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Fuels Combustion

The document discusses the classification and composition of fuels and combustion. It provides formulas for calculating properties like heating values, oxygen required for combustion, and air-fuel ratios. Examples are given for calculating the ideal air-fuel ratio and heating value of specific fuels.

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33 views

Fuels Combustion

The document discusses the classification and composition of fuels and combustion. It provides formulas for calculating properties like heating values, oxygen required for combustion, and air-fuel ratios. Examples are given for calculating the ideal air-fuel ratio and heating value of specific fuels.

Uploaded by

zyx xyz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUELS AND COMBUSTION

Classification of Fuels
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gaseous
• Atomic
• Fuel – any substance, natural or artificial which upon combustion
releases heat energy.
• Combustion – is synonymous to oxidation and is the union of oxygen
with combustible materials
COMPOSITION
FUEL + AIR = FLUE GASES
C=12 O2 CO2
H=1 N2 H2O
O=16 By Mass: N2
N=14 23.2% O2 and 76.8% N2 SO2
S=32 By Volume: CO
Others 21% O2 and 79% N2
OXYGEN REQUIRED & FLUE GAS PRODUCED
• For Carbon
• 1𝐶 + 1𝑂2 = 1𝐶𝑂2
• 12 𝑘𝑔 𝐶: 32 𝑘𝑔 𝑂2: 44 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
8
• 𝑂2 = 𝐶
3
11
• 𝐶𝑂2 = 𝐶
3
OXYGEN REQUIRED & FLUE GAS PRODUCED
• For Hydrogen
• 2𝐻2 + 1𝑂2 = 2𝐻2𝑂
• 4 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2: 32 𝑘𝑔 𝑂2: 36 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2𝑂
• 𝑂2 = 8𝐻
• 𝐻2𝑂 = 9𝐻
OXYGEN REQUIRED & FLUE GAS PRODUCED
• For Sulfur
• 1𝑆 + 1𝑂2 = 1𝑆𝑂2
• 32 𝑘𝑔 𝑆: 32 𝑘𝑔 𝑂2: 64 𝑘𝑔 𝑆𝑂2
• 𝑂2 = 𝑆
• 𝑆𝑂2 = 2𝑆
FORMULA FOR PROPERTIES
• API Gravity Unit
141.5
• °𝐴𝑃𝐼 = − 131.5
𝑆𝐺15.6°𝐶
• Baume Gravity Unit
140
• °𝐵𝑎𝑢𝑚𝑒 = − 130
𝑆𝐺15.6°𝐶
• Specific Gravity
• 𝑆𝐺𝑡 = 𝑆𝐺15.6°𝐶 (𝐶𝐹)
• 𝐶𝐹 = 1 − 0.00072 𝑡 − 15.6 −−→ 𝑆𝐼
• 𝐶𝐹 = 1 − 0.0004 𝑡 − 60 −−→ 𝐸𝑁𝐺𝐿𝐼𝑆𝐻
HIGHER HEATING VALUE, kJ/kg
• Dulong’s Formula
𝑂
• 𝑄ℎ = 33,820𝐶 + 144,212 𝐻 − + 9,304𝑆
8
• ASME Formula
• 𝑄ℎ = 41,130 + 139.6(°𝐴𝑃𝐼)
• Bureau of Standards Formula:
2
• 𝑄ℎ = 51,716 − 8,793.8 𝑆𝐺15.6°𝐶
HIGHER HEATING VALUE, Btu/lb
• Hydrocarbons (CnHm):
• 𝑄ℎ = 13,500𝐶 + 60,890𝐻
12𝑛
• 𝐶=
12𝑛+𝑚
𝑚
• 𝐻=
12𝑛+𝑚
• 𝐶+𝐻 =1
LOWER HEATING VALUE, kJ/kg
• 𝑄𝑙 = 𝑄ℎ − 9𝐻2(2,442)
• Where:
• 𝐻2 = 26 − 15(𝑆𝐺) −−→ (𝑖𝑛 %)
THEORETICAL AIR-FUEL RATIO
• For Ultimate Analysis:
𝐴 𝑂
• = 11.5𝐶 + 34.5 𝐻 − + 4.3𝑆
𝐹 8
• For Hydrocarbons CnHm:
𝐴 4𝑛+𝑚
• = 𝑥34.32
𝐹 12𝑛+𝑚
ACTUAL AIR-FUEL RATIO
• For Actual A/F Ratio: • Equivalence Ratio:
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
• = 1+𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 1
𝐹 𝑎 𝐹 𝑡 •∅= 𝐴 ; ∅=
1+𝑒
• 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐹 𝑎

• If:
• ∅ = 1, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
• ∅ < 1, 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 − 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
• ∅ > 1, 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 − 𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
1. Liquid Octane (C8H18) fuel is burned with ideal
proportion of air. Calculate the ideal air-fuel ratio by
weight.
A. 13.72 kg air/kg fuel
B. 15.05 kg air/kg fuel
C. 14.56 kg air/kg fuel
D. 10.69 kg air/kg fuel
2. The ultimate analysis of coal is given below:
C= 68.5% S=1.5% Ash = 12.0%
H=2.5% O=3.5%
Calculate the higher heating value of coal.

A. 25,300 Kj/kg
B. 28,300 Kj/kg
C. 27,300 Kj/ kg
D. 26,300 kJ/kg
3. A diesel power plant uses fuel with heating value of 43, 000
kJ/kg. What is the density of the fuel at 25 C?

A. 840 kg/m3
B. 873 kg/m3
C. 970 kg/m3
D. 940 kg/m3

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