainability.

Governments can use the green economy to shape and focus policies,
investments, and expenditures towards sustainable sectors, including clean
technologies, industry, renewable energy, water, transportation, waste
management, green building, and sustainable agriculture and forest production.
A green economy characterized by low carbon emissions, resource efficiency,
and social inclusion: resources are thus central to the idea and measuring them
without a standard unit is difficult. Nevertheless, an equivalent of a tonne of

71
CO2 emissions emitted into the atmosphere exists to assess the significant
effects of humanity's actions on the climate .Regarding the scientific debate on
climate change, this sole common language element and standard has
contributed to the emergence of models, leading to a corpus of scenarios and
guidelines that can share among countries .

Source: Natural resource efficiency and green economy: Key takeaways on

clean energy, globalization, and innovations in BRICS countries - ScienceDirect

Methods of using green economy

• Solar panels and inverter for solar power
• Solar geyser for hot water
• Small wind turbine in windy areas for wind power
• Biomass in a biogas generator to produce energy

Responsibilities of governments, businesses and industries, and individuals

Government responsibility
• Showing commitment to reduce carbon emissions such as agreements on
signing the Kyto Protocol
• Imposing taxes to limit the use of coal
• Allowing other power producers to supply electricity to ESKOM and
municipalities

Businesses and industries responsibilities

• Switching to more efficient technology
• Using alternative sources of energy e.g. solar power
• Constructing environmentally friendly structures
• Using efficient transport system
• Green building
• Use of natural lighting

Individuals (residents)
• Commitment to reduce energy consumption
• Using solar power in households
• More efficient use of light globes
• Improved insulation i.e. use of geyser blankets
• Use of gas
• Installation of photovoltaic panels
• Discounts from ESKOM to people who use solar energy

72
Efficient use of light globes

Source:https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.f002de5856f407ad24bfdcfacce7b49b?rik=MTg4iQ5cvjuFSw&riu=http%3a%2f
%2fmotivationalletter.com

Insulating geysers to save energy

Source:https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.-mypgcZGaQJ3HLzHFU0XbQHaEi?w=338&h=180&c=7&r=0&o=5&pid=1.7

73
GRADE 11 GEOGRAPHY
ACTIVITY FOUR
THERMAL ENERGY
MARKS: 15

4.2. Read the article based on thermal energy production.

Eskom Says Coal Stocks Have Improved, But Load Shedding Risk
Remains
Power utility Eskom says its coal stocks improved over the festive season as it
also carried out maintenance at power stations, but the country's power system
is still constrained, and load shedding remains a risk when businesses and
industrial customers return to work next week.
In December, Eskom CEO Phakamani Hadebe said in an interview with
Johannesburg-based Radio 702 that there were chances the debt-laden power
utility might institute stage-one load shedding from January 15, as businesses
which are large users of electricity get back due to re-opening after the year end
break. In late November and early December 2018, the power utility repeatedly
instituted nationwide electricity rationing due to difficulties in completing
scheduled and unscheduled maintenance at power plants, as well as damage to
the power transmission lines linking South Africa to the Cahora Bassa
hydroelectric dam in Mozambique.
Source: [ Fin24 article by Kumaloand Omarjee]

4.2.1 What is meant by loadshedding. (1x2) (2)

4.2.2 Mention the main type of electricity generated by
ESKOM. (1x1) (1)
4.2.3 Explain TWO causes of loadshedding, evident from
the article. (2x2) (4)
4.2.4 Explain why reducing the country’s dependency on
coal would be of negative impact to the economy. (2x2) (4)
4.2.5 Discuss TWO negative impact of coal power stations
to the physical (natural) environment. (2x2) (4)

Nuclear energy production in South Africa

o It is halfway between a renewable and non-renewable energy resource.

o It uses uranium, which is non-renewable mineral, yet the amount used is so
small that the global uranium should not run out as result of its use.
74
o Therefore, it is a renewable energy source.
o No immediate pollution is produced but it can have a health and
environmental implication if it is not correctly managed.
o South Africa nuclear energy plant is at Koeberg near Cape Town.

Source:https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/koeberg-nuclear-power-plant-near-
melkbosstrand-western-cape-south-africa-horizontal-image-184173673.jpg
Advantages Disadvantages

o A small amount of uranium o Radio-active waste is produced

contains a large amount of which must be safely stored
energy. reprocessed and disposed of
o Uranium is easily available from very expensive to build and dismantle
the USA, Kenya, South Africa power plants.
Canada and Australia. o Threat of radio-activity leaks.
o Running costs are cheaper than o Although no immediate
for a coalfired power station. atmospheric pollution, the
o Produce lesser carbon dioxide. consequences of radioactive
o A small number of workers fallout from a leak would be
needed. devastating

75
GRADE 11 GEOGRAPHY
ACTIVITY FOUR
NUCLEAR POWER
MARKS: 15

4.3. Study the Fact file based on nuclear power in South Africa.

FACT FILE ON NUCLEAR POWER IN SOUTH AFRICA.

o South Africa has one nuclear power station, Koeberg, on the Western
Cape coast.
o Koeberg provides 6% of South Africa’s electricity supply.
o Nuclear power stations provide 17% of the world’s electricity supply.
o Koeberg produces on average 12 300 GWh (gigawatt-hours) of
electricity a year (equivalent of 4 700 giant wind turbines).

NUCLEAR POWER

Source: Rose City FM (100point6.co.za)]

4.3.1. State the proportion of nuclear energy contribution to the (1x1) (1)
World.
4.3.2 Where is South Africa’s nuclear power plant located? (1x1) (1)
4.3.3 State the mineral that is used to generate nuclear energy. (1x1) (1)
4.3.4 Explain TWO disadvantages of using nuclear energy. (2x2) (4)

76
4.3.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss the
merits of using nuclear energy. (4x2) (8)

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

KEY CONCEPTS

CONCEPT DEFINITION
Subsidise To help with grant of money
Biofuels Any fuel formed from natural organic matter.
Biomass Total amount of organic material above or below the
ground, especially plants and vegetable matter, both
living and decaying
Geothermal energy Energy produced by using heat of underground
rocks and water

o Non-conventional energy is cleaner and better for the environment as well as

being renewable

Examples of non-conventional energy sources

Source:
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/owNwjq8wN1E/Xs9i7IIPZSI/AAAAAAAAAbE/0QbKxrx3z3o1JV
o Solar power k2bUbE55JtBynFBboqgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Renewable_Sources_Energy-Projects.jpg

o Wind power
o Hydro-electric power
o Wave and tidal power
o Biomass energy
o Geothermal energy

Solar energy
o Clean alternative to both coal and nuclear

77
o Reduces carbon emissions
o Solar water heaters are panels fixed on the roof of a house
- Water circulates through the panels and is heated by sun’s rays
- Water can be stored in a tank and used in the house
- South African government supply small panels at subsidised
prices in some rural areas

A solar water heater collects the sun’s heat

Source:https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.e3a14eacbc1c8e6b1f43151b7a73539d?rik=2Hsn
NkdHBFuRuQ&pid=ImgRaw&r=0

o Photovoltaic panels convert the sun’s rays into electricity.

o Concentrating solar power systems use lenses or mirrors to
focus a large area of the sun’s heat rays into small beam on a
receiver at the top of a tower

78
Wind energy
o Fastest growing form of renewable energy

Source: https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.25629088dc6e5f85b39735aa3cec0b9f?rik=UPeAfjaPHPJs5A&pid=ImgRaw&r=0

Advantages of wind energy Disadvantages of wind energy

o No coal or water is consumed. o Unreliable source of energy

o No emissions of greenhouse o Noise pollution to nearby
gases residents
o No dangerous waste products o Noise threatens wildlife.
o Land underneath wind turbines o Expensive form of energy
can be used for farming. o Spoil aesthetic appeal of the
o Farmers may be paid rent by countryside
the wind power company.

79
GRADE 11 GEOGRAPHY
ACTIVITY FOUR
SOLAR ENERGY
MARKS: 15

4.4. Read the article based on solar energy.

SOLAR POWER CHANGES VILLAGES

The days of cutting firewood for cooking and heating water are over for about
80 Xholobeni villagers in Mbizana who received solar panels and geysers
from the Eastern Cape rural development and agrarian reform department.

The project was started earlier this year by former MEC Zoleka Capa as a
means providing alternative energy to villagers after it was become known
that power utility Eskom had no immediate plans to electrify the village.

The one-kilowatt solar panels provide the 80 households with enough energy
for lights and to connect other household appliances and the 100-litre solar
geyser ensure warm bath water daily.

Source: [Daily Dispatch by Lulamile Feni]

4.4.1 Define solar energy. (1x2) (2)

4.4.2 Identify ONE traditional method that was used by people
of Xholobeni village, to cook. (1x1) (1)
4.4.3 State any other TWO examples of non-conventional
energy sources other than solar energy. (2x1) (2)
4.4.4 Differentiate between the water heater and the
photovoltaic method of solar energy. (2x2) (4)
4.4.5 Why do you think Eskom had no immediate plans to
provide electricity to the villagers. (3x2) (6)

80