CL305: Transport Phenomena

Vectors and Tensors

Prof Nanda Kishore
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT Guwahati, INDIA
Vectors and tensors
• In transport phenomena three types of physical quantities:
• Scalars: temperature, pressure, volume, time, etc.
• Zero order
• Denoted by lightface italic font, “s”
• Vectors: velocity, momentum, force, etc.
• First order
• Denoted by boldface Roman font, “v”
• Tensors: stress, momentum flux, and velocity gradient tensors
• Second order
• Denoted by boldface Greek font, “τ” or “σ”
• For vectors and tensors, several types of multiplications are possible
• Some of these require use of special multiplication signs to be defined subsequently
• Single dot (·)
• Double dot (:)
• Cross (×)
• These special multiplications or sums thereof are enclosed in different kinds of
parenthesis to indicate the type of result produced:
• ( )  scalar product
• [ ]  vector product
• { }  second-order tensor product
• No special significance is attached to kind of parentheses if only operations
enclosed are:
• Addition and subtraction, or multiplication in which ·, :, and × do not appear
• Examples:
• 𝐯 ∙ 𝐰  scalar
• 𝛕: 𝛁𝐯  scalar
• 𝛁 × 𝐯  vector
• τ ∙ 𝐯  vector
• 𝐯 ∙ 𝛁𝛕  tensor
• σ ∙ τ + 𝛕 ∙ 𝛔  tensor
• v−w may be written as: (v−w), [v−w] or {v−w} because no dot or
cross operations between v and w
• vw, (vw), [vw] and {vw} are all equivalent as no dot or cross
operations involved
• Multiplication signs may be interpreted as:
• Multiplication sign Order of result
• None Σ
• × Σ−1
• · Σ−2
• : Σ−4
• Where Σ represents sum of order of quantities being multiplied
• For example:
• sτ is of the order of 0+2 = 2
• vw is of the order of 1+1 = 2
• δ1δ2 is of the order of 1+1 = 2
• 𝐰 × 𝐯 is of the order of 1+1−1 = 1
• 𝛕: σ is of the order of 2+2−4 = 0
• τ ∙ σ is of the order of 2+2−2 = 2
• 𝛕: 𝛁𝐯 is of the order of 2+1+1−4 = 0
• Basic operations: for scalars
• Commutative law is valid: rs = sr
• Associative law is valid: (qr)s = q(rs)
• Distributive law is valid: s(p+q+r) = sp + sq + sr
• These laws may also be used in discussion of vector
operations
• However, these are not generally valid for analogous
vector and tensor operations
Vectors and operations of vector multiplication
• Vector v is defined as a quantity of a given magnitude and
direction
• Magnitude of vector is designated by |v| or simply by
corresponding lightface symbol v
• Two vectors (v and w) are said to be equal if their magnitudes
are equal and they point in the same direction
• However, they do not have to be collinear or have the same point
of origin
• If v and w have same magnitude but point in opposite
directions, then v = −w
• Addition of two vector  by parallelogram construction as
below:
• Vector addition laws:
• Commutative: (v+w) = (w+v)
• Associative: (v+w)+u = v+(w+u)
• Vector subtraction  by reversing the sign of one vector and
adding; thus, v−w = v+(−w)
Multiplication of vector by a scalar
• When a vector is multiplied by a scalar
• Magnitude of the vector is altered but is direction is not
• Applicable laws:
• Commutative: sv = vs
• Associative: r(sv) = (rs)v
• Distributive: (q+r+s)v = qv + rv + sv
Scalar product or dot product of two vectors
• Scalar product of two vectors v and w is a scalar defined by:
𝐯 ∙ 𝐰 = 𝐯 𝐰 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅𝐯𝐰 = 𝒗𝒘𝒄𝒐𝒔∅𝐯𝐰
• Where ∅𝐯𝐰 is angle between two vectors v and w
• That is scalar product is magnitude of w multiplied by projection of v on w, or vice
versa
• Scalar product of a vector with itself is just square of the magnitude of the vector,
i.e., 𝐯 ∙ 𝐯 = 𝐯 2 = v2
• Scalar product or dot product laws:
• Commutative: 𝐮∙𝐯 = 𝐯∙𝐮
• Not associative: 𝐮∙𝐯 𝐰≠𝐮 𝐯∙𝐰
• Distributive: 𝐮∙ 𝐯+𝐰 = 𝐮∙𝐯 + 𝐮∙𝐰
Vector product or cross product of two vectors
• Vector product of two vectors v and w is a vector, defined by:
𝐯 × 𝐰 = 𝒗𝒘𝒔𝒊𝒏∅𝐯𝐰 𝐧𝐯𝐰
• Where 𝐧𝐯𝐰 is a
• Vector of unit length (a unit vector) perpendicular to both v and w
• Pointing in the direction that a right-handed screw will move if turned from v toward w
through angle ∅𝐯𝐰
• Magnitude of vector product is just the area of parallelogram defined by two vectors
v and w
• From definition: 𝐯 × 𝐯 = 𝟎
• Vector product laws:
• Not commutative: 𝐯 × 𝐰 = − 𝐰 × 𝐯
• Not associative: 𝒖× 𝐯×𝐰 ≠ 𝐮×𝐯 ×𝐰
• Distributive: 𝐮+𝐯 ×𝐰 = 𝐮×𝐰 + 𝐯×𝐰
Multiple products of vectors
• Some complicated multiple products are formed by
combinations of multiplication processes just described
• For example:
• rsv ; s(v·w) ; s[v×w]
• (u·[v×w]) ; [u×[v×w]] ; ([u×v]·[w×z])
• [[u×v]×[w×z]]
Vector operations in terms of components
• Many formulas can be expressed compactly in terms of
• Kronecker delta δij and Permutation symbol εij
• 𝜹𝒊𝒋 = +𝟏, 𝐢𝐟 𝒊 = 𝒋
• 𝜹𝒊𝒋 = 𝟎, 𝐢𝐟 𝒊 ≠ 𝒋
• 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 = +𝟏, 𝐢𝐟 𝒊𝒋𝒌 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑, 𝟐𝟑𝟏, 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝟏𝟐
• 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 = −𝟏, 𝐢𝐟 𝒊𝒋𝒌 = 𝟑𝟐𝟏, 𝟏𝟑𝟐, 𝐨𝐫 𝟐𝟏𝟑
• 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝐢𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐤𝐞
𝟏
• Also note that 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 = 𝟐
(𝒊 − 𝒋)(𝒋 − 𝒌)(𝒌 − 𝒊)
• Following relations involving Kronecker delta and permutation
symbol are useful in proving some vector and tensor identities
• σ𝟑𝒋=𝟏 σ𝟑𝒌=𝟏 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝜺𝒉𝒋𝒌 = 𝟐𝜹𝒊𝒉
• σ𝟑𝒌=𝟏 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝜺𝒎𝒏𝒌 = 𝜹𝒊𝒎 𝜹𝒋𝒏 − 𝜹𝒊𝒏 𝜹𝒋𝒎
• Three by three determinant may be written in terms of 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 as
below:
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
• 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 =σ𝟑𝒊=𝟏 σ𝟑𝒋=𝟏 σ𝟑𝒌=𝟏 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝒂𝟏𝒊 𝒂𝟐𝒋 𝒂𝟑𝒌
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
• Quantity 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 thus selects the necessary terms that appear in
the determinant and affixes the proper sign to each term
• Unit vectors
• Let δ1, δ2, δ3, be the unit vectors (i.e., vectors of unit magnitude) in
the direction of 1, 2, 3 axes as shown below:
• One can use the definitions of scalar and vector products to
tabulate all possible products of each type as:
• 𝜹𝟏 ∙ 𝜹𝟏 = 𝜹𝟐 ∙ 𝜹𝟐 = 𝜹𝟑 ∙ 𝜹𝟑 = 𝟏
• 𝜹𝟏 ∙ 𝜹𝟐 = 𝜹𝟐 ∙ 𝜹𝟑 = 𝜹𝟑 ∙ 𝜹𝟏 = 𝟎
• 𝜹𝟏 × 𝜹𝟏 = 𝜹𝟐 × 𝜹𝟐 = 𝜹𝟑 × 𝜹𝟑 = 𝟎
• 𝜹𝟏 × 𝜹𝟐 = 𝜹𝟑 ; 𝜹𝟐 × 𝜹𝟑 = 𝜹𝟏 ; 𝜹𝟑 × 𝜹𝟏 = 𝜹𝟐
• 𝜹𝟐 × 𝜹𝟏 = −𝜹𝟑 ; 𝜹𝟑 × 𝜹𝟐 = −𝜹𝟏 ; 𝜹𝟏 × 𝜹𝟑 = −𝜹𝟐
• All above relations may be summarized by following two relations:
𝜹𝒊 ∙ 𝜹𝒋 = 𝜹𝒊𝒋
𝟑

𝜹𝒊 × 𝜹𝒋 = ෍ 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝜹𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
• These two relations enable us to develop analytic expressions for all the common
dot and cross operations
• For developing expressions for vector and tensor operations, we have to break all
vectors up into components and then apply above two relations
• Expansion of a vector in terms of its components:
• Any vector v can be specified by giving values of its projections v1, v2, v3 on
coordinate axes 1,2,3 as shown below
• Vector can be constructed by adding vectorially the components multiplied by their
corresponding unit vectors
• 𝐯 = 𝜹𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝜹𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝜹𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = σ𝟑𝒊=𝟏 𝜹𝒊 𝒗𝒊
• 𝒗𝒊 are called as “components of vector v” and are scalars
• 𝜹𝒊 𝒗𝒊 are vectors, which when added together vectorially give v

• Magnitude of a vector is given by: 𝐯 = 𝒗 = 𝒗𝟐𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐𝟑 = σ𝟑𝒊=𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝒊

• Two vectors v and w are equal if their components are equal, i.e., 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒘𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒘𝟐 ,
𝒗𝟑 = 𝒘𝟑
• Also, v = −w if 𝒗𝟏 = −𝒘𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 = −𝒘𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 = −𝒘𝟑
• Addition and subtraction of vectors:
• Sum or difference of vectors v and w can be written in terms of components as:
• 𝐯 ± 𝐰 = σ𝒊 𝜹𝒊 𝒗𝒊 ± σ𝒊 𝜹𝒊 𝒘𝒊 = σ𝒊 𝜹𝒊 (𝒗𝒊 ± 𝒘𝒊 )
• Three or more vectors can be added in same manner
• Multiplication of a vector by a scalar:
• It corresponds to multiplying each component of vector by scalar: 𝑠𝐯 = 𝑠 σ𝒊 𝜹𝒊 𝒗𝒊 = σ𝒊 𝜹𝒊 {𝑠𝒗𝒊 }
• Scalar product or dot product of two vectors:
• Obtained by writing each vector in terms of components and then performing scalar product
operations on the unit vectors using 𝜹𝒊 ∙ 𝜹𝒋 = 𝜹𝒊𝒋
• 𝐯 ∙ 𝐰 = σ𝒊 𝜹𝒊 𝒗𝒊 ∙ σ𝒋 𝜹𝒋 𝒘𝒋 = σ𝒊 σ𝒋 𝜹𝒊 ∙ 𝜹𝒋 𝒗𝒊 𝒘𝒋 = σ𝒊 σ𝒋 𝜹𝒊𝒋 𝒗𝒊 𝒘𝒋 = σ𝒊 𝒗𝒊 𝒘𝒊
• Thus a scalar product of two vectors is obtained by summing the products of corresponding
components of two vectors
• 𝐯 ∙ 𝐯 is a scalar representing square of magnitude of v; sometimes written as v2.
• Vector product or cross product of two vectors:
• 𝐯 × 𝐰 = σ𝒋 𝜹𝒋 𝒗𝒋 × σ𝒌 𝜹𝒌 𝒘𝒌
= ෍ ෍ 𝜹𝒋 × 𝜹𝒌 𝒗𝒋 𝒘𝒌
𝒋 𝒌

= σ𝒊 σ𝒋 σ𝒌 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝜹𝒊 𝒗𝒋 𝒘𝒌 because 𝜹𝒊 × 𝜹𝒋 = σ𝟑𝒌=𝟏 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝜹𝒌

𝜹𝟏 𝜹𝟐 𝜹𝟑
= 𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑
𝒘𝟏 𝒘𝟐 𝒘𝟑
• Note that ith component of 𝐯 × 𝐰 is given by σ𝒋 σ𝒌 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝒗𝒋 𝒘𝒌 and
this relation is often used in proving vector identities
• Multiple vector products: for example (u·[v×w]) may be written as
• (u·[v×w]) = σ𝒊 𝒖𝒊 𝐯 × 𝐰 𝒊 = σ𝒊 σ𝒋 σ𝒌 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝒖𝒊 𝒗𝒋 𝒘𝒌
𝒖𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝟑
• In the form of determinant: (u·[v×w]) = 𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑
𝒘𝟏 𝒘𝟐 𝒘𝟑
• Position vector: it is vector specifying the location of a point in space and
usual symbol is r
• Components of r are x1, x2 and x3; so that 𝒓 = σ𝒊 𝜹𝒊 𝑥𝑖
• This is an irregularity in the notation since components have a symbol different
from that for the vector

• Magnitude of r is usually called 𝒓 = 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 𝑥32

• This r is radial coordinate in spherical coordinates
• Example: prove the vector identity: [u×[v ×w]] = v(u·w)−w(u·v)
• Solution: for the LHS part, ith component can be expanded as:
• 𝐮× 𝐯×𝐰 𝒊
= σ𝒋 σ𝒌 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝒖𝒋 𝐯 × 𝐰 𝒌

= ෍ ෍ 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝒖𝒋 ෍ ෍ 𝜺𝒌𝒍𝒎 𝒗𝒍 𝒘𝒎 = ෍ ෍ ෍ ෍ 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝜺𝒌𝒍𝒎 𝒖𝒋 𝒗𝒍 𝒘𝒎

𝒋 𝒌 𝒍 𝒎 𝒋 𝒌 𝒍 𝒎

• But σ𝟑𝒌=𝟏 𝜺𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝜺𝒎𝒏𝒌 = 𝜹𝒊𝒎 𝜹𝒋𝒏 − 𝜹𝒊𝒏 𝜹𝒋𝒎

• Therefore, u × v × w 𝒊 = σ𝒋 σ𝒍 σ𝒎 𝜹𝒊𝒍 𝜹𝒋𝒎 − 𝜹𝒊𝒎 𝜹𝒋𝒍 𝒖𝒋 𝒗𝒍 𝒘𝒎

= 𝒗𝒊 ෍ ෍(𝜹𝒋𝒎 )𝒖𝒋 𝒘𝒎 − 𝒘𝒊 ෍ ෍ 𝜹𝒋𝒍 𝒗𝒍 𝒘𝒎 = 𝒗𝒊 ෍ 𝒖𝒋 𝒘𝒋 − 𝒘𝒊 ෍ 𝒖𝒋 𝒗𝒋

𝒋 𝒎 𝒋 𝒍 𝒋 𝒋
= 𝒗𝒊 𝐮 ∙ 𝐰 − 𝒘𝒊 (𝐮 ∙ 𝐯)
It is the ith component of RHS of vector identity to be proved
• Similarly below and other vector identities may be
proved
• (u·[v×w]) = (v·[w×u])
• ([u×v]·[w×z]) = (u·w)(v·z)−(u·z)(v·w)
• ([u×v]×[w×z]) = ([u×v]·z)w− ([u×v]·w)z
Tensor operations in terms of components
• Unit dyads
• We have already seen scalar products 𝜹𝒊 ∙ 𝜹𝒋 and vector
products 𝜹𝒊 × 𝜹𝒋 of unit vectors
• Another kind of product can be formed with unit vectors is
dyadic products 𝜹𝒊 𝜹𝒋 (without any multiplication symbols)
• 𝜹𝒊 𝜹𝒋 are tensors of second order
• Since 𝜹𝒊 , 𝜹𝒋 are of unit magnitude, the products 𝜹𝒊 𝜹𝒋 are also
referred to as unit dyads
• In this figure, each unit dyads represent ordered
pairs of coordinate directions
• Some physical quantities require simultaneous
specification of two directions, for e.g.,
• Flux of x-comp across a unit area of surface
perpendicular to y-direction is one of such
quantity
• This quantity not same as flux of y-comp
perpendicular to x-direction
• Thus, it is evident that specifying two directions
is not sufficient; one must also agree on the
order in which the directions are given
• Dot and cross products of unit vectors were introduced by means of geometrical definitions
of these operations
• Analogous operations for the unit dyads are introduced formally by relating them to the
operations for unit vectors
• 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 : 𝛅𝑘 𝛅𝑙 = 𝛅𝑗 · 𝛅𝑘 𝛅𝑖 · 𝛅𝑙 = 𝛿𝑗𝑘 𝛿𝑖𝑙
• 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 · 𝛅𝑘 = 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 · 𝛅𝑘 = 𝛅𝑖 𝛿𝑗𝑘
• 𝛅𝑖 · 𝛅𝑗 𝛅𝑘 = 𝛅𝑖 · 𝛅𝑗 𝛅𝑘 = 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝛅𝑘
• 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 · 𝛅𝑘 𝜹𝒍 = 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 · 𝛅𝑘 𝛅𝑙 = 𝛿𝑗𝑘 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑙
• 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 × 𝛅𝑘 = 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 × 𝛅𝑘 = σ3𝑖=1 𝜀𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑙
• 𝛅𝑖 × 𝛅𝑗 𝛅𝑘 = 𝛅𝑖 × 𝛅𝑗 𝛅𝑘 = σ3𝑖=1 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝛅𝑙 𝛅𝑘
• To remember these relations, one simply takes the dot (or cross) product of nearest unit
vectors on either side of the dot (or cross); e.g., 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 : 𝛅𝑘 𝛅𝑙 = 𝛅𝑗 · 𝛅𝑘 𝛅𝑖 · 𝛅𝑙 = 𝛿𝑗𝑘 𝛿𝑖𝑙
Expansion of a tensor in terms of its components
• Tensor, a second order quantity, that associates a scalar with each ordered
pair of coordinate directions as written below:
• 𝛕 = 𝛅1 𝛅1 𝜏11 + 𝛅1 𝛅2 𝜏12 + 𝛅1 𝛅3 𝜏13
+𝛅2 𝛅1 𝜏21 + 𝛅2 𝛅2 𝜏22 + 𝛅2 𝛅3 𝜏23
+𝛅3 𝛅1 𝜏31 + 𝛅3 𝛅2 𝜏32 + 𝛅3 𝛅3 𝜏33 = σ3𝑖=1 σ3𝑗=1 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝜏𝑖𝑗
• Scalars 𝜏𝑖𝑗 are known as “components of the tensor τ”
• Types of tensors:
• (1) Symmetric: 𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝜏𝑗𝑖
• (2) Antisymmetric: 𝜏𝑖𝑗 = −𝜏𝑗𝑖
• (3) Transpose of τ is represented by 𝛕† , i.e., 𝛕† = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝜏𝑗𝑖
(components of τ but with the indices transposed)
• (4) If components of tensor are formed by ordered pairs of components of two
vectors v and w; then resulting tensor is called
• Dyadic product of v and w and given the symbol vw, i.e., 𝐯𝐰 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝑣𝑖 𝑤𝑗
• Note that vw ≠ wv but wv = (vw)†
• (5) If the components of the tensor are given by Kronecker delta 𝛿𝑖𝑗 , the resulting
tensor is called unit tensor and is given symbol δ: 𝛅 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝛿𝑖𝑗
1 1
• Magnitude of a tensor is defined by: 𝛕 = 𝜏 = 2
𝛕: 𝛕† =
2
σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝜏𝑖𝑗 2
• Addition of tensors and dyadic products:
• Two tensors are added: 𝛔 + 𝛕 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 + σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝜏𝑖𝑗 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 + 𝜏𝑖𝑗
• i.e., sum of two tensors is that tensor whose components are sums of corresponding
components of two tensors
• Same is true for dyadic products
• Multiplication of a tensor by a scalar:
• It is done by multiplying each component of tensor by the scalar: s𝝉 =
s σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝝉𝑖𝑗 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝑠𝝉𝑖𝑗
• Same is true for dyadic products
• Scalar product (or double dot product) of two tensors:
• Two tensors may be multiplied according to double dot operation
• 𝛔: 𝛕 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 : σ𝑘 σ𝑙 𝛅𝑘 𝛅𝑙 𝜏𝑘𝑙 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 σ𝑘 σ𝑙 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 : 𝛅𝑘 𝛅𝑙 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜏𝑘𝑙 =
= σ𝑖 σ𝑗 σ𝑘 σ𝑙 𝛿𝑖𝑙 𝛿𝑗𝑘 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜏𝑘𝑙 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜏𝑗𝑖
since 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 : 𝛅𝑘 𝛅𝑙 = 𝛅𝑗 · 𝛅𝑘 𝛅𝑖 · 𝛅𝑙 = 𝛿𝑗𝑘 𝛿𝑖𝑙
• Similarly: 𝛕: 𝐯𝐰 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝜏𝑖𝑗 𝑣𝑗 𝑤𝑖 ; 𝐮𝐯: 𝐰𝐳 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝑢𝑖 𝑣𝑗 𝑤𝑗 𝑧𝑖
• Tensor product (single dot product) of two tensors:
• Two tensors may also be multiplied according to single dot operation:
• 𝛔 · 𝛕 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 . σ𝑘 σ𝑙 𝛅𝑘 𝛅𝑙 𝜏𝑘𝑙 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 σ𝑘 σ𝑙 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 · 𝛅𝑘 𝛅𝑙 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜏𝑘𝑙
= ෍ ෍ ෍ ෍ 𝛿𝑗𝑘 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑙 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜏𝑘𝑙
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑙

= ෍ ෍ 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑙 ෍ 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜏𝑗𝑙
𝑖 𝑙 𝑗

• i.e., il-component of {σ·τ} is σ𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜏𝑗𝑙

• Similar operations may be performed with dyadic products
• It is common practice to write {σ·σ} = σ2 and {σ· σ2} = σ3 and so on
• Vector product (or dot product) of a tensor with a vector:
• 𝛕 ∙ 𝐯 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝜏𝑖𝑗 ∙ σ𝑘 𝛅𝑘 𝑣𝑘 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 σ𝑘ൣ𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 ·
• Tensor product (or cross product) of a tensor with a vector:
• {𝝉 × 𝐯} = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝜏𝑖𝑗 × σ𝑘 𝛅𝑘 𝑣𝑘 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 σ𝑘ൣ𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 ×
Vector and tensor differential operations
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
• Vector differential operation (nabla or del) is: 𝛻 = 𝛅1 𝜕𝑥 + 𝛅2 𝜕𝑥 + 𝛅3 𝜕𝑥 = σ𝑖 𝛅𝑖 𝜕𝑥
1 2 3 𝑖
• where 𝛅𝑖  unit vectors and 𝑥𝑖  variables associated with 1,2,3 axes (i.e., x1, x2, x3 in
Cartesian coordinates are: x, y, z)
• Symbol 𝛻 is a vector “operation”, it has components like a vector but it cannot stand
alone; it must operate on a scalar, vector or tensor function
• Gradient of a scalar field:
• If s is a scalar function of variables x1, x2, x3 then the operation of 𝛻 on s is called as
gradient of scalar field s and is designated by 𝛻𝑠 (or grad s):
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
• 𝛻𝑠 = 𝛅1 𝜕𝑥 + 𝛅2 𝜕𝑥 + 𝛅3 𝜕𝑥 = σ𝑖 𝛅𝑖 𝜕𝑥
1 2 3 𝑖

• Not commutative: 𝛻𝑠 ≠ 𝑠𝛻
• Not associative: 𝛻𝑟 𝑠 ≠ 𝛻 𝑟𝑠
• Distributive: 𝛻 𝑟 + 𝑠 = 𝛻𝑟 + 𝛻𝑠
• Divergence of a vector field:
• If vector v is a function of space variables x1, x2, x3, then scalar
product can be formed with operator 𝛻 as
𝜕 𝜕
• 𝛻·𝐯 = σ𝑖 𝛅𝑖
𝜕𝑥𝑖
· σ𝑗 𝛅𝑗 𝑣𝑗 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 · 𝛅𝑗 𝑣
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑗
=
𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑖
σ𝑖 σ𝑗 δ𝑖𝑗 𝑣 = σ𝑖
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖
• It is also abbreviated as div v
• Not commutative: 𝛻·𝐯 ≠ 𝐯·𝛻
• Not associative: 𝛻 · 𝑠𝐯 ≠ 𝛻𝑠 · 𝐯
• Distributive: 𝛻· 𝐯+𝐰 = 𝛻·𝐯 + 𝛻·𝐰
• Curl of a vector field:
• Cross product may also be formed between operator 𝛻 and vector v, which is function of
space variables
𝜕
• 𝛻×𝐯 = σ𝑗 𝛅𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑗
× σ𝑘 𝛅𝑘 𝑣𝑘

𝜕 𝜕
• = σ𝑗 σ𝑘 𝛅𝑗 × 𝛅𝑘 𝑣
𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝑘
= σ𝑖 σ𝑗 σ𝑘 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝛅𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑣𝑘
𝑗

𝛅1 𝛅2 𝛅3
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑣3 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣
• = 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3
= 𝛅1 𝜕𝑥2
− 𝜕𝑥2 + 𝛅2 𝜕𝑥3
− 𝜕𝑥3 + 𝛅3 𝜕𝑥1
− 𝜕𝑥1
3 1 2
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3
• Thus vector constructed is called curl of v
• Other notations for 𝛻 × 𝐯 are curl v and rot v
• Like divergence, the curl operation is also distributive but not commutative or associative
• Gradient of a vector field:
• In addition to scalar product 𝛻 · 𝐯 and vector product 𝛻 × 𝐯 , one can also form
dyadic product 𝛻𝐯 as:
𝜕 𝜕
𝛻v = ෍ 𝛅𝑖 ෍ 𝛅𝑗 𝑣𝑗 = ෍ ෍ 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝑣
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑗
𝑖 𝑗 𝑖 𝑗
• This is gradient of vector v and is sometimes written grad v
𝜕
• It is a second-order tensor whose ij-component is 𝜕𝑥 𝑣𝑗
𝑖
𝜕
• Its transpose is: 𝛻v † = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝑣
𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝑖
𝜕
• Whose ij-component is 𝜕𝑥 𝑣𝑖
𝑗

• In addition: 𝛻v ≠ 𝐯𝛁 and 𝛻v †
≠ v𝛻
• Divergence of a tensor field:
• If the tensor τ is a function of space variables x1, x2, x3, then a vector product may be
formed with operator 𝛻 as:

𝜕 𝜕
𝛻·𝛕 = ෍ 𝛅𝑖 · ෍ ෍ 𝛅𝑗 𝛅𝑘 τ𝑗𝑘 = ෍ ෍ ෍ 𝛅𝑖 · 𝛅𝑗 𝛅𝑘 τ𝑗𝑘
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕
= ෍ ෍ ෍ δ𝑖𝑗 𝛅𝑘 τ = ෍ 𝛅𝑘 ෍ τ
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑗𝑘 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑖𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑘 𝑖
• This is called divergence of tensor τ and is written as div τ
𝜕
• kth component of 𝛻 · 𝛕 is σ𝑖 𝜕𝑥 τ𝑖𝑘
𝑖
𝜕
• If τ is the product svw, then 𝛻 · 𝑠𝐯𝐰 = σ𝑘 𝛅𝑘 σ𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑠𝑣𝑖 𝑤𝑘
𝑖
• Laplacian of a scalar field:
• It is divergence of a gradient of scalar function s:
𝜕 𝜕𝑠
• 𝛻 · 𝛻𝑠 = σ𝑖 𝛅𝑖
𝜕𝑥𝑖
∙ σ𝑗 𝛅𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑗

𝜕 𝜕𝑠 𝜕2
• = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 δ𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
= σ𝑖 2
𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑠

• It is given symbol of 𝛁𝟐 and in rectangular coordinates it is:

2 2 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 · 𝛻 = 𝛻2 = 2+ 2+
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥32
• This is called the Laplacian operator; and 𝛻 · 𝛻𝑠 , 𝛻 · 𝛻 s, 𝛻 2 𝑠  all are equivalent
quantities
• Laplacian operator has only distributive property as do the gradient, divergence and
curl
• Laplacian of a vector field:
• It is divergence of gradient of vector function v:
𝜕 𝜕
• 𝛻 ∙ 𝛻v = σ𝑖 𝛅𝑖
𝜕𝑥𝑖
· σ𝑗 σ𝑘 𝛅𝑗 𝛅𝑘
𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝑣𝑘 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 σ𝑘ൣ𝛅𝑖 ·
Other differential relations that may be useful in this course:
• 𝛻𝐫𝑠 = 𝐫𝛻𝑠 + 𝑠𝛁𝐫
• 𝛻 · 𝑠𝐯 = 𝛻𝑠 · 𝐯 + 𝑠(𝛻 · 𝐯)
• 𝛻· 𝐯×𝐰 = 𝐰 · 𝛻 × 𝐯 − (𝐯 · 𝛻 × 𝐰 )
• 𝛻 × 𝑠𝐯 = 𝛻𝑠 × 𝐯 + 𝑠 𝛻 × 𝐯
• 𝛻 · 𝛻𝐯 = 𝛻 𝛻 · 𝐯 − 𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐯
1
• 𝐯 · 𝛻𝐯 = 2 𝛻 𝐯 · 𝐯 − 𝐯 × 𝛻 × 𝐯

• 𝛻 · 𝐯𝐰 = 𝐯 · 𝛻𝐰 + 𝐰 𝛻 · 𝐯
• 𝑠𝛅: 𝛻𝐯 = 𝑠(𝛻 · 𝐯)
• 𝛻 · 𝑠𝛅 = 𝛁𝑠
• 𝛻 · 𝑠𝛕 = 𝛻𝑠 · 𝛕 + 𝑠 𝛻 · 𝛕
• 𝛻 𝐯 · 𝐰 = (𝛻𝐯) · 𝐰 + (𝛻𝐰) · 𝐯
• Example: prove that for symmetric τ  𝛕: 𝛻𝐯 = 𝛻 · 𝛕 · 𝐯 − 𝐯 · 𝛻 · 𝛕
• Solution:
• Write RHS in terms of components:
𝜕 𝜕
• 𝛻 · 𝝉 · 𝒗 = σ𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝛕 · 𝑣 𝑖 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝜏𝑖𝑗 𝑣𝑗  (1)
𝑖 𝑖
𝜕
• 𝐯 · 𝛻 · 𝝉 = σ𝑗 𝑣𝑗 𝛻 · 𝝉 𝑗 = σ𝑗 σ𝑖 𝑣𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝜏𝑖𝑗  (2)
𝑖
• Now LHS can be written in terms of components as:
𝜕 𝜕
• 𝛕: 𝛻𝐯 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝜏𝑗𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑣𝑗 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝜏𝑖𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝑣𝑗  (3)
𝑖 𝑖
• 2nd form resulting from symmetry of τ
• Subtraction of Eq. (1) from Eq. (2) will give Eq. (3)
Vector and tensor algebra in curvilinear coordinates

• Refer to sections A.6 and A.7 of Appendix in book

“Transport Phenomena” by Bird, Steward and
Lightfoot, 2nd edition, 2010.
Example problems
𝝏
• (1) write the following equation in full in Cartesian coordinates: 𝝏𝒕 𝝆𝐯 = − 𝛁 ∙ 𝝆𝐯𝐯 − 𝛁𝒑 − 𝛁 ∙ 𝝉 + 𝝆𝐠
• Solution: first one should understand whether the final outcome is a scalar, or a vector or a tensor
• LHS is vector
• 1st term of RHS is of order of Σ−2 = 1+1+1−2=1, so vector
• 2nd term of RHS is of order of Σ = 1+0=1, so vector
• 3rd term of RHS is of order of Σ−2 = 1+2−2 = 1, so vector
• 4th term of RHS is of order of Σ = 0+1 = 1, so vector
• Therefore, over all order of equation is one and thus, it is vector having three components  so three equations
are imbedded in the given equation
• These three equations are:
𝝏 𝝏 𝜕 𝜕 𝝏𝒑 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
• X-comp: 𝝏𝒕 𝝆𝒗𝒙 = − 𝝏𝒙
𝝆𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 +
𝜕𝒚
𝜌𝑣𝒚 𝑣𝑥 +
𝜕𝒛
𝜌𝑣𝒛 𝑣𝑥 −
𝝏𝒙
− 𝜏
𝜕𝑥 𝒙𝒙
+ 𝜏
𝜕𝒚 𝒚𝑥
+ 𝜏
𝜕𝒛 𝒛𝑥
+ 𝝆𝒈𝒙
𝝏 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
• Y-comp: 𝝏𝒕 𝝆𝑣𝒚 = − 𝜕𝑥
𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝒚 +
𝜕𝑦
𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝒚 +
𝜕𝑧
𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝒚 −
𝜕𝒚
− 𝜏
𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝒚
+ 𝜏
𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝒚
+ 𝜏
𝜕𝑧 𝑧𝒚
+ 𝜌𝑔𝒚
𝝏 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
• Z-comp: 𝝏𝒕 𝝆𝑣𝒛 = − 𝜕𝑥
𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝒛 +
𝜕𝑦
𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝒛 +
𝜕𝑧
𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝒛 −
𝜕𝒛
− 𝜏
𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝒛
+ 𝜏
𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝒛
+ 𝜏
𝜕𝑧 𝑧𝒛
+ 𝜌𝑔𝒛
• (2) Write about the following summation:
σ3𝑗=1 σ3𝑘=1 𝑎𝑗𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑗
• Solution:
• 𝑗=1 𝑘=1 𝑎𝑗𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑗 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒃𝟐𝟏 +𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒃𝟑𝟏
σ3
σ3

+𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒃𝟏𝟐 +𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝟐𝟐 +𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒃𝟑𝟐

+𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒃𝟏𝟑 +𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒃𝟐𝟑 +𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒃𝟑𝟑
• (3). Consider a field v(x, y, z) with following components: (a). 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑏𝑦 ; 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 ; 𝑣𝑧 = 0 and (b). 𝑣𝑥 =
− 𝑏𝑦 ; 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 ; 𝑣𝑧 = 0. Investigate whether these are rotational? Also report 𝛻 ∙ v , 𝛻v and 𝛻 ∙ vv for both
these fields.
𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒛
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
• Solution: 𝛁 × 𝐯 = 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
= 𝜹𝒙 𝟎 − 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒚 𝟎 − 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒛 𝒃 − 𝒃 = 𝟎  irrotational
𝒃𝒚 𝒃𝒙 𝟎
𝜕𝑣𝑖 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
• 𝛁 ∙ 𝐯 = σ𝑖
𝜕𝑥𝑖
=
𝝏𝒙
𝒗𝒙 +
𝝏𝒚
𝒗𝒚 +
𝝏𝒛
𝒗𝒛 = 𝟎

𝜕 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
• 𝛁𝐯 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝑣𝑗 = 𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝒗𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝒗𝒚 + 𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝒗𝒛
𝑖
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
+𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒙 𝒗 + 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒚 𝒗 + 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒛 𝒗
𝝏𝒚 𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝒛
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
+𝜹𝒛 𝜹𝒙 𝒗 + 𝜹𝒛 𝜹𝒚 𝒗 + 𝜹𝒛 𝜹𝒛 𝒗
𝝏𝒛 𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝒛
= 𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒙 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒚 𝒃 + 𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒛 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒙 𝒃 + 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒚 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒛 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒛 𝜹𝒙 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒛 𝜹𝒚 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒛 𝜹𝒛 𝟎
= 𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒚 𝒃 + 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒙 𝒃
• 𝛁 ∙ 𝐯𝐯 is of the order of Σ−2 = 1+1+1−2 = 1 so vector. Here 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑏𝑦 ; 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 ; 𝑣𝑧 = 0
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
• 𝛁 ∙ 𝐯𝐯 = 𝜹𝒙 𝛁 ∙ 𝐯𝐯 𝒙 + 𝜹𝒚 𝛁 ∙ 𝐯𝐯 𝒚 + 𝜹𝒛 𝛁 ∙ 𝐯𝐯 𝒛 = 𝜹𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝒗𝒙 𝒗𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝒗𝒚 𝒗𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝒗𝒛 𝒗𝒙
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
+𝜹𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝒗𝒙 𝒗𝒚 + 𝜹𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝒗𝒚 𝒗𝒚 + 𝜹𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝒗𝒛 𝒗𝒚
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
+𝜹𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝒗𝒙 𝒗𝒛 + 𝜹𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝒗𝒚 𝒗𝒛 + 𝜹𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝒗𝒛 𝒗𝒛
𝝏 𝟐 𝟐 𝝏 𝟐 𝝏
= 𝜹𝒙 𝒃 𝒚 + 𝜹𝒙 𝒃 𝒙𝒚 + 𝜹𝒙 𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟐 𝝏 𝟐 𝟐 𝝏
+𝜹𝒚 𝒃 𝒙𝒚 + 𝜹𝒚 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝜹𝒚 𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
+𝜹𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝟎 = 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝜹𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚𝜹𝒚
• Similarly do for second velocity field: (b). 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑏𝑦 ; 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 ; 𝑣𝑧 = 0.
𝜏𝑥𝑥 = 3 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 2 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −1
• (4). Components of a tensor 𝝉ധ are 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 2 𝜏𝑦𝑦 = 2 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 1 and the components of a
𝜏𝑧𝑥 = −1 𝜏𝑧𝑦 = 1 𝜏𝑧𝑧 = 4
vector 𝑣Ԧ are vx = 5, vy = 3 and vz = −2. Calculate the following: (a) 𝝉ധ ∙ 𝑣 , (b) 𝝉ധ : 𝝉ധ and (c)
𝑣 ∙ 𝝉ധ ∙ 𝑣
• Solution:
• (a) Order of 𝝉 ∙ 𝐯 is ∑−2 = 2+1−2 = 1, so vector
• 𝝉 ∙ 𝐯 = 𝜹𝒙 𝝉 ∙ 𝐯 𝒙 + 𝜹𝒚 𝝉 ∙ 𝐯 𝒚 + 𝜹𝒛 𝝉 ∙ 𝐯 𝒛 = 𝜹𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒙 𝒗𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒗𝒚 + 𝜹𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒛 𝒗𝒛
+𝜹𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝒗𝒙 + 𝜹𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒚 𝒗𝒚 + 𝜹𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒛 𝒗𝒛
+𝜹𝒛 𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝒗𝒙 + 𝜹𝒛 𝝉𝒛𝒚 𝒗𝒚 + 𝜹𝒛 𝝉𝒛𝒛 𝒗𝒛
= 𝜹𝒙 (𝟑)(𝟓) + 𝜹𝒙 (𝟐)(𝟑) + 𝜹𝒙 (−𝟏)(−𝟐)
+𝜹𝒚 (𝟐)(𝟓) + 𝜹𝒚 (𝟐)(𝟑) + 𝜹𝒚 (𝟏)(−𝟐)
+𝜹𝒛 −𝟏 𝟓 + 𝜹𝒛 𝟏 𝟑 + 𝜹𝒛 𝟒 −𝟐
= 𝟐𝟑𝜹𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒𝜹𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎𝜹𝒛
• (b). 𝝉ധ : 𝝉ധ is of order of ∑−4 = 2+2−4 = 0, so scalar
• 𝝉: 𝝉 = σ𝒊 σ𝒋 𝝉𝟐𝒊𝒋 = 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝟐 +𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟒𝟏
• (c). 𝑣 ∙ 𝝉ധ ∙ 𝑣
• 𝝉ധ ∙ 𝑣 is of the order of ∑−2 = 2+1−2 = 1, so vector
• Then 𝑣 ∙ 𝝉ധ ∙ 𝑣 is of the order of ∑−2 = 1+1−2 = 0, so overall a scalar will be
resulted.
• 𝑣 ∙ 𝝉ധ ∙ 𝑣 = σ𝒊 𝒗𝒊 𝝉ധ ∙ 𝑣 𝒊 = 𝒗𝒙 𝝉ധ ∙ 𝑣 𝒙 + 𝒗𝒚 𝝉ധ ∙ 𝑣 𝒚 + 𝒗𝒛 𝝉ധ ∙ 𝑣 𝒛
= 𝒗𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒙 𝒗𝒙 + 𝒗𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒗𝒚 + 𝒗𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒛 𝒗𝒛
+𝒗𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝒗𝒙 + 𝒗𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒚 𝒗𝒚 + 𝒗𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒛 𝒗𝒛
+𝒗𝒛 𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝒗𝒙 + 𝒗𝒛 𝝉𝒛𝒚 𝒗𝒚 + 𝒗𝒛 𝝉𝒛𝒛 𝒗𝒛
= 𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 + 𝟓 𝟐 𝟑 + 𝟓 −𝟏 −𝟐 + 𝟑 𝟐 𝟓 + 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 + 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐
+ −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟓 + −𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 + −𝟐 (𝟒) −𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕
References
• B. R. Bird, E. W. Stewart and N. E. Lightfoot, Transport
Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Second Edition).
• W. M.Deen, Analysis of Transport Phenomena, Oxford University
Press, New York, 1998 (First Indian Edition).
• R.L. Panton, Incompressible Flow, Wiley India, 2011 (Third
Edition).
• R.P. Chhabra and J.F. Richardson, Non-Newtonian Flow and
Applied Rheology, 2nd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford,
UK, 2008.
• C.W. Macosko, Rheology: Principles, Measurements, and
Applications, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1994.
Thank you