KENYA SECONDARY SCHOOL HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT CURRICULUM

* Introduction

* General Objectives

* Form One History and Government

* Form Two History and Government

* Form Three History and Government

* Form Four History and Government

* Suggested Learning/Teaching resources

* Suggested Assessment Methods.

INTRODUCTION HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

History and Government is an important discipline because it plays a key role in the development of so-
ciety. Knowledge of the past is critical to the understanding of the present and to planning for the fu-
ture. It is through the study of the subject that the youth of a nation acquire knowledge about the past
and the present so as to develop positive attitudes about the future. Thus, learners are able to recognize
the relationship between the events of today and the world of tomorrow.

This syllabus addresses key themes in history such as the social, economic and political organizations of
African societies during the colonial period, European colonization, the rise of African nationalism, de-
velopments in trade, transport and communication, industry, agriculture and urbanization. It also covers
the issues of morality, responsible citizenship, good governance, national integration, conflict resolution
and international cooperation.

A number of themes which address individual honesty, health and integrity have been selected to en-
able the learners cope with the challenges of the day, e.g. HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and corruption. It is
hoped that the knowledge gained will enable the learner to develop into a socially and economically
useful member of the society.

The various approaches to searching for, and investigating historical knowledge have been highlighted in
the syllabus. Emphasis has been put towards developing in learners independent group and individual
study habits, production, manipulation and use of a variety of learning resources.

With consistent and resourceful use of study approaches such as visitations, report writing, research and
use of resource persons, the syllabus promises vibrant class discourse.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES- KCSE HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

By the end of the course the learner should be able to:

1. recognize and appreciate the importance of studying History and Government

2. acquire knowledge, ability and show appreciation for critical historical analysis of socio-economic and
political organization of African societies

3. understand and show appreciation of the rights, privileges and obligations of oneself and others for
promotion of a just and peaceful society

4. promote a sense of nationalism, patriotism and national unity

5. encourage and sustain moral and mutual social responsibility

6. identify, assess and appreciate the rich and varied cultures of the Kenyan people and other peoples

7. promote a sense of awareness and need for a functional democracy of the Kenyan people and other
nations

8. promote an understanding and appreciation of intra—national and international consciousness and

relationships

9. derive through the study of History and Government an interest in further learning.

FORM I - KCSE HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT INDEX

1.0.0 Introduction to History and Government

2.0.0 Early Man

3.0.0 Development of Agriculture

4.0.0 The People of Kenya Up to the 19th Century

5.0.0 Social, Economic and Political Organization of Kenyan Societies in the 19 Century

6.0.0 Contacts between East Africa and the Outside World up to the 19th Century

7.0.0 Citizenship

8.0.0 National Integration

1.00 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

1.1.0 Specific objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) explain the meaning of the term ‘History’

b) explain the meaning of the term ‘Government’

c) identify the sources of information on History and Government

d) explain the importance of studying History and Government

1.2.1 The meaning of History

1.2.2 The meaning of Government

1.2.3 Sources of information on History and Government

1.2.4 Importance of studying History and Government

2.0.0 EARLY MAN

2.1.0 Specific Objective

By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:

a) explain the origin of man

b) identify the stages through which man evolved during the Stone Age Period

e) describe the cultural and economic practices of Early Man

2.2.1 Origin of man

2.2.2 Evolution of man

2.2.3 Cultural and economic practices of Early Man.

3.00 DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE

3.10 Specific Objective

By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:

a) identify the factors that led to the development of early agriculture

b) explain the development of agriculture in Egypt and Mesopotamia

c) describe the Agrarian Revolution in Britain and the USA

d) identify the causes of food in Africa and the rest of the Third World

e) discuss the effects and remedies of food shortages in Africa and the rest of the Third World
3.2.1 Development of early agriculture

3.2.2 Early agriculture in:

a) Egypt

b) Mesopotamia

3.2.3 The Agrarian Revolution in:

a) Britain

b) U.S.A

3.2.4 The food situation in Africa and the rest of the Third World

3.2.5 Remedies of food shortages

4.00 THE PE0PLE OF KENYA UP TO THE 19TH CENTURY

4.1.0 Specific objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) state the origins of the Bantu, Nilotes and Cushites

b) trace and describe the migration and settlement of the Bantu, Nilotes and Cushites

c) discuss the results of the migration and settlement of the people of Kenya

4.2.1 Origin, migration and settlement of the people of Kenya

a) Bantu

i. Western Bantu

ii. Eastern Bantu

b) Nilotes

i. River-Lake Nilotes

ii. Plains Nilotes

iii. Highland Nilotes

c) Cushites

i. Eastern Cushites
ii. Southern Cushites

4.2.2 Results of the migration and settlement of the people of Kenya.

5.00 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF KENYAN SOCIETIES IN THE 19 CENTURY

5.1.0 Specific objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to discuss the Social, Economic and Political organiza-
tion of the Bantu, the Nilotes and the Cushites.

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to discuss the Social, Economic and Political organiza-
tion of the Bantu, the Nilotes and the Cushites.

5.2.1 Bantu

a) Agikuyu

b) Ameru

c) Akamba

d) Abagusii

e) Mijikenda

5.2.2 Nilotes

a) Luo

b) Nandi

c) Maasai

5.2.3 Cushites

a) Borana

b)Somali

6.00 CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICA AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD UP TO THE 19TH CENTURY

6.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) identify the origin of the early visitors to the East African Coast

b) explain the development of trade between the East African Coast and the outside World
c) discuss the effects of the contact between the East African Coast and the outside world

d) identify reasons for the coming of the Portuguese

e) trace the Portuguese conquest of the East African Coast

f) discuss the decline and effects of the Portuguese rule

g) discuss the establishment and impact of Omani rule

h) explain the reasons for the coming of the Christian missionaries

i) describe missionary activities and challenges

j) discuss the effects of missionary activities

6.2.1 Early visitors to the East African Coast up to 1500.

6.2.2 Trade between the East African Coast and the outside World.

a) Development of the trade

b) Organization of the trade

c) Impact of the trade on the peoples of East Africa

6.2.3 The corning of the Portuguese

a) Reasons for their coming to East Africa

b) Their conquest and rule

c) The decline of Portuguese power

d) Impact of Portuguese rule

6.2.4 Establishment and impact of Omani rule:

a) Seyyid Said and the development of plantation agriculture

b) Development, organisation and consequences of:

i) Long distance trade

ii) International trade

6.2.5 The spread of Christianity:

a) Reasons for the coming of Christian missionaries

b) Missionary activities and challenges

c) Effects of missionary activities

7.0.0 CITIZENSHIP

7.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) state ways of becoming a Kenyan citizen

b) state the rights and responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen

c) discuss the elements of good citizenship

7.2.1 Kenyan citizenship

7.2.2 Rights of a citizen

7.2.3 Responsibilities of a citizen

7.2.4 Elements of good citizenship

8.00 NATIONAL INTEGRATION

8.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) explain the meaning and importance of national integration

b) describe factors promoting and limiting national unity

c) identify methods of resolving conflicts

d) describe the process of resolving conflicts.

8.2.I National Integration

Meaning

Importance

8.2.2 National Unity

Factors promoting national unity

Factors limiting national unity

8.2.3 Conflict Resolution

Meaning of the term ‘conflict’

Methods of resolving conflicts

Process of resolving conflicts.

FORM II - HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT INDEX

9.0.0 Trade

10.0.0 Development of Transport and Communication

11.0.0 Development of Industry

12.0.0 Urbanisation

13.0.0 Social, Economic and Political Organization of African Societies In the 19th Century

14.0.0 Constitutions and Constitution Making

15.0.0 Democracy and Human Rights

9.00 TRADE

9.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:

a) define the term trade

b) explain methods of trade

c) identify types of trade

d) discuss the origin, development, organization and impact of different types of trade.

9.2.1 Definition of Trade

9.2.2 Methods of Trade

* Barter

* Currency
9.2.3 Types of Trade

a) Local trade

* Origin

* Development

* Organization

* Impact

b) Regional trade (Trans-Saharan Trade)

* Origin

* Development

* Organization

* Impact

c) International Trade (Trans-Atlantic Trade)

* Origin

* Development

* Organization

* Impact

10.00 DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

10.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) define the terms ‘transport’ and communication

b) explain the traditional and modern means of transport

c) describe the traditional and modern means of communication

d) analyse the impact of modern means of transport and communication

10.2.1 Definitions of transport arid communication.

I 0.2.2 Traditional forms of transport

a) Land

b) Water

I 0.2.3 Developments in modern means of transport.

a) Road transport

b) Rail transport

c) Water transport

d) Air transport

e) Space exploration

10.2.4 Impact of modern means of transport.

10.2.5 Traditional forms of communication

a) Smoke signals

b) Drum beats

e) Messengers

d) Horn blowing

c) Written messages on scrolls and stone tablets

10.2.6 Development in modern means communication

a) Telecommunication

* Telephone and cell phone

* Television

* Radio

* Telegraph

* Electronic mail (E-mail)

* Facsimile transreceiver (fax)

* Telex

* Pager
* Internet

b) Print media

* Newspapers

* Magazines

* Journals

* Periodicals

11.00 DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY

11.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

* identify early sources of energy

* explain the uses of metals in Africa

* trace and describe the development of the Industrial Revolution in Europe

* discuss the Scientific Revolution and its effects on agriculture, industry and medicine

* describe the emergence of selected world industrial powers

* explain the development of industry in the Third World.

11.2.1 Early sources of energy

a) Wood

b) Wind

c) Water

11.2.2 Uses of metals in Africa

a) Bronze

b) Gold

c) Copper

d) Iron

11.2.3 The Industrial Revolution in Europe

a) Uses of various sources of energy

* Coal

* Oil

* Steam

* Electricity

b) Uses of iron and steel

c) Industrialization in Britain

d) Industrialization in Continental Europe

e) Effects of the Industrial Revolution in Europe

11.2.4 The Scientific Revolution

a) Scientific inventions

b) Impact of scientific inventions on:

* Agriculture

* Industry

* Medicine

11.2.5 Emergence of selected World industrial powers

a) USA

b) Germany

c) Japan

11.2.6 Industrialization in the Third World.

a) South Africa

b) Brazil

c) India

12.00 URBANISATION

12.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

* define the term ‘urbanization’

* describe Early Urbanization in Africa and Europe

* describe the emergence of modern urban centres in Africa

* discuss the impact of agrarian and industrial developments on urbanization.

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

* define the term ‘urbanization’

* describe Early Urbanization in Africa and Europe

* describe the emergence of modern urban centres in Africa

* discuss the impact of agrarian and industrial developments on urbanization.

12.2.1 Meaning of urbanization

12.2.2 Early Urbanization in:

a) Africa

* Cairo

* Merowe/Meroe

* Kilwa

b) Europe

* London

* Athens

12.2.3 Emergence of modern urban centres in Africa

a) Nairobi

b) Johannesburg

12.2.4 Impact of agrarian and industrial developments on Urbanization.

13.0.0 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES IN THE 19TH CEN-
TURY

13.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

* describe the social and economic organization of African societies in the 19th century

* discuss the political organization of African societies in the 19th century.

13.2.1 The Social, Economic and Political organization of African societies with reference to the Baganda

13.2.2 The Social, Economic and Political organization of African societies with reference to the Shona

13.2.3 The Social, Economic and Political organization of African societies with reference to the
Ashanti/Asante

14.0.0 CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTION MAKING

14.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

* identify the difference between written and unwritten constitutions

* discuss aspects of the Independence Constitution of Kenya

* trace and describe the constitutional changes in Kenya since independence

* explain the constitution making process in Kenya.

14.2.1 Types of constitutions

a) Written

b) Unwritten

14.2.2 The Independence Constitution

14.2.3 The Kenya constitution

a) Constitution making process

b) Constitutional amendments since independence

c) Features of the Kenyan constitution

15.00 DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS

15.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should he able to:

a) define the terms ‘Democracy and ‘Human Rights’

b) identify types of democracy

c) discuss the principles of democracy

d) classify and discuss Human Rights

e) identify the rights of a child

15.2.1 Democracy

a) Definition of democracy

b) Types of democracy

c) Principles of democracy

15.2.2 Human Rights

a) Definition of Human Rights

b) The Bill of Rights

c) U.N. Charter on Human Rights

d) The rights of the child

e) Classification of Human Rights.

FORM III - HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT INDEX

16.0.0 European Invasion of Africa and the Process of Colonization

17.0.0 Establishment of Colonial Rule in Kenya

18.0.0 Colonial Administration

19.0.0 Social and Economic Developments during the Colonial Period in Kenya

20.0.0 Political Developments and Smuggle For Independence in Kenya (1919-1963)

21.0.0 Rise of African Nationalism

22.0.0 Lives and Contributions of Kenyan Leaders

23.0.0 The Formation, Structure and Functions of the Government of Kenya

16.00 EUROPEAN INVASION OF AFRICA AND THE PROCESS OF COLONIZATION

16.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) define the terms ‘scramble’ and ‘partition’

b) identify the methods used by Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa

c) discuss the factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa in the 19th Century

d) describe the process of partition

e) analyse the impact of the partition

f) discuss the African reaction to European colonization.

16.2.1 The Scramble for and Partition of Africa

a) Definitions of the terms ‘scramble’ and ‘partition’

b) Methods used by Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa

c) Factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa

d) The Process of partition

e) Impact of partition

16.2.2 African Reactions to European Colonization

a) Resistance

i. Maji Maji

ii. Mandinka - Samori Toure

iii. Ndebele - Lobengula

b) Collaboration

i. Baganda

ii. Lozi - Lewanika

17.00 ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN KENYA

17.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) explain factors for European invasion of Kenya

b) describe the process of British occupation of Kenya

e) explain African response to British invasion

d) analyse the process of colonial administration in Kenya.

17.2.1 Background to the Scramble and Partition of East Africa

17.2.2 British occupation of Kenya

17.2.3 The response of the peoples of Kenya to the British invasion and occupation

a) Resistance

* Nandi

* Agiryama

* Bukusu

* Somali

b) Collaboration

* Maasai

* The Wanga

c) Mixed Reactions

* Akamba

* Agikuyu

* Luo

18.00 COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION

18.1.0 Specific Objective

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to identify and analyse the colonial systems of admin-
istration with special reference to:

a) Indirect rule

b) Direct rule
c) Assimilation.

18.2.1 Indirect Rule:

a) The British in Kenya

b) The British in Nigeria

18.2.2 Direct Rule:

The British in Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia)

18.2.3 Assimilation:

The French in Senegal

19.00 SOCIAL. AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN KENYA

19.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) explain the social changes that took place in Kenya during the colonial period

b) identify and explain the main economic developments in Kenya during the colonial

19.2.1 The Uganda Railway

19.2.2 Settler farming in Kenya

19.2.3 Colonial land policies

19.2.4 The Devonshire White Paper

19.2.5 Urbanization

19.2.6 Education and Health

20.0.0 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND SMUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN KENYA (1919-1963)

20.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able in:

a) Identify and explain the origins, organization and effects of political movements up to 1939

b) Trace the origins of the independent churches and schools

c) Discuss political organizations and movements up to 1945

d) describe the role of trade unionism in the struggle of independence

e) discuss the role of women in the struggle for independence

f) describe the constitutional changes leading to independence.

20.2.1 Early Political Organizations in Kenya up to 1939

a) East Africa Association

b) Kikuyu Central Association

c) Kavirondo Tax Payers and Welfare Association

d) Ukamba Members Association

e) Coast African Association

f) Taita Hills Association

20.2.2 Emergence of Independent Churches and Schools

20.2.3 Political organizations and movements after 1945

a) Kenya African Study Union (K.A.S.U)

b) Kenya African Union (K.A.U)

e) Mau Mau

d) Kenya African National Union (K.A.N.U)

e) Kenya African Democratic Union (K.A.D.U)

f) African Peoples Party (APP)

20.2.4 Trade Union Movement

a) African Workers’ Federation

b) Kenya Federation of Labour

20.2.5 Role of women in lie struggle for independence

20.2.6 Constitutional changes leading to independence

a) African representation in the Legco

b) Lyttleton Constitution
c) Lennox - Boyd Constitution

d) Lancaster House Conferences

21.0.0 RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM

21.10 Specific Objective

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to discuss the rise and growth of African Nationalism
in selected African countries.

21.2.1 Rise and growth of African Nationalism in:

a) Ghana

b) Mozambique

c) South Africa

22.0.0 LIVES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF KENYAN LEADERS

22.1.0 Specific Objective

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to analyse the lives and contributions of selected
Kenyan leaders.

22.2.1 Kenyan leaders.

22.2.3 Jomo Kenyatta

22.2.4 Daniel arap Moi

22.2.5 Oginga Odinga

22.2.6 Tom Mboya

23.0.0 THE FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA

23.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) describe the electoral process in Kenya

b) state the functions of the Electoral Commission of Kenya

c) explain the process of the formation of government

d) describe the structure and functions of the three arms of the Government of Kenya
e) state the functions of the Armed forces, police and prisons departments in Kenya

f) Analyse the challenges facing the police and prisons departments in Kenya

g) Analyse the concepts of the ‘Rule of Law’ and ‘Natural Justice’

23.2.1 Electoral Process

23.2.2 Functions of the Electoral Commission of Kenya

23.2.3 Formation of Government

23.2.4 Structure and Functions of the Government of Kenya

a) Legislature

* Composition

* Functions

* Process of law making’

* Parliamentary Supremacy

b) The Executive

* Powers and function the President

* Composition and functions of the Cabinet

* Composition and functions of the Civil Service

* Provincial administration

* Functions of the:

* armed forces

* police

* prisons department

vi. Challenges facing the police and prisons departments in Keny

c) The Judiciary

* Chief Justice

* Attorney General
* Structure and functions of the Court System in Kenya

* Importance of the Independence of the Judiciary

c) The Judiciary

d) The Rule of Law

e) The Concept of Natural Justice

FORM IV - HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

INDEX
24.0.0 World Wars

25.0.0 International Relations

26.0.0 Co-Operation in Africa

27.0.0 National Philosophies (Kenya)

28.0.0 Social, Economic and Political Developments and Challenges in Kenya Since Independence

29.0.0 Social, Economic and Political Developments and Challenges in Africa Since Independence

30.0.0 Local Authorities in Kenya

31.1.1 Government Revenue and expenditure in Kenya

32.0.0 The Electoral Process and Functions of Governments in Other Parts of The World.

24.0.0 WORLD WARS

24.1.0 Specific objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) explain the causes of the First and the Second World Wars

b) describe the course of the First and the Second World Wars

c) discuss the results of the First and the Second World Wars

d) explain the reasons for the formation of the League of Nations

e) describe the organisation of the League of Nations

f) analyse the performance of the League of Nations.

24.2.1 The First World War (1914 -1918)

a) Causes

b) Course

c) Results

24.2.2 The League of Nations

a) Formation

b) Organization

c) Performance

24.2.3 The Second World War (1939- 1945)

a) Causes

b) Course

c) Results

25.0.0 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

25.1.0 Specific objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) analyse the reasons for the formation of major international organizations

b) describe the structure of major international organizations

c) discuss the functions of major international organizations

d) analyse the performance of major international organizations

e) explain the causes of the Cold War

f) describe the course of the Cold War

g) discuss the effects of the Cold War

25.2.1 International organisations: The United Nations

a) Formation
b) Organization

c) Performance and challenges

25.2.2 International organisations: The Commonwealth

a) Formation

b) Membership

c) Functions

d) Challenges

25.2.3 International organisations: The Non-Aligned Movement

a) Formation

b) Performance and challenges

25.2.4 The Cold War (Vietnam, Cuba, Europe, Angola)

a) Causes

b) Course

c) Effects

26.0.0 CO-OPERATION IN AFRICA

26.1.0 Specific Objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) explain the origin and development of selected regional organizations in Africa

b) discuss the performance and challenges of the respective organizations.

26.2.1 Pan-Africanism

a) Origins

b) Development

c) Performance

26.2.2 Organization of African Unity (OAU)

a) Formation
b) Charter

c) performance and challenges

26.2.3 African Union

a) Formation

b) Charter

26.2.4 East African community

a) Formation

b) Organization

c) Challenges up to 1977

d) Rebirth of the East African Community -2001

i. Formation

ii. Organization

iii. Challenges

26.2.5 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

a) Formation

b) Organization

c) Performance and challenges

26.2.6 The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

a) Formation

b) Functions

c) Performance and challenges

27.0.0 NATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES (KENYA)

27.1.0 Specific objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) explain the origin and development of National Philosophies

b) analyse the impact of National Philosophies.

27.2.1 African Socialism.

27.2.2 Harambee

27.2.3 Nyayoism

27.2.4 Impact of National Philosophies

28.0.0 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDE-
PENDENCE(I)

28.1.0 Specific objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) discuss the political developments in Kenya since independence

b) discuss the social and economic developments in Kenya since independence

c) analyse the political, social and economic challenges in Kenya since Independence.

28.2.1 Political developments

a) Developments from 1963-1991

b) Multi-party democracy in Kenya

c) Challenges of multi-party democracy

d) The role of political parties in Government and nation building

28.2.2 Economic developments and challenges

a) Land policies

b) Industry

28.2.3 Social developments and challenges

a) Education

b) Health

c) Culture and sports

29.0.0 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN AFRICA SINCE INDE-
PENDENCE
29.1.0 Specific objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) discuss the political, social and economic developments in selected African countries since indepen-
dence

b) analyse the political, social and economic challenges in Africa since independence.

29.2.1 Social, Economic and Political developments in selected African countries

a) Democratic Republic of Congo - DRC

b) Tanzania

29.2.2 Social, Economic and Political challenges in Africa since independence

30.0.0 LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN KENYA

30.1.0 Specific objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) describe types of local authorities in Kenya

b) discuss the functions of local authorities

c) analyse the relationship between local authorities and the Central Government

d) discuss the challenges facing local authorities in Kenya.

30.2.1 Types of local authorities

30.2.2 Functions of local authorities

30.2.3 Relationship between local authorities and the central government

30.2.4 Challenges facing local authorities

31.0.0 GOVERNMENT REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE IN KENYA

31.1.0 Specific objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) identify and discuss sources of government revenue

b) explain the expenditure of government revenue

c) discuss how the government controls public finance.

31.2.1 National budget

31.2.2 Sources of government revenue

31.2.3 Control of public finance

32.0.0 THE ELECTORAL PROCESS AND FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENTS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD

32.1.0 Specific objectives

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

a) explain the electoral process of governments in selected countries

b) discuss the functions of governments of the respective countries.

32.2.1 USA

32.2.2 Britain

32.2.3 India