ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III - Energy Storage Systems - P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, M. Steurer, Y.

Liu

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

P. Ribeiro
Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA

B. Johnson
University of Idaho, Moscow Idaho, USA

M. Crow
University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri, USA

A. Arsoy
Kocaeli University, Turkey

M. Steurer

S
TE S
Florida Sate University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA

R
Y. Liu
AP LS
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
C EO
Keywords: Energy Storage, power electronics, battery energy storage, superconducting
magnetic energy storage, flywheel energy storage, ultracapacitor, supercapacitor,
hypercapacitor, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), STATCOM.
E –
H

Contents
PL O

1. Introduction
2. Energy Storage Systems
M SC

2.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

2.2 Battery Energy Storage (BESS)
2.3 Advanced Capacitors
SA NE

2.4 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)

3. Power Electronic Interface
3.1 Semiconductor Devices
U

3.2 Basic Configurations and Topologies

3.3 Design Decision Tree
4. Flexible AC Transmission Systems Devices Most Compatible with Energy Storage
Systems
5. FACTS Plus Energy storage: Utility Application Performance
5.1 STATCOM with SMES
5.2 FACTS Device with BESS
6. Energy Storage: distribution level performance
6.1 Maintain Acceptable Voltage during a Fault
6.2 Restore Voltage during Hot Load Pick-up after Clearing the Fault
7. Summary of Performance Considerations
8. Cost Consideration
9. Conclusions
Glossary

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III - Energy Storage Systems - P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, M. Steurer, Y.
Liu

Bibliography
Biographical Sketches

Summary

A brief description and performance analysis of four different energy storage

technologies is presented and general observations are made. Energy storage systems
can provide valuable added benefits to improve stability, power quality and reliability of
power systems. Among them are battery, flywheels, advanced capacitors, and
superconducting technologies, which have significantly improved in the last decade.
However, a significant component of these technologies is the power electronic
interface. It plays a major role in enabling and defining the performance of the energy
storage application. This chapter concentrates on the power electronics requirements,
characteristics, alternatives and performance benefits of adding energy storage to power
utility applications. Energy storage technologies interfaced via advanced, efficient and

S
TE S
intelligent power electronics can play a major role in increasing the performance and

R
AP LS
security of power systems and its fundamental life support function.

1. Introduction
C EO
Energy storage systems are necessary in a number of levels:

A. Device level: where devices, such as motors, are equipped with energy storage
systems that maintain constant torque or speed. A typical example is the use of
E –

governors in the generators.

H

B. Medium level: where storage systems are used in industrial applications to provide
PL O

ride-through during voltage sags.

C. System level: where the entire power system is equipped with storage systems for
M SC

applications such as load leveling or stability enhancement.

This chapter provides a summary of viable storage technologies including batteries,

SA NE

flywheels, ultracapacitors, and superconducting energy storage systems. These

summaries followed by a detailed characterization of the power electronic interface
design options, since power converters are an enabling technology for many of the
storage technologies described here. This chapter shows that energy storage devices can
U

be integrated to power electronic converters to provide power system stability, enhanced

transmission capability and improved power quality. Adding energy storage to static
compensators not only enhances the performance of the device but can also provide the
possibility of reducing the MVA ratings requirements of the front-end power electronic
conversion system. Finally, this paper provides several computer simulations
demonstrating enhanced power system performance with energy storage systems
present.

Continuing electric load growth and higher regional power transfers in a largely
interconnected network lead to complex and less secure power system operation. Power
generation and transmission facilities have not been able to grow to meet these new
demands due to economic, environmental, technical and governmental regulation
constraints. When power system disturbances occur, synchronous generators aren’t

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III - Energy Storage Systems - P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, M. Steurer, Y.
Liu

always able to respond rapidly enough to keep the system stable. If high-speed real or
reactive power control is available, load shedding or generator dropping may be avoided
during a disturbance. High-speed reactive power control is possible through the use of
flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices. In a few cases, these devices are
also able to provide some measure of high-speed real power control through power
circulation within the converter, with the real power coming from the same line or in
some cases from adjacent lines leaving the same substation. However, a better solution
would be to have the ability to rapidly vary real power without impacting the system
through power circulation. This is where energy storage technology plays a very
important role in maintaining system reliability and power quality. The ideal solution is
to have means to rapidly damp dynamic system oscillations, respond to sudden changes
in load, supply critical loads during transmission or distribution interruptions, correct
load voltage profiles with rapid reactive power control, and still allow the generators to
maintain steady-state balance with the system load. Recent developments and advances
in energy storage and power electronic technologies are making the application of

S
TE S
energy storage technologies a viable solution for modern power applications.

R
AP LS
2. Energy Storage Systems
C EO
Electrical energy in an alternating current (AC) system cannot be stored electrically, and
must typically be generated at the time of demand. However, energy can be stored by
converting the electrical energy and storing it electromagnetically, electrochemically,
kinetically or as potential energy. Each energy storage technology usually requires an
energy conversion unit to convert the energy from one form into another and back again
E –

(charging and discharging the storage system).

H
PL O

The possible applications of energy storage in utility systems include: transmission

enhancement, power oscillation damping, dynamic voltage stability, tie-line control,
M SC

short-term spinning reserve, load leveling, reducing the need for under-frequency load
shedding, allowing less stringent time limits for circuit break reclosing, sub-
synchronous resonance damping, and power quality improvement.
SA NE

Descriptions of four leading storage technologies for transmission and distribution

applications are presented in the following.
U

2.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

The core element of an SMES unit is a superconducting coil of high inductance (LCoil in
Henrys). It stores energy in the magnetic field generated by a DC current (ICoil in
Amperes) flowing through the coil. The inductively stored energy (E in Joules) and the
rated power (P in Watts) are commonly given specifications for SMES devices, and
they are expressed in Eqs. (1) and (2).

1
E= LI Coil 2 (1)
2
dE dI
P= = LI Coil Coil = VCoil I Coil (2)
dt dt

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III - Energy Storage Systems - P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, M. Steurer, Y.
Liu

Since energy is stored as circulating current, energy can be discharged from, or stored
in, a SMES unit with almost instantaneous response over periods ranging from a
fraction of a second to several hours.

Figure 1: Components of a Typical SMES System

S
TE S
The entire SMES unit consists of a large superconducting coil at the cryogenic

R
AP LS
temperature and controlled by a power electronic conversion system. Power conversion
may be achieved through two main power electronic converter topologies. One
approach is to use current source converter (CSC) to interface to the AC system and
C EO
charge/discharge the coil. The second approach uses a voltage source converter (VSC)
to interface to the AC system and a DC-DC chopper to charge/discharge the coil. In this
approach, the VSC and DC-DC chopper share a common DC bus. The components of a
typical SMES system are shown in Figure 1. The modes of charge/discharge/standby
E –

are obtained by controlling the voltage across the SMES coil (Vcoil).
H
PL O

Several factors must be considered in the design of the coil to achieve the best
performance of a SMES system at least cost. These factors include coil configuration,
M SC

energy capacity, structure, and operating temperature. The coil can be configured as a
solenoid that producers fairly large fringe fields (external magnetic field) or a toroid that
features a very low fringe field. The fringe field level is the only environmental concern
associated with a SMES, since no toxic materials are used within the SMES, nor does it
SA NE

contain the inherent potential of catastrophic physical failure. The solenoid

configuration has been used widely due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness, though
toroid-coil designs have also been incorporated into a number of small-scale SMES
U

projects. Coil inductance (L) or PCS maximum voltage (Vmax) and current (Imax) ratings
determine the maximum energy/power that can be drawn or injected by a SMES coil.

SMES was originally proposed as a bulk energy storage technology for electric power
systems. SMES systems have attracted the attention of both electric utilities and the
military due to their fast response and high efficiency (charge-discharge efficiency over
95%). SMES systems are still costly when compared with other currently available
energy storage technologies, but the on-going development of high temperature
superconductors should make SMES increasingly cost effective due to reductions in
refrigeration needs. SMES’ efficiency and fast response capability (MW/millisecond)
have been exploited in electric power system applications at all levels. Since the 1970’s,
numerous potential utility applications have been proposed. SMES development
continues in power conversion systems and control schemes, evaluation of design and
cost factors, and analyses for various power system applications. Currently, there are a

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III - Energy Storage Systems - P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, M. Steurer, Y.
Liu

number of utility application SMES projects installed or in development throughout the

world.

2.2 Battery Energy Storage (BESS)

Batteries store energy electrochemically and are one of the most cost-effective energy
storage technologies available. A battery system is made up of a set of low-voltage/low-
power battery modules connected in parallel or series to achieve the desired electrical
characteristic. Batteries are “charged” when they undergo an internal chemical reaction
resulting from a voltage potential applied to the terminals. They deliver the absorbed
energy, or “discharge,” when the chemical reaction is reversed. The primary advantages
of battery energy storage are high energy density, high energy capability, round trip
efficiency, cycling capability, life span, and initial cost. However, due to the chemical
kinetics involved, batteries cannot operate at high power levels for long periods of time.
In addition, rapid, deep discharges may lead to the need for early replacement of the

S
TE S
battery, since resultant heating reduces battery lifetime. There may also be

R
AP LS
environmental concerns related to battery storage as a result of gas generation during
battery charge/discharge. The disposal of hazardous materials also presents battery
disposal problems.
C EO
Lead-acid batteries represent an established, mature technology. Lead-acid batteries can
be designed for bulk energy storage or for rapid charge/discharge. On-going research
with different chemical additives has let to improvements in energy density and
charging characteristics. Lead-acid batteries still represent one of the best low cost
E –

options for most applications requiring large storage capabilities, if repeated deep
H

discharges are not required. Mobile applications favor sealed lead-acid battery
PL O

technologies for safety and ease of maintenance. Valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA)
batteries exhibit better cost and performance characteristics for stationary applications.
M SC

Batteries charge and discharge via a DC current, thus a power conversion is required to
interface a battery with an AC system. This conversion system is very similar to power
SA NE

conversion system of a SMES. Battery systems with appropriate power electronic

converters can provide four-quadrant operation (bi-directional current flow and bi-
directional voltage polarity) with rapid response. Recent advances in battery
technologies also offer increased energy storage densities, greater cycling capabilities,
U

higher reliability, and lower cost.

Battery energy storage systems have recently emerged as one of the more promising
near-term storage technologies for power applications, offering a wide range of power
system applications such as area regulation, area protection, spinning reserve and power
factor correction. Several BESS units have been designed and installed in existing
systems for the purposes of load leveling, stabilizing, and load frequency control. The
optimal placement and capacity of BESS is dependent upon its application. Also, the
integration of battery energy storage with a FACTS power flow controller can improve
the power system operation and control.

2.3 Advanced Capacitors

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III - Energy Storage Systems - P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, M. Steurer, Y.
Liu

Capacitors store electric energy by accumulating positive and negative charges on

metallic electrodes (often on parallel plates) that are separated by an insulating
dielectric. The capacitance, C, represents the relationship between the stored charge (q)
and the voltage between the plates (V) as shown in Eq. (3). The capacitance depends on
the permittivity of the dielectric, ε , the surface area of the electrodes, A, and the
distance between them d as shown in Eq. (4). Equation (5) indicates that the energy
stored on the capacitor depends on the capacitance and on the square of the voltage.

q = CV (3)
εA
C= (4)
d
1
E = CV 2 (5)
2
t
V =I⋅ + I ⋅ Rtot

S
(6)

TE S
Ctot

R
AP LS
The amount of energy a capacitor is capable of storing can be increased by either
increasing the capacitance or the voltage. The voltage is limited by the voltage
C EO
withstand strength of the dielectric (which basically decreases with the distance between
the electrodes for a given dielectric material). Capacitance can be increased by
increasing the area of the electrodes, increasing the permittivity, or by decreasing the
distance between the electrodes. The effective series resistance (ESR) of the capacitor
has a significant impact on both the turn around efficiency and the system response
E –
H

time. The total voltage required to charge a capacitor from zero voltage with a DC
current over time t is given in Eq. (6).
PL O

Note that Ctot and Rtot result from a combined series/parallel configuration of capacitor
M SC

cells to increase the total capacitance and the voltage level. The product RtotCtot
determines the response time of the capacitor for charging or discharging.
SA NE

DC storage capacitors can be used for energy storage for power applications. They have
been used extensively in pulsed power applications for high-energy physics and
weapons applications. However, the present generation of DC storage capacitors has
U

only been used for very specific short-term storage applications in bulk power systems.
For example, capacitors can be added to the DC bus of motor drives and consumer
electronics to provide the ability to ride through voltage sags and momentary
interruptions, thus providing energy storage in a very distributed manner within the
system.

Ceramic hypercapacitors have both a fairly high voltage withstand capability (about 1
kV) and a high permittivity, making them good candidates for future storage
applications. The combination of higher voltage withstand and low effective series
resistance will make it easier to use hypercapacitors in high power applications with
simpler configurations possible.

Ultracapacitors (also known as supercapacitors) are double layer capacitors that increase
energy storage capability due to a large increase in surface area through use of a porous

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III - Energy Storage Systems - P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, M. Steurer, Y.
Liu

electrolyte (they still have relatively low permittivity and voltage withstand
capabilities). Several different combinations of electrode and electrolyte materials have
been used in ultracapacitors, with different combinations resulting in varying
capacitance, energy density, cycle-life and cost characteristics. Near term applications
will most likely use these capacitors in power quality applications. For example,
ultracapacitors can be added to the DC bus of motor drives to improve ride through
during voltage sags.

2.4 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)

Flywheels store energy in kinetic form in the rotating mass of the wheel. They can be
used for power system applications when the flywheel is coupled to a rotating electric
machine such as a generator. The amount of stored energy depends on the moment of
inertia (J) of the rotor and the square of the angular (or rotational) velocity (ω) of the
flywheel as shown in Eq. (7). The moment of inertia is depends on the radius (r), mass

S
TE S
(m), and axial height (h) of the wheel as given in Eq. (8). Energy is transferred into the

R
AP LS
flywheel and stored as kinetic energy when the electric machine operates as a motor
causing the flywheel to accelerate. The flywheel is discharged when the electric
machine regenerates through the drive thus decelerating the flywheel.
C EO
1
E= Jω 2 (7)
2
r 2 mh
J= (8)
E –

2
H
PL O

Increasing the moment of inertia and rotating at higher velocities can increase the
energy storage capability of flywheels. Some designs utilize hollow cylinders for the
M SC

rotor allowing the mass to be concentrated at the outer radius of the flywheel, thus
improving storage capability without a large increase in weight.
SA NE

Although a FES utilizes an AC generator/motor to convert from kinetic energy to

electric power, in most cases an additional power electronic interface is used to gain
more flexibility in power flow control. When a FES system is incorporated into a
FACTS or custom power device with a DC bus, an inverter is added to couple the
U

flywheel motor/generator to this DC bus. For example, a flywheel based on an AC

machine could have an inverter interface to the DC bus of the dynamic voltage restorer
custom power device shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Flywheel Energy Storage Coupled to a Dynamic Voltage Restorer

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III - Energy Storage Systems - P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, M. Steurer, Y.
Liu

Two strategies have been utilized in the development of flywheels for power system
applications. One option is to increase the inertia by using a steel mass with a large
radius with rotational velocities up to approximately 10,000 RPM. Several flywheels
utilizing this type of design are available commercially as uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS). These systems utilize a fairly standard motor and power electronic drive
as the power conversion interface. This design results in relatively large, heavy flywheel
system. Rotational energy losses also limit the long-term storage ability of this type of
flywheel.

The second design strategy is to produce flywheels with a lightweight rotor turning at
very high rotational velocities (up to 100,000 RPM). This approach results in compact
and lightweight energy storage devices. This approach also allows modular designs,
where a large number of small flywheels are used as an alternative to a small number of
large flywheels. Rotational losses due to drag from air and bearing losses result in
significant self-discharge. Therefore, high-velocity flywheels are usually operated in

S
TE S
vacuum vessels to eliminate air resistance. The use of magnetic bearings further reduces

R
AP LS
friction losses, thus recent research has focused on developing superconducting
magnetic bearings for high-velocity flywheels,. The high rotational velocity also results
in the need for a containment vessel around the flywheel to prevent dangerous
C EO
disruptive failure in case the rotor fails mechanically where rotational forces tear the
rotor apart at high speeds. Flywheel applications under consideration include
automobiles, buses, high-speed rail locomotives, and energy storage for electromagnetic
catapults on next generation aircraft carriers.
E –

-
H

-
PL O

-
M SC

TO ACCESS ALL THE 27 PAGES OF THIS CHAPTER,

Visit: http://www.eolss.net/Eolss-sampleAllChapter.aspx
SA NE

Bibliography
U

B. M. Han, G. Karady, J. Park. S. Moon, “Interaction Analysis Model for Transmission Static
Compensator with EMTP,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 13, no. 4, October 1998, pp.
1297-1302. [This paper describes the design of a STATCOM control scheme to improve transmission
capacity, damp low frequency oscillations, and improve transient stability. The resulting design is
simulated using the EMTP]
C. Schauder, et. al, “Operation of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) Under Practical
Constraints,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 13, no. 2, April 1998, pp. 630-639. [This paper
describes the basic control and protection philosophies that govern the operation of a UPFC subject to
practical constraints of a high power installation]
C. Schauder, et. al., “AEP UPFC project: Installation, Commissioning and Operation of the ± 160MVA
STATCOM (phase I),” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 13, no. 4, October 1998, pp. 1530-
1535. [This paper describes the operational performance of a STATCOM applied to a utility transmission
system as an intermediate milestone in the construction of a unified power flow controller (UPFC)]

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III - Energy Storage Systems - P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, M. Steurer, Y.
Liu

C. Schauder, et. al., “Development of a ±100 MVAR Static Condenser for Voltage Control of
Transmission Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 10, no. 3, July 1995, pp. 1486-
1496. [This paper provides a conceptual overview of the static condenser (STATCON), which is now
referred to as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)]
C. Schauder, et. al., “Operation of ±100 MVAR TVA STATCOM,” IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, vol.
12, no. 4, Oct 1997, pp. 1805-1811. [This paper describes the operational performance of a STATCOM
applied to a utility transmission system]
C.A. Luongo, “Superconducting Storage Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.32, no.4, July
1996, pp. 2214-2223. [This paper provides an overview of superconducting magnetic energy storage
systems and describes applications that are likely to lead to commercialization in the utility industry]
D. Lieurance, F. Kimball, C. Rix, C. Luongo, ”Design and Cost Studies for Small Scale Superconducting
Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 5, no.
2, June 1995, pp. 350-353. [This paper presents the results of design and cost studies of a mid-sized
SMES system comparing different coil configurations]
G.L. Bullard, H.B., Sierra-Alcazar, H.L. Lee, J.L. Morris, “Operating principles of the Ultracapacitor,”

S
TE S
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 25, No. 1 , Jan. 1989 pp. 102 –106. [This paper provides a basic
description of the operating principles for ultracapacitors]

R
AP LS
H.J. Bornemann, M. Sander, “Conceptual System Design of a 5 MWh/100 MW Superconducting
Flywheel Energy Storage Plant for Power Utility Applications,” IEEE-Transactions on Applied
Superconductivity, vol.7, no.2, June 1997, pp.398-401. [This paper presents the design of the flywheel for
an energy storage plant. The flywheel system uses passive superconductive bearings]
C EO
I.D. Hassan, R.M. Bucci, K.T. Swe, “400 MW SMES Power Conditioning System Development and
Simulation,” Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 3, July 1993, pp. 237-249. [This paper
presents the conceptual design and computer simulation results of a power conditioning system for a
SMES system using a DC-DC chopper linked to a voltage sourced converter]
E –

J. Bian, et. al, “A Study of Equipment Sizes and Constraints for a Unified Power Flow Controller,” IEEE
H

Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 12, no. 3, July 1997, pp. 1385-1391. [This paper provides a
PL O

measurement of the benefit that a UPFC can provide to improve power transfer between two systems]
J. R. Hull, “Flywheels on a Roll,” IEEE Spectrum. July 1997, pp. 20-25. [This paper, which was written
M SC

for a more general audience, provides an overview of flywheel energy storage systems, describes
technological bottlenecks and potential solutions under development]
Jim McDowall, “Conventional Battery Technologies-Present and Future,” Proceedings of 2000 IEEE
SA NE

Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. Vol. 3, July 2000, pp 1538-1540. [This paper provides an
overview of presently available and emerging battery storage technologies for use in electric power
substations]
K. V. Patil, et. al., “Application of STATCOM for Damping Torsional Oscillations in Series
U

Compensated AC Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 13, no. 3, September 1998,
pp. 237-243 [This papers presents the results of a study on the application of a STATCOM to damp
torsional oscillations in a series compensated ac system. Analytical and computer simulation results are
presented]
Kolluri, S. “Application of Distributed Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (D-SMES) in
the Energy System to Improve Voltage Stability”, Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society
Winter Meeting, 2002, Volume: 2, Jan. 2002, pp 838 -841. [This paper describes the use of set of
distributed SMES systems to improve voltage stability on a utility power system]
Kyung-Hee Jung, Hoyong Kim and Daeseok Rho, “Determination of the installation site and optimal
capacity of the battery energy storage system for load leveling,” IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, vol. 11, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 162-167. [This paper outlines methods and criteria for
locating battery energy storage systems for load leveling on a large power system]
L. Gyugyi, C. Schauder, K. K. Sen, “Static Synchronous Series Compensator: A Solid-State Approach to
the Series Compensation of Transmission Lines,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. Vol. 17, No. 1,

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III - Energy Storage Systems - P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, M. Steurer, Y.
Liu

Jan. 1997, pp. 406-417. [This paper provides a conceptual overview of the static synchronous series
compensator (SSSC)]
M. A. Casacca, M. R. Capobianco, and Z. M. Salameh, “Lead-acid battery storage configurations for
improved available capacity,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 11, no. 1, March 1996, pp.
139-145. [This paper discusses lead-acid batteries technologies for use in power substations]
M. Corley, J. Locker, S. Dutton, R. Spee, “Ultracapacitor-Based Ride-Through System for Adjustable
Speed Drives,” Proceedings of the 30th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference PESC 99,
Vol. 1, June 1999, pp. 26 –31. [This paper discusses an adjustable speed motor drive system that utilizes
ultracapacitors to increase the tolerance of the drive to voltage sags]
M. Noroozian, et. al, “Improving Power System Dynamics by Series-Connected FACTS Devices,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 12, no. 4, October 1997, pp. 1635-1641. [This paper examines
improvement of power systems dynamics by use of the UPFC, TCPST, and TCSC]
N. Abi-Samra, C. Neft, A. Sundaram, W. Malcolm, “The Distribution System Dynamic Voltage Restorer
and its Applications at Industrial Facilities with Sensitive Loads,” Proceedings of the 8th International
Power Quality Solutions '95. Long Beach, California, September 9-15, 1995. [This paper describe a static
series compensator with capacitive energy storage for use in compensating voltage sags]

S
TE S
N. W. Miller, R. S. Zrebiec, R. W. Delmerico, G. Hunt, “Design and commissioning of a 5 MVA, 2.5

R
AP LS
MWh battery energy storage,” Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE Power Engineering Society Transmission
and Distribution Conference 1996 pp. 339-345. [This paper describes battery energy storage installation
on a power system]
C EO
P. Pillay, R.M., Samudio, M. Ahmed, and R.T. Patel, “A Chopper-Controlled SRM Drive for Reduced
Acoustic Noise and Improved Ride Through Capability Using Supercapacitors,” IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications. Vol. 31, No. 5, September/October 1995, pp. 1029-1038. [This paper discusses an
adjustable speed motor drive system that utilizes ultracapacitors to increase the tolerance of the drive to
voltage sags]
E –

P. Rao, M. L. Crow, and Z. Yang, “STATCOM Control for Power System Voltage Control
H

Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 4, October 2000, pp. 1311-1317. [This
PL O

paper provides an overview of conventional voltage control schemes for STATCOM’s, and proposes a
new scheme]
M SC

P. Taylor, L. Johnson, K. Reichart, P. DiPietro, J. Philip, and P. Butler, A Summary of the State of the Art
of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems, Flywheel Energy Storage Systems, and
Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems. Sandia National Labs Report SAND99-1854, July 1999. [This
document provides a fundamental overview SMES, flywheel energy storage, and compressed air energy
SA NE

storage systems and then presents the status of each relative to commercial applications at the time the
report was written, and describes needed technological developments]
Q. Jiang, M.F. Conlon, ”The Power Regulation of a PWM Type Superconducting Magnetic energy
Storage Unit,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 11, no. 4, March 1996, pp. 168-174. [This
U

paper presents an analysis of a PWM based power conversion system for a SMES. Experimental results
are presented for two example control schemes]
R. B. Boom, H.A. Peterson, “Superconductive Energy Storage for Power Systems,” IEEE Transactions
on Magnetics, vol. MAG 8, no. 3, September 1972, pp. 701-704. [This paper introduces the concept of a
superconductive magnetic energy storage system]
R. Mihalic, et. al, “Improvement of Transient Stability Using Unified Power Flow Controller,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, no. 1, January 1996, pp. 485-492. [This paper analyzes the
effect of a UPFC on improving the transient stability margin of a power system]
R.F. Giese, “Progress Toward High Temperature Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Systems—A Second Look,” A Report by Argonne National Laboratory, Dec. 1998.
R.F. Post, T.K. Fowler, and S.F. Post, “A High-Efficiency Electromechanical Battery,” Proceedings of
the IEEE, Vol. 81, No. 3, March 1993, pp. 462-474. [This paper provides an overview of flywheel energy
storage systems, and goes into more depth describing the Halbach array type flywheel system]

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III - Energy Storage Systems - P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, M. Steurer, Y.
Liu

Z. Huang, et. al, “Application of Unified Power Flow Controller in Interconnected Power Systems –
Modeling, Interface, Control Strategy and Case Study,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, .Vol. 15,
No. 2, May 2000, pp. 817-824. [This paper presents control strategies for a UPFC that can realize power
flow control and improve dynamic stability. Models for transient and small signal stability programs are
presented]

Biographical Sketches

Paulo F. Ribeiro received BSEE from the Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil, in 1975, completed
the Power Technology Diploma with PTI, 1979, received Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the
University of Manchester, England, 1985 and M.B.A. from Lynchburg College in 2000. His research
interests include power quality and power electronics interface for utility, isolated power systems, and
energy storage systems (including superconducting magnetic energy storage systems). Dr. Ribeiro is a
registered professional engineer in Brazil, England (Eur Ing), Iowa/USA (PE) and an IEEE Fellow.

Brian K. Johnson received BS, MS and Ph.D. degrees, all in Electrical Engineering from the University
of Wisconsin-Madison in 1987, 1989 and 1992 respectively. He is currently an associate professor in the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Idaho. His research interests

S
TE S
include HVdc transmission, power system protection, power electronic controls for utility systems, power
systems applications of superconductivity, and real-time simulation of traffic systems.

R
AP LS
Mariesa Louise Crow received her BSE in Electrical Engineering from the University of Michigan and
her Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Illinois – Urbana/Champaign in 1989. Her area
C EO
of professional interest is bulk power transmission systems analysis and security. She is the Vice
President for Education/Industry Relations of the IEEE Power Engineering Society. She is the Chair of
the UM-Rolla Admissions and Academic Standards committee and a Graduate Council representative.
She is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Missouri.
E –

Ayşen Basa Arsoy received her BS degree from Istanbul Technical University in 1992, her MS degree
H
from University of Missouri- Rolla in 1996, and her Ph.D. degree Virginia Tech in 2000, all in electrical
engineering. Currently, she is an assistant professor of electrical engineering at Kocaeli University. Her
PL O

research interests include power electronics applications in power systems, computer methods in power
system analysis, and computer relaying.
M SC

Michael Steurer is a scholar scientist at the Center for Advanced Power Systems (CAPS) at Florida State
University. He received a Master of electrical engineering degree (power systems major) from the Vienna
University of Technology, Austria and his Ph.D. in technical science from the Swiss Federal Institute of
SA NE

Technology, Zurich, Switzerland. His research interests are in the areas of power systems applications of
superconducting apparatus, particular SMES and fault current limiters, and generally in real time network
simulation of novel all-electric ship power systems. Michael Steurer is a member of the IEEE and
CIGRE.
U

Yilu Liu is a professor of Electrical Engineering at Virginia Tech. She received her MS and PhD degrees
from The Ohio State University and BS from Xian Jiaotong University.
Her research areas include the applications of FACTS and Energy Storage Devices for power
transmission system stability control and power quality improvement. She leads the effort of establishing
a North America Power Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET). She is a fellow of IEEE

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)