MODULE 3: THE WEB AND THE INTERNET

Overview Internet is defined as an information superhighway, to access information over the

web. However, it can be defined in many ways, internet is a world-wide global system of
interconnected computer networks.

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
• Explore the current breakthrough technologies and disruptive innovations that have
emerged over the past few years.
• Identify and analyze various emerging technologies.
• Explore the evolution of the internet.
• Identify and understand the different uses of internet in today’s generation.
• Discuss the fundamental terms and definitions used in the internet.

Lesson 1: The Web

The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information organized into Web pages containing text
and graphic images. The World Wide Web is larger collection of interconnected documents or
content. It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and images that lead to related
information. A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme or focus is called a
Web site. The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web site are organized around
and link back to is called the site’s home page. Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS
FREng FRSA FBCS, also known as TimBL, is an English engineer and computer scientist best
known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is a Professorial Fellow of Computer
Science at the University of Oxford and a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.

A. Web 1.0 (Read Only Static Web)

It is an old internet that only allows people to read from the internet. First stage
worldwide linking web pages and hyperlink. Web is use as “information portal”. It uses
table to positions and align elements on page. • • • •
Most read only web. If focused on company’s home pages. Dividing the World Wide Web into
usable directories it means web is use as “Information Portal” It started with the simple idea
“put content together”
Web 1.0 Example
Mp3.com Home Page Directories Page Views HTML/Portals.
Disadvantages • Read only web • Limited user interaction • Lack of standards

B. Web 2.0 (Read-write interactive web)

A term used to describe a new generation of Web services and applications with an
increasing emphasis on human collaboration. • • • • •

It is a platform that gives users the possibility (liberty) to control their data. This is about
user-generated content and the read-write web. People are consuming as well as contributing
information through blogs or sites. Allows the user to interact with the page known as
DYNAMIC PAGE; instead of just reading a page, the user may be able to comment or create a
user account. Dynamic page refers to the web pages that are affected by user input or
preference. Is focused on the ability for people to collaborate and share information online
via social media, blogging and Web-based communities.

Example of Web 2.0 are the following:

A. Social Networking - is the use of Internet-based social media sites to stay connected with
friends, family, colleagues, customers, or clients. Social networking can have a social
purpose, a business purpose, or both, through sites such as: Example Facebook Twitter
LinkedIn Google+ Pinterest Tumblr Instagram Page

B. Blogs - is a discussion or informational website published on the world wide web consisting
of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries (posts). Posts are typically displayed in
reverse chronological order, so that the most recent post appears first, at the top of the web
page. Example Wordpress Blogger,Tumbler

C.Wikis - is a hypertext publication collaboratively edited and managed by its own audience
directly using a web browser. A typical wiki contains multiple pages for the subjects or scope
of the project and may be either open to the public or limited to use within an organization
for maintaining its internal knowledge base.
Example:
Wikibooks Wikiversity Commons Wiktionary Wikiquote
Wikivoyage Wikidata Wikinews Wikispecies MediaWiki

D. Video Sharing Sites - a website that lets people upload and share their video clips with the
public at large or to invited guests.
Example: Youtube Facebook LinkedIn Flickr Photobucket LinkedIn Flickr
Photobucket Twitter Veoh Dailymotion VimeoPRO Myspace.com Metacafe

Key Features of Web 2.0

Folksonomy – allows users to categorize and classify/arrange information using freely chosen
keywords (e.g. tagging).
Rich User Interface – content is dynamic and is responsive to user’s input. An example would
be a website that shows local content.
User Participation – the owner of website is not the only one who is able to put content.
Others are able to place a content on their own by means of comments, reviews, and
evaluation.
Long Tail – services are offered on demand rather than on a one-time purchase. This is
synonymous to subscribing to a data plan that charges you for the amount of time you spent
on Internet or a data plan that charges you for the amount of bandwidth you used.

C. Web 3.0: (Read-write intelligent web)

Suggested name by John Markoff of the New York Times for the third generation of the web.
In this generation, all the application on web or mobile will be upgraded with more features.
It applies same principles as Web 2.0: two-way interaction. Web 3.0 will be more connected,
open, and intelligent, with semantic web technologies, distributed databases, natural
language processing, machine learning, machine reasoning and autonomous agents. Semantic
Web - provides a framework that allows data to be shared and reuse to deliver web content
specifically targeting the user. It is a web of data. Changing the web into a language that can
be read and categorized by the system rather than humans.

Types of websites

C. E-commerce Website
is a website people can directly buy products from you’ve probably used a number of
ecommerce websites before, most big brands and plenty of smaller ones have one. Any
website that includes a shopping cart and a way for you to provide credit card information to
make a purchase falls into this category.

Business Website
is any website that’s devoted to representing a specific business. It should be branded
like the business (the same logo and positioning) and communicate the types of products
and/or services the business offers.

Entertainment Website
If you think about your internet browsing habits, you can probably think of a few websites
that you visit purely for entertainment purposes.

Portfolio Website
Are sites devoted to showing examples of past work. Service providers who want to
show potential clients the quality of the work they provide can use a portfolio website to
collect some of the best samples of past work they’ve done. This type of website is simpler to
build than a business website and more focused on a particular task: collecting work samples.

Media Website
Collect news stories or other reporting. There’s some overlap here with entertainment
websites, but media websites are more likely to include reported pieces in addition to or
instead of content meant purely for entertainment.

Brochure Website
A simplified form of business websites. For businesses that know they need an online
presence, but don’t want to invest a lot into it (maybe you’re confident you’ll continue to get
most of your business from other sources), a simple brochure site that includes just a few
pages that lay out the basics of what you do and provide contact information may be enough
for you.

Nonprofit Website
In the same way that businesses need websites to be their online presence, nonprofits
do as well. A nonprofit website is the easiest way for many potential donors to make
donations and will be the first place many people look to learn more about a nonprofit and
determine if they want to support it.

Educational Website
The websites of educational institutions and those offering online courses fall into the
category of educational websites. These websites have the primary goal of either providing
educational materials to visitors or providing information on an educational institution to
them.

Infopreneur Website
Websites overlap a bit with business and eCommerce websites, but they represent a
unique type of online business. Infopreneurs create and sell information products. That could
be in the form of courses, tutorials, videos or eBooks.

Personal Website
Not all websites exist to make money in some way or another. Many people find value
in creating personal websites to put their own thoughts out into the world. This category
includes personal blogs, vlogs, and photo diaries people share with the world.

Web Portal
Are often websites designed for internal purposes at a business, organization, or
institution. They collect information in different formats from different sources into one
place to make all relevant information accessible to the people who need to see it. They
often involve a login and personalized views for different users that ensure the information
that’s accessible is most useful to their particular needs.

Wiki or Community Forum Website

Most people are familiar with wikis through the most famous example of one out
there: Wikipedia. But wikis can be created on pretty much any subject you can imagine. A
wiki is any website where various users are able to collaborate on content and all make their
own tweaks and changes as they see fit. There are wikis for fan communities, for business
resources, and for collecting valuable information sources.
Lesson 2: The Internet

The Internet or “net” (network of network) is the largest computer network in the world that
connects billions of computer user. The word internet comes from combination between
“interconnection” and “network”. Network is a collection of computers and devices
connected via communication channels and transmission media allow to share resources
(hardware, software, data, and information). Generally, nobody owns the internet.

A. Brief History of Internet ARPA – Advanced Research Project Agency January 2, 1969 –
started an experimental computer network. Concept – No server, but equal
importance/participation to every computer in the network. Even if, one or two node
destroyed that will now affect the network. In 1982 the word internet started.

1986 – First “ free net” created in Case Western Reserve University

1991: US government allowed business agencies to connect to internet. Now all people
can connect to the internet and improve their life and work quality. The internet
support various aspects in our life. Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS is an American Internet
pioneer and is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet", sharing this title with
TCP/IP co-developer Bob Kahn.

Major Components of the Internet

1. Servers – is a computer program that provides service to another computer program
and its user.

Application Server – a program in computer that provides the business logic for an
application program.

Web Server – a computer program that serves requested HTML pages or files.

Proxy Server – is a software that acts as an intermediary between an endpoint device,

such as computer and another server from which a user is requesting.
Mail Server – is an application that receives incoming e-mail from local users and
remote senders and forward outgoing e-mail for delivery.

File Server – is a computer responsible for central storage and management of data
files so that other computer on the same network can access them.
Policy Server – is a security component of a policy – based network that provides
authorization services and facilities tracking and control of files.

2. IP Address (Internet Protocol) – is a numerical label assigned to each device. This provides
identity to a network device.

3. Browser – is an application program that provides a way to look information on the web.

Example of browsers: Google chrome, safari, internet explorer, opera, Mozilla

4. Domain Name System (DNS) – is the phonebook of internet. We access information online
through domain names. Example of DNS: www.facebook.com,
www.pup.edu.ph,www.academia.eduName .com .org .net .edu .gov .ph .au

5. Internet Service Provider (ISP) – is an organization that provides services for accessing,
using or participating in the internet. Two types of ISP: National ISP – provided internet access
to a specific geographic area. Regional ISP – business that provides internet access in cities
and towns nationwide. Example of ISP: Sky Broadband, PLDT, Converge

C. Usage of Internet
The Internet allows greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the
spread of unmetered high-speed connections. The Internet can be accessed almost anywhere
by numerous means, including through mobile Internet devices. Mobile phones, datacards,
handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the Internet wirelessly.
Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of such pocket-
sized devices, the services of the Internet, including email and the web, may be available.
Service providers may restrict the services offered and mobile data charges may be
significantly higher than other access methods.
1. Social Networking
There is no doubt that social networking sites are the most popular use of the internet. This is
especially true for the younger generation. People use these platforms to connect with their
family and friends and even make new connections over the internet.

2. Online Shopping
Another one of the uses of the internet is online shopping. People use the internet connection
to purchase goods and services from e-commerce websites like Amazon, Flipkart, Snapdeal,
Myntra, and more.
3. Online Banking
The Internet has also made banking much easier and more convenient for people. There is no
need to visit the bank branch to deposit or withdraw money, as this can all be done with the
help of an internet connection.
4. Education and Upskilling
The internet has made getting education much more accessible for people. There are a
plethora of educational websites, tutorials, and online courses that can help people learn new
skills. People can also take online courses from top universities and institutions around the
world without having to be physically present there. They can also prepare for competitive
exams like UPSC, SSC, and more by taking tests and courses online.
5. Gaming
The world, and India, in particular, has seen a sharp rise in internet connection users. This
has brought about a surge in the gaming industry as well. People use the internet to play
single-player and multiplayer video games.
6. Trading
Earlier, stock trading was reserved for the elite class. The common man, so to say, had little
to zero access to the stock market.
However, with the rise of the internet, stock trading has become accessible to everyone.
People can trade stocks online from their homes and make decent profits.
7. Dating
There are several dating apps and websites available on the internet. People can use these
apps to search for potential partners based on their location, age, interests, and more. This
has made it much easier for people to connect with potential partners from all around the
world.
8. Email Communication
The internet has made it possible for people to communicate with each other from anywhere
in the world. People can send emails to each other and also set up group conversations.
9. e-Newspapers
Back in the day, people had to wait for the newspaper to be delivered to their doorsteps.
While nothing can beat the feel of flipping through the pages of a newspaper, the internet
has made it easier for people to stay updated on world news at the click of a button.

10. Research
The internet has revolutionized the way people conduct research. It has given them access to
vast amounts of information from all over the world.

D. Internet Terms and Definition

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a worldwide network of computers that are connected (networked) and are
using the communication method called TCP/IP. The Internet was named ARPANET in 1969 by
the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense with just four
computers connected together.
What is the World Wide Web?
Also called web or www, it is a collection of information, resources, pictures, and sounds,
multimedia on the internet that are linked and connected together. Using a software product
such as Netscape makes accessing and linking to web pages containing information, easy. The
World Wide Web was invented by Tim Bernes-lee in the CERN Laboratory in March 1989.
What is a Host?
A computer that is used to transfer data on the Internet.
What is Web Hosting?
To store and make web pages available and ready for inquiries, or a computer that has a
consistent connection to the Internet.
What is a Domain Name?
A domain name is a description or representation of a computer's location on the Internet. It
is usually separated by a dot.
For example:
www.comentum.com
sales.comentum.com
joespizza.comentum.com
In this example, comentum.com is at the high test level (directly to the left of .com), making
it the best commercial and most protected name for the Commentum Communications
company. Any additional name information following after (to the left) of .com is under that
domain umbrella, as in the joespizza.commentum.com example above, and does not hold the
highest position in the domain name hierarchy.
In the same example, it is better to hold a domain name like the following:
joespizza.com
(rather than)
joespizza.comentum.com
What is DNS?
DNS (Domain Name System) is a large database of domain names and their correspondent
Internet (IP Addresses) for example: www.widget.com corresponds to its unique number
207.168.6.12
What is an IP address?
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is an unique number used to identify a computer on the
Internet. If you are connected to the Internet, you must have a unique network number,
which is an IP address. An example of an IP address is:
207.168.6.12
There are four numbers separated by a dot, and are between 0 and 255.
What is HTML?
Hypertext Markup Language is a coding language used to tell a browser how to place pictures,
text, multimedia and links to create a web page. When a user clicks on a link within a web
page, that link, which is coded with HTML, links the user to a specific linked web page.
What is Hypertext?
Hypertext is text on a webpage that links to another document or webpage. The hypertext
link can be as small as a letter or word, or as big as all the text on the page.
What is FTP?
File Transfer Protocal is a method of transferring files between two computers on the
Internet. To access, upload or download information on a server computer (or a computer
that accesses a server computer), FTP software makes the information access or transfer
possible.
What is a home Page?
A home Page is the main or index page of a web site. For example, if a user opens Netscape
or Internet Explorer and types the URL, http://www.commentum.com, that would open the
home Page of the Commentum Communications company.
What is InterNic?
InterNic is the agency that governs and maintains the name and host registration on the
Internet.

What is a URL?
Uniform Resource Locator is a web address used to connect to a remote resource on the world
wide web.
For example:
https://www.comentum.com
ftp://ftp.comentum.com
telnet://info.comentum.com
In the above example, http:// is a type of Protocol (communication rules and methods)
followed by www.commentum.com, which a host address. A port number could also be added
after the host address (example: https://www.comentum.com:80).
What is a Port?
In relationship to the Internet, a Port is a channel that a server software would listen to, for
any inquiries, there are certain standard default channels set for certain server software. For
example, a web server software by default will listen to port 80 for any inquiry. Web server
software can also listen to any other port, for example: http://www.commentum.com:5000
What is Baud?
Baud is the number of thime per second that a medem converts digital signals to analog
sounds, so that it can transfer information over an analog telephone line.
What is a Bit?
Bit is a single digit in the binary numbering system (base 2). For example: 1 is a bit or 0 is a
bit.
What is a Byte?
A Byte generally consists of eight bits.
What is Java?
Java is an object-oriented programming language created by Sun Microsystems Company. It
can operate on any type ("virtual machine") of operating system, or computer system (PC,
Mac, Solaris, etc.). It is a flexible tool for integrating interactivity and multimedia, and a very
secure language, making it a useful language for networking or the Internet.
What is JavaScript?
JavaScript is a powerful scripting language created by Netscape, and is supported by Netscape
2.0 and higher, and Explorer 4.0 and higher. It is primarily used to add interactivity and
multimedia to web pages.
What is JScript?
JScript is a scripting language created by Microsoft, similar to JavaScript.
What is a Server?
A server is a computer with a software program set up for serving web pages to a user on the
same computer or another computer. The server computer coupled with server software,
listens for inquiries from a client computer (a computer other than the server).
What is Upload?
To upload is to transfer data from your computer to another computer.
What is Download?
To download is to transfer data from another computer to your computer.

Online Resources / Videos • • • •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8hzJxb0rpc https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=x3c1ih2NJEg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dxcc6ycZ73M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5o8CwafCxnU

References • • • •

Abraham, R., Jas, F., Russell, W. (2005) The Web Empowerment Book: An Introduction and
Connection Guide to the Internet and the World-Wide Web. Springer-Verlag New York
Evolution of the web retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/sububasistha/web-10-to-
web30-evolution-of-the-web-and-its-various-challenges Types of websites retrieved from
https://www.hostgator.com/blog/popular-types-websitescreate/ Subhash Basishtha Web 1.0
to Web 3.0 – Evolution of the Web and its Various Challenges. Retrieved from
https://slideshare.net/sububasistha/web-10-to-web-30-evolution-of-the-web-